A geographical perspective on retailing and consumption spaces. NEIL WRIGLEY nno MICHELLE LOWE. !nezlo. villvo

Transcription

1 villvo A geographical perspective on retailing and consumption spaces!nezlo NEIL WRIGLEY nno MICHELLE LOWE

2 fstiluto Untversltorto Archttetturo Veneoo ER 590 Servl.zio Blbllografico Audiovisivo e di Documentozlone

3 Reading Retail A geographical perspective on retailing and consumption spaces Neil Wrigley Professor of Geography University of Southampton Michelle Lowe Professor of Retail Management University of Surrey ISTITUfO UNIVERSITARIO ARCHITETTURA VENEZIA AREA SERVIZI BIBUOGRAFICI E DOCUMENTAU 214:ts INV. CIA -- - " A member of the Hodder Headline Group LONDON Distributed in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Inc., New York

4 Contents Preface Acknowledgements xiii xv PART I INTRODUCTION Reading retail: purpose and organization of the book Developing a sense of the debate: reading and re-reading retail Example 1: The empire filters back: Starbucks coffee Reading 'Styling' and 'placing' Starbucks Example 2: Questioning the globalization of Coca-Cola Reading Restructuring the cola market Reading Contextualizing Coca-Cola Example 3: From pornography to post-modern road-map Reading Re-reading Zola: signpost towards a 'new retail geography' Constructions of retail geography: placing the book and its organization 11 Reading Defining and questioning 'retail geography', Organization of the book and the wider agenda 14 ING THE SCENE: RETAIL DYNAMICS 19 " Reconfiguration of corporate structures in retailing 21. Concentration of capital and the rise of the retail corporation 21 Reading Recalling the 1980s- Britain's 'retail revolution' 24.. Concentration and the retail corporation in the 1990s 25 Example 1: The road to oligopoly - US drug store retailing 25

5 viii Contents Example 2: What became of the great American department stores? 27 Reading Campeau and the bankruptcy of Federated 29 Example 3: Store wars and after - UK food retailing 31 Reading The vulnerabilities of market dominance 33 Example 4: LBOs and deleveraging - US food retailing 37 i Reading How financial re-engineering held back : i consolidation 38 1 t Some conceptual themes 41 Corporate lock-in, sunk costs and market exit 41 Reading Grounding retail capital and managing sunk costs 42 i! Reading Sunk costs and exit: Littlewoods and British Shoe J ] Corporation 45 :'t t Capital structure decisions and corporate reconfiguration 46 " "" Corporate strategists and their governance 48 Reading Antonini' s removal from Kmart 49 I 3 Reconfiguration of retailer-supply chain interfaces 5 1 The changing character of retailer- supplier relations 51 Shifts in the bargaining power of retailers and suppliers 52 Reshaping the nature of supply relations 54 Reading Relational contracting: the case of bread 55 I Reading Dominance, dependency and preferred suppliers: clothing retailing 58 I Ī The strategic significance of retailer own-label products 61 I Reading Building own-label supply relations 63 ' l 'The ties that bind' - the embeddedness of supply relations 65 l Reading Social relations and the organization of own-label supply chains 66 Commodity chains and retail- supplier relations 67 Reading Conceptualizing the commodity chain 68 4 O rganizational and t echnological transformations in retail distribut ion 7 1 The expanding scale of retail formats - supermarkets, superstores and supercentres 71 The emergence of the supermarket 72 Reading Big Bear crashes into New Jersey 73 Reading A&P and the challenge of the supermarket 74 Superstores and supercentres 76 The revolution in distribution and systems 83.! i

6 Contents ix Seizing control of the supply chain: the logistical transformation of UK food retailing 84 Reading Three stages of evolution in UK retail logistics 87 Reading Delivering quality: Tesco's logistics system by the early 1990s 88 The UK system in international perspective: contrasts with the USA 89 The emergence and logistical implications of electronic non-store reil 5 Changing retail employment relations 96 The consequences of labour intensity 96 Characteristics of retail employment - feminization and part-time wmhl Reading Regulation and employment in 1990s UK retailing 101 Conceptualizing retail employment 102 A primary /secondary labour market? 103 A multiply segmented and shifting retail labour market 105 Reading Taylorism for retailers? 106 Consumption work and consumption workplaces 107 Reading The shopgirl: class, gender and selling 108 Reading The Gap, Inc.: a case study in customer care 109 Reading The culture of the customer in retailing Retail regulation and governance I 12 Spatial scales of retailregulation and market consequences 113 Retail regulation at the local scale - contradictions and tensions 113 Reading Contradictions of enforcing the Shops Act at the local level 114 Reading Implementing competition regulation at the local scale in US retailing 116 Reading Contested regulatory domains: the local/national interface 118 Retail regulation at the national scale - market rules and spatial outcomes 119 Private-interest versus public-interest regulation in retailing 121 Reading Private-interest regulation and the shaping of competitive space 123 'Real' regulation, retailing and the nature of the regulatory state 124 Corporate governance - the internal regulation of the retail firm 125

