Designing study center of Guilan identificationwith contextualism approach in Rasht city

Transcription

1 Designing study center of Guilan identificationwith contextualism approach in Rasht city Seyedeh Sara Mirhallaj Graduate Student of Architectural Engineering, Graduate Department and Technical Complex, Islamic Azad University (Rasht Branch), Guilan, Iran Responsible Author Gmail: Mehrdad Javaherian Assistant Professor of Architectural and Art Department Guilan University, Guilan, Iran Abstract Today, information has become a valuable socio-economic product around the world.guilan province holds a special place, in terms of location, climate, geography, history, cultural, linguistic and political-economic and neighborliness with countries bordering the Caspian Sea. But there is not a professional centralized study space in Guilan identification field.given that the bulk of Guilan heritage are intangible, oral and not written, we need a physical context to be able to record and archive these values, In order to maintain local values. For this purpose, Designing a study center of Guilan identification with contextualism approach can be used to eliminate physical -spatial shortages in this field. This study aims to provide architectural features of this center. Initially, the library method is used to examine the contextual and relevant theories and then a theory framework is proposed for contextualism. Next, the vernacular architecture was analyzed by existing documents and field visit. Finally architectural features of Guilan study center with contextualism approach are proposed. Based on research results a case is designed in Rasht city. Keywords: contextualism, Guilan, study center. Page 1557

2 1- Introduction 1-1- problem statement Today, information has become a valuable socio-economic product around the world. information is used as an effective tool for organizing social, political, economic and cultural development. So various centers existing in the country is essential to analyze the information, knowledge production, archiving and storage of proceed data (Office Building Design Rules, 1998). Gilan province holds a special place, in terms of location, climate, geography, history, cultural, linguistic and political-economic and neighborliness with countries bordering the Caspian sea. But there is not a professional centralized study space in Guilan identification field. Given that the bulk of Guilan heritage are intangible, oral and not written, we need a physical context to be able to record and archive these values, In order to maintain local values. For this purpose, Designing a study center of Guilan identification with contextualism approach can be used to eliminate physical -spatial shortages in this field. This center can be considered as a research-studied institution, its principal approach is research in various fields of Guilan province (Cultural, Economic, Environmental). Among the center objectives: Identifying local culture of Guilan in order to promote in various fields for study about indigenous traditions, arts and crafts, native representations.the research questions are: A Contextual architecture has what features? What is the physical characteristics of study center of Identifying Guilan with contextualism approach?. It seems that with regard to contextual architectural components: the natural landscape, traditions, construction, materials, local life style, according to the form, the character of each location, local ecology (history, culture, climate, customs and traditions, etc.) and identity, we are able to design this center comply with the regional context Research background Related research can be divided into two categories: some are in the field of design by research and other in theory field. Table 1. research background Writer Topic Year Tolaee, Novin Contextualism in urbanism 2001 Brolin, Brent C. Contextual architecture (new buildings with the old 2004 compatibility) Ahmadi, Zahra Contextualism and sustainable architecture 2009 Rasfyjany, Returning to yesterday architecture, reviewing today 2014 Mohammad Taghi, Fattahy, Mona architecture, in the shadow of contextualism Movahedi, N. Sustainability approach effect on the contextual 2014 Valizadeh, Mohammad architecture creation Bagher Mahjoob, Afaq How creativity in the contextual architecture 2014 Hatefi, B. Farahinia, A.h Contextualism in vernacular architecture of Iran Page 1558

