PROPOSED KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV ESKOM POWERLINES WESTERN CAPE

Transcription

1 PROPOSED KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV ESKOM POWERLINES WESTERN CAPE Heritage Impact Assessment component: Built Environment, Spatial History and Cultural Landscape SCOPING AND ASSESSMENT REPORT NOVEMBER 2014 HERITAGE WESTERN CAPE CASE NO: JL09E Prepared For Nzumbululo Heritage Solutions South Africa 4 Berger Road, Vorna Valley, Midrand 1686, South Africa Tel: , SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION Mobile: Tel: Fax: Mobile: Tel bodonoghue@telkomsa.net Web: sally@spatialhistory.co.za 4 OAKDALE ROAD NEWLANDS 7708 CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA 22 BIRKETT ROAD RONDEBOSCH 7700 CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA

2 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VI GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS VII SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION LEGAL REQUIREMENTS TERMS OF REFERENCE PROPOSED POWERLINES AND ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SCOPE OF WORK APPROACH TO THE SPECIALIST STUDY STUDY METHODOLOGY ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS Assumptions Limitations SPECIALIST TEAM AND DETAILS DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE REPORT STRUCTURE 11 SECTION 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE ROUTES OPTIONS PYLON TOWERS 14 SECTION 3 REGION AND SITES DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL OVERVIEW CULTURAL LANDSCAPE The Term Cultural Landscape Cultural Landscapes Occurring along Powerline Route Alternatives The Swartland BUILT ENVIRONMENT 26 SECTION 4 HERITAGE LEGISLATION & ASSESSMENT CRITERIA INTRODUCTION ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT AND STATUTORY FRAMEWORK Overview National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999 (NHRA) Existing Heritage Studies HERITAGE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Definition of Cultural Significance and Criteria for the Assessment of Cultural Significance Contextual/Experiential Significance 30 ii BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

3 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Assessments of Impacts HERITAGE DESIGN INDICATORS Scoping Phase Guidelines Assessment Phase Local Scale Heritage Design Indicators Assessment Phase Micro Scale Heritage Design Indicators IMAGES AND DEPICTIONS OF ROUTE ALTERNATIVES 37 SECTION 5 IDENTIFIED HERITAGE RESOURCES & STATEMENTS OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE INTRODUCTION ROUTE OPTION 1 57 SECTION 6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION SCOPING PHASE ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT PHASE ZONES AND ROUTE OPTIONS 72 Table 6.1 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 1 73 Table 6.2 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 2 74 Table 6.3 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 3 85 Table 6.4 Impact Assessment Route Option 1A Zone 3 97 Table 6.5 Impact Assessment Route Option 2 Zone 3 98 Table 6.6 Impact Assessment Route Option 1b Zone SUMMARY OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT 106 SECTION 7 RECOMMENDATIONS 109 SECTION 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES 110 ANNEXURE 1: RECORDS OF DECISION APPLICABLE TO THE STUDY 115 ANNEXURE 2.1: BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE FOR THE WARM AND KOUE BOKKEVELD AND TULBAGH VALLEY 119 ANNEXURE 2.2: BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE FOR THE SWARTLAND 126 ANNEXURE 3: MAPS 139 iii BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

4 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF FIGURES: Figure 1: Location of proposed new 765kV transmission line within South Africa, powerline corridors located within red circle (Metro GIS, 2013) 12 Figure 2: Kappa Gamma 2 nd 765kV powerlines, Metro GIS Figure 3: Pylons for 765kV powerlines (ESKOM Line Engineering services, ESKOM 400kV and 765kV Tower Guide May 2013) 14 Figure 4: Existing powerlines immediately south of Gamma substation, iillustrating the difference in height between 400kV self supporting suspension pylons and the 765kV Guyed-V suspension pylons (765kV powerline right), BOD/ST Figure 5: Diagram showing three cultural landscape zones. For the purpose of historical depiction, the Mountainous region and the entrance into the Ceres Karoo are dealt with jointly (adapted from MetroGIS, 2013) 16 Figure 6: Diagram showing cultural landscape zones in relation to the proposed powerline routes (MetroGIS, 2013) 21 Figure 7: Ceres Valley from Gydo Pass (photograph Judelle Drake) 22 Figure 8: Agricultural patterning of the Swartland and the visual connections between settlements nestled into the foothills of mountains (photograph Kay McCormick, 2014) 23 Figure 9: Cultural landscape elements and context of heritage resources in the context of alternate route Options 1,2 and 3, with emphasis on the route options being considered at impact assessment phase. (adapted from Metro GIS) 25 Figure 10: Images from Kappa Substation to Karoopoort 37 Figure 11: Landscape and approach to the R46 scenic routes from the R Figure 12: Images Karoopoort Outspan to Ceres including Hottentotskloof and Theronsberg Passes, scenic routes 38 Figure 13: Images Ceres Valley Context 39 Figure 14: Images Wolseley Context 40 Figure 15: Images of Elandsberg Farms and Landscape Context 41 Figure 16: Images of Riebeek Kasteel and Landscape Context 45 Figure 17: Images Saron Mission Settlement and Landscape Context 46 Figure 18: Images Riebeek Valley 47 Figure 19: Images Porterville and Landscape Context 48 Figure 20: Images Proposed Route 3 between Porterville and Piketberg 49 iv BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

5 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 21: IMAGES SWARTLAND PORTERVILLE, PIKETBERG AND KORINGBERG CONTEXT 49 Figure 22: Images Piketberg 50 Figure 23: Images Koringberg 51 Figure 24: Images R45 Roadway 52 Figure 25: Images Approach Darling 53 Figure 26: Images Philadelphia & Context 53 Figure 27: Images Kalkbaskraal 54 Figure 28: Images Abbotsdale 55 Figure 29: Images Klipheuwel 56 Figure 30: Kappa Omega 2 nd 765kV powerlines corridors options 1, 1a, 1b (red, orange and yellow lines), Option 2 (blue line, depicted as blue and pink where it coincides with proposals from Option 1), Option 3, 3a, 3b, 3c [purple line with colour variants on the west], Metro GIS Figure 31: Diagram of Cultural Landscape Elements and Informants (adapted from MetroGIS) 71 Figure 32: Kappa Omega Assessment Zones 72 Figure 33 (right): portion of map 29 showing the point at which route option 2 assessment begins in relation to contextual topography (MetroGIS2013) 98 Figure 34: Diagram depicting portion of route option 2 which coincides with route 1a, studied at impact assessment phase. 106 Figure 35: Connection between recomended routes that will require specific and close attention to avoid negative impacts on Heritage Reources 108 v BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This assessment constitutes specialist input on spatial history, cultural landscape and the built environment towards the Heritage Impact Assessment component of and EIA conducted in line with the requirements of the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107/1998). The proposal is for a second 765kV powerline between Koruson (Kappa) substation near Ceres to Sterekus (Omega) substation near Koeberg in Cape Town. Three alternative powerline routes (with variations along their length) identified by ESKOM all start at Kappa and end at Omega. An alternative travels via Aurora substation. This specialist assessment identifies, assesses and maps the heritage resources within the three identified alternative 4km powerline corridors. It also provides heritage design indicators for development and assesses the potential impacts of the proposed powerlines on the identified heritage resources within the corridors. It assesses the impacts of the proposals on spatial history, cultural landscape and the built environment. The recommendations of the assessment are that the heritage indicators are adopted, and that Option Route 1, 1a and 2, south of Riebeek Kasteel and the R46 Scenic Route, as the preferred route due to the lower impact on settlements and landscapes is endorsed, with the adoption of mitigation measures contained in the Tables

7 GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS The approach to the definitions and application of the HIA is extracted from the National Heritage Resources Act, no 25 of 1999 and the ICOMOS Australian Burra Charter, revised in Adaptation The process of adaptation introduces a sufficient degree of flexibility to the treatment of a place or resource to enable change to be managed and still fulfil conservation objectives (Kerr, Baumann). Such change should be appropriate and should not affect the cultural significance of a structure or site. Associations Associations mean the special connections that exist between people and a place. Significant associations between people and a place should be respected, retained and not obscured. Opportunities for the interpretation, commemoration and celebration of these associations should be investigated and implemented. Archaeological resources Material remains resulting from human activities which are older than 100 years including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures which are in a state of disuse. They may also include rock art, marine shipwrecks and structures associated with military history (NHR Act). Authenticity That which is genuine or original and not in an altered or modified state. Authenticity may reside in the fabric itself with its evidence of workmanship and age, or in the design and layout of a place or in the integrity of traditions. It may reside in use, customs, appropriate technology and ownership associated most closely with the heritage resource (Kerr, modified). Compatible use Compatible use means a use that respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use must have minimal or no impact on cultural significance. Context The area around a place or heritage resource, which may include the visual catchment (Burra). (May also refer to how a resource is read and understood, and as a result may refer to the histories and societal values associated with it.) Conservation Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. Contextual value The cumulative value associated with an object or place when read as part of a whole. (MA). Cultural landscape A physical area with natural features and elements modified due to human activity and resulting in patterns of evidence layered over time in the landscape, which give a place its distinctive spatial, historical, aesthetic, symbolic and memorable character (Lennon, Australia- modified).

8 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Cultural significance Cultural significance means aesthetic, historical, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups. The cultural significance of a place and other issues affecting its future are best understood by collecting and analysing the required information before making decisions. Conservation (of heritage resources) The processes necessary for managing heritage resources so as to retain their cultural significance. These may include protection, maintenance, preservation and sustainable use of resources and adaptive re-use. Conservation requires the retention of an appropriate visual setting and other relationships that contribute to the cultural significance of the place. New construction, demolition, intrusions or other changes which would adversely affect the setting or its relationships are not appropriate. Cultural heritage What society inherits and attaches sufficient value to, to nurture for future generations, while at the same time recognizing the value of the past. Development Physical intervention, excavation or action other than those caused by natural forces, which may change the nature or appearance of a place. Those may include construction, alteration, demolition, removal or change of use of a place or structure at a place, the removal or destruction of trees or changes to the natural topography of the land (NHR Act). Heritage Indicators Using a combination of topography, settlement patterns and the heritage significance of cultural landscapes and built structures, a series of constraints and opportunities for appropriate new development are generated. These are used as the basis for assessing impacts of a proposal. Heritage resources Places or objects of cultural significance. (NHR Act) Heritage area Designated area of special architectural historic, social, symbolic, aesthetic/scenic character which are protected by legislative mechanisms either at a provincial or local level. Heritage management The sensitive and sustainable management of heritage resources and the application of the relevant laws within the context of development and community values (MA). Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) A requirement of the National Heritage Resources Act (Section 38) whereby development of a certain magnitude and character require the assessment of the impact of the development on the heritage resources on the site. Intrinsic value A heritage resource that has value in its own right, either for reasons of aesthetic, architectural and scientific excellence, or the stories and persons associated with the resource. viii BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

9 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Interpretation Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place. Intangible heritage Non-material heritage or non-material culture including traditions, oral history, ritual, ceremonies, language, popular memory and indigenous knowledge systems (NHR Act). Object Any movable property of cultural significance, which may be protected in terms of the NHR Act. Place A site area or region, a building or structure, a group of buildings, an open space, including a public square, street or park, and the immediate surroundings of a place (NHR Act). Place means site, area, land, landscape, building or other work, group of buildings or other works, and may include components, contents, spaces and views (Burra Charter). The physical location of a place is part of its cultural significance. A building, work or other component of a place should remain in its historical location. Relocation is generally unacceptable unless this is the sole practical means of ensuring its survival. Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses. Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place. Preservation Preservation is appropriate where the existing fabric or its condition constitutes evidence of cultural significance, or where insufficient evidence is available to allow other conservation processes to be carried out. Significant meanings Significant meanings including spiritual values, of a place should be respected. Opportunities for the continuation or revival of these meanings should be investigated and implemented. Setting Setting means the area around a place, which may include the visual catchment. ix BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

10 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Nzumbululo Sustainable Energy and Environmental Solutions, on contract to ESKOM Holdings Soc Limited, appointed heritage consultants Sally Titlestad and Bridget O Donoghue in association, for the specialist assessment of the spatial history, cultural landscape and built environment component of the Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) (Scoping and assessment phases) for the proposed Kappa Omega 2 nd 765kV powerlines. This specialist assessment identifies, assesses and maps the heritage resources within the three identified alternative 4km powerline corridors. It also provides heritage design indicators for development and assesses the potential impacts of the proposed powerlines on the identified heritage resources within the corridors. This specialist assessment does not assess impacts of the substations themselves, which are part of separate proposals. 1.2 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS This is a specialist report component of a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) being conducted within an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The HIA and EIA are undertaken by Nzumbululo in compliance with the National Environmental Management Act, Act 107/1998 (NEMA), and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations No 543 of The National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) is the decision-making authority for the EIA. The Western Cape Provincial Government (WCPG) Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&DP) will comment on the EIA to DEA. (NEAS reference: DEA/EIA/ /2012 and DEA Reference 14/12/16/3/3/2/353). Integration of the specialist studies into a Heritage Impact Assessment in terms of Section 38(8) of the National Heritage Resources Act, (Act 25/1999) (NHRA) is undertaken by Nzumbululo Heritage Solutions. Heritage Western Cape (HWC) will be the commenting authority on the HIA to DEA&DP and DEA on resources situated in the Western Cape. In terms of the NHR Act Section 38 (1) a Notification for Intent to Develop (NID) was submitted to HWC by Nzumbululo in The NID identified the alternative powerline corridors and the proposed scale of the pylons. The HWC Decision, dated 17 October 2012 on the NID was: Since there is reason to believe that heritage resources will be impacted upon, HWC requires an HIA in terms of S. 38(3) (Act 25 of 1999) assessing the impacts to all identified heritage resources within a 10km corridor around the proposed line, including but not limited to mountainscapes, natural and cultural landscapes, declared natural areas and conservancies, agricultural sites, scenic routes, archaeological and paleontological resources. The 4 proposed alternative lines must each be assessed for their relative impact to heritage resources. The outcome of the Public Participation Process must be included in the HIA. 1 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

11 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT As ESKOM was dissatisfied with the HWC decision that assessment should be conducted across 10km corridors for each alternative corridor, ESKOM officials and Nzumbululo legal representatives discussed the HWC decision at the HWC IACOM meeting on 13 January HWC adjusted their decision and the final comment on the NID was dated 27 February 2013: Heritage Western Cape agreed that the request to reduce the study corridors from 10km to 4km is accepted but reserves the right to require wider corridors in particular areas if necessary on basis of information coming from the EIA process (refer Annexure 1: HWC Decision 12 October 2012 and Final Comment 13 February 2013). 1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE The broad terms of reference for this study are an assessment of the impacts of the proposed transmission lines on the historical built environment and cultural landscape in terms of Section 38(8) of the NHRA. The minimum requirements for HIA s are set out in section 38 (3) of the NHRA. These are: The identification and mapping of heritage resources. Assessment of the significance of heritage resources in terms of the criteria set down by the Act (refer section 4 and methodology and limitations for detailed application). Assessment of the impacts of the proposals on resources identified, and evaluation of impact relative to the sustainable social and economic benefits to be derived from the development. If heritage resources will be adversely impacted, the consideration of alternatives. Recommendations for mitigation of adverse impacts where these are identified. As requested by HWC in initial consultation, an evaluation from the specialists on the benefits or otherwise of introducing new infrastructural corridors as opposed to the cumulative impacts of a second 765kV line in the already approved first corridor. 1.4 PROPOSED POWERLINES AND ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE A second ESKOM 765kV transmission powerline is proposed in the Western Cape, from the Koruson (Kappa) substation near Ceres to Sterekus (Omega) substation near Koeberg in Cape Town. The project motivation is incremental growth in electricity demand in the Western Cape and the limitation of the existing substructure to meet this demand. The provision of additional power to the Western Cape is considered important to meet projected demand and to improve the stability and reliability of the power supply. The project includes the upgrade of the existing Omega substation in order to accommodate the 765kV transmission line as a separate proposal from the lines themselves. Auxiliary infrastructure includes feeder bays and service roads. All proposed route alternatives are located within the Western Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. Due to their linear nature and length, each of the proposed route alternatives traverses a number of Local Municipal level administrative areas located within District Municipalities. 2 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

12 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT The three alternative powerline routes identified by ESKOM for assessment all start at Kappa substation and end at Omega substation. The Kappa - Omega 765kV section averages approximately 415km in length but the different routes have markedly different lengths. The sites proposed for these developments vary in cultural landscape character, spatial history, and to some degree their built environment structures vary: route options traverse mountainous areas, scenic routes, settlements, agricultural lands, nature reserves, and identified sites of heritage significance. A detailed description of the route alignments for each alternative is provided in Section BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SCOPE OF WORK Based on the terms of reference for the study, the scope of work entails the provision of specialist heritage services to the HIA Phase 1 and 2 (Scoping and Assessment Phases) required in terms of section 38 of the NHRA. This specialist assessment is submitted to Nzumbululo for integration with other Heritage Impact Assessment specialists reports into a submission to the Impact Assessment Committee (IACOM) of the Provincial Heritage Authority, Heritage Western Cape (HWC) for comment. The aim of the Scoping Phase was to assess the affected areas within a 4km corridor of eight possible proposed route sections for potential negative impacts. The Scoping Phase identified the routes with the least negative impact on identified significant heritage resources, and excluded the proposed northern route as a possibility. This provided the HIA team with three possible alternatives and factors to study further for impact, and the EIA team with clear information about which routes will have the lowest impact from a heritage (built environment, spatial history and cultural landscape) perspective. The HIA scoping phase specialist assessment achieved the following scope of work: Consultation with heritage authorities has taken place to ensure that all required directives are being followed at the outset of the project. Research into the history of the settlements, context and specific heritage resources: Collection and review of project information and previous studies conducted within the area of the proposed routes. This has been analysed and mapped to establish the density and significance of the heritage resources and issues along the proposed routes in relation to patterns of human occupation and land use over time; Site visits of all alternative routes. Project initiation meetings with Nzumbululo and an integration workshop with all project specialists at Scoping Phase completion. Identification and mapping of all significant heritage resources on the sites within the 4 km corridors that could be affected by these development proposals. Assessment of the significance of the identified heritage resources in terms of the NHRA criteria at settlement level (villages and towns). Identification of relevant heritage design indicators. 3 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

13 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT As requested by HWC, an evaluation from the specialists on the benefits or otherwise of introducing new infrastructural corridors as opposed to the cumulative impacts of a second 765kV line in the already approved first corridor. Exclusion of route option 2 and 3 between Kappa and their exit into the Berg River Valley (pristine wilderness and the degrees of impact), coupled with serious concerns about their direct crossing of the valley and the open agricultural plain surrounding Piketberg (a recommended Provincially significant landscape 1 ). Identification of issues and concerns for further study on the preferred routes (Option 1, 1a and 1b). All Public Participation Processes (PPP) are undertaken within the EIA. No separate consultation with local conservation civics has been undertaken by the built environment and cultural landscape specialists. The visual impact assessment (VIA) has been undertaken as a specialist study and the integration of this information into the EIA is undertaken by Nzumbululo. The HIA cultural landscape and built environment Assessment phase study achieved the following scope of work: Detailed study of the preferred route and its possible alternatives (options 1, 1a, and 1b), while mapping existing and possible heritage resources for all eight proposed routes. Assessment of the impacts of the proposals on cultural landscape and built environment resources identified, and evaluation of impact relative to the sustainable social and economic benefits to be derived from the development. Where heritage resources will be adversely impacted, the consideration of alternatives, and additional site visits where applicable. Identification of heritage sensitive and no-go areas, and where these are identified recommendations for use of alternate routes. Recommendations for mitigation of adverse impacts where these are identified on sensitive sections of routes. As requested by HWC, an evaluation from the specialists on the benefits or otherwise of introducing new infrastructural corridors as opposed to the cumulative impacts of a second 765kV line in the already approved first corridor are assessed at site scale. The preparation of integrated HIA and EIA reports will be undertaken by the Principal Investigator, Nzumbululo. The report will integrate the heritage specialists findings and comment on the potential heritage issues associated with each route and identify potentially suitable powerline routes that can be taken forward and assessed during the walk down and construction phases should the proposal be approved by the relevant authorities. 1.6 APPROACH TO THE SPECIALIST STUDY The proposed approach to this specialist study is based and guided by the following reports, legislation and guidelines: NHRA. 1 Winter & Oberholzer, BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

14 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Guidelines for Involving Heritage Specialists in EIA processes: Edition 1 CSIR report No. ENV- S-C RSA, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs and Planning, Cape Town (DEA&DP). These guidelines are based on accepted international best practice guidelines. Heritage Western Cape Guidelines for Heritage Grading. International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Burra Charter (1999). The specific approach to the assessment is defined by the linear nature of the proposed development and the complexity of heritage factors across the areas covered by the proposals. In this regard linear infrastructure projects, such as powerlines, create unique challenges due to the linear extent of the impact and the large areas whose heritage resources are potentially impacted by the proposed new infrastructure. This specialist input will form part of an integrated HIA-EIA process for the implementation of the National Environment Management Act and its guidelines through the DEA&DP and the implementation of the NHRA through Heritage Western Cape (responsible for the management of heritage resources in the Western Cape). The proposed Kappa - Omega powerlines assessment is approached from a macro, regional and micro scale. Consultation with the relevant heritage authority, Heritage Western Cape (HWC) early in the assessment process has ensured that full compliance with their requirements is met. While the assessment cannot guarantee the successful outcome of the proposed project, the Heritage Assessment Practitioners believe that the integration and the area specific approach present a manner of assessing the degree of impact weighed against the degrees of heritage significance of sites. 1.7 STUDY METHODOLOGY The methodology implemented in this assessment included the following: Route alternatives: ESKOM Transmission determined route alternatives before the beginning of the project, based on existing ESKOM lines and servitudes, feedback from the first 765kV line application and the need to extend electrical power supply to the Western Cape. Specialists were not involved in route selection. Study corridors: The study corridors for the EIA are a 1km buffer zone either side of the proposed route/s. As outlined above, the study corridors for the heritage specialists inputs were determined through a process of negotiation between ESKOM Transmission and HWC, for a 4km corridor, with the proposed route marking the central line of that corridor, has been used as definition and assessment. Should the position of the line be moved within the study corridor, it is possible that structures and settlements that have not been assessed may be impacted. For this reason, assessment tables include position of the resource in the corridor, and where known resources of significance close to the edge of the corridor, this has been noted. Collection of baseline information: Previous studies, most importantly those included in the application for the first 765kV line have been consulted. Baumann and Winter s scoping report and Jacobs phase 2 assessment have been extensively studied, and the methodology and conceptual frameworks of this report incorporate the guidelines set down in those 5 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

15 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT studies. Applications submitted to HWC and SAHRA prior to July 2013 that are recorded and publicly accessible and that fall within the corridors of this study have been consulted, and their findings incorporated into the baseline of this report where appropriate. Historical Overview: Baseline information gathered was combined with historical cartography and published secondary sources, mapped and timelines for the areas created. Themes and patterns relating to historical settlement and periods of change were noted and used to define the assessments of heritage significance and cultural landscape. Fieldwork: Baseline historical information and mapping provided the basis for fieldwork sessions. An initial five-day field trip covering the entire length of all route alternatives between Gamma and Omega was in undertaken in May 2013 but was limited to those sites accessible by motor vehicle from regional routes. Follow up site visits were made to three sections of line during the process of impact assessment. Not all sites have been physically visited, and in many cases the markers of structures over 60 years have been sufficient from previous projects and mapping assessments to ensure confidence of significance and impact. Further series of fieldwork will be required following the selection of the preferred route and prior to composite team site visits (walk down). This will ensure integration of visual assessment with heritage assessment and will assist with determination of appropriate mitigation. Establishing Heritage Indicators: Guiding principles relating to the appropriate location of large transmission lines within cultural landscapes of significance and in close proximity to built environments of heritage significance were established by a combination of the above. During the Assessment Phase these were developed into indicators at sub-regional, local and micro (site specific) levels (refer section 4). These informants provided the analytical framework for the assessment process. Assessment of Impacts, scale of impacts, adverse sections of routes and mitigation measures: Impacts of the proposals on cultural landscapes, settlements and on individual resources have been undertaken in terms of the analytical framework established by Heritage Indicators. Assessment tables identify, describe, assess impacts and their scale, and provide mitigation measures and/or directives for implementation on the preferred route and its linked alternatives. Specialist assessment Mapping conventions and Map book: The Gamma-Kappa and Kappa- Omega considerations were made as part of an iterative assessment process. They are separated in report form, as they constitute two separate projects. An A3 Map book provides a continuous mapped assessment of built environment and cultural landscape considerations across both projects (refer Annexure 3). Maps included with this Annexure are the Gamma-Kappa-Omega sections of the route options. Mapping of the proposed lines and the associated or affected heritage resources is required by section 38 of the NHRA. The process of mapping and depiction has been continuous throughout the project as follows: o Kmz or Google earth compatible files depicting the proposed alternatives were received from ESKOM at the beginning of the study phase. These were transmitted into a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) format and embedded onto 1: topo-cadastral maps of the entire study area. The topo-cadastral base provides important additional detail including farm names. o Adjustment of the corridors from 2km to 4km was implemented. BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 6

16 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT o In order to achieve as accurate a depiction as possible of buildings over 60 years the oldest 1: topo-cadastral maps of the extended area were used. For parts of the affected area, topo-cadastral maps were first drawn fairly recently. In such cases the oldest and closest to 1953 was used, with the date of the map being noted in the naming of places. o Existing covered structures and nodes within the corridors were located and place marked on Google Earth. This was done by cross-referencing Google Earth imagery with recent edition 1: topo-cadastral maps. o Identification of existing covered structures/ nodes within identified subject areas on Google Earth, and assigning a place mark to each. This was done by examining the most recent Google Earth satellite imagery, cross-referenced with recent edition 1: topo-cadastral maps for each of the relevant search areas; o Demarcation of urban search exclusion zones. Urban edges were drawn in on the basis of the plans/ SDPs for the relevant towns in the SDFs for the relevant areas. Note that the relevant SDFs are all approved/adopted documents, certain of which included in the Land use Planning Ordinance no. 15 of 1985 (LUPO). The relevant SDFs were also used as the basis for drawing in scenic routes; o The Swartland SDF Heritage Plan for Riebeek Kasteel was used as the basis for defining the Riebeek Kasteel urban heritage area. The demarcated area indicates the outer extent of the area containing identified heritage resources (i.e. not all structures within this area are of heritage significance); o Identification of potential heritage significance of identified existing structures/ nodes, by comparing each place mark against historical 1: topo-cadastral maps. Use was made of the nearest historical record to 1953 (not necessarily the oldest). Structures that do not appear on historic maps were screened out ( recent ). For those which do appear, the name and number of structures mapped at the time, as well as the mapping date, were recorded (in the label) - e.g. Vrede (69T 3) = Farm Vrede (1969 topo-cadastral 3 structures on 1969 map); o In tandem with the previous step, historic and recent 1: topo-cadastral maps for the relevant areas were checked for markers indicating cemeteries, graves, blockhouses and other monuments, and such information recorded. A number of graves indicated on historic maps are no longer indicated on recent maps. In a number of instances, Google Earth imagery indicates still clearly discernible (farm) cemetery footprints, while in others the exact location is no longer describable. o Provincial Heritage Sites were included from the currently accepted list 2 provided by Heritage Western Cape. o The draft Provincial Development Framework was consulted and recommended sites, landscapes and scenic routes that were graded in the draft document were included. 2 An undated document entitled National Monuments Council, Western Cape Regional Office Administration of Conservation Register of Specific Cases (e.g. 9/2 files) was confirmed by pers. Comm. Christina Jikela, to constitute the current list, which is up for review. BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 7

17 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Exclusions: Structures inside currently demarcated urban edges were excluded as settlements were assessed and graded. Uncovered structures, e.g. kraals, weirs, dams were not marked nor counted, but have been noted in assessment. Historic and modern ruins have not been marked unless they are provincial heritage sites, as they form part of the archaeological assessment. San rock art/ Bushman painting sites have not been shown, to protect the sites. Table 1.1 Mapping Icons for Heritage Assessment ICON EXPLANATION Distributions Substation Transmission substation Urban areas Urban conservation area Provincial Heritage Sites Rural node 20+ structures at the time of first topocadastral depiction Rural node 10+ structures at the time of first topocadastral depiction Rural node 5-10 structures at the time of first topocadastral depiction Rural node under 5 structures at the time of first topocadastral depiction Recent (excluded) white dots without labels Cemeteries and graves Railway sidings Block Houses Scenic routes (from sources other than those below, detail in assessment tables) Depictions included from the draft Western Cape Spatial Development Framework: Major (provincial) scenic routes Secondary and linking (Local) scenic routes Recommended National Heritage Resource (Landscapes) Recommended Provincial Heritage Resource (Landscapes) Recommended Local Heritage Resource (Landscapes) Please note that the 1 st 765kV powerline, currently under construction is mapped as an existing powerline in blue. This allows comparison of the current and proposed 765kV line routes. Naming conventions on the mapping series Note that the name used below is an example Houmoed (61T 3) Main werf. (Houmoed) (61T 3) secondary node on Houmoed. Houmoed (61T 3) historic (data record) name (where changed).? Grave (69T) grave indicated on 1969 map (not recent), but location no longer clear. 8 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

18 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT MAPPING LIMITATIONS The 1: data record does not precisely match the 1953 search date. The record for the area covers the period 1941 to 1987, with the bulk of records dating to the 1960 s. Urban areas and areas of dense settlement are generally covered by maps from the 1940 s, the 1950 s, the 1960 s, or a combination thereof. Historic structure counts indicate the number of structures at a location at the time of the record only. Historic footprints have not been matched up with current ones. Existing structures may therefore not necessarily indicate historic ones. No information is provided with regard to current sizes of nodes. Primary, secondary and unused structures are not differentiated, Visual impacts have not been depicted in the mapping exercise as the VIA forms part of a separate study within the EIA. The status of Provincial Heritage sites remains unclear as the undated record of the National Monuments Council has not been reviewed to date. 1.8 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS Assumptions The following items are assumed: The data on the proposed project provided by Nzumbululo Heritage Solutions is accurate and up to date at the time of finalising the report. The proposed transmission line routes identified by ESKOM are technically feasible. The technical data provided by ESKOM is accurate and sufficient for the assessment of the proposed routes Limitations The specialist assessments of the HIA have faced the following limitations: All corridors were selected by ESKOM prior to the initiation of the HIA. The exact measurement of the servitude required for construction and maintenance may vary depending on which pylons are implemented in different places. Measurements cited in this report have been provided by ESKOM and the PI team. The assessment of cultural landscape cannot be determined in absolute terms. Meetings of the specialists have only occurred twice during the study period, resulting in minimal cross reference of specialist inputs. Visual impact assessment and public participation are separate specialist studies and have not been available to the built environment and cultural landscape specialists. The specialist assessments and report have produced the following limitations: This assessment does not consider the ancillary project infrastructure required for construction and maintenance (such as access roads, borrow pits, soil dumps, construction worker housing, etc.), nor does it take into account possible impacts of the expansion of existing substations to accommodate the new transmission lines. Expansion of the substations form separate studies. It is envisaged that ancillary infrastructure will be 9 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

19 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT considered once a preferred route has been selected and design and implementation of the project continue. Applications for projects working on alternative sources of power generation have not been mapped in this assessment. This assessment is aware of a number of wind and solar energy proposals in the Western Cape, but has not assessed the need for transmission lines from those proposals. Age of buildings older than 60 years cannot be precisely established from topocadastral maps, and are therefore estimates given the data available. SAHRA and Heritage Western Cape have a memorandum of agreement in place regarding Grade I (National) and II (provincial) heritage sites. It is not clear at the present time which of these sites have been declared and which are regarded as sites in the cited category but have not yet been declared. Public participation and visual assessment has not been integrated at the level of this specialist report as it falls within the scope of work of the Principal Investigator. Assessments of archaeological and paleontological resources (and impacts thereon) have been undertaken as separate specialist studies, and are not depicted within this report. Integration of archaeological and paleontological impacts with the spatial history, cultural landscape and built environment assessments is therefore not part of this specialist study, and will be addressed by Nazumbululo at the HIA level. The processes and outcomes of the VIA and public participation will be integrated into the HIA by the Principal Investigator, and have not been accessible to the built environment specialists. 1.9 SPECIALIST TEAM AND DETAILS The Built environment specialist team consists of Bridget O Donoghue and Sally Titlestad. Bridget O Donoghue (B Arch, UCT; M Phil (Environmental Science), (UCT) has extensive heritage experience in public organisations and the private sector. As a registered Architect and accredited Professional Heritage Practitioner, Bridget has the qualifications and the skills to conduct complex heritage impact assessments that deal with the built environmental and cultural landscape issues. During her position within the City of Cape Town, Bridget managed development in sensitive heritage and natural areas in the urban and rural landscape. She has an extremely good practicing understanding and knowledge of national, provincial, and local legislation applicable to development. As a private consultant since 2007, Bridget has completed numerous heritage assessments, audits, and surveys for public and private clients. Work for public clients has included a Heritage Impact assessment for Green Market Square, Bo Kaap Quarries, Relocation of the Cenotaph and Adderley Street IRT Bus Station, and surveys of Sculptures, Monuments, and Memorials within the CCT on public land, heritage surveys and reviews of heritage area boundaries. Sally Titlestad (B Soc Sci (Social Work)(Hons), UCT; BA (Psych) (Hons), UWC; MPhil Arch (UCT) is a senior independent specialist spatial historian and heritage management consultant on complex projects. She has been part of the PI team for the Department of Public Works (Groote Schuur Presidential Estate) Integrated Conservation and Management Plan, has prepared and presented expert evidence to the Land Claims Court and is the Principal Heritage Consultant to the Lutheran Church in Cape Town. Sally is an accredited Professional Heritage Practitioner. 10 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

