A Landscape Logic for Sustainable Rural Development The Case of Indonesia s Green Prosperity Program Part 1: LOWLAND

Transcription

1 A Landscape Logic for Sustainable Rural Development The Case of Indonesia s Green Prosperity Program Part 1: LOWLAND 02 October 2013 GRS Presentation

2 contents I. Landscape Logic among Other Donors and Researchers II. What is a GP Development Landscape? III. Risks of Failure to Adopt a Landscape Approach for GP IV. What is the Project?

3 Landscape Practice in Development Restoring degraded parts of the landscape; enhancing productivity on the most fertile land; integrating different production systems such as livestock, crop, and tree production into the same landscape Geeta Sethi, World Bank Missing Point?

4 Development Landscape Definition, Agricultural Context (source: FAO 2103) o An area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors (COE, 2000). o Cultural landscapes have been defined by the World Heritage Committee as distinct geographical areas or properties uniquely representing the combined work of nature and of man, illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive social, economic and cultural forces, both external and internal (WHC 1996). o Expanding on this, [development] landscapes may be defined as the concrete and characteristic products of the interaction between human societies and culture with the natural environment.

5 Development Landscape Definition, Agricultural Context (source: FAO 2103) Agricultural landscapes in terms of the three elements: STRUCTURE, which concerns the interaction between environmental features, land use patterns and humanmade objects; FUNCTIONS, which are the provision of environmental services for farmers and society; and the VALUES society puts on agricultural landscapes and the costs of maintaining and enhancing landscape provisions by agriculture (Jongman, 2004). [U]nderlying human and natural processes are subject to change and evolution, [therefore] landscapes are dynamic systems (Washer et al., 1999).

6 KEY MESSAGES: from Module 2 Managing Landscapes for Climate Smart Agriculture, in Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook2013 MANAGING agriculture, forestry and fisheries at a landscape scale is key to achieving sustainable development. APPROPRIATE land use planning and decision making. [that are] participatory, consensus based and people centred. PRODUCTION sectors are often managed in isolation from each other, and this can be counterproductive. Coordination at the landscape level facilitates the integrated management of production systems and the natural resources that underpin ecosystem services needed for all sectors. MEASURING and monitoring the multiple benefits of climate smart landscapes is essential for tracking the impact of inter sectoral efforts. SCALING UP CSA and moving from pilot projects. requires a diverse range of strategies and practices. It is important to create awareness and partnerships between sectors. These activities must be supported by an enabling policy and market environment.

7 Other landscape management sources from donors and researchers (see also MCC SSA 03, October 2012) all connected landscape approaches tosustainable development RIO FAQ.pdf pagepk: ~pipk: ~thesitepk: ~contentmdk: ,00.html chinas loess plateau for sustainable development/?

8 contents I. Landscape Logic among Other Donors and Researchers II. What is a GP Development Landscape? III. Risks of Failure to Adopt a Landscape Approach for GP IV. What is the Project?

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10 $330 million from the U.S. Millenium Challenge Corporation to fund Green Prosperity (GP) through the Millenium Challenge Account Indonesia (MCA I) ~ reducing poverty through growth A. GP Facility Activity to fund investments in Renewable Energy and Renewable Natural Resources ~ $242.5 m [74%] B. Participatory Land Use Planning Activity to provide enabling conditions for GP investment readiness and sustainability ~ $24.5 m [7%] C. Technical Assistance and Oversight Activity to improve implementation ~ $50 m [15%] D. Green Knowledge Activity to expand GP ~ $15 m [4%]

11 Kinds of GP Investments, e.g., (1) RENEWABLE ENERGY Run of river hydro energy Biogas energy from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Photovoltaic (PV) energy (2) NON EXTRACTIVE NATURAL RESOURCES o Increasing Productivity of Forestry, Agriculture, Agroforestry, Aquaculture Systems o Valuing of Environmental Services, especially water o Improved water course management in peatlands

12 Investing in the Connection between Economic Growth and Environmental Management to reduce poverty, enabled and sustained through Spatial Certainty for GP sponsors + Village Communities, = equitable spatial certainty

13 Wider Access to RENEWABLE ENERGY (re) & NATURAL RESOURCES (rnr) Greater IINCENTIVES & FUNDING to protect environmental services for re & rnr Spatial Certainty spatial planning, village areas, NR licensing Higher VALUE ADDED of rnrm Increased ECONOMIC GROWTH & INCOMES for POOR HOUSEHOLDS

14 What is the Landscape Logic for GP Investments? 1) Reaches entire local communities within and across a cluster of neighboring villages, e.g., providing water resources (*) for hydroelectricity, irrigated rice, drinking water, and reducing un controlled fires through development of the blue thread benang biru 2) Incentivizes protection of the landscape on which (*) depends 3) Creates social cohesion and solidarity to discourage those who would undermine (*), e.g., those who conduct illegal logging 4) Safeguards carbon and biodiversity 5) Increases the likelihood of post project continuity as a result of participative and formal empowerment of local communities in line with existing policies and regulatory institutions

15 GP Development Landscape 1. Well defined agro ecological region important for inter connected socio economic and environmental reasons, Increasing biodiversity and carbon sequestration Enhancing livelihoods of the poor through sustained growth that relies on mutually reinforcing economic and environmental management 2. Amenable to better environmental and economic management through time bound GP investments, directly (through the investments themselves) and indirectly (as models for others to invest in), 3. Incentivizing local people and government to manage the environmentally defined area for its investment source and safeguard values, 4. Appropriate size ( sweet spot ), Small enough to be manageable, namely, starter or sub landscape area, Large enough to have replicability value either for GP or other investments 5. Inviting counterfactual comparisons for Impact M&E in adjacent non GP areas

16 contents I. Landscape Logic among Other Donors and Researchers II. What is a GP Development Landscape? III. Risks of Failure to Adopt a Landscape Approach for GP IV. What is the Project?

17 Results of Failure to Adopt a Development Landscape Approach for GP Narrow, sectoral project approaches that reach only part of local communities and the interconnected landscape Increased the risk of allowing or even undermining, Inter connected wider environmental landscape (displacing problems elsewhere), and GP Projects themselves through local, insufficient social cohesion social jealousy from those in other, ignored sectors Benefits unlikely to be sustained beyond the project lifetime

18 contents I. Landscape Logic among Other Donors and Researchers II. What is a GP Development Landscape? III. Risks of Failure to Adopt a Landscape Approach for GP IV. What is the Project?

19 Example of coastal lowand peat swamp Berbak Landscape Muaro Jambi District, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia

20 20

21 RIMBA corridor landscape proposed by WWF across the Batanghari river basin, showing village settlements

22 A sub watershed of the Batang Hari river s benang biru (blue thread)

23 WHERE? Berbak lowland Landscape in Muaro Jambi District, Jambi Province The initial priority Sub landscape 1 for GP investment in Sub district Kumpeh Hilir that encompasses, Villages in which are located, the SFA conservation TAHURA Non state forest / private land or APL GP investment sites across the SFA and APL in improved water, forestry, agriculture and fisheries resource management Sub landscape 2 HPH (SFA) + APL: see below

24 BERBAK LANDSCAPE

25 GP Sub landscape 2: HP + APL + river GP Sub landscape 1: TAHURA + APL + river

26 GP Sub landscape 2: HPH + APL + river GP Sub landscape 1: TAHURA + APL + river

27 WHY? Significant Structure, Function and Value of GP Landscape A. To reduce RISKS of major carbon emissions and losses in biodiversity that constrain local livelihoods through, (A1) peat soil degradation (A2) peat land fires that erode forestry resources, both leading to flood drought cycles (A3) fueling carbon emissions, (A4) reducing biodiversity (A5) threatening agriculture, forestry and fisheries Two priority sub landscapes where there is the most acute risk of environmental degradation that, weakens the local economy Increases poverty Undermines conservation of a critical ecosystem

28 Flora and fauna biodiversity under threat

29 Uncontrolled peat swamp fires

30 Peat swamps canals too wide, drying out the peat, inviting forest fires

31 Excessive drainage of peat accelerating excessive drying

32 Source: IPB NREL

33 2010

34 Sub landscape 2 Sub landscape

35 WHAT? B. By Providing a PORTFOLIO OF GP INVESTMENTS that reaches all villagers in a replicable and management Sub Landscape 1 (TAHURA + APL), IMPROVED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (re wetting the peat; better and narrower peat canal architecture, including appropriate sluice gates) across State Forest Areas (SFA) and private land (APL) Small scale tree planters gaining sufficient ACCESS TO STATE LAND, APPROPRIATE SEEDLING VARIETIES AND PERMITTED INTERCROPPING within the TAHURA in SFA Smallholder farmers enjoy TWO RICE HARVESTS PER YEAR of irrigated rice instead of one (more water) in APL Smallholder farmers gain ACCESS TO MORE PRODUCTIVE RUBBER AND COCOA TECHNOLOGY, including seedlings / clones in APL Small scale AQUACULTURE GAINS FROM CHEAPER LOCAL FEED SOURCES

36 Jelutung seedlings that should be intercropped to reduce fire risk and increase land productivity

37 Pinang potential for intercropping with Jelutung to reduce fire risk and increase land productivity

38 Rubber (traditional and clonal) as potential intercrop to increase land productivity

39 Potential for distribution of more productive local sources of rubber oil palm, rubber, livestock and feed stocks

40 wo harvests of irrigated rice per year stead of one through better water esource managment

41 Aquaculture potential

42 INCENTIVIZING SUSTAINABILITY in critical buffer areas of the wider Berbak landscape C. Through empowerment of the entire village community that enjoys benefits from (B) enabled by PLUP to exert orderly social pressure reducing the threats (A s) through formal and inclusive institutional instruments such as village regulations (PERDES), Community Forestry (e.g., Hutan Desa) and more effective annual development planning (e.g., MUSRENBANGDES, PNPM) Increasing the likelihood of post project continuity as a result of Participative and formal empowerment of local communities in line with existing policies and regulatory institutions

43 Sub landscape 2: Production Forest Concession in SFA and adjacent APL Sufficient, village wide share of legal logging revenue from production forest concession (HPH) in SFA for social expenditures, e.g., public health, education, civil and religious facilities To discourage illegal logging within the (HPH) Agricultural and fisheries gains for smallholder farmers as for Tahura SFA and adjacent APL, above, including planting of local timber tree species bungur for boat building

44 Legally harvested timber within HPH concession Illegally harvested timber within HPH concession

45 Local timber tree species bungur for boat building

46 Consequences of Success Once success is established as likely through appropriate Impact M&E, continue to other sub landscape areas, or, Invite other donors to develop remaining sublandscapes of the buffer area of Berbak Persuading local government to invest in securing the Berbak landscape for sustained growth and poverty reduction beyond donor support