3 Shaghayegh Akbari Modern architecture in historical context - inspired by 2014 the concepts underlying contextual architecture Hamide Asadi Contextual structures in west of Iran Research Methodology In this researchthe library method is used to examine the contextual and relevant theories and then a theory framework is proposed for contextualism. Next, the vernacular architecture was analyzed by existing documents and field visit. Finally with combining them, the architectural features of this study center were extracted. 2- Literature Research 2-1- Definition of terms - Context: Context means set of circumstances or facts that included a situation or a condition. The context meaning is the text, context and environment in which architecture takes shape; this included Content and form (Sayyad, Maddahi, 2012,42). Context should be knew as a dynamic and variable factor.any built Building is raised as a part of the background; also make background for the building will be built after it ( Tehranchi, 2008, 42-41). - Contextualism: Context related to communication, connection, companionship and weaving between the components.in the city context, in a way comparable, it is possible to read context as connection and companionship between buildings. Oxford dictionary, defines Contextualism: a theory that emphasis on the role importance of the research context about a specific question (Oxford, 2013) History and Theorists The so-called contextualism, first was used by Stuart Cohen and Steven Hart in a treatise entitled "Le Corbusier: Architecture Urbanism".The debate continued with the presentation by Colin Rowe of "transparency and true cross" (Mahjoob, 2013, 4).Theorists comments and categorize them are summarized in the below table. Table 2. Theorists view about contextualism (taken from the coherent urban form book and research-oriented attitude on the contextual structures in the West of Iran) Row theorist 1 Kevin Lynch (1960) 2 Robert Venturi ( 1966) 3 Christopher Alexander definitions and criteria - people's mental image; -Phantasm elements: edges, nodes, landmarks, neighborhoods and focus on readability. - Cultural backgrounds; - Social; - Historic; - Physical; - Special conditions of that site. -Coordinate form with context; - Context as a part of design will attached form; - Conscious and unconscious approaches (1964); Page 1559

4 4 Rappaport (1977) - Focus on the structure solidarity and functional & formal discipline in order to achieve the overall impact; - Presentation the original unbreakable bond of substance - Socio-cultural contextualism; - Linking the physical elements meanings with culture, understanding and discovery of elements meaning through specific context is by understanding signs; - The city components connecting in a way with common meaning and purpose; - Reception city parts common means by referring to culture. - Pay attention to the whole city; - Build a relationship with the context; - Evaluation of the structure of the city in a broader context; - The collage city idea. 5 Colin Rowe and Fred Kotter (1978) 6 Alain Provost - Physical - Historical - Cultural - Social 7 Tadao Ando - Architectural is explore a building the require its site; 8 John Lang (1994) 9 Cohen & Schumacher (1997) 10 Novin Tavalaee (2001) - The history, climate, culture, religion, rituals and customs, topography - Territorial, live, social, cultural; - Live territorial factors, including the weather and the local microclimate, natural environment, its constituent geology, landform and characteristics of posts and long, threats to the environment and water resources and food; - Social and cultural factors, including: the primary goal of habitat, change the objectives and humanitarian interventions over time, the pattern of land ownership, culture, people, relationships between communities and adaptability to changing conditions. - Connect with the context (according to historical, social, cultural and physical Perspective); - Adapted shape of the context in a variety of fields, including; natural areas, historical, cultural, psychological and physical. - Physical context: according to the pre-existing form; -Historical context: according to the order and connection of city components over time; - Socio-cultural context: according to the meanings of common goals, values, and the human dimension Contextualism in architecture Contextualarchitecture aim to show the ability of creating favorable environment visually in larger scale of architecture; architecture with creating a new work in urban space; Plays a decisive role in paying attention to the context.contextualarchitecture concern to the Page 1560

