Sustainable architecture (green architecture) and its role in urban sustainable development (architecture)

Transcription

1 International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN , Online ISSN X, Vol-7, Special Issue-Number2-April, 2016, pp Research Article Sustainable architecture (green architecture) and its role in urban sustainable development (architecture) Fardi, Robabeh and Yousefi, Mohammad Architecture in Islamic Azad University in Qazvin, Sciences and Researches branch, ABSTRACT "Sustainable development" proposed for dealing with problems of development after world war which was merely economic. Regard to the future generations, environment and conservation of the global environment, idealism in new methods and reducing the losses arising from constructions in the cities and consequently achieving a sustainable designing pattern have been the main focus of all sustainable development definitions. In fact, sustainable development is an ecologic concept that unlike the economic views which know the nature as a self-centered set which satisfies the humans, needs, sees nature a set of an ecosystem that human is also a part of it. The studies indicate that if in architectural constructions of a city, the sustainable architecture principles are observed correctly, it will be a big step for the sustainability of the city. In other words, green architecture is arising from urban sustainable development which is also arising from today ' s human need in confronting with unpleasant consequences of industrial and consumptive world of current era. Obviously, achieving sustainable cities needs infrastructures which are scrutinized and explained in green development approach. This article with descriptive method in order to explore the green consumptions and its benefits in improving the life quality of human and constructive role of green architecture in the route of urban sustainable development according to the mentioned studies and evidences concludes about achieving the principles of urban sustainable development. Key words: sustainability, sustainable development, green architecture, environment, ecologic 1-INTRODUCTION The most popular challenge at current era is human ' s confrontation with environment that seems it has been for the benefit of interferer human in short-term, while many scientists predict unpleasant conclusion for this confrontation and it will be the full decline of environment. The technology world that has created the tool for constructing the superstructures, high and luminous towers, highways and extremist communicative networks and artificial environmental conditions, now with imposing the forces and day-increasing exploitation of environment and human society is involving with new challenges every day. On the other hand, the cities are not also coordinated with progresses of cultural and economic technology and thus they have kept their initial and villager form and they have been arranged beside each other in the form of condensed nests and recently they have been arisen and grown toward the sky and the name of skyscraper has been belonged to them with different uses like residential, commercial, administrative, Also we are confronting with invasion of superhighways and freeways into these cities which recently have been expanded in the multi-layer form under the ground or above it. Following these concerns, human thought about a solution for changing his/her method and behavior with environment, and the sustainable development of cities and sustainable architecture were formed in such context.

2 The most important superiority of environmental architecture is to conform to environment, create the rest region for residents with minimizing the loss and destruction of nature and logical application of local resources and producing the native thought and innovation. Especially in third world societies which have been affected by cultural-social and economic crises deeply, attempting for finding local solutions can lead to the reconstruction and self-reliance so that it can promote us from current destructive status to the generative situation. Obviously, achieving the environmentalist cities needs infrastructures which are scrutinized and explained in green development approach. 2-The importance and necessity of the subject Full separation of human and human life from nature and turning towards consumerism are some main effects of governing conditions on today ' s world that its result is to place the entire cycle of environment in unsustainable route and if current situation continues, the energies, resources, materials will be finished and the environment and living conditions on the earth will be destructed and declined completely. Nowadays, the population expansion crisis, reduction of natural and environmental resources and increasing of natural incidents indicate the immediate necessity to the development and architecture with sustainability concept obviously. Today ' s urbanism with improper adherence of urban development pattern-which is reckless to the native situation and properties- not only hasn t any sustainable situation for the cities, but also it has threatened the sustainability of surrounding regions too. "Sustainable development" after the problems of development which were merely economic, was proposed after the world war. Where irregular development has caused numerous class distinctions and environmental problems and in in the development route, it had valued the environmental and social dimensions less than economic dimensions. Sustainable development which was proposed in 70s has been the result of deep recognition to the environs. Since according to the statistics, 50 percent of fuel reserves are consumed in the buildings, therefore seeking a significant solution for this difficulty seemed obvious. Another point is that in addition to regard to the nature, regard to the human was also considered as an important case. Modern human that in the industrial societies has been converted to the tool, is the main point of sustainable development regard and it can be said the sustainable designing and development have achieved special value and validity due to the anthropocentric and humanist dimensions. Since the architecture as the life refuge responds to one of the most important and main needs of human, therefore correct attitudes and planning in architecture dimension aligned with sustainable development are the necessities of this important. Nowadays, urban planners and architectures use of green designing as returning to the nature cycle which is a necessity that leads to reduce the consumption of energy, water and consequently, it reduces the operational costs. 3-Sustainability concept Dehkhoda has brought the sustainability with the meaning of durability and permanency (Dehkhoda, page 47). Etymology and related phrase in English are: Sustain: support, keeping alive, continue ongoing Sustenance: life durability process Sustainable: an adjective which describes a thing which causes the rest, nourishment and supply of life and consequently it leads to the life permanence and elongate it. "Sustainable" term for the first time was proposed in 1986 by global committee of environment extension (development) entitled "confronting with the needs of current era without threatening the resources of future generation for dealing with their needs" and its dimensions and domain are added every day to adopt suitable strategies for the world ' s people (Azerbaijan, Mofidi, 2004). Fardi, Robabeh and Yousefi, Mohammad 399