20 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 1.10 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE This is to confirm that Sally Titlestad and Bridget O Donoghue are responsible for undertaking the above specialist studies and are independent and have no vested or financial interest in the proposed development on the alternative routes being either approved or rejected by the relevant authorities REPORT STRUCTURE The report is divided into 8 Sections, namely: Section 1: Section 2: Section 3: Section 4: Section 5: Section 6: Section 7: Section 8: Introduction: Presents the site description, terms of reference and report structure. Project Description: includes the powerline routes and infrastructure description. Regions and Sites Description: Includes the historical background and physical description of the sites and the context. Heritage Legislation and assessment criteria: outlines legislation applied in the assessment, defines cultural landscapes, identifies sensitivities, and provides Heritage Indicators for the proposed project at regional, local and at site specific scales. Identified heritage resources and statements of cultural significance/s: Provides a brief definition of settlements and collections of resources, identifying features of heritage significance and providing a recommended grade for settlements and landscape features of significance. Assessment of impacts measures the scale, permanence and degree of impact, recommending mitigation where appropriate Recommendations: Presents the cultural landscape and built environment recommendations for the preferred route Bibliography 11 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

21 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION The proposal is to construct a second powerline of approximately 415km carrying 765kV from Kappa substation in the Western Cape near Touws River to Omega substation near Koeberg, Cape Town in the Western Cape. The initial 765kV powerlines from Kappa to Omega has been approved and construction is planned in 2013/2014. By constructing the powerline, ESKOM wishes to address the existing electricity network constraints and the projected electricity demand within the Western Cape. Koeberg Nuclear Power Station generates the majority of electricity for Cape Town. When the station requires maintenance or a shutdown occurs, a network large enough to provide for the city and province s demands is required. The proposed powerlines will transmit electricity generated mainly by the Limpopo and Mpumalanga coal power stations. A new powerline requires auxiliary infrastructures such as roads, and will enter and exit upgraded Gamma and Kappa substations. The upgrading of substations forms part of separate proposals. Three alternative corridors were selected by ESKOM based on economic and technical feasibility. Once environmental authorisation is approved ESKOM officials consult with the relevant landowners to permit powerlines and pylons on their land. Heritage specialists assessments study resources within a 4km buffer of the proposed lines, while Environmental specialists studies address a 2km corridor. Figure 1: Location of proposed new 765kV transmission line within South Africa, powerline corridors located within red circle (Metro GIS, 2013) 12 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

22 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.2 ALTERNATIVE ROUTES OPTIONS The three alternative powerline routes identified by ESKOM for assessment all start at Kappa substation and end at Omega substation. The Kappa - Omega 765kV section traverses a distance of approximately 415km and is potentially sensitive from a heritage perspective. Route Option 1: The most southerly route The route is from Kappa substation to Hottentotskloof, adjacent to Prince Alfred Hamlet, Ceres, Skoonvlei, Soetendal, Dagbreek, Steelwater to the Omega substation. On Option 1 route south of Soetendal, the route has 2 options to connect to Option 2. Option 1a connects Option 1 route to Option 2 route south of Hermon. Option 1b route connects Option 2 route adjacent to the R45 roadway. Route Option 2: Route Option 2 extends from Kappa to east of Porterville over the Koue Bokkeveld and Winterhoek Mountain ranges. From its position east of Porterville the route travels south west through Saron and adjacent to Riebeek Kasteel. This route incorporates a series of direction changes travelling south to adjacent Abbotsvdale, Kalbaskraal to Omega substation. Route Option 3: Route Option 3 is the same as Option route 2 on the initial alignment from Kappa traveling north east over the Koue Bokkeveld and Groot Winterhoek Mountain ranges. The route exits the mountains north of Porterville, and extends between Piketberg and Koringberg, north of Hopefield to the Aurora substation. The route travels south to west of Darling to the Omega substation. Option 3b is west of Option 3 adjacent to the R27 roadway connecting to option 3 south of Darling. Option 3a connects Options 3b to 3 west of Darling. Option 3c is from Aurora on the same alignment as Option 3 until it diverts towards the coast west of Mamre, and re-joins Option 3 south west of Atlantis. Figure 2: Kappa Gamma 2 nd 765kV powerlines, Metro GIS BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

23 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2.3 PYLON TOWERS Pylons towers for the proposed powerlines will be between 42 44m in height and have a footprint of approximately square meters. The servitude required width for the construction of the pylon towers is 110m. Three types of pylon towers are proposed for the powerlines: Cross Rope Suspension tower. Guyed Suspension tower. Self supporting suspension pylons and strain suspension pylons are used at positions where a change of direction takes place in the route or where strain on the lines from wind and other factors requires additional stability. At each change of direction a self-supporting strain and suspension tower is required. Topography is the determining criteria for choice of pylon. Figure 3: Pylons for 765kV powerlines (ESKOM Line Engineering services, ESKOM 400kV and 765kV Tower Guide May 2013) Pylon Name Specifics Notes Image 702B: Guyed-V Suspension pylon Max Footprint: 39.5 x 53.5m Max tower height: 50m Average CAH: 36m Used for altitudes between 1000 and 1200 meters. There is a model modified for altitudes above 1500m, named 702B-M 703B: Guyed-V Suspension pylon Max Footprint: 36.8 x 52.6m Max tower height: 42.8m Average CAH: 33m The 703B is an alternative to the 702B to be used at altitudes below 1000m. It also has more compact phase spacing than the 702B pylon. 14 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

24 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Pylon Name Specifics Notes Image 701C: Self Supporting Suspension pylon Max Footprint: x m Max tower height: 40m Used in conjunction with the Guyed 702B and 703B towers when the Guyed-Vs cannot be used Average CAH: 25m 701 D, E and F: Self Supporting Strain Max Footprint: 15.4 x 15.4m Max tower height: 41-44m Average CAH: 25m 701F Self Supporting Strain is the degree angle strain tower commonly used on the 765kV networks 705A: Self Supporting Strain Max Footprint: x 43.5m Max tower height: 53m Average CAH: 45m 705A is to be a high performance, cost saving tower to be used on the 765kV network Figure 4: Existing powerlines immediately south of Gamma substation, iillustrating the difference in height between 400kV self supporting suspension pylons and the 765kV Guyed-V suspension pylons (765kV powerline right), BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

25 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 3 REGION AND SITES DESCRIPTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION The 3 alternative routes transverse regions with a few cultural landscapes, historic settlements and built environment structures. Scenic routes are located along the route, and parts of all three alternatives are scenic and have iconic characteristics. 3.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The alternative routes from Kappa to Omega traverse three regions with distinctly different historical markers areas (the Warm and Koue Bokkeveld and Tulbagh Valley, and the Swartland). This has resulted in areas of different historical patterning and significance. This section of the report deals with the evolution of these regions in two sections. Figure 5: Diagram showing three cultural landscape zones. For the purpose of historical depiction, the Mountainous region and the entrance into the Ceres Karoo are dealt with jointly (adapted from MetroGIS, 2013) The historical significance of the areas and settlements traversed by the proposed lines can be summarised as follows (for detailed historical assessments and associations see Appendix 2): 16 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

26 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT The Bokkeveld and Tulbagh Valley 3 Pre Colonial Settlement, the area served as a hunting area for the San, and later as seasonal grazing grounds for the Khoekoen populations that migrated south and entered the Western Cape region. A number of rock art sites in the region depict early rock art, but also show contact period depictions. Farm and place name along the routes are associated with the use of this region by Khoe and San inhabitants; During the Dutch Colonial period, this area was first permanently settled as part of the loan farm system of land occupation and cadastral control. Several early mountain passes existed between the Swartland and the Tulbagh Valley, originally named Roodezand. The first of these was created by the need of the colonists to locate the indigenous people in order to approach them for the purchase of livestock. Recorded expeditions into this area took place as early as These routes quickly became formalised and the VOC formalised an access route to the Valley. This route and its toll house have been recently located. In 1699 the valley was opened to farming and thereafter became known as the Land van Waveren. Two buiteposte were established to monitor movement of the Khoesan and tighten border controls; Resistance to the VOC and settler occupation began almost immediately, and the area was characterised by rising stock theft and an increase in military patrols and commandos. By 1740 the KhoeSan had been subdued or driven out of the area. A Church was established in 1743, which became the centre of a new town, Tulbagh. A road linking Waveren and the warm Bokkeveld was established in 1765 and the Karroopoort outspan provided a stopping place en route to and from the hinterland; The town of Tulbagh was laid out in the late 18 th century, and contains 100 provincial heritage sites (PHS). The establishment of towns and agricultural production in surrounding valleys was facilitated by mid to late 19 th century road building traditions of using convict labour to establish significant roads and mountain passes, e.g. the Michells, Theronsberg, Tulbagh and Karoopoort road and passes were developed within this system. The linked valleys (Tulbagh, Ceres) continued to expand incorporating Prince Alfred Hamlet and Wolseley. The region remains characterised by productive agricultural farmland, largely related to the production and processing of deciduous fruit. Rail links to the region allowed easier fruit transportation and later export, and served as a rail link to the expanding diamond fields and later gold reefs; During the South African war, blockhouses were established at bridges on this important rail link. During the First World War the introduction of refrigeration facilitated intensification of fruit production and transportation; From 1948 the introduction of a battery of apartheid legislation entrenched already existing segregation policies and created separate township communities on the outskirts of existing settlements; Capital investments on farms, the widespread use of mechanisation, the entrenchment of selective access to land based opportunity and the government subsidisation of farming development have solidified the historical Warm Bokkeveld and Tulbagh valley region as a central producer of fruit, fruit products and wine. 3 Refer Appendix 2 for detailed histroical outline 17 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

27 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT The Swartland 4 Pre Colonial Settlement, the area served as a hunting area for the San. The numerous and widespread rock art sites in surrounding shelters of the mountain ranges attest to regular use of the area by the San. Khoekhoen sites of pastoral activity are not easily found in the region, perhaps because of the almost uniform agricultural cultivation of low-lying lands; Following Dutch East India Company (VOC) settlement at the Cape and expansion of the settlement frontier, the region quickly became a site of conflict between indigenous people and trekboers. In the mid to late 1600s cattle and sheep acquired from the Khoekhoen in Namaqualand and the Roodezand area were driven to Cape Town by the meat pachters (butchers). The area used for driving livestock later became a farm called deurgang, stretching from Salt River to the east of Riebeek Kasteel; Trekboers and settlers with licences to sell meat later used loan farms in the area to graze livestock, establishing homesteads in a few well watered areas. The VOC also established four outposts in the area to monitor and control movement of indigenous people across the area, v.i.z. Groene Kloof, Riebeek Kasteel, Sonquas drift and Vogel Vallei. Some remaining Khoe chiefs grazed their cattle close to the outpostsfor protection from the KhoeSan who raided their stock in retaliation for the loss of land. The role of the outposts changed as trade became more open and interaction with the settlers began a process of absorption of Khoe, and they later became farms and villages; The region was established as an agricultural area in fairly close proximity to Cape Town, and by the early 18 th century farmers were settling and creating homesteads in the region. From 1714 crops were allowed to be produced and the farming of wine, wheat, oats and barley became increasingly common. The agricultural expansion across the region was fairly swift. By 1740 the KhoeSan had been subdued or driven out of the region, and its expansion as a region of agricultural production had been established; In the mid 18 th century, two Churches were established, and the growth of settlements around these Churches began; Along the coastal plain, small fishing villages were established and trade with passing ships continued; In the early 19 th century a mission settlement was established at Groenkloof (later called Mamre), which later expanded to include Louwplaas and a Khoekhoe reserve. The settlement included agricultural allotments on either side of the Louwskloof river; Difficulty in labour and power relations was illustrated by a rebellion of 340 slaves in the early 19 th century. The rebellion was quelled and five of the ring leaders executed. Introduction of the Caledon code (1809) revised labour relations by requiring contracts between owners and labourers, but also introduced the first pass laws in the region. This entrenched the power and authority of farmers; Under British rule, revision of the cadastral system (1813) facilitated the need to keep farms profitable. This caused the expansion of some farms and the withdrawal of some farmers to the northern border lands. The introduction and increase in demand for wool led to widespread production of sheep, which was accompanied by more intense production of 4 Refer Appendix 2 for detailed historical timelines 18 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

28 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT wheat. The region became characterised by fine grained but intensive agricultural production; The development of towns began in the 1820s with the layout of Malmesbury and later, Wellington; The emancipation of slaves in 1834, with a four period of apprenticeship, was paralleled by the expansion of Mamre and the establishment of a second mission station (Saron) in These communities provided labour to neighbouring farms as well as providing labourers with a semblance of independence from farmers. The reduction in permanent work force that accompanied emancipation soon led to the use of seasonal labour on farms, and the mission stations were a reliable source of seasonal labour; Church towns began to develop across the region, and examples of these are Darling (1853), Riebeek West (1855), Philadelphia (1858), and Porterville (1863); The introduction of a rail link to Malmesbury in 1877 and its later extension to Porterville (1905), with a small gauge line between Kalbaskraal and Darling, facilitated the growth of small settlements at rail junctions as well as allowing the expansion and intensification of agricultural production by making the transportation of goods easier. Block houses were built along these lines to protect bridges during the South African War (the Anglo-Boer War). Some commando action during the war was experienced at Darling and at Kalbaskraal; The introduction, in 1889 of the use of convict labour on farms was expanded in the 1930s and from 1947 prison farms were created, at least one of which lies against the foothills North of Saron; From 1948 the introduction of a battery of apartheid legislation entrenched already existing segregation policies and created separate township communities on the outskirts of existing settlements; Capital investments on farms, the widespread use of mechanisation, the entrenchment of selective access to land based opportunity and the government subsidisation of farming development have solidified the historical Swartland region as a central producer of wheat and wine in the Western Cape; Post 1994, housing has been expanded and some communities have actively addressed the challenges of democratisation. The expansion of housing settlements and the introduction of farm workers rights have recently renewed tensions that have historically been markers of the use of the area for agricultural production. 3.3 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE The Term Cultural Landscape Cultural landscapes provide the meaningful context for a range of heritage resources that take a variety of forms and constitute heritage resources in their own right. Following the well-established guidelines set by the first 765kV linear assessments, the following cultural landscape understandings and assessment criteria have been utilised 5 : 5 Baumann and Winter, 2009: BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

29 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT It could be regarded as the tapestry within which all other heritage resources are embedded and which gives them their sense of place and meaning. The concept of cultural landscape gives spatial and temporal expression to the processes and products of interaction of people with the environment. It may thus be conceived of as a particular configuration of topography, vegetation cover, land use and settlement pattern that establishes some coherence of natural and cultural processes 6. UNESCO identifies three broad categories of cultural landscape 7 Designed landscapes are clearly defined and created intentionally by people. These include gardens and parklands, most commonly constructed for aesthetic purposes; Organically evolved landscapes result from an initial social, economic, administrative and/or religious imperative and develop their form by a combination of these and in response to the natural environment. These landscapes reflect evolutionary processes in their form and in component features. They can be divided into relic landscapes (no longer used) and continuing landscapes, where the organic nature of their form continues to evolve through active contemporary use including the traditional associations; Associated cultural landscapes are those that have powerful religious, artistic or cultural associations that may not be evidenced in historical fabric; Natural Landscapes: Distinctive vivid landscapes have qualities that set them apart from their surroundings, a dramatic visual quality which is legible and easily understood. These landscapes do not necessarily appear to have been subject to human intervention; Representative landscapes are particularly representative of the region of which they form a part; they reveal a combination of characteristics and qualities that may be regarded as reflecting the quintessential character of the region; In order for landscapes to have significance they should be intact and authentic and relatively undisturbed by visual intrusions Cultural Landscapes Occurring along Powerline Route Alternatives Characterisation of landscapes is a fluid and dynamic process. There are no hard edges to the types of landscapes encountered along the route options. The transitions between landscape typologies are zones where there is a blending of typology, but sections of the routes have fairly distinctive general characteristics, differentiated in part by changing morphology. The proposed powerlines corridors traverse three morphological zones: Ceres Karoo, Mountainous region and the Swartland. In the Scoping Phase, cultural landscapes were differentiated and assessed at sub-regional scale. Scoping Phase recommended the exclusion of the northern parts of route options 2 and 3, leaving route option 1 and the southern part of route option 2 below the Kasteelberg as the preferred routes for detailed assessment (Refer Section 6). The descriptions below provide cultural landscape typologies and an overview of considerations, with detail for the assessment phase of the study. 6 Baumann and Winter, 2009:14 7 adapted from Baumann and Winter, BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

30 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 6: Diagram showing cultural landscape zones in relation to the proposed powerline routes (MetroGIS, 2013) The Ceres Karoo Constituting the smallest of the cultural landscape regions in the study area, the Ceres Karoo is characterised by a dramatic change in topography and landscape from the mountainous regions to its southwest, and smaller changes from the vast Karoo landscapes to the northeast. The Ceres Karoo is characterised by vast open spaces, longrange views and low scrub vegetation. The expansiveness of the landscapes are firmly framed by distant mountains. Farm settlements are sparse and typically dispersed single farms practicing stock or game farming and prediminately situated on riverine corridors. The lower border of the Ceres Karoo region lies to the area just northeast of the Karoopoort. Buildings in this region tend to reflect a remote vernacular typology characteristic of Karoo buildings, and settlement has been informed by the location of outspans. Cultural landscape considerations in this section of the route This region s cultural landscape considerations relate to historical routes to the hinterland, the location of 18 th and 19 th century outspans and the natural wilderness quality of the landscape. In this area the proposed option 1, 2 and 3 traverse an open plain framed by distant mountains with sparse and low vegetation. Powerline route options 2 and 3 would constitute bulk infrastructural interventions into the landscape (there is a single very low impact transmission line along these routes), whereas two existing 400kV lines and the first 765kV transmission line, recently constructed, already significantly disturb the landscape to the south. 21 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

31 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT The Mountainous Zone This zone is characterised by deep valleys contained within surrounding high mountains (Cape fold belt) and connected by mountain passes, many of which are scenic routes. The fertile valleys were visited by settlers in the 17 th century and were settled and agriculturally productive by the early to mid 18th century. They have remained agriculturally productive as an enduring and significant characteristic, and are associated with changing patterns of labour relations over time. Small settlement nodes occur within the intense coherent intact agricultural landscape along the valley floors, while the mountainsides remain relatively inaccessible and apparently unchanged. Vegetation is characteristically low (mountain fynbos), except where it has been replaced by agricultural uses orchards, vineyards, forestry, and certain grazing areas. The dramatic visual qualities of the valleys, mountain peaks, and connecting mountain passes lend themselves to use of the area as tourist destinations. Figure 7: Ceres Valley from Gydo Pass (photograph Judelle Drake) Cultural landscape considerations in this section of the proposed routes The historical and enduring role of agricultural production and associated rural settlement pattern is representative of the region and is recommended for cultural significance 8. There are numerous historical settlements containing PHS in the region. This, coupled with the vivid visual qualities and scenic routes implies that bulk linear interventions are assessed at sub-regional scale. Historic mountain passes and poorts affected by the powerline route option 1 include Karoopoort, Hotentotskloof pass, Theronsberg pass, Roodezand/ Nuwekloof pass (17 th century, Nuwekloof 1968). Options 2 and 3 dissect Piekeneerskloof pass, the Agter-Witzenburg pass (north of Gydo pass) and the Koue Bokkeveld. Route Options 2 and 3 traverse the wilderness areas north of the Gydo Pass, traversing the Koue Bokkeveld approximately 5km south of Matroosberg 9 and the Groot Winterhoek, a provincial wilderness reserve. Despite the valley not containing an historical settlement, the remote agricultural valley floor surrounded by wilderness mountain slopes of almost 1800m high constitutes a first bulk intervention proposal across pristine and coherent wilderness landscape in the mountains, and an historic and intact agricultural valley floor. 8 D-PSDF Matroosberg is the second highest peak in the Western Province 22 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

32 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT The Swartland The Swartland is characterised by its wide agricultural plain, framed by distant mountain peaks to the east and interspersed with regular small historical settlements and farm werfs. The plain is expansive and open with undulating hills contributing to the rural agricultural sense of place. Visual connections exist between a number of settlements situated on mountain foothills, and the scale and evolution of the built form has largely remained in harmony with the contextual landscape over time. There is a rural sense of coherence and the historical associations of the landscape as an area of significant agricultural production is enduring. The region contains numerous historical routes associated with colonial period expansion of settlement and production, provincial and local heritage sites, and a number of scenic routes linking settlements. The coastal zone remains rugged and fairly inhospitable and is largely, in the study area, characterised by medium height coastal vegetation, interspersed with small fishing settlements, and containing the West Coast Fossil Park. The Cape fold belt mountains forming the backdrop to the plain on the east are dramatic and have vivid visual qualities in comparison to the fine grained valleys and open plain with distinctive agricultural field patterning. Figure 8: Agricultural patterning of the Swartland and the visual connections between settlements nestled into the foothills of mountains (photograph Kay McCormick, 2014) Cultural historical considerations in this section of the proposed routes The region contains a number of settlements, farm werfs and routes of aesthetic, architectural, historical, and associational significance in the provincial and local context. Potential negative impacts from bulk infrastructure on identified heritage resources outside of the study corridors are considered due the visual expansiveness of the landscape context and the historic and intangible connections between settlements and their context, as follows: Porterville; Piketberg and Korinberg; Riebeek-West, Riebeek-Kasteel, the Kasteelberg and the 17 th century Botmanskloof Pass; Malmesbury and the Malmesbury foothills; The Paardeberg and its slopes and associated historical farms outside of the corridors; Mamre; Darling, and The Swartland plain. 23 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

33 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT The detailed impact assessment phase has concentrated on the natural and cultural landscapes within the study corridor of Option 1, 1a and 1b and Route option 2 in the area between the southeast of the Kasteelberg and Omega substation. Summary: The majority of landscapes in the assessed area between Kappa and Omega fall within the range of organically evolved landscapes. The following sub-categories for these landscapes are used to further depict the heritage resources potentially affected by the lines 10 : Historical townscape; Historical farm werf; Scenic landscapes; Productive agricultural landscapes, which occur in valleys and on open plains within the study corridors; Organically developed low density productive agricultural landscapes; Remote arid landscapes; Relic landscapes; Pristine natural landscapes or Wilderness mountainscapes. 10 Adapted from Baumann and Winter, 2009:15 24 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

34 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 9: Cultural landscape elements and context of heritage resources in the context of alternate route Options 1,2 and 3, with emphasis on the route options being considered at impact assessment phase. (adapted from Metro GIS) 25 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

35 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 3.4 BUILT ENVIRONMENT The alternative powerline corridors predominately transverse undeveloped areas, which are used for agriculture and conservation purposes. However, in certain circumstances, settlements and townscapes fall within the 4 km corridors (refer Table 3.1 and Section 5 for detail on settlements). Table.3.1 Towns within Route Options 1, 2 and 3 Option Route Alternatives Option 1 Town Prince Alfred Hamlet Ceres/Bella Vista Position within Corridor Within 1 2km of centreline of corridor Bella Vista on centre to 1m of corridor, Ceres historic core outside corridor Option 1a Option 1b Option 2 Option 3 Wolesely Philadelphia No towns No towns Riebeek Kasteel Saron Kalbaskraal Abbotsdale Piketberg Porterville Darling Koringberg Outside edge of corridor Outside edge of corridor Within 2-4km of centreline of corridor On centreline of corridor Within 1 km of centreline of corridor Within Outside corridor but visually connected to settlement context Within 1 2km of centreline of corridor Within 1 2km of centreline of corridor Within 1 2km of centreline of corridor 26 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

36 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 4 HERITAGE LEGISLATION & ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 4.1 INTRODUCTION Section 4 provides an overview of the administration context of the sites and the applicable statutory framework. The historical development for the settlement is provided in addition to descriptions of the individual sites and their context, current structures, landscape features and land uses. 4.2 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT AND STATUTORY FRAMEWORK Overview The corridors are located within multiple districts including Cape Winelands District Municipality, West Coast District Municipality and the Cape Metropolitan Area (City of Cape Town). Municipal areas traversed include Cape Winelands with Breede River, Witzenebrg Drakenstein, West Coast District Municipality with Swartland, Saldahna Bay and Berg River municipalities and the City of Cape Town as the Metro. For the purposes of this study, the following relevant South African and city policy and planning documents were reviewed: National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999 (NHR Act); Municipal Zoning Policies, Frameworks and Regulations; Municipal planning strategy and reports; National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999 (NHRA) The NHR Act serves as the controlling legal framework for heritage conservation in South Africa. The Act lays down general principles for governing heritage resources management throughout the republic and provides for the identification, assessment and management of the heritage resources of the country. The Act only applied to those heritage resources of South Africa, which are of cultural significance or other special value for the community and for future generations. A heritage resource is described as any place or object of cultural significance (NHR Act, Section 26 [xvi]). Heritage resources significant enough to be considered part of the national estate, may include inter alia (Section 3[2]): o o o o o o o o o Places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance; Places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; Historical settlements and townscapes; Landscapes and natural features of cultural significance; Geological sites of scientific or cultural importance; Archaeological sites and objects; Graves and burial grounds; Sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa; Moveable objects including military objects, fine art, books records, documents, archaeological and paleontological objects and materials. 27 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

37 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Cultural heritage significance means aesthetic, historical, scientific, architectural, scientific, spiritual, technological or social value or significance. The process of deciding why a place is of heritage significance is called heritage assessment. The NHR Act requires the heritage significance of any site or object be assessed so as to ensure the appropriate level of management of the country s heritage resources. The South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) has in terms of Section 7 (1) of the NHR Act, published regulations providing for grading systems and heritage resources assessment criteria (Government Gazette No Government Notice No. 694 dated 30 May 2003). This criteria is to be applied in assessment the significance of heritage resources for Grade 1, 2 and 3 heritage resources (refer to Annexure 4: Cultural Significance Assessment Criteria). A culturally significant resource or site is considered part of the national estate if it has cultural significance or any other specials value because of Its importance in the community, or pattern of South Africa s history; Its possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa s natural or cultural history; Its potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of South Africa natural or cultural heritage; Its importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of South Africa s natural or cultural places or objects; Its importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group; Its importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period; Its strong association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons; Its strong and special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation of importance in the history of south Africa; Sites of significance in relations to the history of slavery (Section 3[3] NHR Act). The Act provides formal protections for national and provincial heritage sites in addition to the protection of heritage resources that have not been formally protected. Section 34 requires that no person may alter of demolish any structure or part of a structure which is older than 60 years without a permit issued by the relevant provincial heritage authority. Section 38 is intended to ensure that heritage resources that have not been formally identified and protected are not unknowingly damaged or destroyed during development or administration change to site/s Existing Heritage Studies The HIA Phases 1 and 2 for the initial 756kV powerlines corridor from Kappa to Omega substations provided baselines for the degree of required assessment for the current study. In addition, site and 28 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

38 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT settlement heritage studies have provided information on the various cultural significances of affected areas within the study corridors HERITAGE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Definition of Cultural Significance and Criteria for the Assessment of Cultural Significance Cultural significance is defined as historical, architectural, aesthetic, environmental, social or technological/scientific value or significance (NHRA 25 of 1999). The NHRA lists broad criteria for the assessment of cultural significance. This is based on the following: Importance in the community or pattern in South African history; Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South African's natural or cultural heritage; Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of South Africa's natural and cultural heritage; Importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group; Importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative of technical achievement during a particular period; Strong or special association with a particular community of cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons; Strong or special association with the life of work of a person, group or organisation of importance in the history of South Africa. Such criteria can be categorised, in terms of the NHRA, as follows: Historical: Associated with an historic person or group Associated with a historic event, use or activity Is representative of a historical period Architectural: Significant to architectural or design history Important example of a building type Possesses special features, fine details or workmanship Work of a major architect Environmental: Contributes to the character of an area Part of an important group of heritage resources or features Landmark quality Important for reasons of natural environmental considerations 11 Refer Bibliography for list of sources 29 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

39 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Social: Associated with economic social and religious activity Significant in terms of social memory Associated with living heritage and cultural traditions Technical/Scientific: Important to industrial technological or engineering development Important to archaeology, palaeontology, geology and botany. The following additional criteria are used in understanding cultural landscapes and the cultural significance of a place in terms of its physical evidence and contextual qualities 12 : Intrinsic Significance: Ability for physical or material evidence to demonstrate a past design style period technique, philosophy or belief. The degree of heritage significance is determined by: Age Scarcity value Intactness (presence of original features) Representational value (outstanding, important or typical value) Evidence of historical layering Associational Significance: Associational links with past events, activities, persons or social groupings for which there may not be physical evidence. Degree of Significance is determined by: The significance of past events Intimacy of the association Duration of the association Evocative quality of a place and its stetting relative to the period of association Contextual/Experiential Significance Qualities that give a place historical character, a sense of continuity with the past, a sense of orientation, and structure within the landscape. It encompasses the physical properties (scale, form edges, alignments, views spaces, orientation) of a place and it's setting. Degree of significance is determined by: Level of coherence or unity Level of intactness Level of interpretive qualities Level of continuity or historical layering Level of vividness Relationship with its setting Evocative versus disruptive qualities of contrasting elements. The NHRA grades sites according to their national (Grade 1) provincial (grade 2) or local (grade 3) significance. 12 Kerr 2000, used by Bauman and Winter BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

40 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Assessments of Impacts Criteria for the assessment of heritage impacts has been based on those contained in the EIA regulations, as follows: Nature of the impact in terms of: Physical and material impacts Visual spatial qualities Associational impacts Extent of the impact in terms of: Regional/townscape scale Local scale Farm/site scale Individual element scale Duration of the impact may be: Permanent Long term Medium term Short term Temporary Magnitude of the impact may be: High involving severe alteration or damage. Substantial mitigation required; Medium involving significant alteration or change. Significant mitigation required; Low involving minimal alteration or change. Minimal mitigation required; Very low and within the capacity of the site to absorb. Status of impact in terms of cost benefit analysis The NHRA requires that impacts on heritage resources are also to be assessed in the light of the proposal to the resource to provide social and economic benefit to the community and economy at large (either positive, negative, neutral). The levels of significance in terms of the potential impacts to the heritage resource can be summarized in levels of significance (No, low, moderate, high significance) and the No development option. 31 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

41 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 4.4 HERITAGE DESIGN INDICATORS Heritage indicators and their appliaction to the assessment were identified to assess the impact of the 2 nd 765kV powerline option corridors on the identified cultural landscapes and built environment. These were developed at regional, sub regional, local and micro (site specific) scales Scoping Phase Guidelines Preliminary guideline principles for powerline construction were developed by the authors in the Scoping Phase and informed the heritage design indicators. These guidelines were based primarily on the assessment of the impacts of existing powerlines of varying voltage capacities on sites. Powerlines have less impact on identified heritage resources if situated in the following situations: Mountain foothills; Rugged mountainous terrain; Disturbed land e.g. agricultural lands; Within a concentrated corridor; A distance of approximately 500 1km from an established transport route; On the edge of a valley i.e. not bisecting a valley. Powerlines have more impact on identified heritage resources if situated in the following situations: Road intersections; Smooth mountainous terrain; Unblemished terrain/landscapes; Variety of powerlines infrastructure within a context; Level topography i.e. less backdrop; In close proximity to established routes, especially scenic routes; Bisecting a valley; Interrupting coherent patterns, such as agricultural lands and settlement patterns. Sensitivities Coherent natural and cultural landscapes, for example Karoo National Park, Karoo mountainscapes and agricultural landscapes; Settlements within powerline corridors, for example Merweville and Beaufort West; Pristine landscapes, for example sections of the Karoo; Cumulative impact verses. establishing new corridors; Iconic scenic routes, for example N! roadway sections in context of the Three Sisters; 32 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

42 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Assessment Phase Regional and Sub Regional Scale Heritage Indicators In areas where the proposed powerlines will have high impact on identified heritage resources on a regional and sub-regional scale the following heritage indicators apply: Table 4.1: Assessment Phase Heritage Design Indicators at a Regional and Sub-Regional scale No Heritage Resources that are Sensitive at Regional & Sub Regional Scale 1 Distinct landscapes that are large scale and representative of regional characteristics, e.g. agricultural valleys, mountain backdrops, riverine corridors, mountain passes, escarpment edges, mountainous ridges. 2 Intact, undisturbed areas of high wilderness qualities and scenic values 3 Areas of low visual absorption, such as vast open spaces without mountain backdrops where settlement is dispersed 4 Concentration of heritage resources (built environment and /or cultural landscapes); 5 Dominant vistas and views of historic towns and their primary access routes Heritage Indicator Avoid interventions in significant regional landscapes; If powerline proposals traverse a significant regional landscape, alignments must be considered in terms of their impacts on that landscape. Mitigation would involve moving the line to less intrusive position. Avoid interventions in intact scenic wilderness areas. If powerline proposals traverse significant wilderness landscapes, alignments must be considered in terms of their high negative impacts on that landscape. Mitigation would involve moving the line to less intrusive position. Site power lines in areas where there is existing infrastructure, such as roads, railway lines and existing power line corridors. Consideration is to be given where there could be cumulative impacts from multiple infrastructure. Avoid new interventions in areas of low visual absorption. If powerline proposals traverse areas of low visual absorption, alignments must be considered in terms of their high negative impacts on that landscape. Mitigation would involve moving the line to less intrusive position. Site power lines in areas where visual absorption is high. Avoid interventions into historic settlements or representative cultural landscapes. If powerline proposals traverse significant historical settlements, alignments must be considered in terms of their high negative impacts. Mitigation would involve moving the line to less intrusive position. Site power lines in areas away from regionally significant historical settlements or cultural landscapes. Avoid interventions into historic settlements or representative cultural landscapes. If powerline proposals traverse significant vistas and views, appropriate alignments should be determined by visual impact assessment. 33 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

