IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Flumioxazin Crop Safety

Transcription

1 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Flumioxazin Crop Safety Authors: Kathleen Hester, Ely Vea and Cristi L. Palmer Date: May 25, 2011 Acknowledgements Lori Harrison Karen Sims 1

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Table of Tables... 3 Abstract... 4 Introduction... 5 Materials and Methods... 5 and Summary... 5 Phytotoxicity... 5 Label Suggestions Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers Appendix 2: Submitted Data

3 Table of Tables Table 1. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury....6 Table 2. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity...6 Table 3. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops exhibiting significant injury....6 Table 4. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops where more information is needed....7 Table 5. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 (flumioxazin)...8 3

4 Abstract Between 2008 and 2010, IR-4 completed 189 trials on Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 (flumioxazin). The data contained in this report was generated to confirm registered uses of flumioxazin on and around ornamental horticulture plants with over-the-top applications. The flumioxazin rates in the testing program were 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 pounds active ingredient per acre (lb ai per A) as the 1X, 2X and 4X rates. Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 was applied to 82 plant genera or species. Of these, 68 crops exhibited no or minimal transient injury after application at all three rates. Fourteen species or genera need additional information to clarify crop response. 4

5 Introduction Control of broadleaved weeds and sedges in the production of woody and herbaceous perennials can be problematic because nurseries grow many different types of plants and not all genera or species are listed on labels. These weeds can also be difficult to control in landscape settings for the same reason. Valent reformulated the Broadstar G formulation to reduce non-target phytotoxicity. Between 2008 and 2010, Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 was tested to determine whether the new formulation could broaden the plant safety list. Materials and Methods A single application of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 was made approximately 8-10 weeks after plants broke dormancy. The application rates were 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5, plus a water treated control. A minimum of four plants (replicate treatments) were required with many researchers exceeding this minimum. Phytotoxicity was recorded on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill) at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initial application. For more detailed materials and methods please read the protocol(s) which can be found at Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 was supplied to researchers (See list of researchers in Appendix 1) by Valent. and Summary Phytotoxicity Based on the type and nature of injury seen with Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 applications in the conducted research, tested plant species were placed into four categories: 1) no significant phytotoxicity or growth differences from the untreated check or any injury was transitory, 2) no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X and/or 4X rates did cause significant phytotoxicity, 3) significant injury sufficient to recommend growers not utilize this product, and 4) more data is needed to make informed recommendations. Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 exhibited no or minimal negative impact on 68 plant species with over the top applications (Table 1). Some minimal injury may be acceptable for growers if applications are made several weeks to months in advance of crop sale particularly for woody ornamental crops. No crops exhibited damage sufficient to recommend growers not utilize Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 as an over-the-top treatment for pre-emergent weed control (Table 3). For 14 genera/species, more information is needed either because only 1 or 2 trials were conducted or because consistent results were not achieved among the research sites (Table 4). Please see Table 5 for a list of individual trial summaries on Broadstar 0.25G VC

6 Table 1. injury. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops with no or minimal transitory Abelia sp 1 Abies balsamea 1 Abies fraseri 1 Acer ginnala 1 Acer palmatum 1 Acer rubrum 1 Acer saccharinum 1 Acer saccharum 1 Agapanthus africanus Berberis thunbergii 1 Buddleia davidii Buxus sp. 1 (Mathers) Camelia japonica 1 Camelia sasanqua 1 Camellia vernalis 1 Ceanothus sp. Clematis sp. Cornus florida 1 Cotoneaster glaucaphyllus 1 Cotoneaster horizontalis 1 Cryptomeria japonica Euonymus alatus 1 Euonymus fortunei 1 Forsythia x intermedia 1 Gleditsia internis Gleditsia triacanthos Hydrangea sp (See Lieth; two applications) Ilex crenata 1 Ilex glabra 1 Ilex vomitoria 1 Juniper andorra 1 Juniper chinensis 1 Juniper communis 1 Juniper conferta 1 Lagerstromia indica 1 Lavandula angustifolia Leucothoe fontanesiana Ligustrum lucidum 1 Loropetalum sp. Magnolia grandiflora 1 Magnolia stellata 1 Magnolia virginiana 1 Malus sp. 1 Nandina domestica Osmanthus heterophyllus 1 Photinia x fraseri 1 Picea glauca 1 Picea ornoriki 1 Pieris japonica 1 Pinus mugo 1 Pinus taeda 1 Potentilla fruticosa 1 Potentilla verna 1 Quercus alba 1 Quercus rubra 1 Quercus sp 1 Raphiolepis indica 1 Rhododendron sp. 1 Rosa sp. (See Harvey) 1 Salvia sp. Syringa macrophylla 1 Syringa patula 1 Syringa reticulata 1 Taxus baccata 1 Taxus x media 1 Thuja occidentalis 1 Thuja plicata 1 Viburnum sp. 1 Table 2. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity None Table 3. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops exhibiting significant injury. 6

