Geometric Shapes Generation in Songket Designs Using Shape Grammar

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Geomeric Shapes Generaion in Songke Designs Using Shape Grammar NOR FUZAINA ISMAIL, FUZIYAH ISHAK, JAMALIAHANI TUMIN, NURZAYANI YUSUP & EVA ELFIRA RUPIWIN Faculy of Compuer and Mahemaical Sciences

The radiional Bunga Cabi moif is used as he iniial shape where special rules and spaial relaion are defined o generae new designs.

The specified rules in shape grammar guaranee he generaion of new designs ha mainained he ideniy of radiional songke moifs.

New designs using defined rules applied recursively can be used on oher radiional moifs in bringing numerous varieies of innovaive o he songke indusry.

1 Geomeric Shapes Generaion in Songke Designs Using Shape Grammar NOR FUZAINA ISMAIL, FUZIYAH ISHAK, JAMALIAHANI TUMIN, NURZAYANI YUSUP & EVA ELFIRA RUPIWIN Faculy of Compuer and Mahemaical Sciences Universii Teknologi MARA Shah Alam MALAYSIA Absrac: - This paper describes he applicaion of shape grammar in generaing new and innovaive designs for songke fabric. The radiional Bunga Cabi moif is used as he iniial shape where special rules and spaial relaion are defined o generae new designs. The rules are based on Euclidean ransformaions such as ranslaion, roaion, scale, mirror image and combinaion of hese ransformaions. The specified rules in shape grammar guaranee he generaion of new designs ha mainained he ideniy of radiional songke moifs. Samples of new designs using Bunga Cabi and he applicaion of shape grammar are illusraed. New designs using defined rules applied recursively can be used on oher radiional moifs in bringing numerous varieies of innovaive o he songke indusry. Key-Words: Shape grammar, spaial relaion, paerns generaion, Euclidean ransformaion, radiional Malay songke moif, naional heriage. 1 Inroducion Songke is a beauiful and high qualiy hand woven radiional fabric, hailed as Queen of he Malay exiles [1]. I is viewed as Malaysian heriage fabric. The radiional songke moifs are derived and inspired from cosmos, local and floral environmen. Some examples of he radiional moifs are depiced in Fig. 1. made in order o rejuvenae he songke indusry, including rebranding i as a symbol of luxurious and exquisie fabric, markeing sraegies approaches for inernaional markes and inroducing new conemporary designs. However, due o siff compeiion from massproduced similar design, ha is, brocades which are no only cheaper bu have more conemporary designs, songke demand had dwindled subsanially and he livelihoods of he coage indusry songke weavers were affeced, see [3]. Fig. 2 illusraes some examples of conemporary songke designs. Fig.1. Examples of Tradional Songke Moifs As one prominen Malaysian designer remarked, ha radiional songke moifs have been going around for oo long ha hey are no more appealing o he conemporary design driven marke [2]. Some effors are being Fig.2. Examples of Conemporary Songke Moifs ISBN:

2 However, i is he radiional moif ha brings ou he characerisics of he naional heriage fabric from ohers in he Malay Archipelago. Therefore i is imperaive ha hese moifs are preserved, referred, undersood, and innovaed from here. As menioned in Dr Mahahir s (Former Prime Miniser of Malaysia) speech a he opening cermony of an exhibiion Tradiion & Coninuiy: Woven & Decoraed Texiles Of The Malay Peninsula, organized by Islamic Ar Museum Malaysia, "Bu we have o remember ha in addiion o he basic exile funcions, exiles suppor our culural inheriance since earlier imes, paricularly a he ceremonial occasions." [4] Generaing new designs requires creaive and innovaive minds. This sudy aemps o explore ways of generaing new designs from basic radiional songke moif by using shape grammar. Shape grammar can be used o generae new and original designs by undersanding a known exising designs and composiions. Siny and Gips in [5] indicaed ha shape grammar allows paerns o be calculaed in algebras of shapes. Wha a shape is depends on he rules used, including when and how hese rules are used. Since rules may vary according o one s creaiviy, hen he probabiliies o produce design soluions are numerous. Shape grammar has been successfully implemened in archiecural design of buildings[6,7,8], produc designs[8] and paining designs[9]. Several works were done in paern generaion which indicaed he validiy of using shape grammar. Lee e al. in [10] sudied he srucures of Bosanghwamun, a radiional Korean paern. They decomposed he srucures of he paerns hierarchically and produced several emplaes of paerns. Ulu and Sener[11] generaed new Islamic geomeric paerns from decagons found in an imporan ornamens of he Islamic ar and archiecure. Meanwhile, Cui and Tang [12,13] produced new paerns of local culural feaures of Yunan and Zhuang embroidery paerns hrough an auo-generaion sysem embedding shape grammar. This sudy focuses on a preliminary aemp o explore and generae new form of innovaive songke paerns from a chosen radiional flower moif, Bunga Cabi [12] as depiced in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Bunga Cabi Moif Bunga Cabi is among he simples moif in radiional Malaysian songke. The moif consiss of hree squares conneced diagonally a he ip, wih he middle one slighly bigger han he oher wo idenical sizes. 2 Shape Grammar Siny and Gips [5] defined shape grammar(sg) as a 4-uple: SG = V,V m,r, I where (1) V is a finie se of shapes. Their elemens are called erminal shape elemens. (2) Vm is a finie se of shapes. Their elemens are non erminal or markers. Vm is such ha V V m =. (3) R is a finie se of ordered pairs (u,v) such ha u is a shape consising of an V elemen of m V combined wih an elemen V and v is a shape consising of an elemen combined wih an elemen V m. (4) I is a shape consising of an elemen of V combined wih an elemen V m. = V + { } where is an empy shape and + V elemens of are formed by a finie arrangemen of one or more elemens of V in which hese elemens or heir mirror images may be used several number of Euclidean + ransformaions. The ses of V m and V m are defined similarly. Elemens of R are called shape rules where u and v is called he lef side and he righ side of he rule respecively. They are wrien as u v. I is called he iniial shape and usually has a u such ha here is a (u,v) which is he elemen of R. The sep-by-sep generaion of songke paerns began wih he iniial shape of Bunga Cabi moif and recursively applied shape rules. The ISBN:

3 oucome of applying he shape rule o a given shape is produced on he righ side of he rule. A marker was placed on he iniial shape o signify he rule applicaion o specific pars of a shape. Four shape rules based on Euclidean ransformaion were defined o generae basic uni design as shown in Fig. 4. Rule 1 defines ranslaion wih he marker o show i orienaion. Rule 2 described a verical reflecion. Rule 3 and 4 defined how he moif was roaed a 45 bu wih a differen cener of roaion. The markers helped o indicae he direcion and roaion cener. Rule 5 specify horizonal reflecion. Examples of various recursive applicaions of he shape rules are also shown for each rule. Rule 6(R6) Rule 7() Rule 8() Rule 9(R9) Rule 1(R1) R1 Translaion Rule 10(R10) Rule 2(R2) Rules 3(R3) Rule 4(R4) Rule5(R5) R2 Verical Reflecion R3 Roaion (45 ) R4 Roaion (45 ) R5 Horizonal Reflecion Fig. 4. Shape Rules The generaed moifs were hen furher applied emergen rules o generae more songke paerns. In hese rules, P represens any generaed moif. These rules are also known as emergence rules [14] which are shown in Fig. 5. Rule 11() Fig.5. Emergen Shape Rules Rule 6 reflecs an emergen design abou a line inclined a 45º a he edge of he emergen design. Rule 7 and 8 reflecs a paern verically bu of opposie direcions. Similarly for Rule 9 and 10, he ransformaions involve a horizonal reflecion ha is downwards for Rule 9 and upwards direcion for Rule 10 respecively. Rule 11 roaes 90º in he clockwise direcion wih he cener of roaion a he edge marked by a marker. 3 Implemenaion and Discussion In view wih he edious weaving process, songke paerns mus no be oo complex. A mos he roaional shape rule was applied only seven imes. Moif-based consrucion was done in wo sage process. The firs sage involved generaing basic uni paern design and in he second sage, he emergen designs were used as he basis for furher generaion. Some basic uni paerns derivaions are as in Fig. 6. These derivaions are definiely no exhausive as he probabiliies of derivaions are jus oo numerous. ISBN:

4 Paern 1 R1 R1R1 Paern 2 R2 R2R2R2 Paern 3 Paern 4 R3 R4 Apply R3-7 imes Apply R4-4 imes Fig. 8. Emergen Design Based on Paern 2 The emergen design based on he basic Paern 2 is as illusraed in Fig.8. The rule was used recursively. Fig.6. Basic Uni Designs Derivaions Paern 1, Paern 2, Paern 3, and Paern 4, were generaed by applying Rule 1 wice, Rule 2 hrice, Rule 3 seven imes and Rule 4 four imes respecively. R9 In he second sage process, Rule 6 Rule 11 were applied o he basic uni paerns obained in Fig.6. The finished paerns are shown in Fig. 7 Fig. 10. R6 Fig. 9. Emergen Design Based on Paern 3 The oucome design in Fig 9 used Paern 3 o reflec differen axes hrough R9. R9 R10 Fig. 7. Emergen Design Based on Paern 1 Fig. 7 shows an example of an emergen design based on rules R6 R9 R10. Fig.10. Emergen Design Based on Paern 4 Similarly, emergen design from Paern 4 was produced hrough various reflecions of, R10 and as shown in Fig.10. ISBN:

5 In his secion we have illusraed new songke designs ha are obained by applying he basic rules recursively on he iniial Bunga Cabi moif. The generaed designs sill mainain he exising radiional moif ha is he cenral elemen in he songke feaure. The applicaions of Rule 1 Rule 11 wih differen recursive procedures can be applied o Bunga Cabi moif o produce oher disincive new designs. 3 Conclusion Generaing new designs in radiional fabric can be scienifically obained using shape grammar applicaions. The advanage of using shape grammar for generaing songke design is ha i provides a powerful ool for capuring he ordering principles ha form he basic conceps of syle. The rules applied o he seleced radiional moif creae new designs ha reain he radiional elemen as much as possible. These would form he basis of compuerized implemenaion for paern creaion of songke designs. The generaion of oher radiional moifs can be applied similarly using shape grammar o produce new designs by keeping he characerisics of radiional moifs. Furhermore, new and more elaborae designs can creae more choices ha could be more appealing o consumers wihou sacrificing he songke original aesheic and uniqueness. while enhancing he coage indusry. Acknowledgemen The auhors would like o acknowledge he financial suppor received from Universii Teknologi MARA under he Excellence Fund (RIF) 600-RMI/DANA 5/3/RIF(260/2012). References: [1] Adline & Ros Mahwai, Tradiion & Coninuiy Woven and Decoraed Texiles of he Malay Peninsula, IAMM Publicaion, Kuala Lumpur, [2] Noor Azlinah, Songke Revoluion, Yayasan Tuanku Nur Zahirah, Kuala Lumpur, [3] Ngo, J. S. K, Innovaing he Tradiional Malaysian Handwoven Songke for Today s Living, Texile Convenion 2009 Universiy Insiue Technology Mara, 2009, pp [4] Zakaria, M.Q. (2013, Mac 6). Lifing Malay Texiles, Uusan Malaysia, pp.6-7. [5] Gibbs, J., Shape Grammars and Their Uses-Arificial Percepion, Shape Generaion and Compuer Aesheics, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, [6] Said, Embi & M.R,. Towards a Digial Represenaion of Vernacular Archiecure - The Malay Tradiional House in Perspeccive, Malaysia, [7] Siny, G. and Michell, W.J., The Grammar Of Paradise: On The Generaion Of Mughul Gardens, Environ Planning B, 7,1980, pp [8] Chen, L. & Xu, X., The Sudy of Transporaion Design Based on Shape Grammars. IEEE, 2009, pp [9] Siny, G. and Gips, J., Shape grammars and he Generaive Specificaion of Paining and Sculpure, IFIP Congress, Norh Holland Publishing Co., [10] Lee, J.H., Park, J.H., Lim, S. and Kim, S.J., A Formal Approach To The Sudy Of Evoluion and Commonaliy of Paerns, Environmen and Planning B Journal, [11] Ulu, E. & Sener, S.M., A Shape Grammar Model To Generae Islamic Geomeric Paern, 12h Generaive Ar Conference GA2009, 2009, pp [12] Cui J, Tang MX. Chinese Paern Design Using Generaive Shape Grammar, Generaive of Ar Conference, Ialy, 2010, pp [13] Cui J, Tang MX. Inegraing Shape Grammars Ino A Generaive Sysem For Zhuang Ehnic, Compuer-Aided Design 45, 2013, pp [14] Jowers,I., Pras, M., Eissa,H. and Lee, J.H., A Sudy of Emergence in he Generaion of Islamic Geomeric Paerns, Proceedings of he 15h Inernaional Conference on Compuer-Aided Archiecural Design Research in Asia, Hong Kong, 2010, pp ISBN:

Why Mendel Succeeded. Why Mendel Succeeded. Mendel chose his subject carefully. Mendel chose his subject carefully. Mendel chose his subject carefully

Why Mendel Succeeded. Why Mendel Succeeded. Mendel chose his subject carefully. Mendel chose his subject carefully. Mendel chose his subject carefully Why Mendel Succeeded I was no unil he mid-nineeenh cenury ha Gregor Mendel, an Ausrian monk, carried ou imporan sudies of herediy he passing on of characerisics from parens o offspring. Characerisics ha