HUL, World Heritage, Vienna, 2005

Transcription

1 Click to Historic edit Master Urban Landscapes title style Responsibilities & Opportunities Preserving Spirit of Place & Partnering for the Future of Urban Heritage Patricia M. O Donnell, FASLA, AICP, IFLA, ICOMOS HERITAGE LANDSCAPES, Preservation Landscape Architects & Planners Keynote Speech, CSAAR 2008B Conference Responsibilities & Opportunities in Architectural Conservation: Keynote, CSAAR Theory, Conference, Education & Amman, Practice, Jordan, University 3 November of Petra, November, Patricia 2008 O Donnell HUL, World Heritage, Vienna, 2005 Vienna, City Hall Convened to address growing concerns about change/degradation of urban heritage values, issues are: Limited documentation of tangible & intangible values in HUL Landscape stratification of previous & current urban dynamics Growth pressures, financial gain, economic value Inadequacy of management plans Role of contemporary architecture in heritage context of new buildings Changing cities- emphasis on the non-local processes of tourism & urban development Yielded Memorandum, began Global Dialogue

2 Historic Urban Landscape Defined The historic urban landscape is embedded with current and past social expressions and developments that are place-based. It is composed of character-defining elements that include land uses and patterns, spatial organization, visual relationships, topography and soils, vegetation, and all elements of the technical infrastructure, including small scale objects and details of construction (curbs, paving, drain gutters, lights, etc.). From WH Vienna Memorandum, 2005 HUL Global Issue Under Discussion Vienna Wein Mitte Project 2003, Concerns Raised about WH City Core 2005, May- Vienna Meeting on Modern Architecture & the Historic City +500 Focus on Architecture, some Landscape, Memorandum issued Paris Working Group Convened, Case Study papers, Defining Issues Series of Regional Meetings Organized: Jerusalem St Petersburg Olinda Global E-forum 07 Working Group, Nov 08 Hanoi, Viet Nam, Apr 09 Further Work Needed Refine Tool Kit Respond to 21 st Cty Pro-active

3 Historic St. Petersburg, Horizontal Urban Form & Gazprom Tower Proposal Images Courtesy WH Centre, F, Bandarin HUL Current Issues & Directions Francesco Bandarin, summary of remarks, HUL Workshop, at ICOMOS General Assembly, Quebec, 1 Oct 08: Destabilization of existing paradigms of urban conservation since 2003 Alien elements within historic towns, Archi-Star, Archi-Mayor Syndrome of disregard for urban landscape- physical dimensions, character If container preserved not the context, values flee City takes stewardship of values, not boundary Need to expand/integrate urban district concept Put forward a values based system of conservation Intercept & understand future trends Discussion needed on limits of acceptable urban change Urban Heritage still not well understood Refine our own paradigms, define and apply tool kit Need to shape a framework for people & policy makers Rise to the 21 st century challenges of urban heritage Graz, Alien, Peter Cook

4 Historic Urban Landscapes = Urban Cultural Landscapes Graz Alien in Context Historic Cairo Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) = Urban Cultural Landscape Landscape is a primary factor in shaping cities Interaction nature/culture, combined work humanity & nature , intensive global discussions grappling with the meaning, character and values residing in HUL HUL/UCL Exhibit Diversity & Authenticity

5 HUL/UCL Exhibit Diversity & Authenticity Half of Urban Public Space = Landscape 56% Washington DC 52% Vienna Parks, Botanical Gardens Public Building Grounds Campuses Streets, Sidewalks, Trails Tree Lawns Streams, Canals, Lakes Lighting, Furnishings + 60% Combined Public Lands & Private Yards & Gardens Rideau Canal, Canada

6 Current Urban Dynamics Rapid City Changes Demolition of Heritage New Construction Diminished Character Economic Pressures Intensive Tourism Degraded Livability Increased Homogeneity Diluted Customs, Traditions Influence of Exterior Forces Intensive Tourism at Thebes Urban Heritage Values Are Worthy of Preservation & Conservation Rapid Urban Change Transformational Change Not Incremental as Past Heritage Tourism Pressure Environment, Climate Change Star-chitecture Towers, Museums, Bilboa Effect, Gehry Museum Global Economic Competition Dubai Model- Bahr El Arab, The Palms Istanbul Issues- Huge Cruise Ships, Multiple Towers Oporto Project- Infrastructure Metro through Historic Core Vienna- Multi-modal center with towers near core St Petersburg- Gazprom Tower Washington DC Bldg Heights