7 x PART 3 Contents 1 MAKING AND RE-MAKING THE GEOGRAPHIES OF RETAIL CAPITAL The inconstant geography and spatial switching of retail capital I : urban issues 131 The creatively destructive nature of the spatial switching of retail capital 132 Reading Stores the road passes through: the drive-in market and the Los Angeles supermarket in the early 1930s 135 Decentralization: learning from Chicago 136 Reading Devalorization of inner city retail: the case of 63rd and Halsted 139 Reading City centre retail transformation: A US-UK comparison 140 Rehabilitation: would the mall play downtown? 141 Reading The Faneuilization of America 142 Reading Pathmark comes to Harlem 145 And could 'the street' play in the suburbs? 147 Reading 7.6 -Turning suburbia into SoHo 148 l 8 The inconstant geography and spatial switching of retail capital 2: regional issues and internationalization 150 A regulatory take on issues of regional expansion and consolidation 150 Reading Pre-emptive store swaps and divestitures in the regional consolidation of the US department store industry 154 Competition and regional monopoly debates 157 The globalization of retail capital 159 Reading Retail TNCs in emerging markets: leveraging scale, know-how and costs of capital 161 Positioning the retail TNCs 162 Reading The uncertainties of Wal-Mart's entry into Europe 166 Conceptualizing the retail internationalization process 167 I f i Ii 1 9 The configuration, manipulation and contestation of retail space 171 Reading Shopertainment 171 A new shopping experience in a new environment 173

8 Contents xi Reading 9.2 -The grand magasin 174 Reading How to sell 174 Mall magic 176 The Mall of America 179 Reading 9.4 -The apotheosis of the modern mall 179 How public is a mall? 181 Reading Public life in a pleasure dome 181 Experiential retailing 183 Reading Nike Town Chicago (NTC) and the emplaced brandsca pe 184 PART4 CONSUMPTION PLACES AND SPACES 187 I 0 The street 189 Street life and street culture 189 The flaneur and the street as a site of display 190 Reading The flaneur in the city 190 Reading Boulevards for the fashionable and famous 191 Contemporary streets of style 192 Reading The branded street 195 The street and 'sociality' 196 Reading Urban markets and urban cultures - twentieth-century New York City 198 Reading Car boot sales - markets and carnival 199 The street as a site of resistance 200 The street as mall 201 l The store 203 Reading Selfridge's - monument to modernity 203 The great department stores 204 Reading The new domestic downtown 205 Reading Masculinities, space and power 207 ' Shopping in the modem way- the store in the 1940s and 1950s 208 Reading Mrs Consumer: Woodward's food floor and femininity 209 Reading Mr Consumer and the tailor of taste 210

9 xii Contents Late twentieth-century flagship stores 211 Designing the interior spaces of the store 214 Reading Next and geographies of display T he mall 2 17 Constructing suburban utopias - history and development of the shopping mall 218 i l Reading 12.l - The invention of the mall 218 l North America's mega-malls 219 Reading The West Edmonton mega-mall 220 Britain's regional shopping centres 222 i Reading The early impact of Meadowhall on Sheffield 223 Reading Regional entrepreneurs and regional shopping I 'l centres in the 1980s 225 Reading The mother of UK shopping malls: shopping ' and identity 227 Peopling the mall 229 l Reading Malls, fianerie and post-shoppers 230 The malling of retail space: new landscapes of consumption 231 Reading The post-modern retail environment The home 235 Catalogue retailing and the home 235 Reading The birth of mail-order merchandising 236 Television home shopping and the Internet 238 Reading Internet channels to market: rhetoric versus reality 239 Reading Borders.corn: expanding the brand and the potential of the Internet 241 Shopping at home and sociality 242 Reading Suburbia, sociality and the Tupperware Party 243 The home as a consumption space 245 Reading Creating space through home consumption 246 Bibliography 248 Author index 271 Subject index 275

10 Reading Retail captures contemporary debates on the geography of retailing and consumption spaces. Constructed around a series of 'capsule readings' from key works, it is designed to encourage readers to develop a sense of engagement with the rapidly evolving debates in this field. More than 60 short and edited readings provide a framework for and route map into the study of the geographies of retailing and consumption. The volume also encourages readers to share the sense of an exciting and interdisciplinary literature unfolding in the 'new retail geography'. Drawing on up-to-the minute research material from areas ranging from anthropology and cultural studies to business studies and marketing, and tackling issues as diverse as retail internationalisation, the manipulation of retail space, and e-commerce, Reading Retail is unique in bringing together a huge range of perspectives on retailing and consumption spaces and will provide a key source text for students in this field. Brings together a vast range of material in one accessible collection Unique format fully integrates readings with student-friendly text An essential guide to key debates on retailing and consumption spaces Authors are leading researchers in the field Neil Wrigley is Professor of Geography, University of Southampton, UK Michelle Lowe is Professor of Retail Management, School of Management, University of Surrey, UK 'Reading Retail is, quite simply, a stunningly accessible undergraduate text... destined to be the core text for many courses.' Tijdschrift voor Econmische en Sociale Geografle (2003) Safeways photo 1994, David Gwynn, Groceteria.net. Used by permission. Showcase Mall photo: Las Vegas Sun Newspaper. ARNOLD Distributed in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ISBN I