7 None Table 4. List of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 treated crops where more information is needed. Agapanthus africanus Paeonia sp. Carex divulsa Philadelphus vignalis Caryopteris x clandonensis Sedum sp. 2 Clethra alnifolia Spirea sp. 2 Crataegus coccinoid Ternstroemia sp. Leucothoe fontanesiana Zelkova serrata Nepeta sp. Ophiopogon japonica 1 Genera or closely related species already registered on original Broadstar label 2 More information on cultivar differences may be warranted. 7

8 Table 5. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 (flumioxazin) Note: Table entries are sorted by crop Latin name. Only those trials with research reports received by 5/22/2011 are listed below. PR# Crop Production Abelia sp. 'Edward Abelia Goucher' Abelia sp. A. grandiflora Abelia Abelia sp. A. zanderi Abelia 'Little Richard' Abelia sp. A. grandiflora Abelia 'Edward Goucher' Abies sp. A. fraseri Fir Abies sp. A. fraseri Fir Abies sp. A. balsamea Fir Abies sp. Fir Idaho Fir Grand Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum' Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum' Acer palmatum Maple Japanese Maple, Japanese Maple, Japanese Maple, Japanese Acer palmatum Maple, Japanese Acer rubrum 'Summer' Maple, Red Lieth 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Neal 2009 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Senesac 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Trader 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Boydston 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants saleable. Freiberger 2008 Directed No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 spray Harvey 2009 Over the top One application only; no significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Beste/Frank 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable Beste/Frank 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable. Harvey 2009 Over the top One application only; no injury at acre. Reding 2009 Over the top No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability with 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Gilliam 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 with two applications c.pdf a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf b.pdf m.pdf c.pdf e.pdf e.pdf p.pdf e.pdf n.pdf a.pdf 8

9 PR# Crop Production Acer rubrum Maple, Red Acer rubrum Maple, Red Acer sp. A. saccharinum Maple Acer sp. A. ginnala Maple Acer sp. A. saccharum Maple Agapanthus sp. A. sp. Lily-Of-The-Nile Agapanthus sp. A. africanus 'Peter Pan' Lily-Of-The-Nile Agapanthus sp. Lily-Of-The-Nile Berberis sp. B. thunbergii atropurpureum 'Crimson Pygmy' Berberis sp. B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pigmy' Barberry Barberry Reding 2009 Over the top No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability with 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Senesac 2008 Over the top Slight injury with complete recovery at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; no growth reduction Derr 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre. Reding 2009 Over the top No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability with 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Senesac 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Derr 2010 Over the top Three to five percent crop injury (tip burn) which decreased over time (32 and 46 DAT and 3DAT2. Weed control (chamberbitter, tassleflower, S. crabgrass, annual sedge) increased with increasing rates. Uber 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth Wilen 2010 Over the top No crop injury or reduction in growth index with one and two applications of 150, 300 and 600 lb/a. Some brown streaking was noted with 300 lb rate 2WAT but plant grew out of it by 4WAT. Beste/Frank 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable Lieth 2008 Over the top Phytotoxicty data inconclusive, no significant growth reduction at acre n.pdf a.pdf a.pdf n.pdf a.pdf c.pdf h.pdf e.pdf b.pdf c.pdf 9

