SpringerBriefs in Archaeology

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1 SpringerBriefs in Archaeology

2 SpringerBriefs in Archaeology presents concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applications in all aspects of Archaeology. Featuring compact volumes of 75 to 125 pages, the series covers a range of content from professional to academic. Typical topics might include: A snapshot of a hot or emerging topic A contextual literature review A timely report of state-of-the art analytical techniques An in-depth case study A presentation of core concepts that students must understand in order to make independent contributions. Briefs allow authors to present their ideas and readers to absorb them with minimal time investment. Briefs are published as part of Springer s ebook collection, with millions of users worldwide. In addition, Briefs are available for individual print and electronic purchase. Briefs are characterized by fast, global electronic dissemination, standard publishing contracts, easy-to-use manuscript preparation and formatting guidelines, and expedited production schedules. We aim for publication 8 12 weeks after acceptance. Both solicited and unsolicited manuscripts are considered for publication in this series. Briefs can also arise from the scale up of a planned chapter. Instead of simply contributing to an edited volume, the author gets an authored book with the space necessary to provide more data, fundamentals and background on the subject, methodology, future outlook, etc. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology contains a distinct subseries focusing on Archaeological Heritage Management edited by Douglas Comer, Helaine Silverman and Friedrich Lüth, in conjunction with the International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM). The series will address critical contemporary problems and illustrate exemplary work in archaeological heritage management in countries around the globe. The series will take a broad view of the concepts of archaeology, heritage, and management in accordance with ICAHM s mandate itself. More information about this series at

3 Stefano R.L. Campana Mapping the Archaeological Continuum Filling Empty Mediterranean Landscapes 123

4 Stefano R.L. Campana Department of History and Cultural Heritage University of Siena Siena Italy ISSN ISSN (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Archaeology ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Their interpretations of earthworks were often at fault, and they were prone to see Romans everywhere; but that was merely because, like the rest of their contemporaries, they were still under the spell of books (O. G. S. Crawford 1953: 37)

6 To my beloved mother, Annamaria

7 Foreword The countryside was central to the lives of the majority of the population in the past since it was where all but a few of them resided and made their living. In the premodern era, only a relatively small proportion were resident in urban settlements, and even they usually had strong rural links with Roman elites, for instance, invariably owning country estates. Furthermore, any population s exploitation of the countryside involves a variety of various uses and a dispersed range of resources that were spread across the whole landscape and rarely confined to a single place. Although often recognized, these realities have been difficult for archaeologists to deal with since our methods have generally been developed to focus on particular places in the microcosm. Thus, knowledge of the countryside through entire periods of the past has too often relied solely on the excavation of places where people lived, for instance, Roman villas or mediaeval farms. Even a moment s thought should demonstrate that such evidence can tell us only a little about the lives of those who lived more widely within the open countryside. There has been a gradual realization of this problem over the past few decades, and developments in the methods of rural survey through field walking and aerial photography have gone some way to correcting the imbalance in the collected evidence, showing the extent of past landscape use and mapping the changing densities of settlement in various areas across time. However, it has required a new phase of innovative thinking to advance the subject even further in particular, to transform knowledge of rural areas away from a focus on where people lived to how they used the landscape as a whole. Such a change involves both a conceptual shift and a methodological transformation. In the UK, the revolution came from pioneering work undertaken by Dominic Powlesland that introduced the use of geophysical surveying on a landscape scale, leading him to think about how gaps in the evidence related to farming and land use. In this book, Stefano Campana takes this work significantly further, bringing these methods to the Mediterranean and creating a bridge between the urban and the rural. This is truly important, not only in providing exciting new information about key parts of the Italian landscape but also in showing just how much more we can learn about the past from these methods of fast, effective and economical field ix

8 x Foreword surveying. He demonstrates how such survey results can enhance the interpretation of evidence from past excavations. Furthermore, exploratory trenches can be placed with precision using the survey results, facilitating more effective understanding. In short, this is an important book that marks another vital stage in the development towards a more comprehensive understanding of ancient landscapes. Cambridge December 2017 Prof. Martin Millett

9 Acknowledgements In terms of acknowledging help and criticism, it is always difficult to know how to limit the circle of the most explicitly helpful persons. The thoughts and ideas expressed here have been influenced, inevitably, by many other people. Foremost among them must stand my long-term mentor, the late Prof. Riccardo Francovich, who gave me the cultural background and the intellectual verve to face, time after time, new research challenges. Special thanks are also due to two very good friends who have followed and inspired so much of my research work since early in my career, Chris Musson and Prof. Dominic Powlesland. As ever, they have helped with constructive criticism and comments throughout all stages of this project. I could never thank them enough. Moreover, I am very grateful to Chris Musson who patiently and willingly revised the final text, improving the English language and enhancing the overall readability. This study would not have been possible without the aid of many individuals, institutions and companies, and it is now a pleasure to express my gratitude to them. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Martin Millett, scientist-in-charge of my Marie Curie project, for his constant support, valuable advice and critical attitude. I would like to thank Ken Saito for his tenacity, rigour and outstanding work done in the field and in the laboratory while gathering and processing vast amounts of magnetic measurements (roughly around 800 ha) in the Rusellae area, at Veii, and at many other places in Italy and around the Mediterranean. I am further indebted to Dr. Emanuele Vaccaro for artefact collection and pottery analysis. Grateful thanks, too, go to Prof. Charles French, Prof. Pierluigi Pieruccini and Davide Susini for their support and guidance in geo-archaeological research, in particular, in regard to the organization of the borehole-survey work and test excavation in 2015 and Thanks are also go to Prof. Gaetano di Pasquale and Dr. Mauro Buonincontri for the implementation and discussion of the results of archaeobotanical analysis on macro-remains and to Annamaria Mercuri and her team for palynological analyses. Important advice was also contributed by Prof. Graeme Barker and Dr. Simon Stoddart. xi

