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1 cêçã=obk^fpp^k`b=qç= _~êçèìé=~åç=j~ååéêáëã Department Construction UW Stout by Dr. Jason E. Charalambides qüé=qo^kpfqflk=fk= obk^fpp^k`b 1

2 ^=`fqv=pe^mba Some cities were initiated in a non-gridded, "organic" plan. Ex. Milan, Venice (A city coalesced from a number of small island communities in the 11C. note: artificial islands, districts, ghetto, arsenal. (Venice: map; canals; Milan map). Piazza San Marco and Piazzetta, enlarged over the centuries, regularized in the 16C), Pienza. Bastide plans with grid plans were also used in 13-14C Europe. ^=_^pqfab=qvmb=lc=`fqv Most Italian cities were planned as Roman castrum grids with a cardo and a decumanus and forum. (Plan) The City of Florence had an actual Roman plan with a Cardo, a De Cumanus and a Forum in the center 2

3 doltqe=lc=`fqfbp=fk= jbafbs^i=qfjbp Many grew outward from the initial grid in an "organic" pattern. Ex. Lucca and Florence. qltbofkd=clojp It is very easy to notice the silhouetting forms of the tower of Palazzo Vecchio and of the Dome in Florence, letting us know where the power lies. 3

4 pfdkfcf`^k`b=lc=mltbo=fk= qeb=cloj^qflk=lc=qeb=`fqv The piazza in front of the Palazzo Vecchio was another city block belonging to the Umberti family who opposed the papacy. During the 1268 conflict their palace was torn down fab^i=clojp=lc=^= obk^fpp^k`b=`fqv Piero della Francesca, one of the very early Renaissance painters depicts the image of an ideal city. Note the absence of any figures within the painting and the variation among the buildings that are set with open spaces around them. 4

5 ^=o^af`^i=`e^kdb=fk= ^qqfqrab In 1516 Sir Thomas Moore writes his controversial vision of a city that is so ideal that it was described as Utopian From the Greek etymology OY TOPOS fab^i=clojp=^ka=dbljbqofbp= obpe^mfkd=`fqfbp Francesco di Giorgio suggested the shifting of the Arno river to a straight line in order to conform to the concept of ideal forms in the city. 5

6 p`rimqro^i=fj^dbov=dfsfkd= ^=jbpp^db=lc=mltbo The sculpted figures of David and Hercules symbolize the power of Florence ^iqbo^qflk=lc=cloj=ql=dfsb= ^=jbpp^db=lc=mltbo The Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome was altered and the medieval sculpture was replaced and ordered. Reorganization of single pieces like buildings, streets and piazzas also took place like the reorganization of the central part of the city of Pienza. 6

7 kbt=`lk`bmqp=fk=`fqv= clojp The medieval Bastide military outposts were brought back as an idea in Italy. Italians invented the bastions which were designed along the line of fire in relation to where the offense would take place. rkb=sfiib=p^kp=jrob=kûbpq= m^p=rkb=sfiib Filarete designed a scheme of an ideal city where the defensive walls and the system of defenses were the primary concern. The ideal scheme of Sforzinda was enhanced and applied throughout. Cataneo gives a number of options of ideal city forms that would provide the optimum type of defense. 7

8 rkb=sfiib=p^kp=jrob=kûbpq= m^p=rkb=sfiib An exceptional example is the city of Palmanova, designed by a number of military engineers including Vicenzo Scamozzi and Giulio Savorgnano. The city of Nicosia In Cyprus (designed by Giulio and Ascanio Savorgnano)represents a fine example of a medieval city fabric where the Renaissance walls reformed and rearranged the city. bum^kpflk=lc=^=`fqv=fkql= kbt=afpqof`qp The City of Ferrara gives us an example of Renaissance exmansion in this map where the larger blocks are easy to trace in comparison to the earlier small gridded forms The city of Marseilles, one of the largest cities of the Mediterranean constitutes a different condition altogether, where the medieval organic fabric of the city expands to the more rectilinear larger blocks that conform to the concept of traffic throughout the new parts of the city. 8

9 pbdobd^qflk=tfqefk= pb`qlop The city of Florence was designed to be defended from outside, but.. The Medicis considered the danger from within as well. The fortifications would allow defenders to fire inside the city, and they were the protection of the Medicis. pqo^fdeq=pqobbqp=qeolrdeq= qeb=`fqv Strada Pia in the outskirts of Medieval Rome, designed by Michaelangelo was ideal for traffic and helped the organization of the city. 9