10 10 PR# Crop Production Berberis sp. B. thunbergii Barberry 'Amber Glow' Berberis sp. B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' Buddleia davidii 'Pink Delight' Barberry Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii 'Nanho Butterfly Bush Blue' Buxus sp. B. 'Green Mountain' Buxus sp. B. 'Wintergem Camellia sp. C. vernalis 'Yuletide' Boxwood Boxwood Camellia Camellia sp. C. sasanqua Camellia Pink Charm' Camellia sp. C. japonica Camellia Camellia sp. C. japonica Camellia Carex divulsa C. oshimensis 'Evergold' Grassland Sedge Carex divulsa Grassland Sedge Caryopteris x clandonensis 'Sunshine Blue' Caryopteris Uber 2008 Over the top Although plants suffered environmental stress, data showed no or less injury and taller plants than Untreated at Williams 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre Beste/Frank 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable Derr 2008 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 Mathers 2008 Over the top No significant injury and growth Senesac 2008 Over the top No injury but slight growth Trader 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Gilliam 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre. Trader 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Wade 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; all plants marketable Wade 2009 Over the top No injury or significant growth Boydston 2010 Over the top Slight injury at and 0.75, moderate at 1.5 ; no growth reduction; plants at 1X and 2X saleable. Wilen 2009 Over the top One application only. No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; root dry weight significantly reduced at all rates. Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at and 0.75, slight at h.pdf g.pdf g.pdf g.pdf r.pdf a.pdf f.pdf c.pdf f.pdf a.pdf a.pdf u.pdf g.pdf a.pdf

11 11 PR# Crop Production Ceanothus maritimus Ceanothus, maritime Ceanothus maritimus C. maritimus 'Dark Star' Ceanothus, maritime Ceanothus sp. 'Concha' Ceanothus sp Ceanothus x pallida 'Marie Simon' Clematis sp. 'Josephine' and 'Nellie Mosier' Ceanothus Clematis Clematis sp. Clematis Clematis sp. C. Clematis integrifolia Clematis sp. C. integrifolia Clematis Clethra alnifolia Summersweet Cornus florida Dogwood, Flowering Cornus florida Dogwood, Flowering Cotoneaster sp. C. horizontalis 'Perpusillus' Cotoneaster Grunwald 2010 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all treated plants saleable. Wilen 2010 Over the top Only one application at 150, 300, 600 lb/a was applied which resulted in minor to significant crop 4WAT injury which decreased with increasing rates. Trial should be repeated with a different Ceanothus cultivar or established 3 gal container plants. Wilen 2009 Over the top One application only. No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; root and shoot dry weights significantly reduced at all rates. Grunwald 2010 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all treated plants saleable. Boydston 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants saleable. Derr 2008 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5. Klett 2008 Over the top Trial 1: No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; no growth reduction Klett 2008 Over the top Trial 2: No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; no growth reduction Reding 2010 Broadcast No crop injury with 0.37, 0.75, 1.5 lb ai/a. Ahrens/Mer 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 vosh after 1st, slight Reding 2009 Over the top after 2nd application. No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability with 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Lieth 2008 Over the top Phytotoxicity data inconclusive due to heat stress, no growth c.pdf c.pdf f.pdf c.pdf m.pdf g.pdf i.pdf i.pdf a.pdf n.pdf c.pdf

12 PR# Crop Production Cotoneaster sp. C. Cotoneaster glaucaphyllus Crataegus sp. C. coccinoid Hawthorn Crataegus sp. Hawthorn Cryptomeria japonica 'Yoshino' Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Cedar 'Yoshino' Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Cedar 'Black Dragon' Epilobium canum California fuschia Euonymus alatus E. alatus 'Compactus' Euonymus alatus E. fortunei 'Coloratus' Forsythia sp. F. x intermedia 'Golden Bell' Winged Burning Bush Winged Burning Bush Golden Bells Gleditsia sp. G. internis Honey Locust Gleditsia sp. Gleditsia triacanthos Gleditsia sp. G. triacanthos Honey Locust Honey Locust Uber 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth Freiberger 2009 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 applied once at 2nd applic timing. Reding 2010 Broadcast No crop injury with 0.37, 0.75, 1.5 lb ai/a but significant reduction in height with 1x and 4x compared to untreated. All plants were marketable. Beste/Frank 2010 Over the top No crop injury or reduction in height x width with one application at 0.374, lb ai/a. Pots treated with 4x were devoid of weeds. Czarnota 2009 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Neal 2009 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Wilen 2009 Over the top One application only. No significant injury or growth. Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants marketable Williams 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre Mickelbart 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 with single application 3 weeks after transplanting. Freiberger 2009 No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 applied once at 2nd applic timing. Mathers 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth. Reding 2010 Broadcast No injury with 0.37, 0.75, 1.5 lb ai/a h.pdf b.pdf f.pdf a.pdf a.pdf e.pdf b.pdf g.pdf a.pdf b.pdf d.pdf e.pdf 12