10 xii Acknowledgements I am indebted to Progetto Veio at the University of Rome La Sapienza, coordinated initially by Prof. Giovanni Colonna, later by Prof. Gilda Bartoloni and currently by Prof. Maria Teresa d Alessio. The project involves several research teams including the group led by Prof. Gilda Bartoloni, Prof. Maria Teresa d Alessio and Prof. Marcello Guaitoli (CNR and the University of Salento). All of them have collaborated freely and generously with their time and ideas. For the same reasons, I am most grateful to the British School at Rome and particularly to Dr. Robeta Cascino and the Director General Prof. Christopher Smith. Special thanks are offered to Dr. Salvatore Piro (CNR-ITABC), Michel Dabas (Geocarta) and Gianfranco Morelli (Geostudi) for their valuable support in the survey, processing and interpretation of the geophysical measurements. Test-excavations implemented during the summer of 2017 were generously supported by the local administration of Grosseto and the Province of Grosseto, enabling a small team of highly motivated archaeologists to achieve outstanding results in a very short time; for this my gratitude goes to Dr. Cristina Felici, Dr. Marianna Cirillo, Dr. Ken Saito and Alfredo Biliotti. Sincere thanks are also owed to the Archaeological Superintendency of Tuscany, and in particular to Dr. Andrea Pessina, Dr. Arch Anna Di Bene and Dr. Gabriella Poggesi for the intellectual debate and problem-solving approach. The University of Siena spin-off company ATS srl played a crucial role, generously sharing use of the Foerster magnetometer system essential in the survey work. My gratitude also goes to my colleagues at the University of Siena who contributed in a variety of ways in developing and fostering discussion, in particular, Prof. Giovanna Bianchi, Prof. Emanuele Papi and Prof. Gabriella Piccinni. Trials with Lidar acquisition in Italy were made possible through a much-appreciated cooperation with UK colleagues at the Natural Environment Research Council and the Unit for Landscape Modelling at the University of Cambridge, with processing in the Department of Geography at Durham University under the supervision of Prof. D. Donoghue and Dr. N. Galiatsatos. The research for this book would not have been possible without the financial support of the Marie Curie action for the Emptyscapes project (FP7-PEOPLE IEF n ), the Culture 2007 ArchaeoLandscapes Europe project (Grant Agreement nr. 2010/1486/ ), ARCUS and two Italian research grants within the scheme of the Project for Research of Relevant National Interest (PRIN 2008 and PRIN 2015). The generosity and support of these institutions have been greatly appreciated. Final thoughts turn, inevitably, to my family, my late father Cesare, my mother Annamaria, my children Caterina and Emma, and especially my wife, Cristina. Their love and support has been and remains the greatest source of joy and satisfaction in my life.

11 Contents 1 Landscape Archaeology the Mediterranean Basin The State of the Art Contextualizing Urban Centres in the Countryside ( ) The Second or New Wave of Archaeological Surveying ( ) Third Wave Surveys: Linking Urban and Rural Landscapes (from 2000) Current Issues Environmental Influences on Mediterranean Landscape Archaeology Questioning Emptyscapes : Empty Spaces, Empty Phases and Archaeological (In)Visibility Emptyphases : Unbalanced Patterning in the Longue Durée Mapping Fieldwork Evidence: Scales of Detail and Representation References Conceptualising the Archaeological Continuum Realigning Sites and Landscapes: From Isolation to Interconnection The Continuum of Space and Time in Landscape Archaeology Towards a New Methodological Approach A New Elementary Unit: The Local Scale References xiii

12 xiv Contents 3 Recording Continuity: Integrating New and Old Research Methods Developing New Practice in Field-Walking Surveying Remote Sensing Aerial Photography Airborne Lidar in Open Landscapes and Beneath the Woodland Canopy Close-Range Aerial Photography and Lidar Imaging: Micro-Drone Systems Very Large-Scale or Open-Area Geophysical Prospection Environmental Studies Targeted Small-Scale Excavation References Mapping, Data Integration and Interpretation GIS-Based Data Mapping GIS-Based Data Interpretation and Source Integration: Towards the Stratigraphic Analysis of Past Landscapes References Peopling Empty Mediterranean Landscapes The Rusellae Hinterland: Transformations Across Historical Time Survey Work and the Search for New Archaeological Evidence Targeted small-scale excavation Veii: Development and Transformation in a Former Urban Area The Veii Landscape and Its Interpretation References Archaeological Landscapes: Past, Present and Future References

13 About the Author Stefano Campana is currently professor in landscape archaeology at the University of Siena (Italy), in the Department of History and Cultural Heritage, where he is engaged in both teaching and research. His specialities include remote sensing, GIS and archaeological methodology for the purposes of research, recording and conservation. His work is focused on the understanding of past landscapes in the longue durée, with particular regard to historic times. The principal context for his work has been and still is Tuscany, but he has also participated in and led research work in the UK, Spain, Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Kurdistan and Asia. Throughout his career, he has been active in the international sphere and has established a sound reputation for innovative research. In 2011, he was nominated for and admitted as a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA), and in 2012, he was invited to serve as a member of the General Management Board of HIST, the Governing Board of the International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage, under the auspices of UNESCO and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 2014 to 2016, he was Advanced Marie Curie Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge (UK), Faculty of Classics and McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. xv

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