5 neighborhood, the quarter and the district and extends in both directions: Micro and macro; Micro scale Contextuallism includeinside condition of the building and macro scale focuses on regionalism. The global dimension is also area beyond regionalism. Fields can be included topography, vegetation cover, urban, building materials and their composition, the proximity of buildings to each other, geography, urban traffic, the presence of animals and other living organisms, the human population. An architect with contextualapproach should be able to understand the environmental characteristics of a place and make it part of the designing process. Contextualism in architecture and urbanism can be grouped under three themes: 1. The contextualism and physical form patterns, 2. Contextualism and culture, & 3. Contextualism and date "(Shirazi, 1388, 50-51)."The most important issue to architectural design is to understand its message context" (Norberg-Schulz,, 1971). Contextualism architecture is not an emphasis on imitation and not hinders innovation and creativity.itsmessage is necessity attention to the physical environment surrounding the monument. This attention can be a positive and amplifier factor for monument and its context (Brolin, Brent C, 1383, 1). Concern on context in architecture was created during the post-modern.postmodernists believe the following conditions set the building form: "1. The historical socio-cultural-economic characteristics of the building users, 2. The urban character, streets, squares, shops, 3. Climatic conditions, humidity, cold, heat, forest, desert, 4. The daily lives of the building residents, their needs, their mental background in relation to biological forms "(Sayad, Maddahi, 1391, 43).Richard Herdman define six state between building and its context in: homogeneous, similar, different, contradictory, diametrically opposed.he determine 11 factors in building unity and integrity: "Skyline sky, distance between buildings, proportion of windows, bumps and depressions of facades, doors and other elements, the overall shape, location and how to solve the entrance of the building, building materials, pay and facade texture, pattern shadow of volume and decorative elements, the scale of building, architecture, landscaping "(Brolin, 1980, ) The Contextualism theoretical framework Theorists classified Contextualism in the field of architecture under three general topic: formally, activity and climatic patterns. However, in this research, according to explainedtheories, we classify Contextualism under three general topic: 1- Physical Contextualism, 2- Historical Contextualism, 3- Socio-cultural Contextualism, and 4- Climatic Contextualism Physical Contextualism: InBrent Lee view, physical contextualism, is according to the physical characteristics of a region.approach to the context includestoo views. First view is based on understanding typology and second on a formalistic view (Brolin, 13, 1980). - First view: Designerlooks for similar features such as roof angles, axes and window sizes, colors, geometry, by studying the built environment around the site; and then seeks access to designs based on these similarities. - Second view: Designer reacts to the field, but is not intended to create harmony with the environment, but also mental and philosophical concerns or consider ways to create a form. In this view architect focusing on the lines and site networks around, destroyed buildings and existing buildings and the design is inspired by the lines. Handling Page 1561

6 elements, the network scale and rotate them, emulate the geometry, plan reflected on the facade and reconstruction of destroyed buildings can be seen in this type of work Historical Contextualism Historical contextualism also is named contentcontextualism. In contentcontextualism, attention to the content concepts in design context history is desired. "Historicism believe that the past have objective lessons for the present urban development" (Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter, 1978, 142).In this approach, designer seeks to design context glorious past and revive its memories, by the discovery and study of context historical patterns and people's subjective perceptions Socio-cultural Contextualism Authenticity and identity that is visible in the soul of every architectural monument,reallyisthe spirit the architect blows to the body sculptures of the building;"so this is the designer that in addition to performance issues, technical, psychological and aesthetic, pay attention to premiere issues with a different look: Issues such as culture, tradition, mysticism and philosophy, originality and passion"(sayad, maddahi, 1391, 45-46) Climatic Contextualism The most important factor in shaping the environment, is micro and macro climate, which is affected by different factors, that affectdiversity of vegetation, the shape and color of the building form and type of materials and the various factors.looking deeper, we find that climate influence socio-cultural and economic relations of people;each of these relationships can be effective on context defining."therefore, attention to regional climatic factors such as climatic characteristics of each area, wind, rain, day and night temperature changes, air temperature, air flow, the sky, the sun radiation is essential" (Sayad, maddahi, 1391, 46) Conclusion Creativity in contextualismarchitecture is appropriate and valuable because, it retainedcompatibility with the physical, socio-cultural and historical context features and be able to find a place characteristics and make it a part of design process; also emerge past ideas and forms in contemporary architecture.based onreviews, the theoretical framework and classify of Contextualismarchitecture are proposed in the table below. Table 3. Contextualism sectors Physical contextualism Historical contextualism Socio-cultural contextualism - Building materials, the composition of materials, composition of volumes and forms together, the sky and the earth, realistic analysis of the project context - Along with the environment, architecture and urbanism - Attention to the imperishable forces such as the sun and wind and use it to improve the thermal conditions in living spaces. - How to apply the principles of content contextualism - Use foundations and patterns of persian architecture in design process - Designer notes authenticity and identity of each place and Page 1562