43 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No Heritage Resources that are Heritage Indicator Sensitive at Regional & Sub Regional Scale 6 Scenic routes Avoid powerlines travelling parallel to scenic routes. If powerline proposals must be sited near scenic routes, the lines should cross perpendicular to routes, should not be sited on ridge lines, should be positioned on lower topography, and not be placed closer than 600m to the route if travelling parallel. This should be determined by detailed site visit. Summary Avoid sensitive distinct character landscapes; Choose disturbed areas over wilderness areas; Choose areas with a high visual absorption capacity; Position new infrastructure in existing infrastructure corridors where possible; Consider how the powerlines traverse significant scenic routes Assessment Phase Local Scale Heritage Design Indicators In areas where the proposed powerlines will have high impacts on identified heritage resources on a local scale, the scale of impacts will determine the suitability of the proposal. Once a preferred route has been established by integrated assessment, it is possible that some areas of a route will have negative impacts at local level. These can be mitigated as indicated in Table 4.2: Table 4.2: Assessment Phase Heritage Design Indicators at a local scale No Heritage resources that are sensitive at local scale Heritage Indicator 1 Areas of low visual absorption qualities, e.g. flat topography, localised valleys with low scale vegetation and buildings Position power lines along foothills of mountains so that the power lines have a backdrop; Select mountains with rugged characteristics as opposed to smooth terrain; Position pylons on either side of mountain ridge and not on its crest; Utilise topographical features and variations (mountain slopes, ridges, vegetation) and buildings to provide a background setting and avoid pylons being seen in silhouette; Positions powerlines where there is existing infrastructure, such as roads, railway lines, existing power lines, tree belts; Consideration is to be given where there could be cumulative impacts from multiple infrastructure. 34 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

44 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No Heritage resources that are sensitive at local scale 2 Visual contextual setting of significant built environments, e.g. farmsteads, historic settlements. Heritage Indicator Power lines should be positioned perpendicular to the geometry of historic routes, roads, farmsteads and/or werf. Powerlines should be situated behind the dominant vista between significant structures and access route i.e. at the rear of the farmstead/farm node. 3 Features reflective of the cultural landscape and settlement patterns, e.g. siting of farmsteads with mature trees adjacent to river corridors 4 Coherent historical settlement precincts 5 Gateways and thresholds of settlements and landform typologies; Powerlines should not be positioned between farm nodes and adjacent riverine corridors, nor should they divide any built components of the farm node. Avoid intact settlements and their immediate context. Position powerlines at a distance from settlements. Visual impact to be considered. On site determination by composite team to determine best possible option for route. Consider gateways and thresholds in landscapes and how pylons are situated in sensitive contexts. On site determination by composite team to determine best possible option for route. 6 Scenic routes Avoid powerlines travelling parallel to scenic routes. If powerline proposals must be sited near scenic routes, the lines should cross perpendicular to routes, should not be sited on ridge lines, should be positioned on lower topography, and not be placed closer than 600m to the route if travelling parallel. On site determination by composite team to determine best possible option for route. 7 Historical landscape patterns 8 Farm nodes with adjacent infrastructure Relationships between towns and their spatial settings should be retained. Position powerlines beyond/outside these spatial settlement contexts. On site determination by composite team to determine best possible option for route. Avoid framing farmsteads and farm nodes by introducing infrastructure on more than one side of node. If powerline proposals introduce new powerlines near existing ones, the new lines must be positioned on the same side of the node as the existing. Consideration is to be given where there could be cumulative impacts from multiple infrastructure. 35 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

45 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Assessment Phase Micro Scale Heritage Design Indicators In areas where the proposed powerlines will have high impacts on identified heritage resources on a local scale, the scale of impacts will determine the suitability of the proposal. Once a preferred route has been established by integrated assessment, it is possible that some areas of a route will have negative impacts at site scale. These can be mitigated as indicated in Table 4.3: Table 4.3: Assessment Phase Heritage Design Indicators at a Micro scale No Heritage resources that are sensitive at local scale 1 Farmstead structure alignments with their access routes and dominant vistas Heritage Indicator Powerlines should be situated behind the dominant vista between the farmstead and the access route/river corridor, at the rear of the farmstead front façade. Power lines should be aligned parallel to the established historical geometry of the farm node. Powerline should not be placed between farm node and the adjacent river corridor. 2 Topographical features Landscape features such as rocky outcrops and folds in landscapes can be utilised to mitigate the negative impact on the landscape at a micro site level. 3 Farm nodes with adjacent infrastructure Avoid framing farmsteads and farm nodes by introducing infrastructure on more than one side of node. If powerline proposals introduce new powerlines near existing ones, the new lines must be positioned on the same side of the node as the existing. Consideration is to be given where there could be cumulative impacts from multiple infrastructure. 4 Significant tree avenues Power lines should not result in the removal of trees within a tree avenue. Powerlines should be aligned parallel to the avenue or cross perpendicular. 36 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

46 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 4.5 IMAGES AND DEPICTIONS OF ROUTE ALTERNATIVES Figure 10: Images from Kappa Substation to Karoopoort Image 4.1: Existing powerlines along the R46 roadway at Karoopoort, note rugged mountainscape and road separating the poort from the powerlines, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.2: Karooport Outspan (Provincial Heritage site), Proposed powerline to run on ridgeline behind the outspan, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.3: Existing powerlines between Kappa and Karoopoort Outspan valleys, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.4: Existing 400kV powerlines traversing the mountainside south of Karoopoort, note rugged mountainscape and location of lines on opposite side from the Provincial Heritage site, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.5: Existing powerline entering the poort, note visual absorption against rugged mountainscape, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

47 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 11: Landscape and approach to the R46 scenic routes from the R355 Image 4.6: Section of pristine valley between N1 roadway and R46 to Karoopoort, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.8: Section of pristine valley between N1 roadway and Karoopoort, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.8: Existing powerline from Karoopoort along the R46, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.9: Existing 765kV powerline on approach to Hottentotskloof pass, R46, between Karoopoort and Ceres, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 12: Images Karoopoort Outspan to Ceres including Hottentotskloof and Theronsberg Passes, scenic routes Image 4.10: Karoopoort in distance, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.11: Valley between Karoopoort and Hottentotskloof Pass, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

48 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.12: Existing powerline from Kappa towards Ceres over agricultural lands and Theronsberg pass, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.13: Existing 765kV powerline travelling parallel with scenic route - Theronsberg pass above Hottentotskloof pass, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.14: Existing powerline from Kappa towards Ceres set on foothills (left), BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.15: Existing powerline from Kappa to Ceres valley crossing scenic route, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 13: Images Ceres Valley Context Image 4.16: View of Bella Vista (right) within valley and mountainscape context, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.17: Ceres Valley with intensive agriculture, existing powerlines within valley, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

49 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.18: Existing 400kV powerline between Bella Vista (right) and Prince Albert Hamlet (left of image) on former buffer strip between the white and Coloured race group areas, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.19: Rugged mountainscape between Ceres valley and Wolseley, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.20: Valley and surrounding mountain context of Ceres valley, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.21: Rural townscape character of Prince Alfred Hamlet with surrounding mountainous context, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 14: Images Wolseley Context Image 4.22: Existing powerline between Ceres and Tulbagh valleys, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.23: Existing powerline between Ceres and Tulbagh valleys, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

50 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.24: Existing powerline between Ceres and Tulbagh valleys, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.25: Existing powerline between Ceres and Tulbagh valleys, note rugged mountainscape, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.26: Existing powerline crossing mountain ridge between Ceres and Tulbagh valleys, pylon visible on mountain ridge, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.27: Boer War Blockhouse adjacent to railway line, Wolseley, BOD/ST 2013 (outside of study corridor) Figure 15: Images of Elandsberg Farms and Landscape Context Image 4.28: View of approach to Elandsberg showing 400kV lines crossing the saddle. High absorption capacity at mountain edge, low absorption on valley floor, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.29: Langhoogte Farmstead, one of the nodes that comprise the Elandsberg heritage resources, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

51 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.30: Closer image of existing lines crossing mountain range onto the farms, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.31: Bartholomeusklip homestead, now a guesthouse on the combined agricultural and conservation Estate, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.32 Barn with silos behind on entrance axis to Bartholomeusklip, farmstead on right within werf wall, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.33: Functional separation of working paddocks directly adjacent to werf, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.34: Boathouse with existing 400kV lines in background, new proposed line will run directly on lake edge, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.35: Context which will be affected by new proposed 765kV line, placed along shore, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

52 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.36: Landscape showing power lines approaching and runnning south of settlement node, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.37: Double 400kV lines across terrain with reasonable absorption capacity, south of the settlement nodes, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.38: Powerlines on level terrain with less absorption capacity but situated behind (south of) the farm nodes, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.39: Estimated placement of proposed new line, severing the two major farm nodes from each other, framing Bosplaas in powerlines BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.40: Bosplaas homestead looking south, powertlines hidden from view beghind the trees, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.41: Rear of Bosplaas homestead, with a grove of oaks behind the house, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

53 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.42: Bosplaas rear garden precinct, the only place from which existing powerlines affect the homestead, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.43: View from homestead to Riebeek Kasteel, foreground will be severed by the proposed new line running directly in front of trees, BOD/ST 2014 Image 4.44: Proposed placement of new 765kV powerline and pylons beyond Bosplaas werf wall. Proposed placement of new 765kV powerline, in addition to the existing 400kV lines placed to the south of the farmstead will frame the farm node and sever the farm nodes from one another. Height will exceed estimate above, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

54 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 16: Images of Riebeek Kasteel and Landscape Context Image 4.45: Views towards Riebeek Valley with Riebeek Kasteel in foreground, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.46: Views towards Riebeek Valley with Riebeek Kasteel in foreground,, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.47: Agricultural use of Riebeek Valley, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.48: Agricultural use of Riebeek Valley, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.49: Agricultural use of Riebeek Valley a portion of the Swartland, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.50: Intensive agricultural use of Riebeek Valley, Swartland, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

55 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 17: Images Saron Mission Settlement and Landscape Context Image 4.51: Approach to Saron visible in the distance, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.52: Mature Eucalyptus Avenue on Saron agricultural lands, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.53: Saron historical cemetery, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.54: Saron historical cemetery, located directly beneath proposed powerline, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.55: Saron Church, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.56: Saron Parsonage, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

56 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.57: Rural character of the Saron settlement with mountainous backdrop, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.58: Rural character of the Saron settlement with mountainous backdrop, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.59: Example of Saron s locally significant buildings and coherent streetscape, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.60: Saron s contextual Landscape in Riebeek Valley, proposed line to run directly overhead, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 18: Images Riebeek Valley Image 4.61: Intensive agricultural use of Riebeek Valley, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.62: Intensive agricultural use of Riebeek Valley, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

57 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.63: Intensive agricultural use of Riebeek Valley, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.64: Intensive agricultural use of Riebeek Valley with framing mountainscape, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.65: Intensive agricultural use of Riebeek Valley with framing mountainscape, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.66: Intensive agricultural use of Riebeek Valley with framing mountainscapes, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 19: Images Porterville and Landscape Context Image 4.67: Northern entrance to Porterville with landmark Eucalyptus avenue, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.68: Historic farmsteads and agricultural context in immediate surrounds, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

58 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 20: Images Proposed Route 3 between Porterville and Piketberg Image 4.69: R44 roadway when the proposed option 3 powerline corridor would cross the roadway, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.70: Swartland agricultural lands where Option 3 route is proposed, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 21: IMAGES SWARTLAND PORTERVILLE, PIKETBERG AND KORINGBERG CONTEXT Image 4.71: Historic farmsteads, Septemberkraal, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.72: Swartland agricultural character, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.73: Swartland agricultural character with enclosing mountainscape, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.74: Swartland agricultural character with Piketberg in the distance on the foothills of the mountain BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

59 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 22: Images Piketberg Image 4.75: Approach view of Piketberg, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.76: Views over valley from Piketberg, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.77: Views over valley from Piketberg towards Groot Winterhoek mountainscape in distance, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.78: Piketberg historic Dutch Reformed Church, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.79: Piketberg historic 19 th c buildings, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.80: Piketberg connection to its agricultural context, views towards the Winterhoek, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

60 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 23: Images Koringberg Image 4.81: Approach views of Koringberg on mountain foothills and with its grain silo s, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.82: Koringberg agricultural context, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.83: Koringberg agricultural context,, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.84: Koringberg Dutch reformed Church, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.85: Agricultural lands between Koringberg and Picketberg, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.86: Historic farmsteads in Koringberg context, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

61 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 24: Images R45 Roadway Image 4.87: Swartland agricultural character, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.88: Swartland agricultural character, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.89: Existing powerlines on R45 roadway, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.90: Existing powerlines and Aurora substation adjacent to R45 roadway, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.91: Existing powerlines on R45 roadway, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.92: Existing powerlines crossing R45 roadway, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

62 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 25: Images Approach Darling Image 4.93: Existing powerline in Darling context, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.94: Agricultural lands on Darling s periphery, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.95: Darling Cemetery adjacent to the R315, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.96: Approach views towards Darling on the R315, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 26: Images Philadelphia & Context Image 4.97: Dutch reformed Church Philadelphia, Provincial Heritage site, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.98: Local significant building, Philadelphia, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

63 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 99: Streetscape locally significant buildings, Philadelphia, BOD/ST 2013, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.100: View of historic parsonage with Eucalyptus avenue linking to Church, Philadelphia BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.101: Agricultural landscape bordering Philadelphia, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.102: Historic farmsteads, bordering Philadelphia, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 27: Images Kalkbaskraal Image 4.103: Historic farmsteads, bordering Kalkbaskraal, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.104: Historic farm buildings bordering Kalkbaskraal, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

64 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.105: Main Road Kalksbaskraal, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.106: Kalkbaskraal historic streetscape, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.107: Existing powerline north of Kalkbaskraal on agricultural lands, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 28: Images Abbotsdale Image 4.108: Abottsdale settlement, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.109: Abottsdale settlement with mature Eucalyptus trees, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

65 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Image 4.110: Agricultural development in context of Abbotsdale, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.111: Abottsdale rural character settlement with mature Eucalyptus trees, BOD/ST 2013 Figure 29: Images Klipheuwel Image 4.112: Klipheuwel settlement within an agricultural context, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.113: Klipheuwel settlement with historic core on hillside, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.114: Klipheuwel informal settlement, BOD/ST 2013 Image 4.115: Klipheuwel grain silos, BOD/ST BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

66 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 5 IDENTIFIED HERITAGE RESOURCES & STATEMENTS OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE 5.1 INTRODUCTION The values and patterns of identified heritage resources provide the basis for understanding the significance of sites and settlements. These informants provide the basis for assessing the impacts of linear interventions on the resources themselves. The following assessment is informed by the criteria outlined in Section 3(3) of the NHRA, which have been expanded to include intrinsic and associational values. Natural and scenic landscapes of heritage significance are dealt with under cultural landscapes below. Figure 30: Kappa Omega 2 nd 765kV powerlines corridors options 1, 1a, 1b (red, orange and yellow lines), Option 2 (blue line, depicted as blue and pink where it coincides with proposals from Option 1), Option 3, 3a, 3b, 3c [purple line with colour variants on the west], Metro GIS ROUTE OPTION 1 Route Option 1 is the most southerly route from Kappa sub station to Hottentotskloof, adjacent to Prince Alfred Hamlet, Ceres, Skoonvlei, Soetendal, Dagbreek, Steelwater to the Omega substation. On Option 1 route south of Soetendal, the route has 2 options to connect to Option 2. Option 1a connects Option 1 route to Option 2 route south of Hermon. Option 1b route connects Option 2 route adjacent to the R45 roadway. 57 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

67 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 5.1: Route Option 1: Settlement / Structure No. Settlement/Structures Proposed Significance Proposed Grade 1 Prince Alfred Hamlet Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical Grade III settlement Grade II sites: 2 Bella Vista Historic ungraded 3 Ceres Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical, Grade III settlement Grade II sites: associational 4 Wolseley Townscape, architectural, historical, associational Grade III settlement Grade II sites: 5 Theronsberg Pass Historical, aesthetic, Grade II associational, rare 6 Botmaskloof Pass Scenic, Historical routes with Grade III associational significance 7 Hottentotskloof and Scenic, Historical routes with Grade III Theronsberg pass associational significance 8 Karoopoort Architectural, historical, aesthetic, associational, rare 9 Elandsberg farms Architectural, natural, historical, associational, rare, 10 Dispersed structures and Historical, architectural, buildings over 60 years aesthetic Table 5.2: Route Option 1: Landscapes Grade II (Poort, building and fig tree avenue and stone wall) Grade II as a collection of farms To be individually assessed No. Landscape Proposed Significances Proposed Grade 1 Inverdoon Private Nature biophysical, aesthetic, Grade III Reserve associational, intrinsic 2 Swartland aesthetic, biophysical, associational Grade II 3 Elandsberg Provincial Nature biophysical, aesthetic, intrinsic Grade III landscape, Reserve associational, historical, representative of Swartland Elandsberg farms Grade II in conglomerate 4 Mountain regions and biophysical, aesthetic, intrinsic Grade II and III associated valleys associational, historical, 5 Winterhoek, KoueBokkeveld, biophysical, aesthetic, intrinsic Grade II Waboomberge, Skurweberge 6 Klein Cederberg and Groenfontein Private Nature Reserves associational, historical, biophysical, aesthetic, intrinsic associational, historical, 7 Koue Bokkeveld and biophysical, aesthetic, intrinsic associated valley associational, historical, 8 Ceres Karoo aesthetic, biophysical, associational 9 Moordenaars Karoo aesthetic, biophysical, associational, 10 Great Karoo aesthetic, biophysical, associational Grade III Grade III Grade II Grade II Grade II 58 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

68 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 5.3: Prince Alfred Hamlet Name of town Historical Pattern Date of settlement 1861 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Prince Alfred Hamlet Speculative venture of in individual, Johannes Cornelis Goosen. In March 1851 he bought the farm Wagenbooms Rivier. Ten years later he measured out first 80 and then another 10 plots and sold them with rights to water from the Bakoven river. Upper portion of the Ceres Valley with direct relationship to surrounding mountain topography and the Bakoven River No Yes, detail study of structures, land use and social histories Small scale, fine grained townscape Small town within Breede Valley Early buildings of town have a creative and technical achievement. Many historic buildings did not survive the 1969 earthquake unknown British Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Alfred after whom the town is named No Settlement dating from mid-19 th c of historic significance Architecture: Provincial heritage sites (Dutch Reformed Church, local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of architectural significance Well vegetated townscape within agricultural and mountainscape context has an aesthetic significance Grade III C Table 5.4: Ceres / Bella Vista Name of town Historical Pattern Date of settlement 1848 Relationship to natural systems Ceres /Bella Vista Reflects development of settlements as agricultural nodes expanded. Orthogonal grid at right angles to the river, town established on the farm Rietvalley adjacent to the Dwars River Dwars River runs at the edge of the historic settlement and now in the centre as the 1958 expansion of Ceres occurred across the river. Surrounded by mountainscapes 59 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

69 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Name of town Rarity Potential to Yield Information Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Ceres /Bella Vista All approaches to Ceres are from scenic routes Streets names after prominent scientists of the early 19 th c Unusual layout in relation to river Yes, detail study of structures, land use and social histories Situated within an agricultural context (fruit farms) with the surrounding Warme and Koue Bokkeveld Mountains, surrounded by historic farms and homesteads. Approach views through mountain passes is of unique character 19 th c structures and land uses CO Hager, master Church designer unknown Settlement dating from early 19 th c of historic significance Architecture: Provincial heritage sites (Dutch Reformed Church, local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of local architectural significance Well vegetated townscape within agricultural and mountains context has aesthetic significance Dennebos a poplar caravan park has social significance Grade III C Table 5.5: Wolseley Name of town Historical Pattern Wolseley Date of settlement 1875 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Expansion of agricultural nodes, Grid layout Situated in the Breede River Valley on a natural watershed that divides the Berg River which drains towards the West Coast and the Breede River which drains towards the South-East No Yes, detail study of structures, land use and social histories Town that deals with agricultural services and light industrial activities (e.g. former blanket making, wine industry products), part of the network of settlements in the Tulbagh-Ceres valleys Low scale and density town with agricultural support businesses 60 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

70 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Name of town Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Wolseley Blockhouses constructed by the British military to protect bridges over rail links during Anglo-Boer war Anglo-Boer War Town named Wolseley after Sir Garnet Wolseley, the British governor of Natal No Architectural and Historical: Two blockhouses dating from the Anglo-Boer War (1901) that can be seen along the railway line to the South of the town. Ungraded Table 5.6: Philadelphia Name of town Historical Pattern Date of settlement 1858 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Philadelphia Church town, on former farm Dassenvalley farm, layout a rectangular grid Situated on a river Rarity relates to the Church town of a small size Yes, detail study of structures, land use and social histories Aesthetic of historical townscape with central Church complex and later expansion of residential areas Village of rural character (dirt roads and Eucalyptus trees) situated within the Swartland agricultural context, associated link to Church Parsonage: Kerkplaas (Church farm) Dasvlei Yes, Church settlement and associated village Dutch Reformed Church D R Minister JJ Beck who withheld permission to start the parish No Settlement dating from early 19 th c of historic significance; successful appeal by local farmers and villages to the Synod to establish a new parish after permission as upheld BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 61

71 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Name of town Proposed grading Philadelphia Architecture: Provincial heritage sites (Dutch Reformed Church, local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of local architectural significance Original layout, mature trees, rural context and Church precinct has aesthetic significance Grade III B 5.3 ROUTE OPTION 2 Route Option 2 is from Kappa to east of Portville over the Koue Bokkeveld and Winterhoek Mountain ranges. From position east of Porterville the route travels south west to Saron and adjacent to Riebeek Kasteel. It changes a series of directions travelling south to adjacent Abbotsdale, Kalbaskraal to Omega substation. Table 5.7: Route Option 2: Settlement / Structure No. Settlement Proposed Significance Proposed Grade 1 Saron Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical, associational 2 Riebeek Kasteel Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical, Grade III settlement Grade II sites: Grade III settlement Grade II sites: 3 Kalbaskraal Historical Grade III 4 Dispersed structures and buildings over 60 years Historical, architectural, aesthetic Grade III Table 5.8: Route Option 2: Landscapes No. Landscape Proposed Significance Proposed Grade 1 Inverdoon Private Nature Reserve 1 Koue Bokkeveld Mountain range 2 Valley between Koue Bokkeveld Winterhoek Mountain ranges biophysical, aesthetic, associational, biophysical, aesthetic, biophysical, aesthetic, historic Grade III Grade II Grade II 3 Winterhoek Mountain range biophysical, aesthetic, Grade II 4 Visgat Natural Heritage Site biophysical, aesthetic, historical, Grade III 5 Riebeek valley biophysical, aesthetic, associational, historical, Grade III 62 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

72 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 5.9: Riebeek Kasteel Name of town Historical Pattern Riebeek Kasteel VOC outpost and later a Church town, On the road between Malmesbury to Hermon, site of VOC outpost established to monitor movement of the KhoeSan Surveyor RJ Moll established a rectangular street grid of 1.3 x 0.7m below Main road Date of settlement Pre 1840, Parish established 1868 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Situated on lower slopes of Kasteelberg with streams giving water to settlement Indirect relationship to early 19 th century slave rebellion Yes, detail study of structures, land use and social histories Yes, small Church town within agricultural Swartland landscape Particular aesthetic character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Settlement within an agricultural and natural context of high aesthetic significance; surrounding historic farms of Cloovenburg and Allesveloren; views from settlement towards agricultural valley, mountainscapes and visual links with other settlements in the valley Early 19 th c significant structures DR Church Jan Smuts, born on Ongegund farm (in context) DF Malan, born on farm Allesveloren Indirect relationship with slavery and the quelling of the early 19 th century slave rebellion in the region Settlement dating from early 19 th c of historic significance Architecture: Provincial heritage sites (former Dutch Reformed Church, local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of local architectural significance Surrounding agricultural landscape: Farms de Hoop, and historic structures and landscape features of aesthetic significance Grade IIIB 63 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

73 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 5.10: Saron Name of town Historical Pattern Saron Date of settlement 1846 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Rhenish Mission Station, on farm De Leeuwenklip, now run by DR Mission Church Foothills of the Groot Winterhoek mountains Rare, established for the resettlement of freed slaves, unusually intact and authentic, its placement of level ground is unusual A single recent architectural stud has revealed the heritage values inherent in the settlement. The social history of the community and its relationships to other mission settlements should be researched Yes, mission village, unrecognised heritage values Yes, 19 th c mission village Yes, especially the civic buildings such as the Mission Church, graveyard, Parsonage and Mission store Yes, with Rhenish and DR Churches Emancipated Slaves and their descendants Rev. JH Kulpmann, founded the mission station Yes Settlement dating from early 19 th c of historic significance; Successful appeal by local farmers and villages to the Synod to establish a new parish after permission as upheld Architecture: Provincial heritage sites (Dutch Reformed Church and graveyard, local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of local architectural significance Original layout, mature trees, rural context and Church precinct has aesthetic significance Remaining intact layout of houses with productive gardens behind them III A 64 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

74 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 5.11: Kalbaskraal Name of town Historical Pattern Date of settlement Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Kalbaskraal (Kalabaskraal) Ribbon layout, town established due to railway junction and station Late 19 th c No No Town developed at the establishment of a railway station and siding Main road ribbon development, smallholding character No No No No Structures of local architectural sigificance Ungraded Table 5.12: Abbotsdale Name of town Historical Pattern Abbotsdale Ribbon development, Anglican Mission settlement for resettlement of freed slaves Date of settlement 1869 farm purchased by Bishop Grey, settlement established 1877 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative Diep River in centre of settlement One of few mission stations in Western Cape (others are Saron, Elim, Wuppertal, Mamre) and one of very few Anglican missions Yes, social history of decedents of freed slaves and their settlement histories Subsistence agricultural Christian community Predominately modern structures on low urbanised town Early structures from the 19 th c century BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 65

75 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Name of town achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Abbotsdale Anglican Church Slaves Bishop George Grey yes Statement of Significances Historical (resettlement of slave in the late 19 th c) Proposed grading Grade IIIC 5.4 ROUTE OPTION 3 Route Option 3 is the same as Option route 2 on the initial alignment from Kappa traveling north east over the Koue Bokkeveld and Winterhoek Mountain ranges. The route is north of Porterville Koringberg and Hopefield to the Aurora substation. The route travels south to west of Darling to the Omega substation. Option 3b is west of Oprtion 3 adjacent to the R27 roadway to join option 3 south of Darling. Option 3a connects Options 3b to 3 west of Darling. Option 3c is from Aurora on the same alignment as Option 3 until it diverts towards the coast west of Mamre and re-joins Option 3 south west of Atlantis. Table 5.13: Route Option 3: Settlement / Structure No. Settlement Proposed Significance Proposed Grade 1 Porterville Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical, associational 2 Piketberg Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical, associational 3 Koringsberg Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical, Grade III settlement Grade II buildings Grade III settlement Grade II buildings Grade III settlement 4 Darling Aesthetic, townscape, architectural, historical, associational 5 Dispersed structures and buildings over 60 years Historical, architectural, aesthetic Grade III settlement Grade II buildings 66 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

76 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 5.14: Route Option 2: Landscapes No. Landscape Proposed Significance Proposed Grade 1 Koue Bokkeveld mountain range 2 Groot Winterhoek mountain range 3 Valley between Koue Bokkeveld and Winterhoek mountain ranges Biophysical, aesthetic, historical, associational Biophysical, aesthetic, historical, associational, intrinsic Biophysical, aesthetic, historical, associational, intrinsic, 4 Fossil Park Biophysical, aesthetic, historical, associational 5 West Coast National Park Biophysical, aesthetic, historical, associational 6 Rondeberg Private nature Reserve 7 Jakkelsfontein Private nature reserve Biophysical, aesthetic Biophysical, aesthetic Grade II Grade II Grade I Grade I Grade III Grade III 8 Hopefield Nature Reserve Biophysical, aesthetic Grade III 9 Buffelfontein Private reserve Biophysical, aesthetic Grade III 10 Pierre Jeanne Gerbel Private Nature Reserve Biophysical, aesthetic Grade III Table 5.15: Piketberg (outskirts of town falls on edge of corridor, included because of viewshed) Name of town Historical Pattern Piketberg Church town established on farm Grootfontein. Irregular grid layout by surveyor J Knoble (some streets are straight but are irregular spaces and at time not parallel), possibly a piecemeal layout determined by existing wagon road (original name Piquetberg) Date of settlement 1836, establishment of Church 1836, erven sold from 1840 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Foot of Piquet Mountain with streams used in furrow system throughout town Exemplary urban design of town around central Church site Mid 19 th c residences exist in late 19 th c form Victorian Hotel intact Yes Yes, small town within agricultural Swartland landscape Particular Aesthetic Character Stone Church and vegetated site with surrounding historic 67 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

77 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Name of town Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Piketberg buildings Avenue of Eucalyptus trees on Main road Town layout, Church, 19 th c buildings DR Church Jewish community Cochoqua, leader of the Gonnema who killed burgers nearby in 1673 Architect Hager No Settlement dating from early 19 th c of historic significance Architecture: 32 Provincial heritage sites that include buildings, graves, trees (refer Annexure? ) local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of local architectural significance Historic core with notable buildings and pear trees avenue has aesthetic significance Historic core PHS Grade II Table 5.16: Porterville (outskirts of town falls on edge of 4km corridor) Name of town Historical Pattern Date of settlement 1862 Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Porterville Grid layout, founded by Frederick John Owen on farm Willemsvallei Foothills of mountainscape No Yes, detail information of built structures and residents social histories Yes, small town within agricultural Swartland landscape Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA 19 th c townscape, with historic and modern structures Yes, early structures, such as Old Police Station and residences Named after William Porter, attorney general CO Hager Architect of initial Church (now demolished) 68 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

78 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Name of town history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading Porterville No Settlement dating from early 19 th c of historic significance Architecture: 32 Provincial heritage sites that include buildings, graves, trees local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of local architectural significance Historic core with notable buildings and pear trees avenue has aesthetic significance III C Table 5.17: Koringberg and surrounding farms Name of town Historical Pattern Date of settlement Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading of settlement Koringberg Church town established at a railway siding Very small settlement driven by rail link, surrounding farms of significant historical buildings and include graveyards Yes, detail study of structures, land use and social histories Yes, small town of rural character within agricultural Swartland landscape Rural character within a Swartland agricultural context Early land uses and 19 th c structures Church, links to community and surrounding parishes not yet established unknown Rural character of town of aesthetic significance Grade III C 69 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

79 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 5.18: Darling Name of town Historical Pattern Date of settlement Relationship to natural systems Rarity Potential to Yield Information Demonstrates a particular class of place Particular Aesthetic Character Technical/creative achievement of period Social/Cultural/Spiritual Association Association with life/work of people of importance in SA history Association with history of Slavery Statement of Significance Proposed grading of settlement Darling Church town, established on part of the farm Langfontein. Almost square historic settlement. Rectangular grid of elongated blocks with a wider strip in the centre to accommodate the river. 20 th c expansions to the north east (Nuwedorp) created grid of smaller erven resulting in smaller houses and higher density. 1853, named after the acting Governor of the Cape, Sir Charles Henry Darling River in the centre of the historic settlement Unusual grid layout of river in centre (similar to Ceres with its expansion to both sides of river) Yes, detail study of structures, land use and social histories Yes, small town of rural character within agricultural Swartland landscape Rural character within a Swartland agricultural context, nearby farm Oudepost Early land uses and 19 th c structures DR Church Named after acting Governor of the Cape, Sir Charles Henry Darling Entertainer Pieter Dirk Uys lives in Darling Settlement dating from early 19 th c of historic significance Architecture: Provincial heritage sites, local heritage sites (19 th c and 20 th c) of local architectural significance Rural character of town of aesthetic significance Grade III B 70 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

80 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6.1 INTRODUCTION Section 6 presents assessment of the impacts of the proposals on cultural landscapes, settlements and individual resources. The assessment of impact has been undertaken in terms of the analytical framework established by heritage indicators. Assessment tables below identify and describe resources and assess impacts on the resource. The scale of impact, degree of scale and duration of impact are recorded. Where negative impacts are assessed, mitigation measures and/or directives for implementation are provided. 6.2 SCOPING PHASE ASSESSMENT The preferred route for detailed assessment recommended in the Scoping Phase is Option 1, Ia and 2, south of its conjunction with option 1a. Route Option 2 north of this junction and Option 3 were not the preferred routes as the proposed negative impacts of a 765kV powerlines and associated infrastructure on mountains and valleys with a high degree of intactness and historic settlements was assessed to be extremely high. These routes were therefore excluded from viability prior to the assessment stage. 6.3 ASSESSMENT PHASE The assessment phase includes a detailed study of the preferred route and its possible alternatives (options 1, 1a, and 1b), while mapping existing and possible heritage resources for all eight proposed routes (refer Tables ). Where heritage resources will be adversely impacted, the consideration of alternative routes and no-go areas are recommended. The powerline assessments include mitigation measures of adverse impacts to cultural landscapes and the built environment. Figure 31: Diagram of Cultural Landscape Elements and Informants (adapted from MetroGIS) 71 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

81 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 32: Kappa Omega Assessment Zones 6.4 ZONES AND ROUTE OPTIONS The linear nature of the proposals has necessitated dividing the routes into zones for clear communication. Zone 1 Ceres Karoo: The lower border of the Ceres Karoo region lies to the area just northeast of the Karoopoort. Zone 2 Cape Fold Belt Mountains and valleys Zone 3 Swartland and narrow coastal strip 72 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