3 4-Sustainbal development (architecture) Sustainable development word for the first time was proposed formally in 1987 by Brant land in the report of «our common future». This word with its extended concept includes «correct and efficient administrating and exploiting the basic, natural, financial and human resources for achieving desired consumption pattern with applying technical facilities and suitable structure and establishments for satisfying the need of today and future generations constantly and satisfactorily» (Maknoon, 1996). The most important definition which has been presented for sustainable development in Rio session is: «a development which satisfies the current needs of human without threatening the need of future generations in which the environment and future generations are considered». Regard to the ecologic limitations, social sustainability, new moral frame, social justice, pluralism and evaluation are some important properties that will be mentioned in the sustainable city (Bahrainy, 2008). In fact sustainable development (architecture) is an ecologic concept that unlike the economic views which know the environment as a selfcentric set which satisfies our needs, sees it a set of ecosystems which are in close interaction with each other and of course human is also a part of this ecosystem. It can be said that the principles and concepts of sustainable development include the following cases in summary: 1-Regard to the renewable resources like sun and wind energy 2-less using of renewable and pollutant energy like fossil fuels 3-Regard to the future generation 4-Regard to the environment and reduction of its pollution and regard to the environmental cycles Sustainability can be fulfilled at different levels and scales. At international level, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) seek to expand and improve the sustainability concept. At national level, committees and councils of sustainable development are often dependent on the highest decision-making authorities. In some countries like United Nations, some attempts have been accomplished at Italy level that sustainable development innovation of Minnesota estate and sustainable development project in northern California can be known as some of them. By proposing the suffix of sustainable for development, new views were presented about development which have been presented with the titles of sustainable development of water resources, sustainable development of agriculture, sustainable development of forests, sustainable human development and like them (Maknoon, 1997). Sustainable development (architecture) in three domains has deep senses: 1-environmental sustainability, 2-economic sustainability, 3- social sustainability. In order to fulfill the purposes of sustainable development, environmental sustainability in relation with architecture has more importance and environmental problems which have threatened the human future, have forced the architectures to look for solution (Kiomarsi, Ahmadipour, 2004). The cities, situation in the third world countries is more critical. Increasing of population and urbanism, limited natural resources, industries dependent on nature, lack of effective control sites, lack of necessary knowledges of environmental policies and general poverty governing on most of these countries have created newer problems for the cities in these countries. Due to the urban environment burnout, 600 million people of these countries, population are living in dangerous and threatening conditions. About one-third of urban population of these countries lives in sub-standard house. And at least 250 million people of these cities, residents don t have any accessibility to the piping water and the other 400 million people don t have hygienic facilities. Of course the big cities, situation in these countries is also worse than it (Bahrainy, 1996). Sustainability and sustainable city is an acceptable and reasonable successor for Fardi, Robabeh and Yousefi, Mohammad 400