13 13 PR# Crop Production Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon, Christmas Berry Hydrangea sp. Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. macrophylla 'Nikko Blue' Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. paniculata 'PeeGee' Hydrangea Ilex sp. I. vomitoria Holly Ilex sp. I. crenata Holly 'Convexa' Ilex sp. I. cornuta Holly 'Needlepoint' Ilex sp. I. glabra 'Densa' Holly Juniperus sp. J. andorra Juniper Juniperus sp. J. chinensis Juniper 'Sea Green' Juniperus sp. J. communis 'Gold Totem Pole Juniper Juniperus sp. J. conferta Juniper Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle Wilen 2009 Over the top One application only. Acceptable injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; root and shoot dry weights not reduced. Derr 2008 Over the top No significant injury at and 0.75, unacceptable at 1.5 lb ai per acre Fraelich 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre; all plants marketable Lieth 2008 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth Mickelbart 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 with single application 3 weeks after transplanting. Lieth 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Mathers 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Neal 2009 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Senesac 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth Harvey 2008 Over the top 1 application only; no injury at Mickelbart 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 with single application 3 weeks after transplanting. Senesac 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Trader 2008 Over the top No significant injury at and 0.75, slight at 1.5 lb ai per acre; no growth reduction Derr 2008 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 Fraelich 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre; all plants marketable c.pdf g.pdf c.pdf c.pdf a.pdf c.pdf m.pdf a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf a.pdf a.pdf g.pdf c.pdf

14 14 PR# Crop Production Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle 'Acoma' Lagerstroemia indica 'Natchez' Lavandula sp. L. angustifolia 'Munstead' Lavandula sp. L. angustifolia 'Hidcote' Lavandula sp. L. angustifolia 'Munstead' Lavandula sp. L. angustifolia 'Munstead' Leucothoe sp. L. fontanesiana 'Rainbow' Crape Myrtle Lavender Lavender Lavender Lavender Fetterbush, Drooping Leucothoe Ligustrum sp. L. lucidum Privet Loropetalum sp. L. Loropetalum chinense rubrum Loropetalum sp. L. Loropetalum chinense rubrum Loropetalum sp. Loropetalum Loropetalum sp. 'Purple Diamond' Loropetalum Loropetalum sp. Loropetalum Magnolia sp. M. stellata 'Royal Star' Magnolia Magnolia sp. 'Waterlily' Magnolia Gilliam 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 with two applications. Wade 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; all plants marketable Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants marketable Boydston 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all treated plants saleable. Neal 2009 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Trader 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Grunwald 2010 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all treated plants saleable. Uber 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 after 1st, moderate after 2nd application; growth reduction at 2X and 4X Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Czarnota 2009 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Derr 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre. Gilliam 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre. Neal 2009 Over the top No significant injury at and 0.75, slight at 1.5 lb ai per acre. Beste/Frank 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable Beste/Frank 2009 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; reduced growth and marketability only with 4X a.pdf a.pdf m.pdf o.pdf a.pdf b.pdf c.pdf h.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf a.pdf i.pdf i.pdf

15 15 PR# Crop Production Magnolia sp. M. Magnolia virginiana Magnolia sp. Magnolia Magnolia sp. M. grandiflora 'Alta' Magnolia Malus sp. 'M.domestica' Apple & Crabapple (Non-Bearing) Malus sp. Apple & Crabapple (Non-Bearing) Muhlenbergia dubia Mexican deergrass Nandina domestica 'Firepower' Heavenly Bamboo Nandina domestica Heavenly Bamboo Nandina domestica N. domestica Heavenly Bamboo Nandina domestica Heavenly Bamboo Nepeta cataria 'Psfike' Catnip Nepeta cataria 'Psfike' Catnip Mathers 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Reding 2009 Over the top No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability with 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Wade 2009 Over the top No injury or significant growth Mathers 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth. Reding 2009 Over the top No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability with 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Wilen 2009 Over the top One application only. No significant injury or growth. Gilliam 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 with two applications. Gilliam 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre. Lieth 2009 Over the top Crop injury observed (approx 15-30%)by 4WAT with 0.375, and 1.5 lb aia (1x and 4x) but no significant reduction in height and width parameters were observed with any rate. Crop injury described as leaf distortion and chlorosis and red to purple leaflet veination. Uber 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Klett 2008 Over the top Trial 1: No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; no growth reduction Klett 2008 Over the top Trial 2: No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; no growth reduction e.pdf n.pdf a.pdf f.pdf n.pdf a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf b.pdf a.pdf i.pdf i.pdf