82 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 6.1 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 1 No. F 1/1/1 Ref map 8 F 2/1/1 ref Map 8 F 3/1/1 Ref map 8 F 3/1/1 Ref map 7 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 1: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape Typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 13 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Platfontein Farm Die Brak Farm Kolkiesrivier Farm Tweerivier Farm Productive agricultural node within remote arid landscape Farm node within remote arid landscape Productive agricultural node within remote arid landscape Productive agricultural node within remote arid landscape Small farm complex on riverine tributaries, dam, kraals and irrigated fields, large trees, on stream tributaries structures <5, (1970T-2) Small farm node on riverine corridor, structures <5 (1970T-3) Small farm node situated on edge of riverine corridor with 3 structures kraals, reservoir (1969T-3) Small farm adjacent to R356 on edge of riverine corridor, kraals, large dam Structures <5 (1969T-3) Mid corridor 500m north of farm node 450m from existing 400kV power line and 1 st 765kV power line, Situated 1.4km from Kappa substation, bisected by roadway to Kappa substation Already highly impacted further high impact Mid corridor 1.6km south of node 400kV line 1.6km south of node Mid corridor 170m north west of farm node, 290m north of existing 400kV power line and 990m north of 1 st 765kV & 400kV power line Mid corridor 420m south node, 1.3km north of 400kV power line, situated on edge of Inverdoorn private nature reserve Local Cumulative medium negative impact Permanent Sub regional Cumulative Medium negative impact Local Cumulative medium negative impact Cumulative High negative if power line situated north of 440kV line Permanent Local Cumulative medium negative impact Cumulative high negative impact if line situated north of 400kV line Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required Position power line south of existing 400kV powerline within corridor to prevent framing farm node with powerlines Position power line south of existing 400kV powerline within corridor Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High NR 1/1/1 Map 7 & 8 Inverdoorn Private Nature Reserve Ceres Karoo hectare reserve with 1200 animals, largest number of animals of all the private reserves in the Cape Mid corridor traverses nature reserve Local High impact Sub regional Cumulative medium negative impact Cumulative high negative impact if line situated north of 400kV line Permanent Position power line south of existing 400kV powerline within corridor Medium High 13 Impact Assessment: Scale (regional, sub regional, local) Measurement (High, Medium, Local) (Positive, Neutral, Negative) Duration of Impact (Permanent, Semi permanent, temporary) 73 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

83 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 6.2 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 2 No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable SR 1/1/2 Ref Map 7 Karoopoort Scenic route R46 through Karoopoort, Proposed line runs along the peak of the ridge on the north of the scenic route Historical and scenic route Local High negative impact Permanent Position power line south of existing 400kV power lines so that powerline is south of scenic route High Position powerlines off ridge lines O 1/1/2 Ref Map 7 Karoopoort Outspan Outspan within poort (1848) on narrow kloof within mountainous terrain Confluence of historic routes to interior and Sutherland (1971T-3) Mentioned repeatedly by early travellers. An important stop on the old highway into the interior, particularly after the discovery of diamonds in Kimberly. The old inn complex built around , probably after the opening of Mitchells Pass. Of regional historical, architectural, & aesthetic significance. Its unique sense of place has been negatively impacted on by existing transmission lines (ARCON 2011). Rectangular thatched hipped house with rear lean to, tree avenue, wall, structures 5+ Toll House: Provincial Heritage Site (PHS) Mid corridor traverses former outspan Local High negative impact Permanent Position power line south of existing 400kV power lines so that powerline is south of outspan and outside of the immediate poort, position proposed line within existing powerline corridor Position powerline off crest of ridge Position to be determined at walk down High BoD/ST 2013 ARCOM: 2011 ARCOM: Impact Assessment: Scale (regional, sub regional, local); Measurement (High, Medium, Local) (Positive, Neutral, Negative); Duration of Impact (Permanent, Semi permanent, temporary) 74 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

84 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 1/1/2 Ref Map 7 Vrede Farm Productive agricultural node within fertile valley Large farm with irrigated lands, structures approx. 10+ mature trees, graves, adjacent to R46, mountainside south of farm node, structures 5+ (1971T-3)&(1971T-5) Mid corridor 600m to farm node 400kV power line traverses farm & approved 765kV power line south of 400kV lines Permanent Local: Cumulative medium negative Cumulative high negative if line situated north of 400kV line Permanent Position power line south of 400kV power line so that farm node not framed by powerlines Google Earth 2014 Medium High F 2/1/2 Ref Map 7 Nuwerus Farm Productive agricultural node within fertile valley Large farm with irrigated lands structures 5+ Adjacent to R46, mature trees, dam (1971T-7) 400m south from mid corridor 400kw power line on farm 765kV line on south corridor Local: Cumulative medium negative Cumulative high negative if line situated north of 400kV line Permanent Position power line south of 400kV power line so that farm node not framed by powerlines Medium High (image see above) F 3/1/2 F 4/1/2 Ref Map 7 Heilbron Farm Productive agricultural node within fertile valley Small farm node with irrigated lands structures <5 Adjacent to R46, mature Eucalyptus grove dam (1965T-3) 580m south of mid corridor 400kw power line adjacent to farm node 765kV line south of 400kV on farm Local: Cumulative medium negative Cumulative high negative if line situated north of 400kV line Permanent Position power line south of 400kV power line so that farm node not framed by powerlines Medium High (image see above) F 5/1/2 Ref Map 7 Hottentotskloof Farm Ruin adjacent to R46 and mountain (1965T-2) 400kw and 765kV power line south of ruin No impact no residence in node Permanent No mitigation required Medium High 75 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

85 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable SR 2/1/2 Ref Map Hottenstotkloof Pass Scenic linking route Early mountain passes linking agriculturally productive landscapes, scenic route Proposed line runs parallel with the pass (above the road) and crosses the scenic route more than once Local: High Permanent Position power line south of existing 400kV power lines to the south, cross roads and scenic routes at right angles F 6/1/2 Ref Map F 7/1/2 Ref Map SR 3/1/2 Ref Map 30 Langfontein Farm Ref Fransen 2004:380 Slangfontein Farm Theronsberg Pass R46 Productive agricultural node within fertile valley Productive agricultural node within fertile valley Scenic route Large historic farm node with irrigated lands structures 10+ Adjacent to R46, Historic homestead mature trees, dam, Labourers housing structures 10+ (1965T-13) Small farm node with irrigated lands structures <5 Adjacent to R46, mature trees, dam, Labourers housing (1965T-4) Single lane road entering Ceres valley to the east, adjacent to Waboomberg. Views of valley & surrounding mountains Recommended Grade III Route and landscape (D- PSDF 2013: Annexure B:28) This pass is of considerable scenic significance within the local context, as well as of regional historical significance as part of the historic road system running to Karoopoort and beyond. This became the main stage coach & transport rider s route to Kimberly after the discovery of diamonds (ARCON: 2011). Mid corridor traverses farm, homestead 220m from mid corridor Existing 440kV line south of mid corridor and homestead Mid corridor traverses farm and scenic route (R46), homestead 140m from mid corridor Existing 2 x 440kV lines south of mid corridor and homestead Mid corridor adjacent and traverses scenic route Local: High negative impact Cumulative high negative impact if line situated north of 400kV line Permanent Local: High negative impact Sub Regional: Cumulative medium negative impact; Cumulative high negative if line situated north of existing 400kV line Permanent Local: High negative impact Permanent Position power line south of existing 400kV power lines beyond ridge so not to frame farm node Position power line south of existing 400kV power lines beyond ridge so not to frame farm node Position power line south of existing 400kV power lines beyond ridge Line crosses the R46 approximately at right angles, with the valley topography and mountain backdrops providing a visually absorptive backdrops High confidence High Medium high 76 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

86 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Ref Map 30 M 1/1/2 Ref Map 30 Unnamed Koue Bokkeveld Waboomberg Outbuildings or Labourers housing within irrigated fields Mountain wilderness Mature trees (1971T-1) Dominant scenic features, forms part of the Cape Fold Mountains representing locally significant biodiversity and water catchment. Contains numerous archaeological resources, recreational elements, scenic and historical mountain passes Recommended as Grade III (D-PSDF) Node 1.6km north of mid corridor line Mid corridor on mountain foothills No impact on site No mitigation required Medium High Local: High negative impact Permanent Position powerline off foothills, south of existing 400kV power lines Medium high confidence F8/1/2 Ref Map 30 Die Wingerd Farm Productive agricultural node within fertile valley Modest linear werf consisting of an L -shaped homestead with small outbuildings. The werf faces into the valley. The homestead has strong late 19th/early 20 th C stylistic characteristics including surviving Victorian verandah & small pane sash windows. Structures 5+Adjacent to R46, mature trees, dam, Labourers housing. Tall palm in front garden is a typical landscaping feature of this period. The werf is of broad contextual architectural/ aesthetic, rather than intrinsic cultural significance within the sub-regional context (1959T-6) (ARCON 2010) Mid corridor 1.3km from homestead. Existing 400kV line on farm adjacent to R46 (north of farm node) and south of farm node behind ridge, 1 st 765kV to be parallel to exiting 400 kv line north of farm node Local: Cumulative high negative impact Sub regional: Cumulative high negative impact Permanent Position power line south of R46 closer to farm node which is already framed and highly impacted by existing and approved 1 st 765kV line. Walk down to determine mitigatory measures Medium High (Image Arcon, 2010) F9/1/2 Ref Rhodona Farm Formal farm layout within productive agricultural node within fertile valley Historic 18 th c homestead, formal garden, mature trees, irrigated lands, Mid line 1.2km north of homestead node. Farm node is located approx.- Local: High negative impact Walk down required Medium high confidence 77 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

87 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Map 30 grave site, dam within 500m from R46 (1959T-8) imately equidistant between existing powerlines. Existing 400kV on farm 1st 765kV on northern portion of farm and traverses R46 adjacent to farm. Existing 2nd 400kV line south of farm node visible Cumulative high negative as farm node is framed F 10/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 11/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 12/1/2 Ref Map 30 CL 1/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 12/1/2 Ref Map 30 De Rust Farm Elim Farm Hamlet Farms Ceres Valley Welgemeen Farm Formal farm layout adjacent to riverine corridor within productive agricultural node within fertile valley Productive agricultural node on edge of Koue Bokkeveld escarpment Formal farm layout adjacent to riverine corridor within productive agricultural node within fertile valley Coherent historical agricultural valley: rural settlement and cultivation mid 18 th century Farm node adjacent to riverine corridor within fertile valley, significant agricultural context Homestead later 19 th c, Labourers housing, mature treed avenue, dam, irrigated land structures 5+ (1959T-6) Small farm node with dams, irrigated land, mature trees structures 5+ (1959T-4) Historic homestead, mature trees, dams, irrigated lands, Labourers housing, mature trees structures <5 (1959T-4) Distinctive pattern of rural settlement interspersed with compact nodes, with cultivation forming an arc at the valley s southern and western edges with the Witzenberg and Hexberg backdrop. Collection of historic homesteads (Winter & Baumann 2010 in D-PSDF 2013) Historic homestead late 19 th c, mature trees, treed entrance avenue, dams, irrigated lands, Labourers housing, mature trees structures 10+ (1959T-5) (1959T-5) (1959T-4) Mid line 1.7km north of homestead Mid line 1.5km south of farm node. Existing 400kV lines south of mid line. 1 st 765kV north of farm node Permanent Mid line 1km south of homestead Mid corridor bisects northern section of valley Farm node 400m north of mid corridor. High impact on farm node Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative Medium negative impact Local High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent No mitigation measures No mitigation required No mitigation required Position line adjacent to existing 400kV lines and minimum 400m away from homestead nodes and Bella Vista settlement Position powerlines south of existing 400kV lines within corridor High Medium High Medium High Medium High confidence (for detailed images, see section 4.6) Medium High 78 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

88 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 13/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 14/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 15/1/2 Ref Map 30 RS 1/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 16/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 17/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 18/1/2 Ref Map 30 De Liefde Farm Jagerskraal Farm Delta Farm Price Alfred Hamlet Station Sonop Farm Poiters Farm Unnamed Farm Small farm node adjacent to riverine corridor within fertile valley, significant agricultural context Large farm within productive agricultural node within fertile valley, significant agricultural context Large farm nodes in agricultural context within fertile valley Station precinct in agricultural context within fertile valley Small farm node in agricultural context within fertile valley adjacent to R 303 Linear farm node within productive agricultural valley Farm node with irrigated lands within significant agricultural valley Historic farmstead late 19 th century, irrigated lands, dam, structures >5 (1959T-4) Historic farmstead late 19 th century, Labourers housing, additional farmhouse, extensive outbuildings, irrigated lands, dam, dispersed nodes, structures 10+ (1959T-4) & (1959T-4) & (1959T-2) Farm consists of 2 nodes: historic homestead with large outbuildings; Packing sheds and Labourers housing adjacent to R303 and river, mature trees, structures 10+ (1959T-7) Station precinct consists of railways infrastructure, railways residences (c 1950s), sheds Compact farm node, historic and modern homesteads, late 19th c/20 th c Labourers housing, mature trees, irrigated lands (1959T-6) Linear farm node with homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated lands, dam, structures 10+ (1959T-5) Labourers settlement, mature trees, structures 5+ (1959T-9) Mid line 1.7km south of farm. No impact on farm and its immediate context Mid line 1.4km south of main farm node. Mid line 1.9km south of main farm node Mid line 1.4km south of station precinct. Low impact Permanent Mid line 1.7km south of node. Mid line 1.6km south of node. Mid corridor 200m south of farm node Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional: Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Local High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation possible Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High 79 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

89 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 19/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 20/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 20/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 21/1/2 Ref Map 30 Eureka Farm Mendoza Farm Larochelle Farm Perdefontein Farm Small farm node with irrigated lands within agricultural valley, significant agricultural context Farm node with irrigated lands within fertile valley, significant agricultural context Farm node with irrigated lands within fertile valley, significant agricultural context Dispersed nodes within productive fertile valley, significant agricultural context Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, structures 5+ (1959T-5) Homestead, outbuildings, structures 5+ (1959T-7) Homestead, Labourers housing, dam, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+ (1959T-6) & (1959T-5) Homestead, labourers housing, dam, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+ (1959T-5) Mid corridor 1.35km south of farm node Mid corridor 630m south of farm node Mid corridor 1.45km south of farm node Mid line 200m north of farm node. Existing 400kV lines 250m and 1km south of farm node Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent Local High negative impact. Farm node with be significantly impacted by proposed line Sub regional: Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required Position line south of Perdefontein adjacent to existing 400kV line and located north of Bella Vista Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High F 22/1/2 Ref Map 30 Den Haag Farm Agricultural node within productive fertile valley, significant agricultural context Farm node with late 19 th c homestead irrigated land, dam, structures (1959T-4) Mid line traverses farm node. Existing 400kV situated approx. 600m south of farm node Local: High negative impact Sub regional: Cumulative negative impact of additional line within valley Farm node with be significantly impacted by additional proposed line Permanent Position line south and adjacent to existing 400kV line Medium High 80 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

90 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable S 1/1/2 Ref Map 30 Bella Vista settlement Apartheid era settlement to enable racial segregation, with 21 st c expansion Adjacent to R303 Medium density settlement with cemetery with few apparent amenities, bisected by existing 400kV powerline servitude (1959T-4) Mid line 0.74m north of settlement. 400kV line immediately north of settlement and bisecting settlement Local: High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in immediate context Permanent Settlement already highly impacted by two existing 400kV lines Position line minimum 400 from northern edge of settlement High F 23/1/2 Ref Map 30 Pomona Farm Small farm node within productive agricultural valley Adjacent to R303, dispersed small nodes (homestead) structures <5 (1959T-4) Mid line 170m south of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in immediate context Permanent Position line south adjacent to existing 400kV line Medium High F 24/1/2 Ref Map 30 F 25/1/2 Ref Map 30 Rhodene Farm Voelvlei Farm Small farm node with irrigated lands within fertile valley on foothills of mountain Small farm node in context to river within fertile valley on foothills of mountain Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, structures 10+ (1959T-4) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated lands (1959T-1) Mid corridor 1.62km south of farm node Mid corridor 2km south of farm node Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Local Low negative Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley No mitigation required No mitigation required Medium High Medium High F 26/1/2 Ref Map 30 Petervale Farm Small farm node in context to river within fertile valley on foothills of mountain Homestead, outbuildings, kraals, formally irrigated lands, structures <5 (1959T-3) Mid corridor 1.10km south of farm node Local Low negative Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley No mitigation required Medium High F 27/1/2 & GF Ref Map 30 Cascade Farm Farm node with irrigated lands within fertile valley on foothills of mountain Dispersed nodes, Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, guest farm, dam, structures 10+ (1959T-5) Mid corridor 100m south of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Position line south adjacent to existing 400kV line High 81 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

91 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 28/1/2 Ref Map 30 Unnamed Farm Labourers settlement within irrigated lands within fertile valley adjacent to river Labourers housing structures 5+ (1959T-6) possibly for Waterval or/and Groenhof farm Mid corridor 1km north of node Local High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Position line minimum 400m from residences Position to be determined at walk down Medium F 29/1/2 Ref Map 30 Groenhof Farm Dispersed farm nodes with irrigated lands within fertile valley on edge of mountainside in context to river Dispersed node with homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, mature trees, dam, structures 5+ (1959T-9) Mid line is directly over Labourers housing, 170m from outbuilding node and 350m from homestead node Local High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Position line minimum 400m from residences Position to be determined at walk down High F 30/1/2 Ref Map 30 Waterval Farm Small farm node with irrigated lands within fertile valley adjacent to mountainside on riverine corridor Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees (1959T-6) Mid corridor 380m north of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Position line south adjacent to existing 400kV so that farm is not framed by powerlines Medium High NR 1,2,3 /1/2 Ref Map Wakkerstroom, Boointjiesrivier, Witzenburg and Winterhoek Nature reserves Mountainous fynbos nature reserves, Rugged mountain terrain Mid corridor traverses Wakkerstroom, Boontjiesrivier and Witzenburg reserves Local Medium Negative impact mitigated by rugged terrain Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line on mountain Permanent Position line adjacent to existing 400kV Do not position pylons along ridgelines. Cross ridge line Medium High CL 2/1/2 Ref Map 29 Witzenberg Valley Fertile agricultural valley of cultural significance Coherent historical agricultural valley with PHSs outside corridor (D- PSDF recommended grading CL III) Mid corridor traverses section of valley Sub regional Low cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent No mitigation required Medium high 82 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

92 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 31/1/2 Ref Map 29 F 32/1/2 Klein Weltevrede Farm Unnamed Farm Small farm node on mountain slope Small farm node on mountain slope Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, structures >10 (1945T-4) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5 (1045T-3) Mid corridor traverses farm node Mid corridor 1.6km south west of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional Medium cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Position powerlines south closer to existing 400kV lines and a minimum 400m from farm node No mitigation required High Medium High F 33/1/2 Ref map 29 F 34/1/2 Ref map 29 F 35/1/2 Ref map 29 Weltevrede Farm Unnamed Farm Booitjiesrivier Farm Small farm node on mountain slope with irrigated lands in Witzenberg Valley Farm node situated adjacent to riverine corridor within medium agricultural context Large farm with dispersed nodes on riverine corridor in Witzenberg Valley Homestead situated within 2 riverine corridors, mature trees, outbuildings, dam, structures 10+ Structures, mature trees, structures <5 (1945T-1) Homesteads, Labourers housing, dams, outbuildings structures 10+ (1945T-15) Mid corridor 1.9 south west of farm node Mid corridor 1.5km north west of farm node Mid corridor traverses section of farm node (Labourers housing) south west of homestead farm node Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Local: High Negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required Position powerlines south closer to existing 400kV lines and a minimum 400m from farm node Medium High Medium High Medium High F 36/1/2 Ref map 29 F 37/1/2 Ref map 29 Unnamed Unnamed Liner node between to railway lines Linear node of cottages between parallel railway lines Structures within uncultivated immediate context structures 5+ (1945T-7) Labourers housing with homestead within uncultivated immediate context, structures 10+ (1945T-14) Mid corridor 300m south west of farm node Mid corridor 900m south west of farm node Local: High negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative low negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Position powerlines minimum 400m from residences Position powerlines south closer to existing 400kV lines and a minimum 400m from settlement node Medium High Medium High 83 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

93 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 2: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 14 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 38/1/2 CL 2/1/3 Map Ref 29 FP 1/1/2 Ref map 29 NR 4,5 ½ Ref map 29 Goedgevonden Farm Wolseley Urban Edge Knolvlei Forestry Plantation Waterval and Hawequas nature reserve, Elandsberg (zone three) Node adjacent to Voortrekker road within agricultural context adjacent to riverine corridor Town in historically significant cultural setting Large Forest Station on edge of mountainside Mountain nature reserves, mountainous fynbos Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, kraals, dams, mature trees, structures 10+ (1945T- 12) Collection of historic homesteads on the slopes of the Witzenburg, town of Wolseley has limited heritage value although placed at the junction of two scenic routes and two valley systems, contributing to a sense of place. (Witzenburg SDF 2012:66) Isolated structures within exotic treed environment (1945T-3) Natural landscape features of local significance Mid corridor 1.5km north west of farm node Urban edge 1.7km from centre of corridor Mid corridor transvers plantation & 700m south west of structure Corridor traverses Waterval and Elandsberg Reverses, cuts across the north of Hawequas reserve north of two existing 400kV lines Sub regional Cumulative low negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative low negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative low negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact of additional line on mountain Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required Position line adjacent to existing 400kV Do not position pylons along ridgelines. Cross ridge line Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High 84 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

94 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 6.3 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 3 No. NR 1/1/3 Ref map 29 F 1/1/3 Ref map 29 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Elandsberg Nature reserve Bosplaas Farm 6000 hectare conservation and agricultural site with dispersed farm nodes, multiple heritage significances including historical, environmental, social, associational and contextual/experiential significance Bosplaas and Bartholomjesklip/Bartholo meusklip, together form part of Elandsberg Nature Reserve with De Rust and Langhoogte, see above Provincial Nature reserve (D-Psdf 2013:WC Map), recommended possible grade II and III sites (Baumann and Winter, 2009). Recommended Grade II for the four Trust farms as a collective. 9 bay Historic homestead, trees, ruined Boer war structures after damage in the 1969 Tulbagh earthquake (1945-4) Farm incorporated into reserve Mid corridor traverses southern section, severs the Bosplaas and Bartholomeusklip homesteads which are two component parts of the same heritage resource Mid corridor 480m north west of farm node in direct viewshed High negative impact Local High negative impact Sub regional High negative severing farm nodes from one another; Cumulative high negative impact of additional line in valley can be mitigated to medium negative by repositioning to protect this set of resources Permanent Local High Negative, farm node will be framed by powerlines and the farm nodes severed Sub regional High negative severing farm nodes from one another; Cumulative negative impact of additional line in valley can be mitigated by re-positioning line south of exisiting to protect this set of resources Position powerlines adjacent to and south of existing 400kV lines to avoid severing the farm nodes and framing the Bosplaas homestead, see below individual farm assessment. Powerline should cross mountain range in saddle. Route link to option 1a south of Elandsberg boundary Position line south east of existing 400kV lines to avoid framing the farmstead and creating unacceptably high impacts on the immediate context (see photographs), Exact position to be determined out of farmstead viewshed at walkdown Confidence of assessment Image if applicable High High F 2/1/3 Ref map 29 Bartholomiesklip Farm Large farm node on mountain foothills, part of Elandsberg Nature reserve, see above Homestead, outbuildings, kraals, mature trees, treed avenues, large dam, structures 10+ (1945-4) Mid corridor 700m south west of farm node High negative Impact Permanent Local High negative impact by severing farm nodes Sub regional Cumulative high negative impact of additional line in valley can be mitigated to medium negative by repositioning to protect this set of resources Position line south east of existing 440kV lines to avoid severing farm nodes from one another, Exact position to be determined out of farmstead viewshed at walkdown High Permanent 15 Impact Assessment: Scale (regional, sub regional, local) Measurement (High, Medium, Local) (Positive, Neutral, Negative) Duration of Impact (Permanent, Semi permanent, temporary) 85 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

95 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 3/1/3 Ref map 29 F 4/1/3 Ref map 29 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Druiwe valley Farm Soetendal Farm Large industrial type farm, possible agricultural Co- Operative within agricultural context Two farm nodes on riverine corridor within agricultural context, undulating topography Warehouses, offices dispersed on farm, dam, structures 10+ (1945-4) Larger node: Homestead, outbuildings, stables, paddocks, chicken sheds structures 10+ (1963T-6) Small node: homestead, mature trees, structures <5, (1958T-4) Mid line traverses eastern portion of dispersed node Large node: Mid corridor 1.1km south east of farm node Small node: mid corridor 600m north west of node Local High impact Sub regional Cumulative medium negative impact of additional line in valley Permanent Sub regional Low negative Permanent Position line SE closer to existing 400kV line No mitigation required Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High (see image below) Medium High RS 1/1/3 Ref map 29 F 5/1/3 Ref map 29 Soetendal Railway station Menin Farm Railway siding within agricultural context, undulating topography Farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Railway buildings and residences, mature trees, structures 10+ Homestead, outbuildings, labourers housing, mature trees, structures 5+ (1958T-8) Mid corridor 1.4km south west of farm node Mid corridor 2km north west of farm node Sub regional Low negative Permanent No mitigation required Medium High No impact No mitigation required Medium High F 6/1/3 Ref map 29 Burgersdrif Farm Farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Node adjacent to R45, homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, treed avenue, irrigated lands (wheat fields), demolished structures, dam, structures 10+ (1963T-11) Mid corridor 500m south east of farm node Sub regional Low negative impact Permanent No mitigation required Medium High 86 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

96 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 7/1/3 Ref map 29 F 8/1/3 Ref map 29 F 9/1/3 Ref map 29 F 10/1/3 Ref map 29 F 11/1/3 Ref map 29 F 12/1/3 Ref map 29 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Akkedisvlei Farm Watervlei Farm Vergesig Farm De Rus Farm Olyvenhout Farm Haaskraal Farm Former agricultural node within agricultural context Farm node within undulating typography in agricultural context Farm node on hill within undulating typography in agricultural context Large farm with numerous nodes adjacent to R45 within agricultural context, undulating topography Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography Dam, mature trees, structures >5 All ruins (1963T-4) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, dam, mature trees, structures 5+ (1963T-7) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, treed avenues, irrigated land, dams, structures >10 (1964T-2) Homestead, Labourers housing, treed avenues and grove, irrigated crops, structures 10+ (1963T-2) & (1963T-9) Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, dam, mature trees, structures 10+ (1963T-6) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, avenue trees, structures 10+ (1963T-10) Mid corridor 90m south east of farm node Mid corridor 2km from farm node Mid corridor 1.7km south east of farm node Mid corridor 600m north west of farm node Mid corridor 800m south east of farm node Mid corridor 860m south east of farm node Sub regional Low negative impact Permanent Sub regional Low negative impact Permanent Sub regional Low negative impact Permanent Local: Medium negative impact Permanent Local: Medium negative Sub regional Cumulative negative impact Permanent Sub regional Cumulative negative impact Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required Position powerline south of farm node minimum 400m from farm node No mitigation required Position powerline south adjacent to existing 400kV line Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High (see image at Menin farm, above) Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High (see image below) Medium High F 13/1/3 Ref map 29 Fleur de lys Farm Historic farm layout of node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, avenue trees, structures <5 (1963T-4) Mid corridor 500m north west of farm node Local Medium negative impact Sub regional Cumulative negative impact Permanent Position powerline south adjacent to existing 400kV line, a minimum 400m from farm node so that farm node is not framed by powerlines Medium High (see image above) 87 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

97 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 14/1/3 F 16/1/3 F 17/1/3 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Unnamed Majuba Farm Zeekoegat Farm Farm node within agricultural context, in between rail and R44 roadway undulating topography Farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, dam, structures <5 (1963T-1) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1963T-3) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 5+ (1963T-7) Mid corridor 1.85km north west of farm node Mid corridor 1.77km north west of farm node Mid corridor 600m north west of farm node Sub regional Low negative Permanent Sub regional Low negative Permanent Local High negative Sub regional Low negative Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required Position powerline south adjacent to existing 400kV line, minimum 400m from farm node so that farm node is not framed by powerlines Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High (see image above) Medium High (see image above) Medium High F 18/1/3 F 19/1/3 F 20/1/3 Map ref 29 F 21/1/3 Map ref 27 Unnamed Diemerskraal Farm Voelgesang Farm Blydskap Farm Fransen 2004 Small farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river and R45 undulating topography Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river and secondary road, undulating topography Historic Farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Labourers housing/farm structures, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures >5 (1963T-2) Homestead, Labourers housing, multiple outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 10+ (1963T-8) homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 10+ (1963T-7) Historic farm and homestead 1802 altered after a fire, historic outbuildings and werf wall, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 5 (1963T-5) Mid corridor 1.77km north west of farm node Mid corridor 1.75km north west of farm node Mid corridor 1.7km north west of farm node Mid corridor 650m north of farm node Sub regional Low negative Permanent Sub regional Low negative Permanent Sub regional Low negative Permanent Sub regional Medium negative impact Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required for farm node Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High F Sandrivier Farm Farm node within Homestead, outbuildings, 22/1/3 agricultural context, Labourers housing, Mid corridor 800m south of farm node Sub regional Medium negative No mitigation required Medium High 88 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

98 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts adjacent to riverine corridor, undulating topography mature trees, irrigated crops, dam, structures 10+ (1963T-7) Permanent Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 23/1/3 Map ref 27 Acropolis Farm Farm node within agricultural context, on ridge, undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings structures 5+, (1963T-5) Mid corridor 340m north west of farm node Local High negative Farm framed by powerlines Sub regional Medium negative Use alternative corridor Option 1a Medium High F 24/1/3 Map ref 27 F 25/1/3 Map ref 27 Langkloof Farm Fransrug Farm Farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Dispersed farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to riverine corridor, undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, dam, irrigated lands structures 5+, (1963T-5) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, dam, irrigated lands, chicken sheds structures <5, (1963T-5) Mid corridor 1.97km north west of farm node Mid corridor 480m south of farm node Permanent Sub regional High negative impact New corridor established Permanent Local High negative impact Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Use alternative corridor Option 1a Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High Medium High (see below) F 26/1/3 Map ref 27 Klein Knolfontein Farm Dispersed farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to riverine corridor, undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenues, dam, irrigated lands, structures <5, (1963T-1) Mid corridor 460m north of farm node Local High negative Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High (see image below) CL 1/1/3 Map ref 27 Paardeberg & Paardeberg slopes Paardeberg Natural wilderness landscape setting Slopes Cultural landscape Collection of historical farm werfs and associated rural settings related to slopes Threshold condition between Swartland and Cape Winelands 16 Recommended Grade III cultural landscape D-PSDF (historical, aesthetic, architectural and social significances) Northern slopes of Paardeberg negatively impacted by approved 1 st 765kV powerline Mid corridor traverses Paardeberg foothills, corridor impacted includes slopes Local High negative impact by framing Paardeberg in linear infrastructure Permanent Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High 16 Winter & Baumann 2000 in D PSDF DHS 2012 in D-PSDF 2013; Annexure B page BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

99 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 27/1/3 Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Schoone Oord Farm Fransen 2004:317 Large formal historical farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to roadway, on Paardeberg foothills, undulating topography Historic farm and homestead c1780, outbuildings, Labourers housing, cemetery, mature trees & grove, avenue trees, irrigated crops, walled cemetery, structures 10+ (1963T-12) Mid corridor 1.48km south of farm node, separates farm node from its burial ground Local High negative Sub regional High negative impact New corridor established Permanent Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 28/1/3 Map ref 27 Weltevreden Farm Farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to Paardeberg Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, tree avenue, dam, irrigated crops, structures 5+ (1963T-5) Mid corridor 1.85km south of farm homestead node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High F 29/1/3 Map ref 27 F 30/1/3 Map ref 27 F 31/1/3 Map ref 27 P 32/1/3 Map ref 27 Meerlust Farm Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 5+ (1963T-4) Sonop Farm Dispersed nodes Homestead, outbuildings, labourers housing, mature trees, irrigated crops, damstructures 5+ (1963T- 4)& (1963T-8) De Hoek Farm Paardeberg prison Small linear farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to road on mountain foothills Small prison within agricultural context, adjacent to road on mountain foothills Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, tree avenues, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1963T-2) Prison, residences, outbuildings, mature trees and avenues, dam, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1963T) Mid corridor immediately adjacent to northern farm node boundary Mid corridor 1.2km south of farm node Mid corridor 820m south of farm node Mid corridor 200m south of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional High negative impact New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative impact New corridor established Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Should this option be the EIA preferred route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm node Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High confidence F 33/1/3 Map ref 27 Weltevreden Farm Farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to mountain Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, tree avenue, dam, irrigated crops, structures 5+ (1963T-5) Mid corridor 820m south of farm homestead node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High 90 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

100 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 34/1/3 Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Staart van Paardeberg Farm Ref Fransen 2004:37 Large formal farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to road Historic victorianised homestead, werf walls, outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, irrigated crops, werf wall, formal gardens, dams, structures 10+ (1963T-12) Mid corridor 80m south of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 35/1/3 Map ref 27 Slent/Silent Farm Ref Fransen 2004:317 Large historic farm node with formal layout within agricultural context, adjacent to mountain Historic farm and Homestead 1868, outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, dam, irrigated crops, structures 10+ (1963T-10) Mid corridor 850m south of farm node Local PI to check visual impact Sub regional High negative New corridor established Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High Permanent F 36/1/3 Map ref 27 F 37/1/3 Map ref 27 Clear Springs Farm Dun Durach Farm Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to mountain Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to mountain Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 20+ (1963T-5) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, chicken sheds, orchards, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 5+ (1963T-20+) Mid corridor 1.1km south of farm node Mid corridor 200m south of farm node, separates central structures from one anothe Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Local High negative impact Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High F 38/1/3 Map ref 27 F 39/1/3 Map ref 27 Vrederus Farm Bordeaux Farm Farm node within fertile valley, agricultural context Small farm node within fertile valley, agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenues, dam, irrigated crops, structures 5+ (1963T-5) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenues, dam, irrigated crops, structures <5 Mid corridor 900m north of farm node Mid corridor 1.4km north of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor No mitigation to farm Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High Medium High Medium High (see image below) 91 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