4 destructive urbanism of twentieth century. The owners of urbanism occupation and course should strengthen these new views and they should find its scientific and executive fields (Bahrainy, 1998). Therefore, urban and regional planners and urbanists thought to find ways for achieving the sustainability and planning in the route of urban sustainable development. This idea was strengthened quickly among urban planners and professionals in urbanism field to some extent that in many cities and countries, providing the comprehensive design of urban sustainable development was placed in the priority of planning. 5-Sustainable architecture Sustainable architecture is to manage a healthy and clean environment according to the effective exploitation of natural resources and ecologic principles. Green architecture is arising from sustainable architecture and development which is arising from today ' s human need in dealing with unpleasant consequences in the industrial and consumptive world of current era. Human for dealing with the population growth crisis and also changing his life attempts to establish a new house for himself/herself, during this process, he has converted the green spaces to the skyscrapers and buildings. One of the solutions for creating green space inside the towers is to use of green building technology. The main focus of sustainable development is the regard to the renewable energy resources like sun and wind energy and reduction of unrenewable energies consumption because constant and irregular using of unrenewable resources, in addition to finish the fossil fuel resources, will cause irreparable destruction like excessive warming of the earth and thinning of the ozone layer and also the environment pollution. Green building does the action of increasing the exploitation of buildings and their using of energy, water, material and reducing the construction effects on human and environment health through better locating, designing, structure, exploiting, fixing and repairing, keeping and eliminating with regard to the different aspects of the budding life-span. Of course, this point shouldn t be forgotten that professionals and designers of green buildings are not only seeking the environmental balance, but also the purpose is to present a designing model which is low flaw or flawless of aesthetic harmony and optimum performance. Generally, green architecture is not a new style or procedure of designing, rather it is a suitable climatic-geographical-cultural designing, in fact it is an architectural way for constructing the building through combining two old and new technologies. As we see, the appearance and style of sustainable houses and ordinary buildings in terms of sustainability are almost unrecognizable from each other. Sustainable or environmental architecture tries to use of native materials with respect to the nature. In this architecture, the least loss will be imposed on natural environment to keep the natural structure and form of the earth. In sustainable architecture, the building adapts itself with the environment conditions. According to the saying of Rogers Richard: «buildings are like birds that puff their feathers in winter and conform themselves to new conditions of environment and according to it, they regulate their metabolism». Generally, it can be said understanding the environment and environmental effects, relationship with nature, understanding the people and participatory procedure in designing are some of the initial principles of sustainable designing. By considering these principles, we will see the creation of balance and green architecture, consequently, we can design a house which has full conforming to the environment and it will be a suitable responder to the life needs through exploiting of renewable energies. A house which exploit of energy resources suitably and reduces the air pollution. 6-Basic and significant solutions of designing in sustainable architecture: -Sustainable orientation of building to the south for optimum using of sun energy. Perhaps this case can be known as the most important and effective solution in sustainable architecture. The idea of correct orientation of buildings to Fardi, Robabeh and Yousefi, Mohammad 401

5 the sun has been effective in formation of general direction of the cities and villages since the past. Establishment of buildings with sustainable angle to the south direction with creating suitable distance between the buildings in a manner which causes the maximum light reception in winter and minimum sun lighting reception in summer (through shadow casting of adjacent buildings on each other) has been reducing the fossil energies consumption to remarkable extent. -Using of the sun energy for generating the needed warm air and water in the house space through solar collectors which have been placed on the roofs in slop form to the south light can play effective role in prevention from wasting the fossil fuels. -Reduction of wasting the energy through insulation of exterior walls and roofs; using of materials with high thermal capacity, minimizing the thermal bridges, using of suitable colors which cause to absorb the sun energy, creating bowers on openings. -Using of green roofs; establishing green roof (roof garden) is another solution which is suggested for reducing the energy consumption in metropolises that if it is designed and executed correctly and principally in terms of climatic considerations, in addition to the visual beauty and removing the air pollution, it can help to reserve the energy in the buildings to high extent. In fact green roofs help to reduce the heating and cooling load and cause to refine the air, reduce the sound pollution and energy consumption and conservation of sewage that all of them can be a step at the way of achieving a sustainable city. -Constructing some houses with solar walls; located Parkings amidst a row house act as a central solar energy storage resource. In winter, warm air is blown into the two-partition acoustic walls which act as a device for heat storage. In summer, air flow causes to enter cool and fresh air from outside into the house and provides desired conditions. 7-Some evidences for sustainable architecture 7-1-Waltz-Villa, a symbol of sustainable architecture Moustin Brooke, John and Muller, Christian have designed and executed a villa at the heart of Alp heights recently which has a strange conformity with its surrounding environment. Accessibility to the villa, light receiving, spaces layout and have been cteated by using of existing elements in the environment with minimum changes and alteration. In fact, designing has been done with the purpose of prevention from nature destruction. Shape (1): Waltz-Villa, climatic designing with the purpose of the minimum change in the nature Establishment of villa at the middle part of the foothills proportional with climatic conditions, its orientation for maximum using of the sun light, using of native materials, existence of thermal insulators for coping with the cold weather in winter and the humidity insulator for prevention from permeation of humidity to the natural walls of the house and using of natural light in all spaces have caused to convert this design to an evidence for sustainable architecture. Shape (2): Waltz-Villa, villa orientation to the sun light and supplying the needed energy and light 7-2-Primary school and sports hall, Paris The architecture group of Chartier-Dalix has designed a multi-purpose set including primary school and sports hall with substructure of 6590 meter in Boulonge region in the suburbs of Fardi, Robabeh and Yousefi, Mohammad 402

6 Paris which was selected as the favorite design. The significant point in designing this set is to merge the green space and educational and sport environment and in addition to the environmental benefits, it will represent a beautiful perspective and façade for surrounding buildings by creating a modern ecosystem in the region. Shape (4): primary school and sports hall of Paris, educational space orientation to the sun light Shape (3): primary school and sports hall of Paris, merging the green space with educational environment by green terraces The layers which are more similar to the topographic layers of the earth, form the main skeleton of the building that these layers with suitable opening toward outside indicate readiness for receiving the maximum sun energy. The stairway which has been formed from recess of each one of these layers with suitable vegetation has created desired and useful spatial roof garden. 7-3-Sharifis, house, Tehran The main property of this project which is a work of Taghaboni, Alireza 1, is flexibility and non-certainty so that with movement of rotating rooms, the quality of the interior spaces and exterior form is changed constantly and it leads to the opening, closing, introversion and extroversion of the project. 1-The winner of the thirteenth set of architecture award in residential section (first rank) Shape (5): Shariff, s house, rotation of interior spaces in different hours of day for optimum using of sun energy Designer converts two-dimensional façade to three-dimensional volume by using of a special were divided into two sections of summer settled and winter settled. rotating system, and building can play important role in reducing the energy 8-CONCLUSION consumption during the day by opening and closing un different hours of the day. In fact, this is a returning again to our native climatic architecture; as the houses at the past The necessity of fulfillment of sustainability development concept is to establish a balanced relationship and a link between the social and cultural dimensions of human as interferer force Fardi, Robabeh and Yousefi, Mohammad 403

7 and of course impressionable, the body of architecture or city as the artificial environment and nature. For this purpose, by studying the thoughts set related to the sustainable development concept and green development in the architecture and city domains, their purposes and functions in approaching to the sustainability concept have been criticized. With conclusion of existing studies, it can be said that the effects of green buildings lead to: -Reduction of operational costs through increasing of exploitation and less using of unrenewable energies and water. -Improvement of general health of residents, with regard to the improvement of air quality inside the building -Reduction of environmental effects by using of sustainable resources. These effects beside other focuses of sustainable development in cultural, social and economic fields lead to explain the general principles of sustainability and placing the world and human societies in a sustainable route. 9-REFERENCES LIST 1. Azerbaijani, Mona; Mofidi, Majid, sustainable architecture concept, articles set related to the conference of optimizing the fuel consumption in the building, Bahrainy, Seyed Hossein; the effect of policies related to the mass production and minimum dwelling on the quality of urban environment, regional seminar of mutual effects of population and urban environment on urban and villager sustainable development, Tehran University, autumn, Maknoon, Reza, sustainable development strategy, seminar of sustainable development (architecture) and environment, association of environmental professionals, Tehran University, autumn Sattari, Ilghar; Bahramifar, Peyman, sustainable development (architecture) of cities as a step for renewing the green space and urban landscapes, third national conference of green space and urban landscape, Spring, Soflaee, Farzaneh, sustainability of climatic elements in traditional architecture of Iran, articles set related to the conference of optimizing the fuel consumption in building, Bahrainy, Hossein; urbanism and sustainable development (architecture), approach journal, seventeenth No., winter, Maknoon, Reza, sustainable development, journal of environmental professionals association, first No., summer, Mahmoudi, Mahnaz; Pakari, Neda; Bahrami, Hassan, evaluating the manner of green roof effectiveness in reducing the environment temperature, scientificinvestigative journal of Baghnazar, twentieth No., Spring Kiomarsi, Vahid; Ahmadipur, Fariba, intelligent architecture, MSc thesis, Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, Bahrainy,. H Third World Urban Planning in the 21st. Century: Urgent need for a new paradigm of sustainability. NETTLAP Regional Conference on Professional Development of Environmental Management. Thailand, Dec en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sustainable living 15. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sustainable architecture Fardi, Robabeh and Yousefi, Mohammad 404