7 Global Competition for Iconic Towers Courtesy WH Centre, F, Bandarin Jerusalem Skyline Courtesy WH Centre, F, Bandarin

8 World Heritage Outstanding Universal Value San Juan, Puerto Rico Means cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. As such, the permanent protection of this heritage is of the highest importance to the international community as a whole. The Committee defines the criteria for inscription of the properties on the World Heritage List... adopts a Statement of Outstand Universal Value which will be the key reference for future effective protection and management of the property. WH OG Overview Chronological Highlights of Relevant Documents Oporto, Portugal WH City View from South 1972 WH Convention defined Natural & Cultural Heritage ( Currently some 182 States Party Signers, Vehicle for Global Understanding & Peace) 1992 WH Cultural Landscapes, three types defined 1992 UNESCO Convention on Biological Diversity 1994 UNESCO-ICOMOS Nara Document on Authenticity 2003 UNESCO Convention on Intangible Heritage 2004 UNESCO Merging of the Cultural & Natural Heritage Criteria 2005 UNESCO Vienna Memorandum Architecture & Urban Landscape 2005 ICOMOS Xi an Declaration on Settings 2005 ICOMOS Hoi An Declaration on Conservation of Historic Districts of Asia 2008 ICOMOS Quebec Declaration on Preservation of the Spirit of Place

9 World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992 Cultural Landscapes Added, Defined, 3 Types: Designed Evolved, 2 types Relict and Continuing Associative HUL evolved continuing 60 CL inscribed Increasing Interest Larger Properties Integration of Culture and Nature Management Issues Need for Robust Tool Kit HUL Preservation Challenge: Continuing Evolved Evolved-Continuing Landscapes Where People Live Continue to Imprint Land Defining Outstanding Universal Value Effectively Multiple roles of Heritage Professionals: o Understand OUV o Document OUV o Gain Community Input o Communicate Values o Develop Context Design o Plan for Management o Integrate Sustainability

10 HUL as Pilgrimage Landscapes, Associative Champanar, India 15 th century city 2,000,000 Annual Pilgrims Intense Pilgrimage impacts Sustainability Issues Champaner Pavagadh Hill Sacred Sites WH Landscapes: Cultural, Natural, Mixed 24 WH Inscribed Mixed Properties ICOMOS-Culture Advisor IUCN-Nature Advisor Natural & Cultural Values Recognized Example HUL Evolved Relict Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu 2,430 m above sea-level, Middle of tropical mountain forest, in an extraordinarily beautiful setting. It was probably the most amazing Urban creation of the Inca Empire giant walls, terraces and ramps Eastern slopes of the Andes, upper Amazon basin with its rich diversity of flora and fauna. Machu Picchu, Peru, inscribed 1983

11 Natchitoches Declaration: Heritage Landscapes There is a convergence of natural and cultural values in the landscape, and a growing recognition that the traditional separation of nature and culture is a hindrance to protection and is no longer sustainable. Further heritage landscape protection is required at the local, national and global levels in order to transmit these universally valuable heritage landscapes to future generations 2004, US ICOMOS International Symposium Heritage Values Reside in HUL Vienna Panorama, St. Stephen s Spire Direct link of heritage values to spirit of place Landscape is the original canvas of urban form Human/landscape interaction evolves over time Unique urban landscape communicates spirit HUL embodied in co-evolution of place/humanity

12 Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL) = Urban Cultural Landscapes (UCL) Sintra, Portugal Exhibit processes of continuity & change in the urban context Express multiple embedded tangible/intangible values, of place and peoples Should be recognized, documented, analyzed and retained as expressions of values and spirit of place Historic Urban Landscapes: Xidi Village China, listed 2003 Have heritage values, in concert with urban architecture and archeology Are worthy of conservation as expressions of spirit of place Have unique identity and character of place Cities are shaped through time as combined words of humanity and nature. Sustainability of heritage and quality of urban life are the challenges of today.

13 Heritage Preservation Tool Kit Educational & Community Involvement Tools Financial Tools, Public & Private Investments Advisory Tools, Plans & Guidelines Regulatory Tools, Legal frameworks, Laws, Statutes Educational & Community Involvement Tools Publicity in local media Community projects Oral history recording Informational meetings Heritage topic lectures Key person interviews Exhibitions based on heritage Setting standards through example Community preservation tours Influencing of neighbors with peer discussion Volunteering at local historic places Skill development workshops Place-based celebrations, remembrances

14 Community Tools-Fort Wayne Park User Survey Gathering information on demographics, activities, perceptions, values, needs, desires Public Presentations & Work Sessions Outreach to Community Groups Web Survey Option Financial Tools Public Capital Improvements Ongoing Public Maintenance Funding Private Building and Property Maintenance Purchase and Resale with Conservation Restrictions Mutual Covenants among Properties, Districts Revolving Loan Fund Long-Term Lease of Heritage Properties Outright Purchase of Key Properties Conservation Easements Transfer of Development Rights Donations of Heritage Property to Reliable Stewards Funding for Urban Heritage Conservation Agencies Grants intangible and tangible heritage actions Taxation laws favoring Preservation

15 Financial Tools-Protected Lands Purchase Resale Easements Town Land Trust Partner with State Land Trust Small Town Citizens Vote Conservation Tax Fund Shared Values: Scenic & Agricultural Landscape Farm Market Produce, Conserved Land Tour Advisory Tools Documentation of Tangible Community Heritage Documentation of Intangible Community Heritage Viewscape Mapping for City Public Character Retention Viewscape contour Map for Building Siting, Height Holistic Planning Process that incorporates Urban Heritage & Values Various types of plans for Conservation, Preservation and Management of Community Character and Individual Urban Features Plans that incorporate Heritage Values of Parks and Open Space, Transportation, Public-Rights-of-Way, Streets, Trees, Public Facilities Conservation Plans Natural & Cultural Resources Edinburgh View, Vista Mapping, Moggridge