101 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 40/1/3 Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts De Eike Farm Large farm node within fertile valley, agricultural context (1963T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenues, dam, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1963T-3) Mid corridor 1.5km north of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 41/1/3 Map ref 27 F 42/1/3 Map ref 27 F 43/1/3 Map ref 27 Aanhou wen Farm Toekoms Farm Rusoord Farm Small farm node within fertile valley, agricultural context Small farm node within fertile valley, agricultural context Large farm node within fertile valley, agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, dam, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1963T-4) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, dam, sand mines, structures <5 (1963T-2) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, dam, extensive tunnel agriculture, structures <5 (1963T-2) Mid corridor 1.1km north of farm node Mid corridor 1.1km north of farm node Mid corridor 350m north of farm node. Mid corridor bisects tunnel infrastructure Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Local High impact impact Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position line minimum 600m from farm node and tunnel infrastructure Medium High (see image above) Medium High Medium High F 44/1/3 Map ref 27 F 45/1/3 Map ref 27 F 46/1/3 De Kopje Farm Uitkyk Farm Grootfontein Farm Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to mountain Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to mountain Large farm node within agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1963T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5 (1963T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, dams, irrigated lands, Mid corridor 675m south of farm node Mid corridor 970m south of farm node Mid corridor 880m south of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High Medium High Medium High 92 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

102 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. Map ref 27 F 47/1/3 Map ref 27 F 48/1/3 Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts livestock, mature trees, Permanent No mitigation to farm Grafwater Farm Uitkyk Farm Ref Fransen 2004:318 Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to mountain Small farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography structures <5 (1963T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5 (1963T-4) Altered homestead c 1787, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1963T-3) Mid corridor 350 north west of farm node Mid corridor 1.4km south of farm node Local High Negative Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Position powerlines minimum 400m from farm node Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High Medium High F 49/1/3 Map ref 27 F 50/1/3 Map ref 27 F 51/1/3 Map ref 27 F 52/1/3 Map ref 27 Houmoed Farm Wolvedans Farm Klein Wolwedans Elandsvlei Farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to R304 road, undulating topography Formal farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Historic farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to R304 road, undulating topography Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to dam undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, dam, irrigated crops, livestock, structures <5 (1966T-3) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, tered avenue, dam, irrigated crops, livestock, structures 10+ (1966T-11) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-3) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, semi demolished structure, mature trees, dam, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-1) Mid corridor 1.9 south of farm node Mid corridor 1.1km north of homestead node Mid corridor 430m north of farm node and 190m north of labourers housing Mid corridor 0.9km south of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Local High negative Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm required Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High 93 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

103 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 53/1/3 Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Unnamed Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to dam, undulating topography Building/s, mature trees, dam, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-2) Mid corridor 0.9km south east of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 54/1/3 Map ref 27 Bottelfontein Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to railway, undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-4) Mid corridor traverses centre of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Medium High F 55/1/3 Map ref 27 F 56/1/3 Map ref 27 F 57/1/3 Map ref 27 Vrede Bonnie Doon Magrug Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to railway, undulating topography Farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, chicken sheds, structures <5 (1966T-2) Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures 5+ (1966T-6) Cottages outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, possible vacated buildings structures <5 (1966T-5) Mid corridor 250m north of farm node Mid corridor 160m south of farm node Mid corridor 810m south of farm node Local High negative Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Local High negative Sub regional High negative New corridor Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm node required Medium High Medium High Medium High F 58/1/3 Map ref 27 Remhoogte Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-4) Mid corridor 1.7km south east of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not prefered corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm node required Medium High 94 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

104 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 59/1/3 Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Middelpost Historic farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Historic homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, dam, mature trees, tree avenues, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-2) Mid corridor 140m north of farm node Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 60/1/3 Map ref 27 Goedontmoeting Farm Large historic farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river, bisected by Philadelphia road, undulating topography Historic Homestead & outbuildings, Labourers housing mature trees, livestock, irrigated crops, structures 20+ (1966T-17) Mid corridor 420m north of farm node Local: High negative impact Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor, use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position power line minimum 600m from farm node and off ridgeline Medium High F 61/1/3 Map ref 27 F 62/1/3 Map ref 27 Van Schoorsdrif Farm Dasvlei Farm Former farm building within agricultural context, adjacent to road, undulating topography Historic farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to Philadelphia road, undulating topography Mature trees, irrigated crops, no structures <5 (1966T-1) Historic homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenues, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-4) Mid corridor 560m south of farm node Mid corridor 539m south of farm node No Impact, farm node vacated Local High negative Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent No mitigation required Position powerlines minimum 400m from farm node Medium High Medium High 95 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

105 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 63/1/3 Map ref 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact Assessment 15 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Klein Dasvlei Farm Large farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to river undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, irrigated crops, livestock, structures <5 (1966T-4) Mid corridor traverses farm node Local High negative Sub regional High negative New corridor Permanent Not preferred corridor, use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position power line minimum 600m from farm node and off ridgeline to the north Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 64/1/3 Map ref 27 S 1/1/3 Steelwater Farm Small farm node within agricultural context, adjacent to Old Malmesbury road, undulating topography Philadelphia Church town Smallest laid out Church town in the Cape; agricultural context, adjacent to Philadelphia road, undulating topography Cottages, mature trees, demolished structures, vacant structures <5 (1966T-1) Provincial Heritage Sites, cemetery, Grade III heritage resources Mid corridor 1.4km north of farm node Mid corridor 1.8km south of town s modern residential area Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor established Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm node required Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to settlement node required Medium High High F 65/1/3 F 66/1/3 Uitkyk Farm De Hoop Farm Ref Fransen 2004:318 Farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Small farm node within agricultural context, undulating topography Homestead, Labourers housing outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenues, irrigated crops, dam, structures 5+ (1965T-2) Asymmetrical T shaped Homestead c 1833 victoriansied, Labourers housing outbuildings, dam, mature trees, irrigated crops, structures <5 (1966T-3) Mid corridor 360m north of farm node Mid corridor 1.4km north of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional High negative New corridor Permanent Sub regional High negative New corridor Permanent Not preferred corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minumum 600m from farm node Not prefered corridor Use alternative corridor, Option 1a No mitigation to farm node required Medium High Medium High 96 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

106 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Table 6.4 Impact Assessment Route Option 1A Zone 3 No. F 1/1A/3 Ref Map 29 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1A ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Two existing 400kV lines perpendicular to proposed corridor Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 18 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Vredenhof Farm Formal farm node in context of riverine corridor undulating topography, high agricultural use Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, mature trees, dam, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1963T-8) Mid corridor 500m north of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Recommended Option Position line minimum 400m from farm node Position to be determined at walk down Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 2/1A/3 Ref Map 29 F 3/1A/3 Ref Map 29 F 4/1A/3 Ref Map 29 F 5/1A/3 Ref Map Eikenboom Farm Onwego Farm Koorlands-drif Farm Vlakken-heuwel Farm Two farm nodes adjacent to R45 on riverine corridor undulating topography, high agricultural use Two farm nodes adjacent to river undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node adjacent to river undulating topography, high agricultural context Large linear farm node undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, mature trees, dams, structures 10+, irrigated crops, livestock (1963T-11) Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, mature trees, dams, structures >10, irrigated crops(1963t- 2) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, dams, structures 10+, irrigated crops(1963t-13) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, treed avenue, dam, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1963T-7) Mid corridor m 300m north of farm node Mid corridor 900m south of farm node Mid corridor 400m north of farm homestead Mid corridor 180m south of farm node Add 1 st 765kV Local Negative high impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Local Negative high impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Local high negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Recommended Option Position line minimum 400m from farm node Position to be determined at walk down No mitigation required Sub regional medium context Recommended Option Position line minimum 400m from farm node Position to be determined at walk down Recommended Option Position line minimum 400m from farm node Position to be determined at walk down Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High F Jonkershoek Farm Farm node undulating Homestead, outbuildings, Mid corridor 1.8km south Sub regional No mitigation required Medium High 18 Impact Assessment: Scale (regional, sub regional, local) Measurement (High, Medium, Local) (Positive, Neutral, Negative) Duration of Impact (Permanent, Semi permanent, temporary) 97 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

107 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. 5/1A/4 Ref Map KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE OPTION 1A ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Two existing 400kV lines perpendicular to proposed corridor Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 18 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts topography, high agricultural context mature trees, treed avenue, dam, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1963T-3) of farm node Add 1 st 765kV medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Table 6.5 Impact Assessment Route Option 2 Zone 3 Route option 2, from the point at which it joins route option 1a and proceeds southwest to Omega is being assessed. The reason for this is that both option 1 and 1b have high negative impacts on Heritage resources, in addition to the proposed lines constituting first bulk infrastructural interventions into those landscapes. Option 2 south of Riebeek Kasteel has an already approved 765kV line, and the cumulative impacts are compared to the high negative impacts of creating new corridors. Figure 33 (right): portion of map 29 showing the point at which route option 2 assessment begins in relation to contextual topography (MetroGIS2013) No. F 1/2/3 ref Map 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Blomfontein Farm Small farm node undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, structures >5, irrigated crops (1963T- 3) Mid corridor 1.2km south west of farm node Low Negative Permanent Sub regional Cumulative medium negative impact Permanent Position line adjacent to approved 1 st 765kV No mitigation to fram node requirted Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 2/2/3 Map 27 Dassenheuwel Farm Large farm node on small riverine corridor, undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, outbuildings, Labourers housing, mature trees, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1963T-3) Mid corridor traverses farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Position line minimum 400m from farm node Position to be determined at walk down Medium High 19 Impact Assessment: Scale (regional, sub regional, local) Measurement (High, Medium, Local) (Positive, Neutral, Negative) Duration of Impact (Permanent, Semi permanent, temporary) 98 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

108 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 3/2/3 Map 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Kersfontein Farm Large farm node on confluence of two small riverine corridors, undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, dam structures 10+, irrigated crops (1963T-3) Mid corridor 350m south west of farm node Local high negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Position line minimum 400m from farm node Position to be determined at walk down Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High F 4/2/3 Map 27 Grasrug Farm Two small farm nodes within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops (1963T- 4) & (1963T-1) Mid corridor 1.5km south west of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required Medium High F 5/2/3 Map 27 Tweekluil Farm Large farm node on riverine corridor within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, treed avenues, mature trees, structures 10+, dams, irrigated crops (1963T-4) Mid corridor traverses farm node Local Negative high impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Position line south of farm node minimum 400m from farm node Position to be determined at walk down Medium High F 6/2/3 Map 27 F 7/2/3 Map 27 De Vlei Farm De Grendel Farm Small farm node on riverine corridor within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node on hill top within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, outbuildings, treed avenue, mature trees, structures >5, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+, irrigated crops (1963T- 4) Mid corridor 1.5km south west of farm node Mid corridor 1.95km south west of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional Neutral Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required Medium high Medium High F 8/2/3 Map Annandale Farm Farm node on riverine corridor within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, treed avenues, mature trees, structures 10+, Mid corridor traverses edge of farm node Local Negative high impact Sub regional medium cumulative Position line south of farm node minimum 400m from farm node Medium High 99 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

109 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts 27 dams, irrigated crops (1963T-6) impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Add walk down Confidence of assessment Image if applicable SR 1/2/3 Map 27 Scenic route R45 Recommended linking scenic route (SDF), Grade III (D-PSDF 2013) Local Negative high impact Sub regional Medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor No mitigation Medium High F 9/2/3 Map 27 F 10/2/3 Map 27 F 11/2/3 Map 27 Nuwerus Farm Unnamed Slot Farm Small dispersed farm nodes within undulating topography, high agricultural context Small dispersed farm node on riverine corridor within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, treed avenues, mature trees, structures 10+, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-5) & (1963T-7) Homestead,, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops (1963T-2) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-13 Mid corridor 1.4km north west of farm node Mid corridor 800m south east of farm node Mid corridor 500m north of farm node Sub regional neutral Sub regional cumulative Medium negetaive Permanent Local Medium negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required Slot already highly impacted by 1 st 765kV line Recommend 2nd 765kV line positioned south of farm node adjacent to 1 st 765kV line so that Slot is not framed by powerlines Walk down required Medium High Medium High Medium High confidence F 12/2/3 Map 27 Eendrag Farm Small farm node on riverine corridor within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-2) Mid corridor 400m north of farm node Local high negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Eendrag node already highly impacted by 1 st 765kV line Recommend 2 nd 765kV line positioned south adjacent to approved 1 st 765kV line so that Eendrag node is not framed by powerlines Medium High 100 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

110 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 13/2/3 Map 27 F 14/2/3 Map 27 F 15/2/3 Map 27 F 16/2/3 Map 27 F 17/2/3 Map 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Moerasfontein Farm Unnamed Klipfontein Farm Karringmelkfontein Farm Papkuilsfontein Farm Small farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node on riverine corridor, within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, tree avenue and grove, structures <5, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-3) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-3) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees structures <5, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-3) Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-3) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, tree avenue, structures <5, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-4) Mid corridor 500m south of farm node Mid corridor 1.82km north of farm node Mid corridor 1.9km north of farm node Mid corridor 850m south of farm node Mid corridor traverses farm node Local Medium negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local High negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Position line south adjacent to approved 1 st 765kV No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required Node already impacted by 1 st 765kV line Recommend 2 nd 765kV line positioned south adjacent to 1 st 765kV line so that node is not framed by powerlines Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High High Screen shot F 18/2/3 Map 27 F 19/2/3 Map 27 Doorenfontein Farm Middelpos Farm Two farm nodes on hilltop within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homesteads, labourers cottages, outbuildings, tree avenues and grove, dairy, quarry, structures 10+, dam, irrigated crops (1963T-12) & (1965T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, structures <5, irrigated crops (1965T-2) Mid corridor 1.8km north of farm node Mid corridor 500m north of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local Medium negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required Farm node already highly impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line No mitigation Medium High Medium High 101 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

111 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 20/2/3 Map 27 F 21/2/3 Map 27 F 22/2/3 Ref Map 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Klein Amoskuil Farm including unnamed Dispersed farm nodes adjacent to railway line within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1965T-4)(1965T-1) Mid corridor 1km south of farm node Klein Amoskuil Farm Fram node (1965T-13) Mid corridor 500 east of farm node Rustenburg Farm Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, kraals, irrigated crops (1965T-4) Mid corridor traverses labourers housing Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local Medium negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local Medium negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required Position line east of and adjacent to 1 st 765kV line Farm node already highly impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High Medium High Medium high confidence F 23/2/3 Map 27 SR 1/2/3 Map 27 Kersfontein Farm Kalbaskraal Scenic route Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, dams, structures 5+, irrigated crops (1965T-4) Recommended scenic route (2012 SDF) Mid corridor 700m west of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local medium negative impact Route already impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line Farm node already impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line No mitigation to farm node No mitigation required Medium High Medium High S 1/2/3 Kalbaskraal historic town settlement late 19 th c developed around railway junction and station, within agricultural context Low density settlement bisected by Old Malmesbury road, residential areas, railway station, Cemetery proposed (SDF 2012), Quarry, Mid corridor 1.3km east of urban edge and 1.6km from historic core Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required; town context already impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line Medium High Google Earth BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

112 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Confidence of assessment Image if applicable F 24/2/3 Map 27 O 1/2/3 Map 27 F 25/2/3 Map 27 Weltevrede Farm Uitspan Farm Kalbaskraal Farm Ref Fransen 2004:321 Small farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context in close proximity to Kalbaskraal Node adjacent to Kalbaskraal town within undulating topography, high agricultural context, former outspan Small farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, structures 10+ (certain demolished), dams, irrigated crops (1965T-5) Collection of buildings, mature trees, tree avenue, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Homestead (modern), Labourers housing, historic outbuildings, mature trees & grove, dam, structures <5, irrigated crops (1965T-7) Mid corridor 1.2km north west of farm node Mid corridor 680m south of rural node Mid corridor 1.3km north west of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local Medium negative Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required Node already impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line No mitigation required Medium High Medium High Medium High 4 F 26/2/3 Map 27 Populierbos Farm (incorporating res) Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, structures <5, irrigated crops (1965T-3)(1965T-1) Mid corridor 350m south of farm node Local High negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Position line on south of and adjacent to 1 st 765kV line Medium High F 27/2/3 Map 27 Berg en Dalen Farm Large farm node bisected by Old Malmesbury road, on riverine corridor, within undulating topography, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, livestock, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1965T-7) Mid corridor 1.3km north of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required Medium High 103 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

113 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 28/2/3 Map 27 F 29/2/3 Map 1 F 30/2/3 Ref Map 1 SR /2/3 Map 27 & 1 F 31/2/3 Map 27 & 1 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Goedgedacht Farm Res Klipvlei Farm Scenic route N7 Rondeberg Farm Farm node on riverine corridor within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node adjacent to N7, medium agricultural context Formal farm node within high agricultural use context Major route between Cape Town, West Coast and Namibia Formal farm layout within undulating topography adjacent to N7 road, medium agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1965T-6) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-1) Outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops (1965T-4) Important linkling route 20 Scenic route identified in Klein Dassenberg SH 21 Provincial heritage site Simple linear werf pattern in gum tree setting. Thatched cottage with surviving mid 19thC front door, fanlight & fenestration. Front stoep with suspect 20th C werf wall. Corrugated iron roofed barn, mature trees, tree avenue, structures 5+, irrigated crops (1965T- 8)Of intrinsic architectural/aesthetic & historical significance (ARCON 2010) Mid corridor 1.45km south of farm node Mid corridor 1.65km south of farm node Mid corridor 1.4km south of farm node Mid corridor traverses roadway Mid corridor 200km south of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local High negative impact Sub regional cumulative negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative Local High negative impact Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required Position line south of and adjacent to approved 1 st 765kV Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Google Earth 2014 F 32/2/3 Ref Map 1 Schoongezicht Farm Farm node within undulating topography, adjacent to N7 road, on hilltop, high agricultural context Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, demolition of structures, mature trees, tree avenue, structures 10+, irrigated Mid corridor 800m west of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent No mitigation required Medium High 20 D-PSDF 2013: Annexure B page BDP 104 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

114 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. F 33/2/3 Ref Map 1 F 34/2/3 Ref Map 1 F 35/2/3 Ref Map 1 F 36/2/3 Ref Map 1 F 37/2/3 Ref Map 1 F 38/2/3 Ref Map 1 F 39/2/3 Ref Map 1 F 40/2/3 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts crops, horses, (1965T-5) Will be impacted by 1 st 765kV Tierhoogte Farm Boterberg Farm Large farm formal node adjacent to N7 Roadway within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node adjacent to N7 roadway on Philadelphia road, within undulating topography, high agricultural context, 1.5km to Philadelphia Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenues (entry + roadway), dam, structures 10+, irrigated crops (1965T-6) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, graves, mature trees, tree avenue, kraals, dam, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Botterberg General area PHS list from HWC general area listed without boundaries, map or status Klipvlei Farm Check repeat Unnamed Mesech Farm Add both distances Die Anker Farm Witdam Farm Farm node adjacent to N7 road, on coastal plain, medium agricultural context, petrol station between node and road Farm node on riverine corridor, medium agricultural context Farm node adjacent to N7 roadway, within undulating topography, high agricultural context, on minor riverine corridor Large farm node adjacent to R304 roadway, within undulating topography, medium agricultural context Farm node adjacent to R304 roadway, within undulating topography, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-5) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature tree grove, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature tree grove, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, livestock, mature tree grove, structures 10+, (1965T-4) Homestead, Labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures Mid corridor 1.9km west of farm node Mid corridor 1.6km north west of farm node Mid corridor 1.2km north west of farm node Mid corridor 600m south east of farm node Option 2 Mid corridor 1.5km north west of farm node Option 1 mid corridor 1.4km from farm node Mid corridor 900m south east of farm node Mid corridor 600m north west of farm node Omega substation 1km south west BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Unknown Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local medium cumulative impact Sub regional medium impact medium Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Local Cumulative high impacted No mitigation required No mitigation required No mitigation required Already impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line No mitigation required No mitigation required Already impacted by approved 1 st 765kV line Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High 105

115 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No. KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 2 ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, 1 st 765kV line within corridor SE of mid line Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description Position in corridor Impact assessment 19 Mitigation of assessed negative impacts medium agricultural context 10+, (1965T-4 (1965T-9) of farm node Sub regional medium cumulative impact of additional powerlines in corridor Permanent Confidence of assessment Image if applicable Table 6.6 Impact Assessment Route Option 1b Zone 3 No CL 1/1/3 Map ref 27 F 1/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 2/1B/3 Ref Map 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 1B ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, no large infrastructure within corridor Heritage Resources Landscape typology Description (farm name Impact assessment 22 and descript. Position in Position in corridor corridor) Paardeberg & Paardeberg slopes Ongegund Farm Diemerskraal Farm Paardeberg Natural wilderness landscape setting Slopes Cultural landscape Collection of historical farm werfs and associated rural settings related to slopes Threshold condition between Swartland and Cape Winelands 23 Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context, on ridge Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context, adjacent to river Recommended Grade III cultural landscape D-PSDF (historical, aesthetic, architectural and social significances) Northern slopes of Paardeberg negatively impacted by approved 1 st 765kV powerline Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+, irrigated crops in context (1965T-8) 1km from Paardeberg foothills, corridor impacted includes slopes Mid corridor 1.02km west of farm node Permanent Option 1B Mid corridor 250m south west of farm node Option 1 mid corridor south east 1.75km Permanent Local High negative impact by framing Paardeberg in linear infrastructure Permanent Sub regional high negative impact establishment of new corridor Sub regional high negative impact establishment of new corridor Mitigation of assessed negative impacts Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm Confidence of assessment Image if appliacable Medium High High High 22 Impact Assessment : Scale (regional, sub regional, local) Measurement (High, Medium, Local) (Positive, Neutral, Negative) Duration of Impact (Permanent, Semi permanent, temporary) 23 Winter & Baumann 2000 in D PSDF DHS 2012 in D-PSDF 2013; Annexure B page BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

116 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No F 3/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 4/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 5/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 6/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 7/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 8/1B/3 Ref Map 27 KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 1B ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, no large infrastructure within corridor Welgegund Farm Botriviervlei Farm Soutpan Farm Gras en Dalen Farm La Rhine Farm Goetverwagting Farm Small farm node within undulating topography, adjacent to riverine corridor, high agricultural context Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context, adjacent to river and road (R45) Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context, on riverine corridor Small liner farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Large farm with two nodes within undulating topography, high agricultural context, adjacent to river Farm nodes within undulating topography, high agricultural context, adjacent to river Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, tree avenue structures 5+, irrigated crops in context (1965T-8) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-3) Homestead, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 10+, irrigated crops in context (1963T-7) & (1963T-9) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1965T-4) Mid corridor 980m west of farm node Permanent Mid corridor 800m north east of farm node Permanent Mid corridor 760m south west of farm node Permanent Mid corridor 870m north east of farm node 1.9km Permanent Mid corridor 1.6km north east of farm node Permanent Mid corridor 1.9km north east of farm node Permanent Sub regional high negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node High High High High High High 107 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

117 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No F 9/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 10/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 11/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 12/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 13/1B/3 Ref Map 27 F 14/1B/3 Ref KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 1B ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, no large infrastructure within corridor Boesmansrivier Farm Large farm node within Homestead, labourers Mid corridor immediately Local undulating topography, housing, outbuildings, adjacent to labourers High negative Impact high agricultural context, mature trees, structures housing on ridge 10+, livestock, irrigated crops in context (1963T-17) Permanent Kanolfontein Farm Rhenosterbosrug Farm Twee Kuil Farm Welgelegen Farm Ribbokam Farm Small farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context, adjacent to river Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context, adjacent to river Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm node within undulating topography, high agricultural context Farm with two nodes within undulating topography, high agricultural context Residence, outbuilding, mature trees, dams, structures <5, irrigated crops in context (1963T-3) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, dams, livestock, structures 10+, irrigated crops in context (1963T-10) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+, dam, irrigated crops in context (1963T-7) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures <5, dam, irrigated crops in context (1963T-7) Homestead, labourers housing, outbuildings, mature trees, structures 5+, irrigated crops in Mid corridor 870m north east of farm node Permanent Mid corridor traverses farm node Permanent Mid corridor 1.35km south west of farm node Permanent Mid corridor 1.85km north east of farm node Permanent Mid corridor 1.5km north east of farm node Permanent BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Local High negative impact Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Sub regional High negative impact: establishment of new corridor Corridor not recomended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minumum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node Corridor not recommended. Use alternative corridor, Option 1a High High High High High 108

118 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT No KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV POWER LINE ROUTE PORTION OPTION 1B ZONE 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Undulating topography, high use irrigated agriculture, no large infrastructure within corridor Map 27 context (1963T-7) If route is the preferred EIA route, position powerline minimum 600m from farm node 109 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

119 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 6.5 SUMMARY OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT Impacts of the proposals on cultural landscapes, settlements, and individual resources have been assessed in relation to the established heritage indicators as follows: Avoid sensitive distinct character landscapes; Choose disturbed areas over wilderness areas; Choose areas with a high visual absorption capacity; Consider how the powerlines traverse significant scenic routes. The following therefore applies - Position new infrastructure in existing infrastructure corridors where possible. Heritage Indicators at local and micro scales apply to mitigate negative impacts along the preferred route. Route options 2 (excluding the lower portion) and 3 have high impacts on regional and subregional scales: 1. distinct landscapes that are large scale and representative of regional characteristics (heritage indicator 1), 2. on Intact, undisturbed areas of high wilderness qualities and scenic values (heritage indicator 2), 3. on areas of low visual absorption, such as vast open spaces without mountain backdrops where settlement is dispersed (heritage indicator 3), 4. on concentrations of heritage resources (built environment and /or cultural landscapes) (heritage indicator 4), 5. on dominant vistas and views of historic towns and their primary access routes (heritage indicator 5), 6. on scenic routes (heritage indicator 6). As a result route options 2 and 3 were excluded from Assessment, except for route option 2 where it coincides with route option 1a (see image below). Figure 34: Diagram depicting portion of route option 2 which coincides with route 1a, studied at impact assessment phase. Route 1b BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 106

120 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Route Option 1 Route option 1, zone 1 (from Gamma to immediately east of Karoopoort) travels alongside of existing bulk infrastructure. High local impact on Inverdoorn, mitigation measures suggested in Table 6.1. Route option 1, zone 2 (from Karoopoort to the west edge of the mountainous zone) Mitigation measures to prevent the framing of Karoopoort PHS, to prevent the proposed line from riding a ridgeline, and to keep powerlines within the existing corridor. Mitigation measures recommended along the remainder of this section of route minimise negative impacts by keeping powerlines in existing corridors, minimising impacts on scenic routes, mountains and farmsteads. Heritage Resources impacted in this section of the route are: Karoopoort Outspan, single farmsteads across the Ceres and Witzenberg Valleys, private nature reserves on the mountain crossings, and a provincial nature reserve crossing the Hawequas. Mitigation measures are recommended in Table 6.2. The connection between route 1 and route 1a will require specific attention and study on site. Route option 1 in zone 3 Mitigation measures are recommended to reduce negative impacts on Nature reserves, recommended Provincial heritage sites, farmsteads, the Paardeberg slopes, and Philadelphia in Table 6.3. Mitigation measures around Elandsberg nature reserve (4 registered farms owned and worked in unison) prevent the severing of the farm nodes from one another, keep powerlines in existing corridors and ensure their placement in areas with higher visual absorption capacity and out of direct viewsheds of significant heritage resources. This mitigates the high negative cumulative impact of an additional powerline on a recommended Provincial Heritage site. Route option 1 in the southern area below route option 1b will generate a new bulk infrastructure corridor with unacceptably high negative impacts on the Paardeberg slopes and the following significant historical farmsteads: Schoone Oordt, Staart van de Paardeberg, Blydschap, Slent/Silent, Uitkyk, and de Hoop among others. Table 6.3 details the assessed impacts on single and settlement resources. The cumulative impacts on the regionally characteristic and distinctive landscapes are lower than the impacts of inserting new bulk infrastructure into untouched cultural landscapes. BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 107

121 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Route option 1a in zone 3 Three farmsteads (Eikenboom, Koorlansdrift, Vlakenheuwel) and portion of the Elandsberg farms (Langhoogte) will be severely negatively impacted at local scale. Mitigation measures to minimize negative impacts of the powerline location to be determined at walkdown. Route 1b Figure 35: Connection between recommended routes that will require specific and close attention to avoid negative impacts on Heritage Resources The connection between route 1 and route 1a will require specific attention and study on site to avoid unacceptably high impacts on the Bartholomeusklip, Bosplaas, Langhoote and de Rust farm nodes, which form Elandsberg Nature reserve. The remainder of route option 1a provides the possibility of lower negative impact than other proposed options. Two existing powerlines (perpendicular to the proposed 1a), in addition to roadways and a railway line exist in the proposed 1a corridor. It is, in addition the shortest and lowest impact option to connect to route option 1 to route option 2. Route option 1b in zone 3 Route option 1b will create a framing effect on the Paardeberg slopes. In order to avoid the sub-regional impact on this significant cultural landscape, use of an alternate option is recommended. BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 108

122 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 7 RECOMMENDATIONS The specialist spatial history, cultural landscape and built environment assessments of the proposed 2 nd 765kV power lines form kappa to Omega sub stations recommend: 1. Adoption of the report s heritage indicators in the assessment of the proposed 2 nd 765kV power lines; 2. Option Route 2 (north and east route option 1a) assessed as undesirable due to the unacceptably high negative impacts on heritage resources and cultural landscapes, including on iconic landscapes, by the establishment of a new powerline corridor; 3. Option Route 3 assessed as undesirable due to the unacceptably high negative impacts on heritage resources and cultural landscapes, including on iconic landscapes by the establishment of a new powerline corridor. 4. Acceptance of Option Route 1, 1a and 2, south of Riebeek Kasteel and the R46 Scenic Route, as the preferred route due to the lower impact on settlements and landscapes. The presence of existing 400kV and approved first 765kV power lines have already impacted the landscape and farm settlements along the greater distance of route option Adoptions of mitigation measures for options 1, 1a and 2 where it intersects with option 1a, contained in the Tables BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 109

123 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT SECTION 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES Adhikari M. (2010). The Anatomy of a South African Genocide. Cape Town: UCT Press. ARCON Architects and Heritage Consultants (2011). Kappa Omega Transmission Line Heritage Impact Assessment Phase 2 Prepared for Professional Grave Solutions On behalf of the Nature Conservation Corporation For ESKOM Transmission Athiros, G. (nd) Route 27 West Coast South Africa: The Hildebrand Monument: Anglo-Boer War Accessed on 27 May 2013 at: Baumann, N & Winter, S. in association with Clift, H Heritage Scoping Study of Proposed Gamma-Omega Transmission Power line; Specialist Built Environment and Landscape Study. Unpublished report for Cape Archaeological Survey on behalf of ESKOM Transmission. Bulpin, T.V. (1980). Discovering Southern Africa (2 nd edition). TV Bulpin Publishers: Cape Town. Burman, J. (1984). Early Railways at the Cape. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. Clift, H. (2008). Appendix accessed on 10 May 2013 at: s~1.pdf Cross, C. and Hornby, D. (2002). Obstacles to Women s Land Access in South Africa. A Research Report for the Promoting Women s Access to Land Programme. Accessed on 20 June 2013 at: Darling, Western Cape (nd). Accesses on 22 May 2013 at: Du Plessis, K. and Cowling, V. (2006). West Coast: Cederberg to the Sea. Cape Town: Struik. Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Elphick, R. and Malherbe, C. (1989). The Khoisan to In The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Fransen, H. (2004). The Old Buildings of the Cape. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Fransen, H. (2006). Old Towns and Villages in the Cape. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Freund, W.B. (1989). The Cape under transitional governments, In: Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Google Maps. (2013). Accessed on 13 June 2013 at: Heritage Western Cape, A Short Guide to Grading Version 5, 2007 ICOMOS, Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (Washington Charter 1987) ICOMOS, Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties Draft May 2010 Inskeep, R.R. (1978). The Peopling of Southern Africa. Cape Town: David Philip. James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip. Inskeep, R.R. (1978). The Peopling of Southern Africa. Cape Town: David Philip. Malmesbury Tourism Bureau (nd). Malmesbury Historic Route. Accessed on 22 May 2013 at: BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 110

124 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Mangin, G. and Lloyd, S. (1998). The Special Signal Services (Sss): We scanned the seas and skies in the Second World War. Military History Journal Vol 11 No 2 - December Marquis-Kyle, P and Walker, M: Australia ICOMOS: The Illustrated Burra Charter: making good decisions about the care of important places, Australia ICOMOS 1992 Mossop, E.E. (1927). Old Cape Highways. Cape Town: Maskew Miller. Mostert, L. (2011). History Textbook Workbook Grade 10 NCAPS. Cape Town: Allcopy Publishers. Accessed on 20 June 2013 at: intranet.parklands.co.za/?dl_id=2 National Heritage Resources Act, No 25 of 1999 Orton, J. (2004). Heritage Scoping Study of the Farm Groot Oliphantskop (Farm 81) for the Proposed Omega Substation, Western Cape. Prepared for Eyethu Engineers. South Africa. Archaeology, Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Orton, J. (2010) Heritage Impact Assessment for the Proposed Zen Wind Energy Facility, Tulbagh Magisterial District, Western Cape. Prepared for Savannah Environmental. South Africa. Archaeology, Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Orton, J. (2010). Heritage Impact Assessment for the Proposed Expansion of the N7 between the Melkbos and Atlantis Junctions, Malmesbury Magisterial District, Western Cape. Prepared for CCA Environmental. South Africa. Archaeology, Contracts Office, University of Cape Town Parkington, J. et al (2008). Karoo Rock Engravings: Marking Places in the Landscape. Clanwilliam: Living Landscape Project. Peires, J.B. (1989). The British and the Cape, in Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Penn, N. (1989). Labour, land and livestock in the Western Cape during the eighteenth century: the Khoisan and the colonists. In James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip Penn, N. (2005) The Forgotten Frontier. Cape Town: Double Storey Books. Pinnock, D. (1989). Ideology and Urban Planning: Blueprints of a Garrison City. In James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip. Porterville, Western Cape (nd1). Accessed on 22 May 2013 at: Randle, T. (2005). Brief historical timeline for the Dwars River Valley for the last 2000 years. A report produced for the Boschendal Estates Heritage Impact Assessment. Robert Jacob Gordon (nd). Accessed on 13 June 2013 at: Sleigh, D. (2004). Die Buiteposte: VOC-Buiteposte onder kaapse bestuur Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. Smidt, I. (2013). Saron: Valued heritage: final draft of MPhil in Conservation of the Built Environment, UCT. Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (Previously National Monuments) (nd). Accessed on 8 May 2013 at: _old_national_monuments.pdf Whitehead, M. (2010). Passes and Poorts: Getaway s Top 30 Scenic Mountain Routes in the Western Cape. Johannusburg: Jacana Media. Wilson, F. (1975). Farming, In The Oxford History of South Africa Vol. II. South Africa Oxford: Oxford University Press. BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 111