10 ob^oo^kdfkd=qeb=`fqv= fj^db=^ka=lod^kfw^qflk Symmetry, organization of imagery and order are some of the important ideas behind the design of the Campidoglio. A new way of being a living entity. Compare the steep stairs leading to Santa Maria Aracoelli to those designed by Michaelangelo that lead to the piazza of the campidoglio. oljbw=qeb=kbt=_lrka^ofbp= ^ka=mi^kp= The city of Rome shrunk to the Campo Marzio and the old medieval town close to the Borgo. The Aurelian walls were way beyond the actual limits of the city, neither to be defended nor defining the city boundaries The popes tried to organize the city by gestures like the straight street by the Tiber river, or the Trivium of the Piazza del popolo, leading fanning out of the Banco, the bank area of the city. 10

11 Á^ka=jlob=fjmlpfkd=kbt= jlkrjbkq^i=mi^kp The Capitoline hill with the piazza del Campidoglio, overlooking the Roman Forum the center of the Republican and Imperial Rome - symbolized the glory of the City while constituting a papal monument. ^=kbt=pb^q=lc=mbqbo=^ka=^= obqob^q=colj=qeb=s^qf`^k The Cortille del Belvedere and a new Basilica for Saint Peter s signify a major gesture in the new conditions of the City of Rome and the papacy. 11

12 ^=obkls^qba=p^fkq=mbqbop=^ka=^= obqob^q=_bisbabob=clo=qeb=mlmb Pope Julius II wanted a new structure for Saint Peters built in a totally renovated way. Bramante was initially assigned the project and he wanted to develop a more classical scheme. Bramante was also looking at the city of Praeneste as a reference to antiquity for the design of the Belvedere. obqob^q=_bisbabob Bramante designed the Belvedere on the concept of perspective views where for the first time since antiquity, an immense area was defined by the interaction of landscape, gardens and architecture. A monumental spiral staircase and ramp were tested for the first time, clearly stating the power of the papacy being able to afford such projects where unprecedented manipulation of structure and space occurred. 12

13 fjmif`^qflk=lc=lok^jbkqp The house of Raphael, also known as palazzo Caprini, shows Bramante s ideal solution to a palace s façade. The palazzo Spada was intended to be decorated because according to Rafael, Bramante did not have a good grasp of what classical antiquity was all about and as other architects did, he applied ornaments to approach the classical architecture. ^o`efqb`qrob=^ka=qeb=jbpp^db= lc=`lrkqbojobcloj^qflk Raphael takes over the plans of Saint Peter s after the death of Bramante, proposing a longitudinal plan. The dilemma is set on whether the glory of antique past with the central plans or that of the middle ages with a longitudinal plan should be followd in religious architecture. Also the trend of assembling small ornaments that define a large scale structure was another issue that the architects had to face. 13

14 ^o`efqb`qrob=^ka=qeb=jbpp^db= lc=`lrkqbojobcloj^qflk=`lkqk In 1546 Michelangelo suggested revisiting the initial idea of Bramante of a central plan. He introduced a better engineering concept so that the walls and the forms would have such dimensions that would support the dome and the vault wherever it was critical. Michelangelo's idea was much clearer, based on a Greek cross plan imposed on a square. For the scheme to be finalized he worked with Gustavo Vignola and Giacomo della Porta. cäçêéååé=dlbp=_^`h=ql=qeb= jbaf`f=c^jfiv Although it is believed that Michelangelo fought against the ruling of the Medicis, he did actually go back to work for them when they recaptured the city of Florence. One of the most important designs of Michelangelo was the Laurentian library and the extraordinary entrance, the Ricetto. 14

15 bumobppflk=fk=^o`efqb`qrob= ^ka=^oq By manipulating the orders around, Michelangelo tries to emphasize the expression in architecture. He changes things to make them more expressive and have an impact jf`ebi^kdbilûp=abpfdkp=j^v= e^sb=ib^a=ql=qeb=jlsbjbkq=lc= j^kkbofpj Compare the Madonna by Rafael to that of Parmigiano. We see a change in the way of depicting ideal proportions, trying to generate a different feeling to the design that one could consider as the earliest cases of the avant-garde. By trying to investigate the feeling of things is the way to understand Mannerism, rather than simply trying to figure out what an absolutely weird creation of some virtuoso is supposed to mean. 15

16 qeb=jfa=ns qe `bkqrov=m^i^wwl= jlabi The Farnese family were building their own enormous palazzo that Michelangelo designs together with Antonio da Sangalo. On the palazzo Farnese we see incursions of the late 16 th century and high Renaissance style combined together bka=lc=obk^fpp^k`b 16