7 Climatic contextualism human values such as the following: culture, tradition, mysticism, philosophy - Pay attention to the context climate and climatic factors such as wind, rain, day and night temperature changes, air temperature, air flow, the sky and sunshine 3- Designing study center of Guilan identification with contextualism approach in rasht city 3-1- design solutions Given that the site is in Rasht city in Guilan province, so it is necessary to adapt the province architecture with contextualarchitecture.at this stage, we conducted to investigate the characteristics of vernacular architecture in Guilan by using documents and field visits. And then we matched them with each sectors of contextualismarchitecture. Due to the design approach, one of the most important steps, is the project site selection.according to the research approach, site features should be considered. Lagrov in his book entitled "Analysis of the site: a contextualapproach to land planning and sustainable design," points out that to create a successful relationship of design, the most important factor to design, is site analysis(lagrov, James A., 1392, 171). So the selected site has the following components: a) Cultural components: Ghods park, kollah farangi, University of Guilan, Art and the National Library of Rasht, b) Natural resources: The Gohar Rood river. Table 4.The relationship between Guilan architecture and contextualismarchitecture. Contextualism architecture. Guilan architecture Used characteristics in design Physical contextualism - Simple geometric forms - Rectangular square plan - Sloping roof - Use in the form - Location of stairs in the main view - Open ramps and stairs in amphitheater - Proportionality in view - Show on the main façade of the building Historical contextualism - Parallel to the axis of Kollah Frangi - The main building and the main entrance on foot Socio-cultural contextualism - Communication and - View to Park respect for nature - Quite eccentric form - Physical and visual connection to outdoor space - Use open, semi-open & closed spaces - Landscaping, porch between two buildings, veranda Climatic contextualism - Height from the ground to - Floor: 60 cm prevent moisture penetration - East-West orientation to enjoying more of airflow sunlight - Axis of the main building - Deal with tilt rain and - Fractures in the western part of Page 1563

8 annoying wind - Protection of buildings against precipitation - Use natural light inside the building - Reducing losing building heat - Create natural ventilation indoors the building (spoiler) - Sloping of roofs - Plan organization to provide sun penetration into the interior spaces (Wade indoor) - Cover the outer edges of the building with plant evergreen plants - Use large pop-up windows and doors around the building 3-2- The study center design Figure 1: exterior perspective Figure 2: elevations Figure 3: sections Figure 4: site plan Page 1564

9 References 1. Plan and Budget Organization- Department of Housing and Urban Development, Customer design office buildings, Publication No. 178, Sayyad, Syed Ehsan, Maddahi, SM, sustainable architecture, Tehranchi, Athena, digital architecture approach to the context, Journal of Architecture and Culture, Issue 33, Oxford Dictionary, Mahjoob, Afaq, the creativity in the contextualism architecture, modern design and manufacturing techniques at the National Conference in contextualism architecture, Tavalaee, Novin, The Coherent City, Soffeh journal, Shirazi, Mohammad Reza, Contextualism and regionalism in architecture, Infrastructure engineering magazine, Tehran, Norberg -Schultz, Existence, Space and Architecture Praeger Publishers, London, Brolin, Brent C., Contextualism architecture (new buildings compatibility with the old), publishing Khak, Stokots, D & I. Altman, Handbook of environmental psychology. New Yourk: John Wiley & Sons, Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter, Collage City. Cambridge, Lang, John, creation of architectural theory, Tehran, Page 1565