125 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Wilson, M. and Thompson, L. editors (1975). The Oxford History of South Africa Vol. II. South Africa Oxford: Oxford University Press. Winter, S., & Oberholzer, B., in Association with Setplan. May Heritage and Scenic Resources: Inventory and Policy Framework: A Study Prepared for the Western Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework. Published on the DEA&DP website, with associated inventory and maps. Worden, N. and Crais, C. (1994). Breaking the Chains: Slavery and its Legacy in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. LIST OF MAPPING SOURCES Historic 1: Topo-Cadastral Maps Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1987). 3319AB Gydo Pass. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1980). 3318AB Hopefield. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1971). 3319AA Groot Winterhoek. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1971). 3319BA Baviaanshoek. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1969). 3319BB Inverdoorn. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1966). 3317BB& 3318AA Saldanha. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1965). 3218CD Bergrivier. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1965). 3219CD De Meul. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1965). 3318AB Yzerfontein. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1965). 3318DA Philadelpihia. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1965). 3319BC De Doorns. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1963). 3219CC Keerom. First Edition Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1963). 3318BB Porterville. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1963). 3318BD Riebeek-Kasteel. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1963). 3318DB Paarl. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1961). 3218DC Moravia. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1961). 3218DD Piketberg. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1959). 3319AD Ceres. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1958). 3319CA Bains Kloof First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1949). 3319AC Tulbagh. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1943) AB Yzerfontein. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1943). 3318AD Darling. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1943). 3318BA. Moorreesburg. First Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1941). 3318CB Mamre. First Edition. BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 112

126 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Recent Edition 1: Topo-Cadastral Maps Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2010). 3318AB Yzerfontein. Fifth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2003). 3218CD Bergrivier. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2003). 3218DC Moravia. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2003). 3218DD. Piketberg. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2003). 3219CC Keerom. First Edition Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2003). 3219CD De Meul. Third Edition Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2000). 3318AB Hopefield. Fourth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2000). 3318BA Moorreesburg. Fourth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2000) BB Porterville. Fourth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2000) BD Riebeek-Kasteel. Fifth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2000) CB Mamre. Fifth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (2000) DA Philadelpihia. Fifth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1999). 3318AD Darling. Fourth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1998). 3317BB& 3318AA Saldanha. Fourth Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319AA Groot Winterhoek. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319AB Gydo Pass. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319AC Tulbagh. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319AD Ceres. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319BA Baviaanshoek. Second Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319BB Inverdoorn. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319BC De Doorns. Third Edition. Chief Director Surveys and Mapping (1997). 3319CA Bains Kloof. Third Edition. POLICY DOCUMENTS City of Cape Town (2012). City of Cape Town Spatial Development Framework Statutory Report: o Map 5.8: Cultural landscapes, scenic drives and world heritage areas. City of Cape Town (2012). Blauwberg District Plan: Technical Report Final (adopted): o Figure 5-4: Blaauwberg Cultural and Recreational Zone. o Figure 6.10: Blaauwberg Sub-district 6: Atlantis and surrounds. City of Cape Town (2012). Northern District Plan: Technical Report Final (adopted): o Figure 6: Northern Cultural and Recreational Zone. o Figure 17: Northern Sub-distinct 4. BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 113

127 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT City of Cape Town (2008). Draft Urban Edge Plan: Atlantis, Mamre, Philadelphia and Klipheuwel. Drakenstein Local Municipality (2010). Witzenberg Spatial Development Framework Final (adopted): o o Figure 31.a. Drakenstein Cultural landscapes. Figure 39.a.5 (Saron urban edge). Swartland Local Municipality (2012). Swartland Spatial Development Framework Final (adopted): o o o o o Abbotsdale Spatial Proposals (plan); Darling Spatial Proposals (plan); Kalbaskraal Spatial Proposals (plan); Riebeek-Kasteel Heritage& Conservation (plan); Riebeek-Kasteel Spatial Proposals (plan). Provincial Spatial Development Framework (Draft May 2013): Heritage and Scenic Resources: Inventory and Policy Framework for the Western Cape. o Appendix A; o Appendix B (22.7); o o o o Cape Metro Heritage and scenic reources; West Coast Heritage and Scenic resources map; Western Cape Heritage and Scenic resources map; Winelands Heritage and Scenic resources. Witzenberg Local Municipality (2012). Witzenberg Spatial Development Framework Final (adopted): o o o Map 25 (Witzenberg Cultural and Sensitive landscapes); Plan C (Bella Vista urban edge); Plan C (Wolseley Vista urban edge). INTERNET Google Earth BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION 114

128 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT ANNEXURE 1: RECORDS OF DECISION APPLICABLE TO THE STUDY 115 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

129 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 116 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

130 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 117 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

131 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Gamma Kappa 2 Our Ref: 9/2/100/001, 9/2/091/0004 Enquiries: Kathryn Smuts Date: Wednesday October 17, 2012 Tel: ksmuts@sahra.org.za Page No: 2 CaseID: 615 Palaeontologist is needed to indicate that this is unnecessary. If the area is deemed sensitive, a full Phase 1 Palaeontological Impact Assessment will be required and if necessary a Phase 2 rescue operation might be necessary. (See for a list of accredited Palaeontologists). Any other heritage resources that may be impacted such as built structures over 60 years old, sites of cultural significance associated with oral histories, burial grounds and graves, graves of victims of conflict, and cultural landscapes or viewscapes must also be assessed. Should you have any further queries, please contact the designated official using the case number quoted above in the case header. Yours faithfully Kathryn Smuts Heritage Officer: Archaeology South African Heritage Resources Agency Colette Scheermeyer SAHRA Head Archaeologist South African Heritage Resources Agency ADMIN: 118 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

132 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT ANNEXURE 2.1: BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE FOR THE WARM AND KOUE BOKKEVELD AND TULBAGH VALLEY Research and compilation by Richard Whiteing for Bridget O Donoghue and Sally Titlestad. To be read in conjunction with timeline for the Swartland. PERIOD ROLE OF THE DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY ± 2000 BP PRE COLONIAL SETTLEMENT - As a hunting area for the San. - The San had been living in the region for many thousands of years DUTCH COLONIAL PERIOD As seasonal grazing grounds for the Khoekhoen populations that entered the region. - As a site of conflict between indigenous people, Khoekhoen and San, and the trekboers. - As a route dominated by passes through the mountains to Tulbagh and the interior - Around 2000 BP, a group of pastoralists called the Khoekhoen migrated down through southern Africa towards the south-western area of the continent where the winter rains of the Western Cape are present. They were a group of people that derived from the aboriginal hunters of Southern Africa, in particular a group found in northern Botswana. [Inskeep 1978] - The free burghers who became pastoralists required extensive areas of land which, if need be, they could vacate once the grazing deteriorated thus a system of renting land, loan farm system, was instituted by the VOC at the Cape. The consequence was that it encouraged rapid dispersal of the free burghers into the interior; this in turn had major impacts on the KhoeSan societies. The Khoekhoen lost their livestock and land to the colonisers and either became hunter gatherers (i.e. San) or were absorbed into the colonial society s labourers. [Penn 1989] - Several early passes existed between the Swartland and the Tulbagh Valley, which was originally known as Roodezand. The first of these stemmed from the need to find the Khoekhoe people - Physical evidence of the San and Khoekhoen is located in rock art, stone artefacts found in agrricultural fields, in mountains and along river courses, as well as being associated with muliple place names in the region. - Some years ago Khoekhoen pastoralists entered into the region and lived mainly in small settlements. They were the first food producers in South Africa and introduced domesticated animals (sheep, goat and cattle) and ceramic vessels to southern Africa. Often, these archaeological sites are found close to the banks of large streams and rivers. (Deacon and Deacon). - Evidence of the expansion is seen as much in the absence of the earlier societies as in the farms which have been developed in the region. Two early travellers who used the pass left the descriptions of it. Carl Thunberg (1793 in Ross, 2002) passed through in 1772 stating that: the cleft through which we passed from the 119 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

133 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY As an area for the trekboers grazing their livestock; and establishing homesteads in a few wellwatered areas. - As an agricultural region - As a site of conflict between indigenous people, Khoekhoen and San, and commandos and settlers. - As a region for the establishment of church congregations and their herds of domestic stock for trading purposes. An expedition in 1658 was sent out by Van Riebeeck. On this expedition a surveyor named Pieter Potter became the first European to see the Tulbagh Valley when he climbed a ridge some miles the north of the river and gained a view into the valley. He had previously tried to walk through the kloof but found the going too difficult along the river. [Orton ] In order to provide access to the valley a new pass some 4 km to the north was made (Ross, 2002 cited by Orton 2004). Mossop (1927) suggests this new pass to have been somewhere near the spot where Potter had ascended. Despite W.A. van der Stel s new name, the name Roodezand was still in common use for the Tulbagh valley and the pass became known as Roodezand Pass. A rather poor pass, it had a very steep slope on its eastern side, and wagons were frequently taken apart and carried over the pass before being reassembled on the other side. [Orton 2010] - Local farmers succeeded in creating a road along the northern side of the river that was not too steep. A toll was levied as a contribution towards maintenance of the road and this resulted in some farmers still driving their cattle over the old pass to avoid the toll fee. [Orton 2010] - In 1699 Willem Adriaan van der Stel, then governor at the Cape, opened the Roodezand valley to farming, naming it Land van Waveren after a place in the Netherlands. [Orton 2010] - On 31 July 1700 the first farmers began settling in the basin of the Little Berg River called Waveren. Two Buiteposte, the Land van Waveren and Elandskloof, were established in the area to tighten border controls and monitor movement of the KhoeSan. [Bulpin 1980, Penn 2005] - In 1714 the first farms in Waveren were granted, four to Huguenots and four to Dutch settlers. [Fransen 2006] - The first stock farmers arrived in the Warm Bokkeveld from the east via Karoopoort in [Fransen 2006] sandy plain that lies towards the Cape, but gradually rises until it comes to Roodezand, is one of the few chasms left by the long range of mountains through which it is possible for a wagon to pass, though possibly not entirely without danger. In some places it is so narrow two wagons could not pass each other. William Burchell (1822: ), passing through in 1811, described the kloof as: a narrow winding defile of about three miles in length, just enough to allow passage for the Little Berg River on each side of which the mountains rise up abruptly and lofty. Their rocky sides are thickly clothed with bushes and trees from their summits down to the water Along the steep and winding sides, a road has been cut, which follows the course of the river, at a height above it generally between fifty and a hundred feet; in one part rising much higher, and in another, descending to the bottom, and leading through the river, which, at this time, was not more than three feet deep, although often so much swollen by the rains, as to be, for a day or two, quite impassable. [Orton 2010: 13] The remains of this pass were found to be still in existence by Burman (1963), although it was in a very state with low-lying sections washed away and others blocked by tumbled 120 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

134 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY As a route to the hinterland - In 1715, San resisters, possibly the Ubiqua from the mountains in the Waveren district, repeatedly stole cattle and sheep from colonial farmers. The VOC established an additional military post in the district at Witsenberg. The settlers formed a commando and pursued one of the groups but were unsuccesfull and only retrieved one cow. The raiders had made off with 32 cows and 700 sheep. [Penn 2005] - By 1740 the KhoeSan had been subdued or driven out of the Western Cape region, and Trekboers entered the Hantam, Roggeveld, Bokkeveld and Tankwa districts. [Penn 2005] - A VOC commissioner, Baron van Imhoff, visited the rural districts of the Cape in 1743 and recommended improvements. Two more churches were established, one in Waveren, called the Roodezand congregation, which was to become the centre of the new town of Tulbagh [Fransen 20006] - In 1765 a farmer, Mostert, constructed a road through the pass linking Waveren with the Warm Bokkeveld however there were regular washaways as the road crossed the river frequently. [Whitehead 2010] - Karoopoort provided a route to the Karoo once Mostert s Pass was opened. rocks. He also notes the scars of remskoene to be present in places on this pass. [Orton 2010]. The Nuwekloof pass was opened in it place in Some of the farmhouses have been declared provincial heritage sites including Schoonderzicht, Mont Pellier, Wolwefontein homestead, Schalkenbosch and Klipfontein. [Western Cape nd] The church, completed in 1748, still stands today having undergone few alterations. [Fransen 2006] The church designed by Louis Thibault has been described as a severe example of Cape Dutch architecture, and is now a museum. It is also a declared provincial heritage site. [Bulpin 1980] Theronsberg and Hottentotskloof passes lead east into the hinterland INTERREGNUM - The village of Tulbagh was laid out in 1795, named after Ryk Tulbagh, a former and reportedly one of the Cape s best governors. A drostdy building, hald an hour s walk from the village, was built on the farm, Rietvlei, and in 1804 a magistrate was appointed. Tulbagh later lost its role as a district centre when Worcester was favoured. [Bulpin 1980] The pass through Karoopoort remains in existence. The Drostdy as well as close to 100 other buildings in Tulbagh have been listed as provincial heritage sites. [Western Cape nd] 121 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

135 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY BRITISH OCCUPATION OF THE CAPE (to the discovery of diamonds) - As a region of agriculture - As a place for mission stations - As a transit route to the Karoo and the diamond fields - In 1813 a proclamation to end the loan farm system was issued and the Quitrent system was introduced. Farmers then made use of request farms in order to reduce their costs. [Freund 1989, Peires 1989] - The Cape Government set up the Cape Land Board in1828; the Board was tasked with recording farm boundaries accurately [Peires 1989] - Steinthal was established in 1843 by the Rhenish Mission Society on the farm Witzenberg in the Tulbagh valley. - In the 1840s, John Montagu, the Cape s colonial secretary, began the first major road building programme in the Cape, utilising convict labour to reduce costs. He was ably assisted by Major Charles Michell and the road builder, Andrew Geddes Bain. Among their first projects were the construction of a route from Cape Town to the Karoo. Key passes that were constructed included Tulbagh Pass, Michell s Pass to the Warm Bokkeveld, and the Theronsberg and Karoopoort passes to the Tankwa and Great Karoo. [Bulpin 1980] - Karoopoort was one of the routes that people used in travelling from the Cape to the Karoo and, during the 1870s and early 1880 s it became well used as a result of the discovery of diamonds near Kimberley. Its importance faded from 1885 when the railhead first reached Kimberley. [Orton 2004: 13] - Karoopoort is a pass 4km long, winding alongside the Doring River between the ranges of the Witteberg Mountains. It leads to the Bokkeveld Karoo, the beginning of the Great Karoo. [Bulpin 1980] - There was an oustspan beneath Klein Hangklip on the eastern side of the Doring Valley. For travellers from the hinterland, it was a welcome relief after journeying across the hot and arid Bokkeveld Karoo. [Bulpin 1980] The site of the church and school at Steinthal have been declared a provincial heritage site. [Western Cape nd] The Swartruggens Mountains, to the north of Karoopoort, contain many painted images that almost certainly date to the late 1800s when the Karoopoort route was in heavy use (Hall & Mazel 2006) and a few other painted sites probably dating to the same period also occur in other localities nearby (S. Hall, pers. comm. 2008). [Cited in Orton 2004] The paintings include horse-drawn vehicles closely resembling a design called the Spring Wagon which was built in Paarl and Wellington in the 1870s. [Hall and Mazel 2005] - As an agricultural centre - In 1848 Michell s Pass was completed and the route to Cape Town was significantly shortened. [Whitehead 2010] - This development led to the development of the new village of Little has changed in this landscape since the 1800s and the roads are still gravel. [Orton 2004] 122 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

136 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY (to the Union of South Africa) - As a transit route for a railway line linking Cape Town and Kimberley; and later also the Reef. - As a site of conflict Ceres, named after Ceres in Scotland. The farm Rietvallei on the Dwars River was purchased in 1848 and the first erven sold in A Dutch Reformed Congregation was established in Water was channelled to the town from the Skurwe mountains as the Dwars River was insufficient. A bridge over the Dwars River was built by Thomas Bains, son of Andrew Geddes Bains, to link the two halves of the developing town. [Fransen 2006] - In 1864 Ceres was declared a municipality. Ceres flourished with the increased traffic to the diamond fields and the railway link at Ceres Road, built in It became an agricultural centre known for its apples, cherries and fruit juice. [Fransen 2006, Bulpin 1980] - Prince Alfred Hamlet, named after Queen Victoria s 2 nd son who visited the Cape in 1860, was established by proclamation on 8 December It was laid out on the farm Wagensboomrivier which was owned by JG Goosen and situated close to the foot of the Gydo Pass. [Bulpin 1980] - On 3 October 1893 Wolseley, named after Sir Garnet Wolseley, a British general who had served at the Cape, was established as a town. A railway siding, named Ceres Road, had been built on the site in 187. Furrows were constructed alongside the town s streets to allow water to flow through the town. [Bulpin 1980] - During the Anglo-Boer War blockhouses were constructed to protect bridges along the railway line, including in the Tulbagh District. Karoopoort and its buildings have been declared a provincial heritage site. [Heritage [Western Cape] The pass is still in use although on a different alignment. Parts of the buttressing of the early pass built by convict labour are still visible. [Bulpin 1980] Ceres is not rich in heritage buildings and only one building has been declared a provincial heritage site. However the region is rich in fine old homesteads. [Western Cape nd, Fransen 2006] Two blockhouses from the Anglo-Boer War stand guard as the tarred road from Wolseley passes over the river. These are declared provincial heritage sites. [Western Cape nd] 123 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

137 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA - As a centre for packing and despatching fruit - In 1912 a branch line from Wolseley reached Ceres via Michell s Pass. [Bulpin 1980] - The possibility of exporting fruit and other perishable produce was enabled by the development of refrigeration during WWI. [Wilson 1975] present day FROM APARTHEID TO DEMOCRATIC FREEDOM - As a fruit and wine producing region - The railway was further extended to Prince Alfred Hamlet in 1929 which became a terminus resulting in the town becoming an important centre for the despatch of fruit to Cape Town and beyond. [Bulpin 1980] - Well known farms in the Tulbagh region, some nestling close to the Winterhoek, include Theuniskraal, known for its dry white wines; Remhoogte, a fruit producer; Montpellier and Tweede Jonge Gezellen, also known for their wines; and Roodezand, known for its prunes, peaches and grapes. [Bulpin 1980] REFERENCES Adhikari M. (2010). The Anatomy of a South African Genocide. Cape Town: UCT Press. Bulpin, T.V. (1980). Discovering Southern Africa (2 nd edition). TV Bulpin Publishers: Cape Town. Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Fransen, H. (2006). Old Towns and Villages in the Cape. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Freund, W.B. (1989). The Cape under transitional governments, In: Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip. Inskeep, R.R. (1978). The Peopling of Southern Africa. Cape Town: David Philip. 124 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

138 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Mossop, E.E. (1927). Old Cape Highways. Cape Town: Maskew Miller. Orton, J. (2004). Heritage Scoping Study of the Farm Groot Oliphantskop (Farm 81) for the Proposed Omega Substation, Western Cape. Prepared for Eyethu Engineers. South Africa. Archaeology, Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Orton, J. (2010) Heritage Impact Assessment for the Proposed Zen Wind Energy Facility, Tulbagh Magisterial District, Western Cape. Prepared for Savannah Environmental. South Africa. Archaeology, Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Peires, J.B. (1989). The British and the Cape, in Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Penn, N. (1989). Labour, land and livestock in the Western Cape during the eighteenth century: the Khoisan and the colonists. In James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip Penn, N. (2005) The Forgotten Frontier. Cape Town: Double Storey Books. Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (Previously National Monuments) (nd). Accessed on 8 May 2013 at: Whitehead, M. (2010). Passes and Poorts: Getaway s Top 30 Scenic Mountain Routes in the Western Cape. Johannusburg: Jacana Media. Wilson, F. (1975). Farming, In The Oxford History of South Africa Vol. II. South Africa Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilson, M. and Thompson, L. editors (1975). The Oxford History of South Africa Vol. II. South Africa Oxford: Oxford University Press. 125 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

139 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT ANNEXURE 2.2: BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE FOR THE SWARTLAND Research and compilation by Richard Whiteing for Bridget O Donoghue and Sally Titlestad. To be read in conjunction with timeline for the Warm Bokkeveld and Tulbagh PERIOD ± BP PRE COLONIAL SETTLEMENT ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION - As a hunting area for the San. - As seasonal grazing grounds for the Khoekhoen populations that entered the region. ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY - The San had been living in the region for many thousands of years. - Around this time, a group of pastoralists called the Khoekhoen migrated down through southern Africa towards the south-western area of the continent where the winter rains of the Western Cape are present. They were a group of people that derived from the aboriginal hunters of Southern Africa, in particular a group found in northern Botswana. [Inskeep 1978] - From the 1590s the Khoekhoen along the coast began trading with passing ships requiring fresh meat and water. In return for their livestock, the Khoekhoen received iron, copper and tobacco. In later years the Dutch stopped trading iron as they saw that this improved the weaponry of the Khoekhoen who made spear- and arrow-points from the metal. [Elphick & Malherbe 1989] Physical evidence of the San inhabitants living in the Swartland region during the last 2 thousand years is found in the various rock art sites situated in shelters of the mountain ranges within and surrounding the area. It is difficult to find physical evidence of Khoekhoe kraals and settlements in the Swartland. The great mobility resulting from a pastoral mode of subsistence, the destructive action of hooves of the moving herds, as well as the fact that the majority of potential sites are now ploughed lands, have all contributed to the lack of suitable archaeological sites. [Clift 1995: 4 cited in Randle 2005] The movement of these fairly large groups of people and their flocks of sheep and cattle created broad trails where once only narrow paths existed. It has been suggested that these stock trails became the basis of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) trading routes. [Ross 2002: 71 cited in Randle 2005] The Khoekhoe groups were entering environments that were already inhabited by San hunters. Any introduction of exotic herds is bound to have put pressure on the 126 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

140 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY San s resources, such as grazing for wild game. The incoming herdsmen would have changed the social life and environment of the local hunting population [Boonzaier et al 1996: 27 cited in Randle 2005] As a site of conflict between indigenous DUTCH COLONIAL people, Khoekhoen and PERIOD San, and the trekboers As a transit route to the northern hinterland - The free burghers who became pastoralists required extensive areas of land which, if need be, they could vacate once the grazing deteriorated thus a system of renting land, loan farm system, was instituted by the VOC at the Cape. The consequence was that it encouraged rapid dispersal of the free burghers into the interior; this in turn had major impacts on the KhoeSan societies. The Khoekhoen lost their livestock and land to the colonisers and either became hunter gatherers (i.e. San) or were absorbed into the colonial society as labourers. [Penn 1989] - During the 2 nd Khoe-Dutch War, , the first official commando was organised to defeat the Cochoqa whose range covered much of the Swartland and whose centre of transhumance was probably in the vicinity of Mamre. The action resulted in the seizing of head of cattle and nearly sheep. The Cochoqa led by Gonnema disintegrated as a group. The remaining groups were at the mercy of the Dutch and hostile KhoeSan. [Penn 2005] - During the mid- and late-1600s, exploration and trading groups travelled through the Swartland to the area of the Oliphants River and Namaqualand as well as to the Roodezand area. Cattle and sheep were acquired from the Khoekhoen through trade by VOC butchers and were driven through the Swartland to Cape Town. Later a farm called Deurgang was allocated for the purpose of driving livestock to Cape Town, stretching from Salt River to the east Evidence of the expansion is seen as much in the absence of the earlier societies as in the farms which have been developed in the region. Maps in Mossop s book provide evidence for the early routes through the region. [Mossop 1927] The 1890 Cape Survey shows this thoroughfare running all the way from the 127 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

141 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION - As an area for the trekboers grazing their livestock; and establishing homesteads in a few wellwatered areas. - As an agricultural region - As a place for churches ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY of Riebeek Kasteel. [Mossop 1927, Orton 2010] - At the time of the 3 rd frontier in the early 1700s, there were 4 VOC buiteposte in the Swartland: Groene Kloof, Riebeek-Kasteel, Sonquas Drift and Vogel Vallei. Their purpose was to build up the stock of sheep and cattle for the VOC to trade with ships, as well as to tighten the border and monitor the movements of the KhoeSan. Some of the remaining Khoe captains grazed their stock close to the buiteposte for protection against KhoeSan who raided their livestock in retaliation to their loss of land. As trade with Khoe herders was opened up to settlers, the role of the buiteposte diminished and they became farms or villages. [Penn 2005] - Early farms in the Riebeek Valley and environs date from 1704 including Ongegund (later named Boplaas), Allesverloren and Kloovenburg. From 1714 farmers were allowed to grow crops on leased lands and over time the following were introduced: vines, oats, barley and wheat. [Du Toit and Cowling 2006] - The smallpox epidemic of 1713 decimated the Khoe population of the Western Cape, thereby ending a long process of the breakdown of the Khoe as a society in the region. The change in the land policy with the introduction of loan farms in 1714 is possibly directly linked to the final decimation of Khoekhoen in the region. [Elphick & Malherbe 1989, Penn 2005] region of present day Salt River (where the Salt River Outspan was located) northwards past several outspans (including Baas Ariesfontein Outspan) to eventually leave the map to the east of Riebeek Kasteel. On this survey map it is labelled Thoroughfare for Butcher s cattle 50 roods wide. [Orton 2010] Map of Buiteposte van die derde grens, in Sleigh [Sleigh 2004] Some of the farmhouses in the Malmesbury District have been declared provincial heritage sites including Ongegund, De Groote Post and Klawervallei. [Western Cape nd] - As a region for agricultural developments - The Swartland, named after the renosterbossies found in the area and not the colour of the soil, became a fairly intensive agricultural area from the early 18 th century By 1740 the KhoeSan had been subdued or driven out of the Western Cape region, and Trekboers entered the Hantam, Roggeveld, Bokkeveld and Tankwa districts. Many of the defeated KhoeSan became herders or servants for the new farmers, including 128 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

142 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY those captured in raids. [Penn 2005] - A VOC commissioner, Baron van Imhoff, visited the rural districts of the Cape in 1743 and recommended improvements. Two more churches were established, one in present-day Malmesbury. [Fransen 2006] - Robert Gordon is credited with introducing merino sheep to the Cape in [Robert Jacob Gordon ND] In 1775 the Inboekseling system of indenturing indigenous people was legalised. The farm of the widow Van der Westhuyzen, Welvergenoegd, on the Diep River was acquired for the new congregation in Malmesbury. The congregation has retained its original name of Swartland despite the town being named Malmesbury. [Fransen 2006] INTERREGNUM BRITISH OCCUPATION OF THE CAPE (to the discovery of diamonds) - As a place of mission stations - As a region for slave - In 1807 the mission station of Groene Kloof, renamed Mamre in 1854, was established by two Moravian missionaries on the invitation of the Earl of Caledon after the perceived success of Genadendal. The mission station was developed on 3 farms, Groene Kloof [also called De Kleine Post], Louwsplaas, a Khoekhoe reserve, and Cruijwagenskraal. [Fransen 2006] The layout of the village included agricultural allotments on either side of the Louwskloof River with houses facing the river. [Fransen 2006]. - In 1808 a slave rebellion began on the farm Vogelgezang, just north The original farmhouse, dating back to the 1760s, and the water mill are provincial heritage sites. Much of the historic ambience of the village has been lost to the modernisation of the houses in recent years. Photographs of the 1960s show 360 thatched and whitewashed houses. [Fransen 2006, Western Cape nd] Regulations regarding church membership, conversion to Christianity and importance of the family resulted in homogeneous 129 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

143 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION rebellion - As a region of revised labour relations - As a region of agriculture - As a region for the development of church towns ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY of Malmesbury. It was instigated by Louis of Mauritius who lived and worked in Cape Town. The slaves went from farm to farm ransacking the properties on their route however none of the farmers were killed. Some 340 slaves, mostly men, participated in the unsuccessful rebellion. In the ensuing retribution, five of the ringleaders were executed. [Mostert 2011] - The Caledon Code requiring labour contracts between employers and workers was introduced in The code introduced the first pass laws in that indigenous people tied by contract were required to have signed permission when leaving farms they worked on. It also legalised the apprenticeship or indentured labour of Khoekhoen between the ages of 8 and 18. Despite some protection for indigenous workers, the code entrenched the power of the farmers. [Penn 2005] - In 1813 a proclamation to end the loan farm system was issued and the Quitrent system was introduced. Farmers were compelled to look at the output of the land. However some farmers then made use of request farms in order to reduce their costs, while others moved to away to border lands with their stock. [Freund 1989, Peires 1989, Wilson 1969] - In response to an increase in international prices, wool farming production increased and greater numbers of merino sheep acquired. [Wilson 1969] communities in the mission stations. A silver beaker that had belonged to the farmer Petrus Gerhardus Louw, where the revolt had begun, is said to have been used by the initiators of the rebellion. The story about the beaker is part of the family s oral tradition and the beaker has been donated to Iziko Museums. [Iziko Museum press release reproduced in Mostert 2011] Revised legislation in the form of the Masters and Servants Act of 1856 entrenched control of the movement of people of colour and made it a crime to be unemployed. - The Cape Government set up the Cape Land Board in 1828; the Board was tasked with recording farm boundaries accurately [Peires 1989] - As a place for further - In 1827 the town of Malmesbury was proclaimed and 16 erven were offered for sale the following year. In 1829 the town was named after the Earl of Malmesbury, a relative of Sir Lowry Cole, A number of the early houses still exist 130 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

144 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION changes to labour relations - As a place for mission stations ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY governor of the Cape at the time. A plan for the town was developed by J Knobel, and 24 houses are shown in a plan of 1840; but growth was rapid and the town had a population of more than by [Fransen 2006] - After some difficulties, the new congregation of Wellington came into being and the farm of Champagne was purchased in RL Aling surveyed the area and laid out 30 erven which were soon sold. An earlier wagon route became the main street, and the church was erected on a very prominent site on a T-junction. On 4 November 1863 the railway reached the town and it became the 1 st rail terminus in the hinterland until the line was extended to Kimberley. [Fransen 2006] - Slaves in the Cape were declared freed on 1 December 1834 however a 4-year apprenticeship indentured them to their exowners until Thereafter a number of slaves sought a safe haven on mission stations in the region including Groenekloof (Mamre) and later on Saron. Due to insufficient land, the mission stations became reservoirs of seasonal labour for neighouring farms. An unintended consequence of the freeing of slaves was the reduction of the permanent work force and the introduction of seasonal labour on a grand scale on wheat and wine farms. [Worden and Crais - Saron was started when the 2 300ha farm, De Leeuwensklip, was bought in 1846 by Johannes Kulpmann of the Rhenisch Missionary Society in order to establish a mission station to serve the freed slaves and indigenous inhabitants in the area. By 1848 there were 120 families living on the mission. The farm comprised a house (c1775), werf wall, water mill, smithy and wine cellar. The mission was sited at the existing farm complex and the farm buildings were incorporated into the mission complex. The farm house became the pastorie, and a church was built adjacent to it after the RMS took control of the mission station in Additions were made to the church in 1897 and [Western Cape 2003, Smidt 2013] however many have lost their gables and thatched roofs were exchanged for tin, possibly due to severe storms in 1895 and Photographs of some of these houses and other historic buildings appear in Fransen and the Malmesbury Tourism Bureau online publication, Malmesbury Historic Route. [Fransen 2006, Malmesbury Tourism Bureau nd] The original opstal of Champagne, a T- shaped homestead, is still standing and a number of other houses as well as educational institutional buildings are listed provincial heritage sites. [Fransen 2006, Western Cape nd] The site of the church at Saron is a declared provincial heritage site. The church itself has been much altered since 1853 and the village has lost much of its character as a mission station. Smidt has identified over 40 historic buildings in the town. [Western Cape nd, Fransen 2006, Smidt 2013] 131 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

145 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION - As a region for the development of church towns ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY - In 1853 the town of Darling was founded on the farm, Langfontein. It was named after Sir Charles Darling, Lt Governor of the Cape. The town was laid out in elongated blocks and built up close to the small river that runs through the town. [Fransen 2006] - Riebeek West, named after the adjacent Kasteelberg, was first established in 1855 on part of the farm Allesverloren and requested to be a kerkdorp. This request was opposed and it was only in 1858 that a Dutch Reformed parish was formed. The town is sited on the slopes of Kasteelberg and 5 streams run through it. [Fransen 2006] - The farming community of Koeberg acquired part of the farm Dassenvallei and started to build a church in 1858, gaining permission from the moederkerk in Durbanville later after initial opposition. The town, given the name Philadelphia, is arguably the smallest formally established kerkdorp, with only 12 buildings at the end of the 19 th century. A small township developed across the spruit, most likely due to apartheid legislation. [Fransen 2006] - Riebeek Kasteel became a separate parish in 1863 however the town was founded earlier than this on the farm De Hoop. The town was developed on a grid pattern flanked by the main road with the church facing the village from the opposite side of the road. [Fransen 2006] - In 1863 the town of Porterville was laid out on the farm Pomona, previously called Willem s Vallei. It was named after Porter, attorney general of the Cape Colony from 1839 to It became a municipality in The surrounding area is known for its yellow disas and hang gliding. [Porterville, Western Cape nd] There are numerous older buildings but few of architectural interest. The original church burnt down in 1957 and a modern structure erected in its place. The pastorie and the old mission church built in 1927 are however of architectural interest. Aerial photographs provide evidence of the lay out of the town. [Fransen 2006] The church has an unusual design as it is pedimented and classicist rather than Gothic. There are a number of wellpreserved mid-victorian houses behind the church. A photograph of the church provides evidence. [Fransen 2006] Aerial photograph available in Fransen. [Fransen 2006] An early map of Malmesbury c1840 has two roads marking the direction of of Riebeek s Kasteel, suggesting that the town began long before it gained its kerkdorp status. The map as well as photographs of the town are reproduced in Fransen. [Fransen 2006] 132 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