16 PR# Crop Production Nepeta cataria N. cataria Catnip Nepeta x faasseni 'Walkers Low' Catmint Nepeta x faasseni Catmint Ophiopogon sp. O. japonicas Osmanthus heterophyllus Holly Olive, False Paeonia sp. P. lactiflora 'Eliza Lundy' Philadelphus sp. P. viginalis 'Snow Dwarf' Mondo Grass, Lilyturf, Ker-Gawl Holly Olive;False Peony Mock Orange Photinia sp. P. fraseri Photinia Picea sp. P. glauca Spruce Picea sp. P. omorika Spruce Picea sp. P. glauca Spruce 'Conica' Pieris sp. P. japonica Andromeda 'Dorothy Wycoff' Pieris sp. P. japonica Andromeda 'Mountain Fire' Pinus sp. P. taeda Pine Pinus sp. P. mugo Pine Lieth 2009 Over the top Significant crop injury (approx 15-35%) with 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 lb aia at 30 DAT and plant canopy 23, 17, and 38% smaller, respectively, than untreated. Boydston 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all treated plants saleable. Lieth 2008 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at and 0.75, slight at 1.5 Grunwald 2010 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all treated plants saleable. Czarnota 2009 Over the top No significant injury at and 0.75, moderate at 1.5 lb ai per acre. Uber 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth. Freiberger 2009 Over the top Virtually no injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 applied once at 2nd applic timing. Harvey 2008 Over the top 1 application only; no injury at Mathers 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Beste/Frank 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable. Trader 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Fraelich 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants marketable. Harvey 2008 Over the top 1 application only; no injury at b.pdf i.pdf c.pdf a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf a.pdf b.pdf c.pdf g.pdf m.pdf b.pdf b.pdf c.pdf 16

17 17 PR# Crop Production Pinus sp. Pine Mungo Pine Pinus sp. P. taeda Pine Potentilla sp. P. verna Cinquefoil Potentilla sp. P. fruticosa 'Monsidh' Potentilla sp. P. fruticosa 'Monsidh' Potentilla sp. P. fructicosa 'Abbotswood' Potentilla sp. P. fruticosa 'Goldfinger' Cinquefoil Cinquefoil Cinquefoil Cinquefoil Quercus sp. Oak Quercus sp. Q. alba Oak Quercus sp. Q. rubra Oak Raphiolepis indica R. Indian Hawthorn umbellata 'Eleanor Taber' Raphiolepis indica Indian Hawthorn Raphiolepis indica Indian Hawthorn Harvey 2009 Over the top One application only; no injury at acre. Wade 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; all plants marketable Boydston 2009 Over the top No significant injury at and 0.75, slight at 1.5 lb ai per acre; all 1X and 2X, and most 4X treated plants saleable. Klett 2008 Over the top Trial 1: No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; no growth reduction Klett 2008 Over the top Trial 2: No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; no growth reduction Lieth 2009 Over the top Slight phytotoxicity (approx 10-20% 30 DAT) from two applications at 0.375, 0.75, 1.5 lb aia and significant growth suppression (width and volume) suggests this product not safe for Potentilla. Uber 2008 Over the top No injury or significant growth Beste/Frank 2009 No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable. Freiberger 2008 Directed Very slight injury at 0.375, 0.75 spray and 1.5 Mathers 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at and 0.75, slight at 1.5 Gilliam 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 with two applications. Lieth 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; growth reduction data inconclusive e.pdf a.pdf j.pdf i.pdf i.pdf b.pdf h.pdf j.pdf c.pdf p.pdf a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf

18 18 PR# Crop Production Rhododendron sp. R. Azalea, & catawbiense 'Chinoides' Rhododendron Rhododendron sp. 'Fashion' Rhododendron sp. 'Fasticata' Rhododendron sp. 'Midnight Flare' Rhododendron sp. 'Girard's Hot Shot' Azalea, & Rhododendron Azalea, & Rhododendron Azalea, & Rhododendron Azalea, & Rhododendron Ribes viburnifolium Evergreen currant Rosa sp. 'Raspberry Sunblaze' Rose Rosa sp. 'Nearly Wild' Rose Rosa sp. Rose Rosa sp. R. woodsii Rose Rosa sp. 'Red Cascade' Rose Sabal minor Palmetto Palm Salvia sylvestris S. nemorosa 'East Friesland' Palmetto Palm Sage, Ramona Salvia sylvestris Sage, Ramona Salvia sylvestris 'Blue Hill' Salvia sylvestris S. 'May Night' Sage, Ramona Sage, Ramona Ahrens/Mer 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 vosh after 1st, slight after 2nd application. Neal 2009 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Senesac 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Trader 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Wade 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; all plants marketable Wilen 2009 Over the top One application only. No injury or growth reduction at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth and flower number reduction at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; all plants marketable Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Derr 2008 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 Harvey 2008 Over the top 1 application only; very slight injury at 0.375, moderate at 0.75 and 1.5 Wade 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; all plants marketable Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Boydston 2010 Over the top No injury or growth and flower number reduction at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; all treated plants saleable. Gilliam 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre. Senesac 2010 Over the top Slight to moderate crop injury with two application at 0.375, 0.75, 1.5 lb ai/a. Williams 2008 Over the top Virtually no injury at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre; all rates reduced plant growth a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf f.pdf a.pdf b.pdf m.pdf a.pdf g.pdf c.pdf a.pdf a.pdf r.pdf b.pdf a.pdf c.pdf

19 19 PR# Crop Production Sedum sp. S. reflexum Stonecrop 'Blue Spruce' Sedum sp. S. stefco Stonecrop Sedum sp. S. spurium 'Red Carpet' Sedum sp. S. ellacombianum Stonecrop Stonecrop Sedum sp. Stonecrop Sedum sp. S. spurium 'John Creech' Sedum sp. S. x spectabile 'Autumn Joy' Spiraea sp. S. japonica 'Magic Carpet' Stonecrop Stonecrop Bridal-Wreath Spiraea sp. 'Reeves' Bridal-Wreath Spiraea sp. S. thunbergii Bridal-Wreath Spiraea sp. Dolchica Bridal-Wreath Syringa sp. S. Lilac microphylla 'Superba' Syringa sp. 'Miss Kim' Lilac Boydston 2010 Over the top Minor injury at 0.375, moderate at 0.75 and 1.5 ; all plants at 1X rate saleable. Boydston 2010 Over the top Minor to high injury increasing with rates (0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 lb ai per acre); plants treated with 2X and 4X rates not saleable. Boydston 2010 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants saleable. Boydston 2010 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants saleable. Derr 2010 Over the top Three to five percent crop injury (tip burn) which decreased over time (32 and 46 DAT and 3DAT2. Weed control (chamberbitter, tassleflower, S. crabgrass, annual sedge) increased with increasing rates. Senesac 2010 Over the top Moderate crop injury with two application at 0.375, 0.75, 1.5 lb ai/a. Williams 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre Ahrens/Mer 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 vosh after 1st, very Gilliam 2008 Over the top slight after 2nd application. No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 with two applications. Mickelbart 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 with single application 3 weeks after transplanting. Trader 2008 Over the top Moderate to high injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Beste/Frank 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth ; all plants marketable Harvey 2008 Over the top 1 application only; no injury at and 0.75, very slight at a6.pdf a7.pdf a4.pdf a5.pdf c.pdf a.pdf c.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf f.pdf i.pdf c.pdf