16 Documenting the Tangible Heritage of HUL Character-Defining Processes and Features Natural Systems Land Uses, Patterns, Clusters Spatial Organization Visual Relationships Topography, Surface Drainage Vegetation Circulation Systems Water Features, Natural & Constructed Spatial Character, Form and Scale of Habitable Structures Landscape Structures, bridges, walls Vocabulary of Site Furnishings & Objects Documenting Intangible Heritage of Cultural Landscapes Worship Ritual Festivals Traditional music, dance Pilgrimage Commemoration of past events Traditional practices Local craft work, exchange, sales Harvesting native plants Gathering craft materials Iconic shared places Past and present uses Documentation is a Baseline Process

17 Documenting Intangible Heritage of Cultural Landscapes Annotated 3D Model of Fort area, Srirangapatna, Courtesy Jyoti Hosagrahar, SUI Riverside, IL Historic Designed Suburb Olmsted & Vaux, 1869 Plan for Village Developed 1869 to 1940s High Integrity to Design Engaged Community Character Definition Needed Development Threats 1969 NH Landmark Incomplete, Update Needed Landscape Definition Required

18 Riverside Community Character & Values Tangible Character Land Uses and Activities Responses to Natural Systems Patterns of Spatial Organization Cluster Arrangements Visual Relationships, Views, Vistas Landforms and Topography Vegetation Types Circulation Systems Water Features and Drainage Buildings- Variable Setbacks Small-scale Features Intangible Values Shared green space Community scale Neighborly exchange, courtesy Environmental quality Diagrams by Heritage Landscapes Riverside National Historic Landmark Village, USA Documented +200 Contributing Landscape features For National Landmark Amendment Detailed enumeration aids protection and management Listing includes parks, river, triangles, peninsulas, streets, sidewalks, street lights, bridges

19 Legislation addressing urban heritage conservation, stewardship, and management Heritage Property Inscriptions, WH, National Local Design Review Conservation Easement Law Zoning Ordinance Historic Commission Law Overlay District Controls Urban Viewscape Controls Tree Protection Ordinance Regulatory Tools Annapolis, Maryland, Colonial Town

20 Annapolis, Maryland Port Town on the Chesapeake Bay Capitol City of Maryland, 17 th Century Founding, High Integrity Cohesive 18 th and 19 th Century Architectural Ensemble Unique Character of Streets, Views, Building Massing, Materials, Details Annapolis Historic Zoning Diagram Strict Building Controls

21 21 st Century Urban Factors, Beyond Conservation Economics, Global Marketplace Heritage Tourism, Experience Economy Metropolitan Growth Urban Response to Climate Change Green Action, Sustainability Philadelphia, Electrical Storm, Courtesy Menke Economics, Global Marketplace Worldwide Market Engines and Influences Increased Cross-cultural Exchange Uniqueness versus Homogeneity Social Justice, Emerging Nations Appetite for Prosperity but limitations of resources

22 Heritage Tourism, Experience Economy Temple of Heaven, Beijing Tourism focuses on sort term visitor, specific place Trend toward integration of resident and visitor Consideration of global mobility, ½ to 5 year postings Choices, quality of place, quality of life Basis for personal decisions, quality of experience Emerging Global Metropolitan Dominance NASA satellite image Dense populations global shift +50% population in urban areas Metropolitan Growth

23 Urban Response to Climate Change : Green Cities Chicago example broad Climate Change Action Plan Energy efficient buildings, reduced carbon footprint, tree plantings Clean renewable energy sources, solar and wind initiatives Improved transportation options Reduced waste and industrial pollution Adaptation, action, inclusion, each citizen has a critical role Green Action: Heritage Stewardship is Sustainable Spirit Animals, Purple Mountain Nanjing, China Heritage is Green, especially heritage landscapes Preservation/Conservation retain carbon inputs Revitalize urban heritage with limited new energy inputs Values culture, traditions, and retains sense of place

24 In Conclusion : Historic Urban Landscapes Spirit of Place resides in HUL Evolved urban cultural landscapes express tangible & intangible values Thorough heritage documentation is key Local leadership is a cornerstone Diverse tool kit can be applied Coalition of heritage tourism, economic, & environmental leadership needed GOALS Manage urban continuity/change Retain tangible/intangible values Partner to incorporate heritage values, sustainability, climate change response, experience economy, quality of life Alesund, Norway Future of Urban Heritage = Integration, Partnerships Sunset Lisbon, Portugal Our Challenge: Defining limits of continuity & acceptable change to bring heritage into the future Managing HUL values in locally rooted processes Bringing heritage forward as green and sustainable Partnering for heritage, environment, economy, experience & quality of life

25 Urban Cultural Landscapes Preserving Spirit of Place & Partnering for the Future Thank you for your attention. Questions? Heritage Landscapes Preservation Landscape Architects & Planners Stewarding heritage places toward a vibrant future through holistic planning & design