146 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD (to the Union of South Africa) ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION - As an area for transport linking Cape Town with towns in the region - As a region of intensified agriculture - Introduction of Prison farms - As a region of conflict during the Anglo-Boer War ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY - On 12 November 1877 a branch line to serve the Swartland reached Malmesbury. This was extended to Picketberg in [Burman 1984] - A railway crossing was built on the farm Spes Bona in The farm was sub-divided and the settlement of Kalbaskraal was developed on the site. [Swartland 2007] - In 1901 a start was made on the construction of a narrow gauge [24-inch] railway from Kalbaskraal to Hopefield. It reached Darling on 4 October 1902 and Hopefield on 28 February 1903, and was known as the Hopefield-Darling line. The lines at Kalbaskraal were constructed at different levels so that goods could be easily transhipped between goods wagons. Due to the different gauge line, additional rolling stock was acquired for the line. Despite plans, the line was never extended to Saldanha Bay or further north; however it did benefit the Malmesbury line with the additional traffic. [Burman 1984] - In 1889 the prison system began hiring out prisoners for work on wine farms. [Wilson 1975] - During the Anglo-Boer War or South African War, blockhouses were constructed to protect bridges along the railway line, including in the Wellington District. - The town of Darling experienced the most southerly action of the Boer commandos during November 1901 when a group of 150 men led by Fieldcornet CP Hildebrand entered the town, cut the telegraph line, freed a prisoner, and requisitioned supplies and commandeered horses from the surrounding farms. A British force of 500 soldiers under LtCol Crabbe detrained at Kalbaskraal and proceeded to Darling where they engaged the commando at Klipberg, some 6km north of the town. During the engagement Hildebrand was mortally wounded and his troops later concealed his remains in a porcupine burrow. They returned to bury him but failed to find the site. The body, found by a shepherd, and buried by the farmer, was later given a formal burial and a monument erected on the site in [Athiros A map showing the railways in the Cape Colony in [Cape Government Railways Map 1882 in Burman 1984] The southernmost blockhouse from the Anglo-Boer War near Wellington is a declared provincial heritage site. [Western Cape nd] The monument still stands close to Klipberg, and a photograph was included in the article by Athiros. [Athiros nd]. 133 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

147 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY nd] UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA - As a region of intensive agriculture - As a site for aircraft bases and radar facilties during WWII - The possibility of exporting eggs, meat, fruit and other perishable produce was enabled by the development of refrigeration during WWI. [Wilson, 1975] - During the 1930s there was an increase of 66% in wheat production due to the introduction of tariffs to prevent cheaper imports and government intervention to reduce price fluctuations of agricultural products which had been problematic for farmers. This led to the uneconomic expansion of wheat, wine, milk and butter production to the detriment of the ecology in marginal areas. [Wilson 1975] - In 1937 the prison labour system expanded, and from 1947 prison farms were built. The costs were borne by the farmers but the prisons were run by the prison services. By 1966 there were 13 gaols providing farm labour in the Western Cape. [Wilson 1975] - During WWII 6 additional airfields were developed in response to the U-Boat attacks in 1942; one of these airfields was situated at Darling and Lockheed Ventura aircraft of 23 Squadron were based here, followed by 27 Squadron. In Operational Training Unit was relocated from Nigel. Training included launching of torpedoes. A steel hangar and lecture rooms were erected in A crew of six died when their aircraft crashed into the hill of Dassenberg in [Darling, Western Cape nd] - Another aspect of defence was the introduction of radar facilties. A transportable radar unit was placed at Somersveld north-west of Darling. The readings were taken only on aircraft, using two tall 30m masts right out in the flat veld. This radar set was designed for accurately plotting high-flying aircraft, presumably in anticipation of 134 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

148 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD present day FROM APARTHEID TO DEMOCRATIC FREEDOM ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION - As a region of segregated towns - As a wheat and wine producing region ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY bombers from an enemy aircraft carrier on their way to attack Cape Town. The operators spent most of the time plotting friendly SAAF and RAF aircraft from a big air force training camp not far away. The radar operators were young women from the Special Signals Service. [Mangin and Lloyd 1998] - In 1948 the newly elected National Party government formalises segregation under its apartheid policy. - The Population Registration Act of 1950 required every South African to register and was classified according to their racial characteristics. Linked to this act, the Group Areas Act of 1950 divided towns into residential and business for different groups classified by apartheid legislation, resulting in complete segregation of people of colour as thousands of people were forcibly removed from their homes. New townships were developed for the different race groups. - Capital investment on farms increased after WWII with the construction of dams and contour banks, the closing of dongas and other improvements. This was made possible through the availability of credit, tax concessions and the rapid increase in land values. [Wilson 1975] - Mechanisation with the purchasing of tractors and harvesters increased exponentially in the 1940s and 50s. The wealth generated saw the construction of large brick houses, tennis courts and the introduction of electricity on farms. The role of government subsidies also assisted this process with R13.2 million paid to wheat farmers by [Wilson 1975] The houses constructed in the new townships are very similar in design and can be seen throughout the region. These townships are often far removed from town centres and are separated by geographic or other barriers, for example in Malmesbury the areas developed for people of colour are to the west of the N7. [Pinnock 1989; Google Maps 2013] - As a place for the development of democracy - As a site for new housing - During the 1913 and 1936 Land Acts, Group Areas Act, Population Registration Act, and separate Amenities Act repealed; political organizations unbanned; state of emergency revoked; amid widespread violence, delegates from 18 parties start formal negotiations. [Thompson 1995: xix in Randle 2005] - After 1994 new legislation introduced free RDP (Reconstruction and 135 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

149 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERIOD ROLE OF THE SWARTLAND REGION projects - As a region of new agricultural opportunities - As a region of contested rights to residency on farms and changes in labour relations ASSOCIATIONS/PEOPLE/EVENTS/ACTIVITIES/ELEMENTS/BUILDINGS MATERIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSICAL/DOCUMENTARY Development Programme) houses for people below with low incomes. - Since 1990 olive production has expanded in the Swartland and prizes won for excellence of the olive oil produced. The historic farm of Kloovenburg in the Riebeek Valley won an international prize in 2005 after only 4 years of production. Riebeek Kasteel hosts an annual olive festival. [Du Toit and Cowling 2006] - The Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act of 1995 and the Extension of Security of Tenure Act of 1997 have attempted to strengthen the occupation and use rights of farm dwellers, including rights against evictions from the land. A consequence has been the casualisation of farm labour by farmers to limit the number of farm workers with rights to residence on the farms. [Cross and Hornby 2002] The newly developed areas can be easily identified due to the new house designs which are generally square in shape as compared to the oblong semi-detached houses of the period. [Google Maps 2013] REFERENCES Adhikari M. (2010). The Anatomy of a South African Genocide. Cape Town: UCT Press. Athiros, G. (nd) Route 27 West Coast South Africa: The Hildebrand Monument: Anglo-Boer War Accessed on 27 May 2013 at: Bulpin, T.V. (1980). Discovering Southern Africa (2 nd edition). TV Bulpin Publishers: Cape Town. Burman, J. (1984). Early Railways at the Cape. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. Clift, H. (2008). Appendix accessed on 10 May 2013 at: Cross, C. and Hornby, D. (2002). Obstacles to Women s Land Access in South Africa. A Research Report for the Promoting Women s Access to Land Programme. Accessed on 20 June 2013 at: Darling, Western Cape (nd). Accesses on 22 May 2013 at: 136 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

150 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Du Plessis, K. and Cowling, V. (2006). West Coast: Cederberg to the Sea. Cape Town: Struik. Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Elphick, R. and Malherbe, C. (1989). The Khoisan to In The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Fransen, H. (2006). Old Towns and Villages in the Cape. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Freund, W.B. (1989). The Cape under transitional governments, In: Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Google Maps. (2013). Accessed on 13 June 2013 at: Inskeep, R.R. (1978). The Peopling of Southern Africa. Cape Town: David Philip. James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip Malmesbury Tourism Bureau (nd). Malmesbury Historic Route. Accessed on 22 May 2013 at: Mangin, G. and Lloyd, S. (1998). The Special Signal Services (Sss): We scanned the seas and skies in the Second World War. Military History Journal Vol 11 No 2 - December Mossop, E.E. (1927). Old Cape Highways. Cape Town: Maskew Miller. Mostert, L. (2011). History Textbook Workbook Grade 10 NCAPS. Cape Town: Allcopy Publishers. Accessed on 20 June 2013 at: intranet.parklands.co.za/?dl_id=2 Orton, J. (2010). Heritage Impact Assessment for the Proposed Expansion of the N7 between the Melkbos and Atlantis Junctions, Malmesbury Magisterial District, Western Cape. Prepared for CCA Environmental. South Africa. Archaeology, Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Peires, J.B. (1989). The British and the Cape, in Elphick, R. and Giliomee, H. editors (1989). The Shaping of South African Society (2 nd ed) Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Penn, N. (1989). Labour, land and livestock in the Western Cape during the eighteenth century: the Khoisan and the colonists. In James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip. 137 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

151 ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Penn, N. (2005) The Forgotten Frontier. Cape Town: Double Storey Books. Pinnock, D. (1989). Ideology and Urban Planning: Blueprints of a Garrison City. In James, W.G. and Simons, M. editors (1989). The Angry Divide. Cape Town: David Philip. Porterville, Western Cape (nd1). Accessed on 22 May 2013 at: Porterville, Western Cape (nd2). Accessed on 22 May 2013 at: Randle, T. (2005). Brief historical timeline for the Dwars River Valley for the last 2000 years. A report produced for the Boschendal Estates Heritage Impact Assessment. Robert Jacob Gordon (nd). Accessed on 13 June 2013 at: Sleigh, D. (2004). Die Buiteposte: VOC-Buiteposte onder kaapse bestuur Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. Smidt, I. (2013). Saron: Valued heritage: final draft of MPhil in Conservation of the Built Environment, UCT. Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (Previously National Monuments) (nd). Accessed on 8 May 2013 at: Wilson, F. (1975). Farming, In The Oxford History of South Africa Vol. II. South Africa Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilson, M. and Thompson, L. editors (1975). The Oxford History of South Africa Vol. II. South Africa Oxford: Oxford University Press. Worden, N. and Crais, C. (1994). Breaking the Chains: Slavery and its Legacy in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. 138 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

152 ANNEXURE 3: MAP BOOK ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 139 BRIDGET O DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION

153 THE PROPOSED KAPPA OMEGA 2 ND 765KV TRANSMISSION POWERLINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE, WESTERN CAPE (NEAS REFERENCE: DEA/EIA/ /2012 DEA REFERENCE: 14/12/16/3/3/2/352) VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PREPARED FOR: NZUMBULULO HERITAGE SOLUTIONS CONTACT PERSON: KELEBOGILE MOGAJANE CONTACT NO.: MOGAJANEK@NZUMBULULO.CO ON BEHALF OF: ESKOM (Pty) Ltd Megawatt Park Maxwell Drive Sunninghill Sandton PREPARED BY: AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS (CC) 226 Odendaal Street Meyerspark Pretoria 0184 March 2013 AXIS REF:KAP2012 Copyright Warning- Copyright in all text and other matter, including the manner of presentation, is the exclusive property of the author. It is a criminal offence to reproduce and/or use, without written consent, any matter, technical procedure and/or technique contained in this document. Criminal and civil proceedings will be taken as a matter of strict routine against any person and/or institution infringing the copyright of the author and/or proprietors.

154 i VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nzumbululo (Pty) Limited was appointed by Eskom (Pty) Ltd, as the independent environmental consultant to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed establishment of the second Kappa Omega 765kV transmission line and substations upgrade. It is located between the Koruson (Kappa) Substation near Ceres to Sterekus (Omega) Substation near Koeberg. Axis Landscape Architecture cc was appointed by Nzumbululo (Pty) Limited as a sub-consultant to complete a Visual Impact Assessment. This Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) is a specialist study that forms part of the EIA and addresses the visual affects of the proposed transmission line on the receiving environment. Three alternative routes have been proposed to connect to the two substations. The proposed routes stretch over approximately 415km. The study area contains the extent of the alignments and includes an approximate 5 km buffer area around the alignments. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The following project components will occur during the construction and operational phases of the project and are identified as elements that may cause a potential landscape and/or visual impact: Construction camps and lay-down yards; Access roads Substations; and Transmission Line. Of the four project components, the towers of the transmission line are expected to cause the greatest impacts. A brief description of the tower characteristics, the three alternatives and their individual routes are discussed in the following tables. Type Guyed Suspension tower Cross Rope Suspension tower Self Supporting Tower Double Circuit Self supporting Suspension tower Maximum Height 33 m 48m 30 m 36 m Span 450 m 450 m 450 m 260 m Servitude width 95 m 110 m 94 m 55m KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

155 ii VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ALTERNATIVES Route 1 Deviation Route 1a Deviation Route 1b Route 2 Route 3 Deviation Route 3a Deviation Route 3b Deviation Route 3c DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS DESCRIPTION Route 1 is proposed to run in a south westerly direction from the Kappa Substation north of Ceres, passing through Ceres continuing straight until it reaches the Omega Substation. Deviation Route 1a is proposed to run from Wellington city centre and run in a North-Western direction until it joins up with Route 2 East of Hermon. Deviation Route 1b diverts 15km after Deviation 1a from Route 1. It runs for about 18km in a North Eastern direction from Wellington city centre until it joins up with Route 2 South - East of Malmesbury. Route 2 is proposed to run in a westerly direction with Route 1 until Piketberg Mountain and then deviates from Route 1 in a South-Western direction until the Omega Substation Route 3 is proposed to run in a westerly direction from the Kappa Substation North of Ceres until Aurora substation. It then continues from Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. Route 3a is proposed to run in a south easterly direction from the Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. Route 3b is proposed to run in a south easterly direction from the Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. Route 3c is proposed to run in a south easterly direction from the Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT The study area is consists of vacant and uninterrupted land as well as cultivated, residential, subsistence farming, and game farms. Extensive game faming and small stock farming activities is located more to the central northern side of the study area and agricultural activities to the south. Subsistence farming activities are concentrated around the small towns. Human settlements are scattered throughout the study area and the landscape are degraded around these settlements. The landscape character changes through the study area. The study area is divided into distinct landscape types which are areas within the study area that are relatively homogenous in character (Swanwick, 2002). Landscape types are distinguished by differences in topographical features, vegetation communities and patterns, land use and human settlement patterns. The assessment is done on a macro-scale and discusses the predominant landscape conditions and visual characteristics found in a particular landscape type. Each landscape type is given a descriptive name which relates to the vegetation type, topography and/or land use of the region (Adapted from Van Riet et al, 1997); Ceres Karoo Region; Ceres Mountain Region; and Swartland Region. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

156 iii VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS LANDSCAPE CHARACTER SENSITIVITY The sensitivity of the landscape character is an indication of the degree to which a particular landscape can accommodate change from a particular development, without detrimental effects on its character (GLVIA, 2002). The majority of the study area is considered to have a moderate landscape character sensitivity due to the undulating topography and relative undeveloped condition of the landscape, the generally high visual quality and the related tourism value that is placed on the visual resource. Moderate terrain variability mainly occurs through the study area where a moderately low VAC can be expected. Generally the vegetation cover is shrubland and scattered trees which will provide very little visual screening for the proposed transmission line. The landscape character is considered moderately susceptible to change, whether it is a low intensity change over an extensive area or an acute change over a limited area. Generally, the vegetation occurring in the study area is rigid and recovers very slowly from surface disturbances. SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDSCAPE IMPACTS Landscape impacts are alterations to the fabric, character, visual quality and/or visual value which will either positively or negatively affect the landscape character. During the construction and operational phases, the project components are expected to impact on the landscape character of the landscape types it traverses. The following table provides a summary of the anticipated landscape impacts that may occur as a result of the construction of the transmission line. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

157 iv VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Activity Nature of Impact Construction phase Route 1 Extent of Impact Duration of Impact LANDSCAPE IMPACT Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Negative Impacting on the Route 2 visual quality of High Definite High Moderate High Permanent the landscape due Local if not to the presence of Route 3 mitigated foreign elements High Definite High Moderate High and a loss of Deviation vegetation cover. Route 3a High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3b Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Operational phase Route 1 Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Low Definite Low Low High Route 2 Route 3 Deviation Negative Impacting on the power line. visual quality of the landscape due Local Permanent the presence of a High High Definite Definite High High Moderate Moderate High High Route 3a High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3b Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Construction phase The activities that are expected to cause landscape impacts and that are associated with the construction phase, are the establishment of the construction camps, construction of access roads and the clearance of the site. These activities will create surface disturbances which will result in the removal of vegetation and the exposure of the underlying soil. The extent of the disturbances will generally affect a relative large footprint area. Access roads to the towers are expected to be a two-track dirt road which will create the minimum disturbance. During construction, the area around the individual towers will be disturbed. The construction camps and lay-down yards are anticipated to disturb a much larger area. The size and location of the construction camps will play a major role in the severity of the landscape impact. Due to a lack of technical information, two options are considered namely; the location of construction camps in remote, virgin land, or in/adjacent existing settlements. The initial presence of a construction camp in a undeveloped landscape will cause a temporary and localised alteration to the landscape character. A construction camp located in or adjacent to an existing town or settlement will be easily associated with the town and therefore the presence of the town, mitigates the impact. The mitigating result is most effective, the bigger the town or settlement is. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

158 v VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Servitudes will generally be cleared of higher growing and dense vegetation to reduce biomass that may cause a fire hazard if ignited. The complete removal of high growing vegetation and scrubs will result in disturbed areas of exposed soil and difference in texture. The exposed soil and change in texture will contrast severely with the intact vegetation around the disturbance footprint and servitudes. Considering the moderately low VAC throughout most of the study area, the undisturbed condition of parts of the landscape and the recovery rate of the endemic vegetation, the severity of landscape impact during the construction stage is expected to be moderate for Route 1, Deviation Route 1a and 1b and high for all the other alternatives. The impact will extend over the entire length of the different alignments and may vary in degrees of severity along the linear length as it transects landscape types of varying VAC. Surface disturbances are also minimised through, for example, utilising existing roads. Operational phase Surface disturbances created during construction may remain for an extended period during the operational phase. These are seen as residual affects carried forward from the construction phase and can be completely or substantially mitigated if treated appropriately during the construction phase. An additional impact will be caused as a result of the presence of the completed transmission line, i.e. that of the evenly spaced towers of the lines, buildings and structures. The industrial character and the near monumental vertical scale of the towers will contrast with the diverse landscape character that prevails through most of the study area. VIEWER SENSITIVITY Within the receiving environment, specific viewers (visual receptors) experience different views of the visual resource and value it differently. They will be affected because of alterations to their views due to the proposed project. The visual receptors are grouped according to their similarities. The visual receptors included in this study are: Residents; Tourists; and Motorists. To determine visual receptor sensitivity a, commonly used rating system is utilised. This is a generic classification of visual receptors and enables the visual impact specialist to establish a logical and consistent visual receptor sensitivity rating for viewers who are involved in different activities without engaging in extensive public surveys. The sensitivity of the identified visual receptors is discussed in Section SIGNIFICANCE OF VISUAL IMPACTS Empirical research indicates that the visibility of a transmission tower, and hence the severity of visual impact, decreases as the distance between the observer and the tower increases. The landscape type, through which the transmission line crosses, can mitigate the severity of visual impact through topographical or vegetative screening. Bishop et al (1988) noticed that in some cases the tower may dominate the view for example, silhouetted against the skyline, or in some cases be absorbed in the landscape. A complex landscape setting with a diverse land cover and topographical variation has the ability to decrease the severity of visual impact more than a mundane landscape (Bishop et al, 1985). The following tables summarise the visual impacts on residents, tourists and motorists. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

159 vi VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT VISUAL IMPACTS ON RESIDENTS Activity Construction phase Route 1 Nature of Impact Extent of Impact VISUAL IMPACT ON RESIDENTS Duration of Impact Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 2 Negative Construction Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 3 camp and laydown yard may Local Temporary cause unsightly Low Definite Low Low High views. Deviation Route 3a Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3b Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Low Definite Low Low High Operational phase Route 1 Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 2 Negative The presence of a power line Moderate Definite Low Low High intrudes on Local Permanent existing views and Route 3 spoils the open Low Definite Low Low High panoramic views Deviation of the landscape. Route 3a Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3b Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Low Definite Low Low High Generally, the study area is sparsely populated except around the human settlements, farms and towns. These communities are normally situated along main transportation routes, near agricultural areas or adjacent rivers or water resources Residential areas and farm residents will experience an intrusion on their views due to the presence of the proposed Transmission Line. It is unpractical to discuss all, but they are recognised as the general population of the study area and are identified as affected visual receptors. Considering the distribution of residents across the study area, it can be concluded that the entire study area has a low density of residents with the exception of higher concentrations of residents in the towns and human settlements. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

160 vii VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Construction phase During the construction phase, unsightly views may be created by the presence of construction camps and the lay-down yards. The duration of the potential visual impact will be temporary which will result in an anticipated moderately low significance of visual impact for all the alternatives. The visual exposure to the construction activity will initially be limited and only local residents will experience views of the site preparation activity. As the structures increase in scale and height, the ZVI increases, resulting in a greater number of affected viewers and a subsequent increase in visual exposure. The cleared sites, construction camps and material lay-down yard will appear unsightly and out of character. Large scale construction elements such as cranes, will be highly visible and increase awareness of the construction activity over a considerable area. The visual intrusion caused during the construction stage will be moderate, but will be temporary in nature. Operational phase The residents of the residential areas and farming communities next to the power lines may experience a moderate degree of visual intrusion due to their proximity to all the Alternatives. The presence of a transmission line in the visual field of the residents in this part of the study area will spoil the uncluttered panoramic views they currently experience. The silhouette of a transmission line on the horizon will be visible from a great distance and thus increase the ZVI considerably, potentially impacting on more residents. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

161 viii VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT VISUAL IMPACTS ON TOURISTS Activity Construction phase Nature of Impact Extent of Impact VISUAL IMPACT ON TOURISTS Duration of Impact Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Route 1 Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1b Negative Construction Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Route 2 camp and laydown yard may At a High Definite High Moderate High number of cause unsightly Temporary point Route 3 views and spoil locations High Definite High Moderate High the undisturbed views over the Deviation landscape. Route 3a High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3b High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3c High Definite High Moderate High Operational phase Route 1 Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Route 2 Negative The presence of a High Definite High Moderate High power line Local Permanent intrudes on Route 3 existing views High Definite High Moderate High of the landscape Deviation Route 3a High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3b High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3c High Definite High Moderate High The study area is renowned for its karoo and mountainous landscapes especially in the central and northern regions. These characteristics provide the basis for the tourism industry which plays a role in the economy of the Western Cape Province. The entire study area is considered to have a moderately high tourism potential. The type of tourist that visits this area is expected to travel considerably through the study area by vehicle. This implies that they will experience a large part of the study area in a relative short time span. Construction phase The temporary duration of the construction phase is expected to cause moderately high visual impacts, especially Route 2 and 3 with it s deviations. The location and size of the construction camps and lay-down yards will be crucial in regulating the impact. Detail information is not available and it is anticipated that the visual impact will occur localised and that a small number of tourists will be adversely affected by these project components during construction. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

162 ix VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Their exposure to possible unsightly views of the construction camps and the associated activity will however be minimal and localised. The potential visual impact on tourists during the construction phase of the proposed project can be mitigated with relative ease except for Route 2 and 3 with its deviations. The greatest factor to consider is the location of the construction camps from potential views that may be experienced from scenic routes or tourist hotspots. Operational phase Considering the extent of the proposed alternatives, a number of tourists will be affected during their visit to the study area. Although it is difficult to pinpoint particular locations in the study area that are of specific tourist value, since the entire study area bares some value, the most obvious concentration of tourists can be expected in the northern central part of the study area. For these tourists, Route 2 and 3 with its deviations will create alterations to their views. The presence of a transmission line in this undeveloped landscape will spoil the views that are experiencing. It can be concluded that Route 2 and 3 with its deviations will cause a high visual intrusion in the views expected by tourists travelling through the study are. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

163 x VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT VISUAL IMPACTS ON MOTORISTS Activity Construction phase Route 1 Nature of Impact Extent of Impact VISUAL IMPACT ON MOTORISTS Duration of Impact Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 2 Negative At a Moderate Definite Low Low High Intruding on number of Route 3 Short period existing views of point Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation the landscape. locations Route 3a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3b Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Low Low High Operational phase Route 1 Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 2 Negative Moderate Definite Low Low High Intruding on Short period Route 3 Local existing views of the landscape. Deviation Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 3a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3b Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Low Low High The major routes in the study area are the N7, R45, R315, R27, R311, R44, R304, R312, R46, R303, R43 and R355 connecting the towns and informal settlements. The secondary road network in the study area carries a much lower volume of motorists. Many of the roads are gravel roads which are mostly utilised by the local residents. Their duration of views will be temporary and it is expected that the visual intrusion that they will experience will be moderately low. Construction phase The potential visual impact that may be experienced by motorists during the construction phase is considered to be minimal. Limited information is available and the number, location and size of the construction camps and lay-down yards are essential for accurately assessing the visual impact. It is anticipated that views of the construction camps and lay-down yards of all the alternative routes will be visible from the major roads. The possibility that a construction camp will be established at this location is high and can be motivated from an accessibility point of view, due to the proximity to a major route. The presence of the construction camp and lay-down yards may create unsightly views. Motorists visual exposure to the impact will be brief and the severity of visual impact will be moderately low. The significance of potential visual impact is expected to be low. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

164 xi VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Operational phase The N7, R27, R47, R44 and R46 are the most prominent, carrying the highest volume of traffic. Route 3 with its deviations will be the most visible from the R27. The severity and significance of visual impact for all the proposed routes on motorists will be moderate. RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES In most cases, the landscape and visual impacts occurring during the construction phase can be mitigated relatively effectively. Rehabilitation of the disturbed areas will prevent the exposure of soil, which may cause a reduction in the visual quality of the study area. Sensitive positioning of the construction camps and lay-down yards should take advantage of the natural screening capacity of the study area by locating the camps outside of the views of sensitive visual receptors. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

165 xii VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT CONCLUSION The three alternative Routes have been evaluated against international accepted criteria to determine the impact they will have on the landscape character and the viewers that have been identified in the study area. The alternatives are rated according to preference by using a eight-point rating system in Table 10, eight (8) being the least preferred, to one (1) being the most preferred. The preference rating is informed by the impact assessment discussions in Section 5 and the overall performance of each alternative with regards to the impact on the landscape character and the identified viewers. Evaluation of alternative alignments ALTERNATIVES PREFERENCE RATING Route 1 1 Deviation Route 1a 2 Deviation Route 1b 3 Route 2 4 Route 3 6 Deviation Route 3a 8 Deviation Route 3b 7 Deviation Route 3c 5 Route 1 is regarded as the most preferred alternative. Its alignment along the existing transmission line and transmission servitude is considered to cause the least impact on the landscape character due to the reduced sensitivity of the landscape along the roads and servitudes. The impact of Route 1 on visual receptors varies between residents, tourists and motorists. Route 1 s great advantage lies in the less significant visual impact on tourists and residents as compared to the other alternatives. The public association with transmission lines and major public roads is a common perception which makes the co-existence of these two features more acceptable.. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

166 xiii VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT TABLES OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... i PROJECT DESCRIPTION... i DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT... ii FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS... iii LANDSCAPE CHARACTER SENSITIVITY... iii SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDSCAPE IMPACTS... iii VIEWER SENSITIVITY... v SIGNIFICANCE OF VISUAL IMPACTS... v VISUAL IMPACTS ON RESIDENTS... vi VISUAL IMPACTS ON TOURISTS... viii VISUAL IMPACTS ON MOTORISTS... x RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES... xi CONCLUSION... xii TABLES OF CONTENTS... xiii LIST OF FIGURES... xv LIST OF TABLES... xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... xvi 1. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND AND BRIEF STUDY AREA STUDY APPROACH INFORMATION BASE ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE METHOD PROJECT DESCRIPTION OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS PROJECT COMPONENTS AND ACTIVITIES SUBSTATIONS CONSTRUCTION CAMPS AND LAY-DOWN YARDS... 5 Page ACCESS ROADS TRANSMISSION LINE VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT VISUAL RESOURCE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER VISUAL CHARACTER KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

167 xiv VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Visual Quality Visual absorption capacity IMPACT ASSESSMENT SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDSCAPE IMPACT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER SENSITIVITY SEVERITY OF POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE IMPACTS SIGNIFICANCE OF VISUAL IMPACTS VIEWER SENSITIVITY Residents Tourists Motorists SEVERITY OF POTENTIAL VISUAL IMPACTS Potential visual impacts on residents Potential visual impacts on tourists Potential visual impacts on motorists RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES GENERAL ACCESS ROUTES TRANSMISSION TOWERS CLEARED SERVITUDES CONSTRUCTION CAMPS AND LAY DOWN YARDS CONCLUSION APPENDIX LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE VISUAL RECEPTOR SENSITIVITY REFERENCES KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

168 xv VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Locality Plan... 2 Figure 2: Example of a construction camp... 7 Figure 3: Typical construction equipment... 8 Figure 4: Tower Types... 9 Figure 5: Landscape types Figure 6: Landscape types Figure 7: Landscape character of study area Figure 8: Landscape character of study area Figure 9: Landscape character of study area Figure 10: Landscape character of study area Figure 9: Photo Reference Map Figure 12: Photo plate Figure 13: Photo plate Figure 14: Photo plate Figure 15: Photo plate Figure 16: Photo plate Figure 17: Photo plate Figure 18: Photo plate Figure 19: Photo plate Figure 20: Photo plate Figure 21: Photo plate Figure 22: Photo plate Figure 23: Photo plate Figure 24: Photo plate Figure 25: Photo plate Figure 26: Alternative Figure 27: Alternative 1A Figure 28: Alternative 1B Figure 29: Alternative 3 A Figure 30: Alternative 3 B Figure 31: Alternative 3 C LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Description of alternative alignments... 4 Table 2: Types and typical characteristics of proposed towers... 5 Table 3: Criteria of Visual Quality (FHWA, 1981) Table 4: Visual Quality of the regional landscape Table 5: Regional Visual Absorption Capacity evaluation Table 6: Significance of impacts Table 7: Landscape character sensitivity rating (Adapted from GOSW, 2006) Table 8: Landscape character sensitivity Table 9: Landscape impact Altering the landscape character Table 10: Evaluation of alternative alignments Table 11: Confidence level chart and description Table 12: Visual receptor sensitivity KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECS

169 xvi VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EIA FHWA LCA LT VAC VIA ULI ZVI Environmental Impact Assessment. Federal Highway Administration of the United States Department of Transportation. The publishers of the guide Visual Impact Assessment for High Projects Landscape Character Assessment. Landscape Type Visual Absorption Capacity Visual Impact Assessment. Urban Land Institute Zone of Visual Influence. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

170 1 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1. INTRODUCTION Nzumbululo (Pty) Limited was appointed by Eskom (Pty) Ltd, as the independent environmental consultant to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed establishment of the second Kappa Omega 765kV transmission line and substations upgrade. It is located between the Koruson (Kappa) Substation near Ceres to Sterekus (Omega) Substation near Koeberg. Axis Landscape Architecture cc was appointed by Nzumbululo (Pty) Limited as a subconsultant to complete a Visual Impact Assessment. This Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) is a specialist study that forms part of the EIA and addresses the visual affects of the proposed transmission line on the receiving environment. Three alternative routes have been proposed to connect to the two substations. The proposed routes stretch over approximately 415km. The study area contains the extent of the alignments and includes an approximate 5 km buffer area around the alignments BACKGROUND AND BRIEF This VIA will conform to the requirements of a level three assessment which requires the realisation of the following objectives (Adapted from Oberholzer (2005)): Determination of the extent of the study area; Description of the proposed project and the receiving environment; Identification and description of the landscape character of the study area; Identification of the elements of particular visual value and -quality that could be affected by the proposed project; Identification of landscape- and visual receptors in the study area that will be affected by the proposed project and assess their sensitivity; Indication of potential landscape- and visual impacts; Assessment of the significance of the landscape- and visual impacts; Recommendations of mitigation measures to reduce and/or alleviate the potential adverse landscape- and visual impacts STUDY AREA The study area includes the entire area covered by the alternative routes. The study area stretches from the Koruson (Kappa) Substation north of Ceres to Sterekus (Omega) Substation near Koeberg in Western Cape Province (Figure 1). KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

171 2 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 1: Locality Plan KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

172 3 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2. STUDY APPROACH 2.1. INFORMATION BASE This assessment was based on information from the following sources: Topographical maps and GIS generated data were sourced from the Surveyor General, Surveys and Mapping in Mowbray, Cape Town and ECOGIS (2013) respectively; Observations made and photographs taken during site visits; Technical information received from Eskom Transmission; Professional judgement based on experience gained from similar projects; and Literature research on similar projects ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS This assessment was undertaken during the conceptual stage of the project and is based on information available at the time. An exact commencement date for the construction phase is unknown. Construction is expected to commence as soon as approval is received from the relevant authorities; The exact location, size of construction camps and material lay-down yards are not yet specified at this stage of the project. It is anticipated that construction camps will be set up on farms at central locations next to the preferred alignment. The construction camps will consist of temporary structures such as tents or temporary buildings. Ablution facilities will also be associated with a construction camp and are expected to be portable toilets and temporary shower facilities; 2.3. LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE 2.4. METHOD The level of confidence assigned to the findings of this assessment is based on: The level of information available and/or understanding of the study area (rated 2); and The information available and/or knowledge and experience of the project (rated 3). This visual impact assessment is rated with a general confidence level of 6. This rating indicates that the author s general confidence in the accuracy of the findings is high (Table 11). Where the confidence level of specific findings is not regarded as high, it is noted in the last column of each impact assessment table. A broad overview of the approach and methodology used in this assessment is provided below: The extent of the study area is determined and indicated in Figure1; The site is visited to establish a photographic record of the site, views and areas of particular visual quality and or -value; The project components and activities are described and assessed as potential elements of visual and landscape impacts; The receiving environment is described in terms of its prevailing landscape- and visual character; Landscape- and visual receptors that may be affected by the proposed project are identified and described; The sensitivity of the landscape- and visual receptors is assessed; The severity of the landscape- and visual impacts is determined; The significance of the visual and landscape impacts is assessed; KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