20 20 PR# Crop Production Syringa sp. S. reticulata Lilac 'Ivory Silk' Syringa sp. S. patula Lilac 'Miss Kim' Taxus sp. T. x media Yew 'Runyun' Taxus sp. T. baccata Yew Taxus sp. T. x media Yew 'Densiformis' Ternstroemia sp. 'Leann' Ternstroemia Teucrium chamaedrys Dwarf germander Thuja sp. T. occidentalis 'Emerald Green' Thuja sp. T. occidentalis 'Degroot's Spire' Thuja sp. T. plicata 'Green Giant' Thuja sp. T. occidentalis 'Smaragd' Viburnum sp. 'Northern Burgundy' Arborvitae Arborvitae Arborvitae Arborvitae Arrowwood Viburnum sp. V. tinus Arrowwood Viburnum sp. V. Arrowwood plicatum tomentosum 'Shasta' Viburnum sp. V. x 'Juddi' Arrowwood Mathers 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Williams 2008 Over the top Virtually no injury or growth reduction at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre Mathers 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Senesac 2008 Over the top No significant injury at 0.375, slight at 0.75 and 1.5 lb ai per acre; no growth reduction Williams 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 150, 300 and 600 lb per acre Gilliam 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre. Wilen 2009 Over the top One application only. Very slight injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 ; root and shoot dry weights not significantly reduced. Ahrens/Mer 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 vosh after 1st, very slight after 2nd application. Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants marketable Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Harvey 2008 Over the top. Single application only; no injury at and 0.75, slight transient injury at 1.5 lb ai per acre. Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at acre; all plants marketable Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 Czarnota 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Mickelbart 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 with single application 3 weeks after transplanting l.pdf c.pdf n.pdf a.pdf g.pdf c.pdf d.pdf a.pdf b.pdf a.pdf c.pdf b.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf

21 PR# Crop Production Viburnum sp. V. tinus Arrowwood 'Compactum' Viburnum sp. V. x Arrowwood burkwoodii Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova Neal 2009 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5. Senesac 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at Freiberger 2009 Over the top No injury at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 applied once at 2nd applic timing a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf 21

22 Label Suggestions Based on the current data available, the Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 formulation appears to be an acceptable substitute based on crop safety. In addition to the list of plants already on the Broadstar label, it is suggested twelve additional species may be added for over-the-top applications. Agapanthus africanus Buddleia davidii Ceanothus sp. Clematis sp. Cryptomeria japonica Hydrangea sp Gleditsia internis Gleditsia triacanthos Lavandula angustifolia Loropetalum sp. Nandina domestica Salvia sylvestris 22

23 Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers Dr. John Ahrens Dr. Ed Beste Dr. Rick Boydston Mr. Luke Case Dr. Mark Czarnota Dr. Jeffrey Derr Mr. Ben Fraelich Dr. Ray Frank Mr. Tom Freiberger Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory 153 Cook Hill Road, P.O. Box 248 Windsor, CT University of Maryland LESREC Salisbury Facility Nanticoke Road Salisbury, MD USDA-ARS IAREC Rt 2 Box 2953-A Prosser, WA The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Ct. Columbus, OH University of Georgia Department of Horticulture 1109 Experiment St. Griffin, GA Hampton Roads Ag. Exp. Station 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA USDA-ARS CPES P.O. Box 748 Tifton, GA Boyers Mill Road New Market, MD Rutgers University Cream Ridge Experiment Station 283 Rt. 539 Cream Ridge, NJ

24 Dr. Charles Gilliam Mr. Paul Harvey Dr. Jim Klett Dr. Heiner Lieth Dr. Hannah Mathers Dr. Todd Mervosh Dr. Michael Mickelbart Dr. Joe Neal Dr. Michael Reding Auburn University Department of Horticulture 101 Funchess Hall Auburn, AL USDA-ARS 5230 Konnawac Pass Road Wapato, WA, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Fort Collins, CO Department of Plant Sciences University of California One Shield Avenue Davis, CA The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Ct. Columbus, OH Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory 153 Cook Hill Road, P.O. Box 248 Windsor, CT Purdue University Dept. Hort. and Landscape Architecture 625 Agriculture Mall Dr. West Lafayette, IN North Carolina State University Department of Horticultural Science 262 Kilgore Hall Box 7609, NCSU Raleigh, NC USDA-ARS Application Technology Research Rm Madison Ave. Wooster, OH,

25 Dr. Andy Senesac Dr. Brian Trader Mr. Buzz Uber Mr. Paul Wade Dr. David Williams Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory 39 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY Mississippi State University 158 Dorman Hall, Box 9555 Mississippi State, MS Crop Inspection Service Hilltop Drive Valley Center, CA USDA-ARS US Vegetable Laboratory 2700 Savannah Highway Charleston, SC University of Illinois PSL, 1201 S. Dorner Urbana, IL

26 Appendix 2: Submitted Data Researcher reports included in the printed copy of this report are those received by 3/15/10. Reports on following pages are in alphanumeric order of author and PR number. Electronic reports and protocols can be found at 26