173 4 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Mitigation measures are proposed to reduce adverse impacts; and The findings of the study are documented in this Visual Impact Assessment. 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1. OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT The project involves the construction of a 765kV transmission line from the Kappa Substation to the Omega Substation as well as the upgrade of the two substations. The servitude required for the development along the route is 80m wide and approximately 415km in length between the origin and the end of the line ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS Route 1 Table 1: Description of alternative alignments ALTERNATIVES DESCRIPTION (Refer to Figure 1) Deviation Route 1a Deviation Route 1b Route 2 Route 3 Deviation Route 3a Deviation Route 3b Deviation Route 3c 3.3. PROJECT COMPONENTS AND ACTIVITIES Route 1 is proposed to run in a south westerly direction from the Kappa Substation north of Ceres, passing through Ceres continuing straight until it reaches the Omega Substation. Deviation Route 1a is proposed to run from Wellington city centre and run in a North- Western direction until it joins up with Route 2 East of Hermon. Deviation Route 1b diverts 15km after Deviation 1a from Route 1. It runs for about 18km in a North Eastern direction from Wellington city centre until it joins up with Route 2 South - East of Malmesbury. Route 2 is proposed to run in a westerly direction with Route 1 until Piketberg Mountain and then deviates from Route 1 in a South-Western direction until the Omega Substation Route 3 is proposed to run in a westerly direction from the Kappa Substation North of Ceres until Aurora substation. It then continues from Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. Route 3a is proposed to run in a south easterly direction from the Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. Route 3b is proposed to run in a south easterly direction from the Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. Route 3c is proposed to run in a south easterly direction from the Aurora substation to the Omega substation following the coastline. Each project component and activity will affect the receiving environment differently and is therefore discussed separately. The following project components will occur during the construction and operational phases of the project and are identified as elements that may cause a potential landscape and/or visual impact: SUBSTATIONS The two existing Substations, Kappa and Omega will be upgraded to accommodate the new 765kV Line. Each substation site will require a 765kV feeder bay, 400MVAr line reactors and extend the existing bus bar if necessary. A level or stepped platform will be created with a buffer zone inside the fence. On the outskirts of this area will be several terminal gantries which are the termination points for the lines entering or leaving the substation. These structures will be approximately 45 meters tall. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

174 5 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT CONSTRUCTION CAMPS AND LAY-DOWN YARDS The construction phase is expected to continue for 12 months from the commencement date. Temporary construction camps will be present for the duration of the construction period. The appointed contractor will set up construction camps next to the proposed alignment where practical. The material lay-down yards is expected to be located adjacent the construction camps and will serve as storage areas for the construction material and equipment (Figure 2). Various types of construction equipment will be required to erect the transmission towers and suspend the electrical cables between them. A TLB, cement truck and mobile crane will be used during the const\ruction phase in conjunction with between 10 and 40 labourers (Figure 3) ACCESS ROADS Where no access roads are available and vehicular access is required, roads will be constructed. Access may be by means of a two-track dirt road or a cleared corridor. It is expected that roads will be rehabilitated after the construction phase or maintained to facilitate access during periodic maintenance visits (Figure 2) TRANSMISSION LINE Type The completed transmission line will connect the Kappa and Omega Substations. The direct linear distance between the two substations is approximately 415 km (Figure 1). Four types of towers might be used depending on the terrain being crossed. The towers will consist of a lattice steel framework reaching a maximum height of 48 m with electrical cables suspended between them. The average spacing between the towers will be approximately 400 m. A working area of 100 m x 50 m will be cleared for each of the proposed towers. The Crossrope Suspension tower will be the preferred tower and the self-supporting strain tower will only be used where the alignment changes direction (Figure 4). Table 2: Types and typical characteristics of proposed towers Guyed Suspension tower Cross Rope Suspension tower Self Supporting Tower Double Circuit Self supporting Suspension tower Maximum Height 33 m 48m 30 m 36 m Span 450 m 450 m 450 m 260 m Servitude width 95 m 110 m 94 m 55m KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

175 6 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3.4. VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT COMPONENTS Visual character is based on human perception and the observer s response to the relationships between and composition of the visible project components. The transmission line, i.e. the towers and the cables suspended between each tower, is the most visible and permanent project component and is discussed in this section. The towers have an industrial character enforced by the double steel pole and the electrical cables between the towers. It has a near monumental scale if compared to the predominantly rural and agricultural landscape. The entire transmission line will be perceived as a rhythmic arrangement of vertical towers forming a linear element through the landscape. The electrical cables emphasise the linear character of the transmission line but are easily absorbed in the background when viewed from distances greater than 10 km. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

176 7 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 2: Example of a construction camp KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

177 8 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 3: Typical construction equipment KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

178 9 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 4: Tower Types KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

179 10 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT Landscape and visual impacts may result from changes to the landscape. A distinction should be made between impacts on the visual resource (landscape) and on the viewers. The former are impacts on the physical landscape that may result in changes to landscape character while the latter are impacts on the viewers themselves and the views they experience VISUAL RESOURCE Visual resource is an encompassing term relating to the visible landscape and its recognisable elements, which through their co-existence, result in a particular landscape character LANDSCAPE CHARACTER The study area is consists of vacant and uninterrupted land as well as cultivated, residential, subsistence farming, and game farms. Extensive game faming and small stock farming activities is located more to the central northern side of the study area and agricultural activities to the south. Subsistence farming activities are concentrated around the small towns. Human settlements are scattered throughout the study area and the landscape are degraded around these settlements. The landscape character changes through the study area. The study area is divided into distinct landscape types which are areas within the study area that are relatively homogenous in character (Swanwick, 2002). Landscape types are distinguished by differences in topographical features, vegetation communities and patterns, land use and human settlement patterns. The assessment is done on a macro-scale and discusses the predominant landscape conditions and visual characteristics found in a particular landscape type. Each landscape type is given a descriptive name which relates to the vegetation type, topography and/or land use of the region (Adapted from Van Riet et al, 1997); Ceres Karoo Region; Ceres Mountain Region; and Swartland Region Ceres Karoo Region The vegetation consists of the Lowland Succulent Karoo of the Succulent Karoo Biome. This represents an extremely arid vegetation type. The very low vegetation is dominated by the Vygie family. The lack of summer rains results in almost no grasses being prevalent in the vegetation type (Low and Rebelo, 1996). The land use of this region are predominantly farming practices such as stock grazing and game farming. Ceres Mountain Region The Ceres Mountain Region consists primarily of very steep sided high mountains with lower valleys between them. The vegetation falls within the Mountain Fynbos of the Fynbos Biome (Low and Rebelo, 1996). The vegetation is generally low except where it has been replaced with orchards and agro-forestry activities. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

180 11 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Human intrusion is limited to the valleys that have been largely modified from natural vegetation to agricultural lands for grazing and fruit production. Swartland Region The Swartland Region consist of a broad, extensive horizontal scale with little vertical definition due to the flat to gently sloping topography covered with arable lands, shrubs and grassland. The vegetation falls within the Fynbos Biome. It consists of a mixture of West Coast Renosterveld and Sand Plain Fynbos (Low and Rebelo, 1996). Most of this vegetation has been ploughed up for wheat and viticulture. The views within this landscape are extensive and only interrupted in the east by the Cape Mountains. The rolling and undulating landscape interrupts these views at a local level when viewed from localised depressions.. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

181 12 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 5: Landscape types KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

182 13 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 6: Landscape types KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

183 14 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT VISUAL CHARACTER Visual character is based on human perception and the observer s response to the relationships between and composition of the landscape, the land uses and identifiable elements in the landscape. The description of the visual character includes an assessment of the scenic attractiveness regarding those landscape attributes that have aesthetic value and contribute significantly to the visual quality of the views, vistas and/or viewpoints of the study area Visual Quality Visual quality is a qualitative evaluation of the composition of landscape components and their excellence in scenic attractiveness. Many factors contribute to the visual quality of the landscape and are grouped under the following main categories (Table 4) that are internationally accepted indicators of visual quality (FHWA, 1981): Table 3: Criteria of Visual Quality (FHWA, 1981) INDICATOR Vividness Intactness Unity CRITERIA The memorability of the visual impression received from contrasting landscape elements as they combine to form a striking and distinctive visual pattern. The integrity of visual order in the natural and man-built landscape, and the extent to which the landscape is free from visual encroachment. The degree to which the visual resources of the landscape join together to form a coherent, harmonious visual pattern. Unity refers to the compositional harmony of inter-compatibility between landscape elements. The landscape is allocated a rating from an evaluation scale of 1 to 7 and divided by 3 to get an average. The evaluation scale is as follows: Very Low =1; Low =2; Moderately Low =3; Moderate =4; Moderately High =5; High =6; Very High =7; The regional landscape is assessed against each indicator separately. All three indicators should be high to obtain a high visual quality. The evaluation is summarised in Table 4. Table 4: Visual Quality of the regional landscape LANDSCAPE TYPE VIVIDNESS INTACTNESS UNITY VISUAL QUALITY Ceres Karoo Region Moderate Ceres Mountain Region Moderately High Swartland Region Moderate The higher visual quality can be attributed to areas with less human intervention and with undisturbed natural features. The scattered agricultural practices and the informal settlements are impacting the regional visual quality Visual absorption capacity Visual Absorption Capacity (VAC) signifies the ability of the landscape to accept additional human intervention without serious loss of character and visual quality or value. VAC is founded on the characteristics of the physical environment such as: Degree of visual screening: A degree of visual screening is provided by landforms, vegetation cover and/or structures such as buildings. For example, a high degree of visual screening is present in an area that is mountainous and is covered with a forest compared to an undulating an mundane landscape covered in grass; KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

184 15 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Terrain variability: Terrain variability reflects the magnitude of topographic elevation and diversity in slope variation. A highly variable terrain will be recognised as one with great elevation differences and a diversity of slope variation creating talus slopes, cliffs and valleys. An undulating landscape with a monotonous and repetitive landform will be an example of a low terrain variability; Land cover: Land cover refers to the perceivable surface of the landscape and the diversity of patterns, colours and textures that are presented by the particular land cover (i.e. urbanised, cultivated, forested, etc.); A basic rating system is used to evaluate the three VAC parameters. The values are relative and relate to the type of project that is proposed and how it may be absorbed in the landscape (Table 5). A three value range is used; three (3) being the highest potential to absorb an element in the landscape and one (1) being the lowest potential. The values are counted together and categorised in a high, medium or low VAC rating. Table 5: Regional Visual Absorption Capacity evaluation LANDSCAPE TYPE VISUAL SCREENING TERRAIN VARIABILITY LAND COVER Ceres Karoo Region low VAC Ceres Mountain Region moderate Swartland Region low The VAC of the study area is considered to be moderately low and provides some visual screening capacity for this project. The moderately low VAC relates to the topography and vegetation. The regular forms and associated vertical posture of the proposed alignment are unlike the undulating and horizontal appearance of the topography. The less prominent project components such as access roads are expected to be visually absorbed to a greater degree in the landscape. The relative modest scale and extent of the project components are more readily accepted and will not create major alterations to the landscape character. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

185 16 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 7: Landscape character of study area KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

186 17 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 8: Landscape character of study area KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

187 18 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 9: Landscape character of study area KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

188 19 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 10: Landscape character of study area KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

189 20 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 11: Photo Reference Map KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

190 21 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 12: Photo plate 1 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

191 22 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 13: Photo plate 2 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

192 23 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 14: Photo plate 3 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

193 24 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 15: Photo plate 4 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

194 25 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 16: Photo plate 5 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

195 26 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 17: Photo plate 6 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

196 27 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 18: Photo plate 7 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

197 28 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 19: Photo plate 8 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

198 29 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 20: Photo plate 9 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

199 30 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 21: Photo plate 10 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

200 31 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 22: Photo plate 11 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

201 32 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 23: Photo plate 12 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

202 33 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 24: Photo plate 13 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

203 34 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 25: Photo plate 14 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

204 35 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The significance of impacts is a comparative function relating to the severity of the identified impacts on the respective receptors. The significance of an impact is considered high should a highly sensitive receptor be exposed to a highly severe impact (Table 6). Table 6: Significance of impacts RECEPTOR SENSITIVITY IMPACT SEVERITY LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW No significance Low Low MEDIUM Low Medium Medium HIGH Low Medium High 5.1. SIGNIFICANCE OF LANDSCAPE IMPACT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER SENSITIVITY The sensitivity of the landscape character is an indication of the degree to which a particular landscape can accommodate change from a particular development, without detrimental effects on its character (GLVIA, 2002). A landscape with a high sensitivity would be one that is greatly valued for its aesthetic attractiveness and/or have ecological, cultural or social importance through which it contributes to the inherent character of the visual resource. The assessment of the landscape is substantiated through professional judgement and informed reasoning which is based on the landscape character assessment in Section 4. A landscape sensitivity rating was adapted from GOSW (2006) (Table 7) and applied in the classification of the study area into different sensitivity zones. Table 7: Landscape character sensitivity rating (Adapted from GOSW, 2006) Low sensitivity Moderately sensitivity Highly sensitivity These landscapes are likely to: DESCRIPTION Have distinct and well-defined landforms; Have a strong sense of enclosure; Provide a high degree of screening; Have been affected by extensive development or man-made features; Have reduced tranquillity; Are likely to have little inter-visibility with adjacent landscapes; and Exhibit no or a low density of sensitive landscape features that bare visual value. These landscapes are likely to: Have a moderately elevated topography with reasonably distinct landforms that provides some sense of enclosure; Have been affected by several man-made features; Have limited inter-visibility with adjacent landscapes; and Exhibit a moderate density of sensitive landscape features that bare visual value. These landscapes are likely to: Consist mainly of undulating plains and poorly defined landforms; Be open or exposed with a remote character and an absence of man-made features; Are often highly visible from adjacent landscapes; and Exhibit a high density of sensitive landscape features that bare visual value. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

205 36 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT The majority of the study area is considered to have a moderate landscape character sensitivity due to the undulating topography and relative undeveloped condition of the landscape, the generally high visual quality and the related tourism value that is placed on the visual resource. Moderate terrain variability mainly occurs through the study area where a moderately low VAC can be expected. Generally the vegetation cover is shrubland and scattered trees which will provide very little visual screening for the proposed transmission line. The landscape character is considered moderately susceptible to change, whether it is a low intensity change over an extensive area or an acute change over a limited area. Generally, the vegetation occurring in the study area is rigid and recovers very slowly from surface disturbances. Table 8: Landscape character sensitivity LANDSCAPE TYPE (LT) PREVAILING LANDSCAPE CHARACTER SENSITIVITY AREA OF DISTURBANCE IN LT LOCALISED REDUCTION OF SENSITIVITY Ceres Karoo Region Moderate Existing Power lines Low Degraded areas around settlements Ceres Mountain Region High Degraded areas around settlements Low Swartland Region Moderate The agricultural fields Informal Settlements Low KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

206 37 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SEVERITY OF POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE IMPACTS Landscape impacts are alterations to the fabric, character, visual quality and/or visual value which will either positively or negatively affect the landscape character. During the construction and operational phases, the project components are expected to impact on the landscape character of the landscape types. The magnitude/severity of this intrusion is measured against the scale of the project, the permanence of the intrusion and the loss in visual quality, -value and/or VAC. Table 9: Landscape impact Altering the landscape character Activity Construction phase Nature of Impact Extent of Impact Duration of Impact Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Route 1 Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Negative Deviation Impacting on Route 1b the visual quality of the Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Route 2 landscape due High Definite High Moderate High to the Permanent if Local presence of not mitigated Route 3 foreign High Definite High Moderate High elements and Deviation a loss of Route 3a vegetation High Definite High Moderate High Deviation cover. Route 3b Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Operational phase Route 1 Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Route 2 Negative Impacting on the visual Low High Definite Definite Low High Low Moderate High High quality of the Local Permanent landscape due Route 3 the presence High Definite High Moderate High of a power Deviation Route 3a line. High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3b Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Construction phase The activities that are expected to cause landscape impacts and that are associated with the construction phase, are the establishment of the construction camps, construction of access roads and the clearance of the site. These activities will create surface disturbances which will result in the removal of vegetation and the exposure of the underlying soil. The extent of the disturbances will generally affect a relative large footprint area. Access roads to the towers are expected to be a two-track dirt road which will create KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

207 38 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT the minimum disturbance. During construction, the area around the individual towers will be disturbed. The construction camps and lay-down yards are anticipated to disturb a much larger area. The size and location of the construction camps will play a major role in the severity of the landscape impact. Due to a lack of technical information, two options are considered namely; the location of construction camps in remote, virgin land, or in/adjacent existing settlements. The initial presence of a construction camp in a undeveloped landscape will cause a temporary and localised alteration to the landscape character. A construction camp located in or adjacent to an existing town or settlement will be easily associated with the town and therefore the presence of the town, mitigates the impact. The mitigating result is most effective, the bigger the town or settlement is. Servitudes will generally be cleared of higher growing and dense vegetation to reduce biomass that may cause a fire hazard if ignited. The complete removal of high growing vegetation and scrubs will result in disturbed areas of exposed soil and difference in texture. The exposed soil and change in texture will contrast severely with the intact vegetation around the disturbance footprint and servitudes. Considering the moderately low VAC throughout most of the study area, the undisturbed condition of parts of the landscape and the recovery rate of the endemic vegetation, the severity of landscape impact during the construction stage is expected to be moderate for Route 1, Deviation Route 1a and 1b and high for all the other alternatives. The impact will extend over the entire length of the different alignments and may vary in degrees of severity along the linear length as it transects landscape types of varying VAC. Surface disturbances are also minimised through, for example, utilising existing roads. Operational phase Surface disturbances created during construction may remain for an extended period during the operational phase. These are seen as residual affects carried forward from the construction phase and can be completely or substantially mitigated if treated appropriately during the construction phase. An additional impact will be caused as a result of the presence of the completed transmission line, i.e. that of the evenly spaced towers of the lines, buildings and structures. The industrial character and the near monumental vertical scale of the towers will contrast with the diverse landscape character that prevails through most of the study area. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

208 39 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.2. SIGNIFICANCE OF VISUAL IMPACTS VIEWER SENSITIVITY Within the receiving environment, specific viewers (visual receptors) experience different views of the visual resource and value it differently. They will be affected because of alterations to their views due to the proposed project. The visual receptors are grouped according to their similarities. The visual receptors included in this study are: Residents; Tourists; and Motorists Residents Tourists Motorists To determine visual receptor sensitivity a commonly used rating system is utilised. This is a generic classification of visual receptors and enables the visual impact specialist to establish a logical and consistent visual receptor sensitivity rating for viewers who are involved in different activities without engaging in extensive public surveys. Residents of the affected environment are classified as visual receptors of high sensitivity owing to their sustained visual exposure to the proposed development as well as their attentive interest towards their living environment. Tourists are regarded as visual receptors of exceptional high sensitivity. Their attention is focused towards the landscape which they essentially utilise for enjoyment purposes and appreciation of the quality of the landscape. Motorists are generally classified as visual receptors of low sensitivity due to their momentary view and experience of the proposed development. As a motorist s speed increases, the sharpness of lateral vision declines and the motorist tends to focus on the line of travel (USDOT, 1981). This adds weight to the assumption that under normal conditions, motorists will show low levels of sensitivity as their attention is focused on the road and their exposure to roadside objects is brief. Motorists on the scenic routes in the study area will present a higher sensitivity. Their reason for being in the landscape is similar to that of the tourists and they will therefore be categorised as part of the tourist viewer group. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

209 40 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SEVERITY OF POTENTIAL VISUAL IMPACTS Severity of visual impact refers to the magnitude of change to specific visual receptor s views and/or experience of the landscape. Severity of visual impact is influenced by the following factors: The viewer s exposure to the project: Distance of observers from the proposed project; The visibility of the proposed project (ZVI); Number of affected viewers; and Duration of views to development experienced by affected viewers. Degree of visual intrusion created by the project. Empirical research indicates that the visibility of a transmission tower and hence the severity of visual impact, decreases as the distance between the observer and the tower increases. The landscape type, through which the transmission line crosses, can mitigate the severity of visual impact through topographical or vegetative screening. Bishop et al (1988) noticed that in some cases the tower may dominate the view for example, silhouetted against the skyline, or in some cases be absorbed in the landscape. A complex landscape setting with a diverse land cover and topographical variation has the ability to decrease the severity of visual impact more than a mundane landscape (Bishop et al, 1985). The Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) is determined through a Geographical Information System (GIS). The result reflects a shaded pattern which identifies the areas that are expected to experience views of the proposed alignments. The ZVI is limited to 5 km from the proposed locations. A visibility analysis has been completed for each of the three alternative alignments and deviation routes (APPENDIX 1). According to Bishop et al (1988), visual receptors within 1 km from the alignment are most likely to experience the highest degree of visual intrusion, hence contributing to the severity of the visual impact. This is considered as the zone of highest visibility after which the degree of visual intrusion decreases rapidly at distances further away. In order to assess the extent and degree of visibility in the visual envelope, a Geographical Information System (GIS) was utilised. A visibility analysis was performed which provides the following information (Figure 26 - Figure 31). The areas within the visual envelope that may experience views of the proposed project; and The degree of visibility in terms of the percentage of the proposed project that will be visible from a specific location. The GIS performs an analysis for a series of elevated observer points which represents the height of the entire power line in a digital elevation model (DEM). This results in a visibility map with the degree of visibility illustrated by a colour. The visibility analyses consider worst-case scenarios, using line-of-sight, based on topography alone. The screening capability of vegetation is not captured in the base model of the DEM and is therefore not considered in these results. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

210 41 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Potential visual impacts on residents Activity Construction phase Route 1 Nature of Impact Extent of Impact Duration of Impact Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Route 2 Negative Construction camp and Moderate Moderate Definite Definite Low Low Low Low High High lay-down Local Temporary yard may Route 3 cause Low Definite Low Low High unsightly Deviation Route 3a views. Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3b Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Low Definite Low Low High Operational phase Route 1 Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Negative Deviation The Route 1b presence of a power line Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 2 intrudes on Moderate Definite Low Low High existing Local Permanent views and Route 3 spoils the Low Definite Low Low High open Deviation panoramic Route 3a views of the Low Definite Low Low High Deviation landscape. Route 3b Low Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Low Definite Low Low High Generally, the study area is sparsely populated except around the human settlements, farms and towns. These communities are normally situated along main transportation routes, near agricultural areas or adjacent rivers or water resources Residential areas and farm residents will experience an intrusion on their views due to the presence of the proposed Transmission Line. It is unpractical to discuss all, but they are recognised as the general population of the study area and are identified as affected visual receptors. Considering the distribution of residents across the study area, it can be concluded that the entire study area has a low density of residents with the exception of higher concentrations of residents in the towns and human settlements. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

211 42 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Construction phase During the construction phase, unsightly views may be created by the presence of construction camps and the lay-down yards. The duration of the potential visual impact will be temporary which will result in an anticipated moderately low significance of visual impact for all the alternatives. The visual exposure to the construction activity will initially be limited and only local residents will experience views of the site preparation activity. As the structures increase in scale and height, the ZVI increases, resulting in a greater number of affected viewers and a subsequent increase in visual exposure. The cleared sites, construction camps and material lay-down yard will appear unsightly and out of character. Large scale construction elements such as cranes, will be highly visible and increase awareness of the construction activity over a considerable area. The visual intrusion caused during the construction stage will be moderate, but will be temporary in nature. Operational phase The residents of the residential areas and farming communities next to the power lines may experience a moderate degree of visual intrusion due to their proximity to all the Alternatives. The presence of a transmission line in the visual field of the residents in this part of the study area will spoil the uncluttered panoramic views they currently experience. The silhouette of a transmission line on the horizon will be visible from a great distance and thus increase the ZVI considerably, potentially impacting on more residents. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

212 43 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Potential visual impacts on tourists Activity Construction phase Route 1 Nature of Impact Extent of Impact Duration of Impact Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1a Deviation Route 1b Negative Construction camp and lay-down Moderate Moderate Definite Definite Moderate Moderate Low Low High High Route 2 yard may At a cause High Definite High Moderate High number unsightly Temporary of point Route 3 views and locations High Definite High Moderate High spoil the Deviation Route undisturbed 3a views over the High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route landscape. 3b High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3c High Definite High Moderate High Operational phase Route 1 Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Moderate Low High Deviation Route 1b Route 2 Negative The presence of a power line Moderate High Definite Definite Moderate High Low Moderate High High intrudes on Local Permanent Route 3 existing views High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route of the 3a landscape High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3b High Definite High Moderate High Deviation Route 3c High Definite High Moderate High The study area is renowned for its karoo and mountainous landscapes especially in the central and northern regions. These characteristics provide the basis for the tourism industry which plays a role in the economy of the Western Cape Province. The entire study area is considered to have a moderately high tourism potential. The type of tourist that visits this area is expected to travel considerably through the study area by vehicle. This implies that they will experience a large part of the study area in a relative short time span. Construction phase The temporary duration of the construction phase is expected to cause moderately high visual impacts, especially Route 2 and 3 with it s deviations. The location and size of the construction camps and lay-down yards will be crucial in regulating the impact. Detail information is not available and it is anticipated that the visual impact will occur localised and that a small number of tourists will be adversely affected by these project components during construction. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

213 44 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Their exposure to possible unsightly views of the construction camps and the associated activity will however be minimal and localised. The potential visual impact on tourists during the construction phase of the proposed project can be mitigated with relative ease except for Route 2 and 3 with its deviations. The greatest factor to consider is the location of the construction camps from potential views that may be experienced from scenic routes or tourist hotspots. Operational phase Considering the extent of the proposed alternatives, a number of tourists will be affected during their visit to the study area. Although it is difficult to pinpoint particular locations in the study area that are of specific tourist value, since the entire study area bares some value, the most obvious concentration of tourists can be expected in the northern central part of the study area. For these tourists, Route 2 and 3 with its deviations will create alterations to their views. The presence of a transmission line in this undeveloped landscape will spoil the views that are experiencing. It can be concluded that Route 2 and 3 with its deviations will cause a high visual intrusion in the views expected by tourists travelling through the study area. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

214 45 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Potential visual impacts on motorists Activity Construction phase Route 1 Nature of Impact Extent of Impact Duration of Impact Severity of Impact Probability of Impact Significance without Mitigation Significance with Mitigation Level of Confidence Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 2 Negative At a Intruding on Moderate Definite Low Low High number existing Short period of point Route 3 views of the locations Moderate Definite Low Low High landscape. Deviation Route 3a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3b Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Low Low High Operational phase Route 1 Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 1b Moderate Definite Low Low High Route 2 Negative Intruding on Short period existing Local Route 3 views of the landscape. Moderate Moderate Definite Definite Low Low Low Low High High Deviation Route 3a Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3b Moderate Definite Low Low High Deviation Route 3c Moderate Definite Low Low High The major routes in the study area are the N7, R45, R315, R27, R311, R44, R304, R312, R46, R303, R43 and R355 connecting the towns and informal settlements. The secondary road network in the study area carries a much lower volume of motorists. Many of the roads are gravel roads which are mostly utilised by the local residents. Their duration of views will be temporary and it is expected that the visual intrusion that they will experience will be moderately low. Construction phase The potential visual impact that may be experienced by motorists during the construction phase is considered to be minimal. Limited information is available and the number, location and size of the construction camps and lay-down yards are essential for accurately assessing the visual impact. It is anticipated that views of the construction camps and lay-down yards of all the alternative routes will be visible from the major roads. The possibility that a construction camp will be established at this location is high and can be motivated from an accessibility point of view, due to the proximity to a major route. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

215 46 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT The presence of the construction camp and lay-down yards may create unsightly views. Motorists visual exposure to the impact will be brief and the severity of visual impact will be moderately low. The significance of potential visual impact is expected to be low. Operational phase The N7, R27, R47, R44 and R46 are the most prominent, carrying the highest volume of traffic. Route 3 with its deviations will be the most visible from the R27. The severity and significance of visual impact for all the proposed routes on motorists will be moderate. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

216 47 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6. RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES The aim of mitigation is to reduce or alleviate the intrusive contrast between the proposed project components and activities, and the receiving landscape to a point where it is acceptable to visual and landscape receptors GENERAL Proceed with construction of the substation during the off peak tourism season; Where areas are going to be disturbed through the destruction of vegetation, for example the establishment of the construction camp, the vegetation occurring in the area to be disturbed must be salvaged and kept in a controlled environment such as a nursery, for future re-planting in the disturbed areas as a measure of rehabilitation; 6.2. ACCESS ROUTES Make use of existing access roads where possible; Where new access roads are required, the disturbance area should be kept as small as possible. A two-track dirt road will be the most preferred option; Locate access routes so as to limit modification to the topography and to avoid the removal of established vegetation; Avoid crossing over or through ridges, rivers, pans or any natural features that have visual value. This also includes centres of floral endemism and areas where vegetation is not resilient and takes extended periods to recover; Maintain no or minimum cleared road verges; Access routes should be located on the perimeter of disturbed areas such as cultivated/fallow lands as not to fragment intact vegetated areas; and If it is necessary to clear vegetation for a road, avoid doing so in a continuous straight line. Alternatively, curve the road in order to reduce the visible extent of the cleared corridor TRANSMISSION TOWERS Avoid crossing over or through ridges, rivers, pans or any natural features that have visual value. This also includes centres of floral endemism and areas where vegetation is not resilient and takes extended periods to recover; The preferred type of tower is the compact cross-rope or the cross-rope suspension tower. These two tower types are the most visually permeable and create an extremely low degree of visual obstruction; Avoid changing the alignment s direction too often in order to minimise the use of the selfsupporting strain tower. This tower type is the most visually intrusive as the steel lattice structure is more dense than the other two tower types, hence creating more visual obstruction; Plan the route so that the route crosses existing main routes as close to 90 as possible as this will reduce the time that the line is in the viewshed of the passing motorist / viewer; Where practically possible, provide a minimum of 1 km buffer area between the transmission line and sensitive visual receptors; and Rehabilitate disturbed areas around pylons as soon as practically possible after construction. This should be done to restrict extended periods of exposed soil. Align the route along the footslopes of hills, mountains and ridges. This is to maximise the backdrop screening effect of the topography that will reduce presenting the Transmission line in silhouette. Plan the route so that the route crosses existing main routes as close to 90 as possible as this will reduce the time that the line is in the viewshed of the passing motorist / viewer. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

217 48 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Align the route through areas of existing visual clutter and disturbance such as alongside railway lines, existing Transmission lines, roads and other visible infrastructure, rather than through pristine or undisturbed areas where possible. However, the cumulative effect of adding to the visual clutter prior to the final placement should be evaluated Avoid areas where the current land uses, such as game farm, lodges, etc. often rely on the absence of human visual intrusion. The galvanising of the pylon should be allowed to weather to a matt grey finish rather than be painted silver, as is often the case. This allows the structures to blend in with the existing environmental colours more readily than the silver that is highly reflective especially early morning and late afternoon. Should it be necessary to paint, it is recommended that a neutral matt finish be used CLEARED SERVITUDES Locate the alignment and the associated cleared servitude so as to avoid the removal of established vegetation; and Avoid a continuous linear path of cleared vegetation that would strongly contrast with the surrounding landscape character. Feather the edges of the cleared corridor to avoid a clearly defined line through the landscape CONSTRUCTION CAMPS AND LAY DOWN YARDS If practically possible, locate construction camps in areas that are already disturbed or where it isn t necessary to remove established vegetation like for example, naturally bare areas; Utilise existing screening features such as dense vegetation stands or topographical features to place the construction camps and lay-down yards out of the view of sensitivity visual receptors; Keep the construction sites and camps neat, clean and organised in order to portray a tidy appearance; and Screen the construction camp and lay-down yards by enclosing the entire area with a dark green or black shade cloth of no less than 2 m height. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

218 49 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 7. CONCLUSION The three alternative Routes have been evaluated against international accepted criteria to determine the impact they will have on the landscape character and the viewers that have been identified in the study area. The alternatives are rated according to preference by using a eight-point rating system in Table 10, eight (8) being the least preferred, to one (1) being the most preferred. The preference rating is informed by the impact assessment discussions in Section 5 and the overall performance of each alternative with regards to the impact on the landscape character and the identified viewers. Table 10: Evaluation of alternative alignments ALTERNATIVES PREFERENCE RATING Route 1 1 Deviation Route 1a 2 Deviation Route 1b 3 Route 2 4 Route 3 6 Deviation Route 3a 8 Deviation Route 3b 7 Deviation Route 3c 5 Route 1 is regarded as the most preferred alternative. Its alignment along the existing transmission line and transmission servitude is considered to cause the least impact on the landscape character due to the reduced sensitivity of the landscape along the roads and servitudes.. The impact of Route 1 on visual receptors varies between residents, tourists and motorists. Route 1 s great advantage lies in the less significant visual impact on tourists and residents as compared to the other alternatives. The public association with transmission lines and major public roads is a common perception which makes the coexistence of these two features more acceptable. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

219 50 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT APPENDIX 1 Figure 26 - Figure 31 reflects the results of a visibility assessment, carried out using GIS software. The results provide a clear interpretation of the extent of the visual influence and also provide an indication of the land use that can be expected in the affected areas. Through the integration of different GIS datasets it is possible to identify areas along the alternative alignments that may cause higher impacts. KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

220 51 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 26: Alternative 1 KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

221 52 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 27: Alternative 1A KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

222 53 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 28: Alternative 1B KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

223 54 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 29: Alternative 3 A KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

224 55 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 30: Alternative 3 B KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

225 56 VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Figure 31: Alternative 3 C KAPPA OMEGA 765kV LINE AND SUBSTATIONS UPGRADE KAP2012_KAPPA OMEGA VIA_ PREPARED BY AXIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS