by Laretna T. Adishakti 2

Transcription

1 QUICK EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND LONG TERM RECOVERY AGENDA: PUSAKA JOGJA BANGKIT! JOGJA HERITAGE REVIVAL! - Save Heritage and Build a Better Local Economy - 1 by Laretna T. Adishakti 2 The regions of Yogyakarta Special Territory and Central Java (Indonesia) have experienced difficult times after the 5,9 Richter earthquake struck them on May 27th At least six thousands died, many more persons were injured and lost their homes. Yet, Indonesia sits on the Asia-Pacific's so-called "Ring of Fire" marked by heavy volcanic and tectonic activity As a result of this terrible natural disaster, Jogja has also lost its unique cultural heritage (both tangible and intangible ones). It comprises the World Heritage Prambanan Temple, Yogyakarta Palace area, and the area inside the Baluwerti Fortress which is well-known as njeron Beteng area. The earthquake had seriously disrupted such core activities of local industries as sterling silver, batik craft, pottery, wood craft, ikad, and other traditional crafts practised in the southern part of Yogyakarta and Bantul District. This presentation aims to provide a brief review of the ongoing activities carried out with the purpose to revive the Jogja s cultural heritage and especially deals with the use of cultural mapping for the safeguarding of endangered intangible cultural heritage in the post-earthquake period. Its case study area is Yogyakarta Special Territory, known as Jogja. A. The setting Yogyakarta city is about 25 km (16 miles) north of the Indian Ocean coast and 440 km (275 miles) east of Jakarta the capital of Indonesia.. The Yogyakarta province (Jogja), including the city, has a population of 3.2 million. Mount Merapi, whose top volcano can erupt at any moment, is located in the north part of Jogja on the border between the latter and Central Java. As the palace city built in 1755, Yogyakarta was shaped by various cultural attitudes of its inhabitants and cultures: indigenous Javanese, Hindu, Buddhism, Chinese, Islam and European culture. All this resulted in a melting-pot/hybrid of the Yogyakarta urban culture and that of its surroundings. This region is extremely rich in its tangible heritage represented by Prambanan World Heritage Site, other ancient temples, traditional urban structures, palace complexes and their royal fortifications, the Water Castle s remains, the Great Mosque, several heritage districts with Indish buildings and Javanese traditional houses as well as traditional landscape designs. Because of their outstanding value some of Yogyakarta s natural heritages (Merapi National Park, Pegunungan Seribu, and others) have been declared by the Government as National Treasures. Stretching from the Merapi Mountain to the South Sea, and from the Pegunungan Seribu in the East to Menoreh in the West, Yogyakarta stands for a vast and significant cultural landscape heritage (pusaka saujana). Yogyakarta is also known as the center of highly developed and colorfully manifested Javanese intangible cultural heritage which includes a cosmological concept and practice of traditional 1 Paper presented in the International Seminar on the Recovery Management of Arts and Cultural Heritage, organized by Faculty of Culture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, in Yogyakarta January 19, Lecturer and researcher, Center for Heritage Conservation, Department of Architecture and Planning, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Chairperson, Board of Director, Indonesian Heritage Trust; Chairperson, Jogja Heritage Society. laretna@ugm.ac.id 1

2 arts/crafts, production of wayang puppets and keris, proclaimed by UNESCO as masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity (correspondingly in 2003 and 2005). Yogyakarta is now known as a student city and major tourist destination, the center for traditional and modern arts as well as one of the best art centers in whole Indonesia. There are more than 75 higher education institutes (universities, academies, and colleges) in the Yogyakarta City and its urban environs. The local government envisages to turn Yogyakarta into a centre of academic excellence, culture and tourism; to improve essential services and amenities there; to create a friendly environment and to enhance the concept of a civilized society through Mamayu Hayuning Bawono or Living in Harmony with Nature which had been prescribed in the Javanese age-old principles and moral norms. It should be stressed that the above-mentioned intangible cultural heritages are closely linked with or attached to Jogia s tangible heritages. However, many historic residential areas in Jogja have suffered from all kinds of uncontrolled transformations. The deliberate changing of urban spaces, activities, and economic values reveal multiple ways of how the local people misuse their environment. Many historic buildings have been either demolished or transformed according to new inappropriate designs. Besides, most of Jogja s heritage, including its craft villages, are just located in the Opak Creek or the worst-damaged area in the 27 th May 2006 earthquake. As the registered history of recurrent tectonic earthquakes testifies, they happen every years in this region. The previous ones took place in 1867 and MERAPI VULCANO MOUNTAIN PRAMBANAN WORLD HERITAGE & OTHER TEMPLES VARIOUS CRAFTS VILLAGES BAYAT CEMETRY THE PALACE & HISTORIC CITY OF YOGYAKARTA KOTAGEDE HERITAGE DISTRICT PLERED HERITAGE DISTRICT IMOGIRI CULTURAL LANDSCAPE & ROYAL CEMETRY VARIOUS CRAFTS VILLAGES Map 1. Most of Jogja heritage sites located along Opak Creek 2

3 B. The Ongoing Project Two days after the earthquake, Jogja Heritage Society and Center for Heritage Conservation, Department of Architecture and Planning, Gadjah Mada University in collaboration with many their friends and institutions (Indonesian Heritage Trust, ICOMOS Indonesia and others) decided to set up a special Heritage Post dedicated to the people of Jogja and its valuable heritage. Instead of providing and distributing immediate assistance for humanity, this Heritage Post formulates comprehensive activity programs aimed at maximum mobilization of the heritage people concerned at local and international levels, including those who are the earthquake victims, to work jointly - hand in hand in order to rebuild the affected areas. Such programs comprise the immediate response for humanity and practical conservation planning, design, and actions: 1. Immediate response for humanity - Fund raising and networking; - Distribution of nasi bungkus and various types of logistics; - Locations: Nur Hidayah Clinic, Pundong, Piyungan, Wukirsari, Imogiri,, Kasongan, Kotagede, etc; 2. Making rapid assessment of heritage assets - To conduct rapid assessment of tangible and intangible heritage as well as of cultural landscape heritage; - To disseminate the results of these assessments among various local, national and international parties: governments, non-governmental organizations, private communities and local people concerned 3. Carrying out of detailed assessment of the damaged heritage as well as of cultural mapping and creation of a database on this heritage - To prepare and test an assessment form in some selected prioritized buildings and heritage districts; - To conduct a detailed assessment of inflicted damage in prioritized buildings and heritage districts; - To conduct cultural mapping; - To formulate an adequate system of a database; - To manage and disseminate the database s information. 4. Elaboration of necessary guidelines for conservation planning and design - To formulate general guidelines for conservation planning and design aimed at the rehabilitation and reconstruction: Bangun Kembali Kawasan Pusaka (Rebuilt Heritage District) - To select prioritized buildings and heritage districts - To formulate specific guidelines for conservation planning and design of the selected buildings and districts, their rehabilitation and reconstruction, and infill design; - To hold discussions with local communities in the selected areas; - To submit a formal report to the authority; - To print guidelines in the form of leaflets, posters, and digital information; - To advocate in favor damaged heritage buildings and districts; - To disseminate all the elaborated guidelines. 5. Establishment and maintenance of a special web-site 3

4 - To establish in order to promote and communicate all programs - To update it on a daily basis. 6. Promotion of heritage foster parents, investment in heritage and fund raising - To work out the system and mechanism of Program Orangtua Asuh Pusaka (Heritage Foster Parents Program); - To elaborate a concept of heritage investment; - To prepare a proposal on fund raising; - To compile a more detail information on the damaged heritage which will be promoted in the web-site; - To ensure adequate national and international dissemination of the above-mentioned instruments. 7. Elaboration of designing the activities and recovery of local economy taking its local peculiarities into account - To elaborate a concept of designing the activities, local economic recovery and the system Bangkitkan Kembali Pusaka Rakyat (Revive Folk Heritage); - To work out a marketing system - To select prioritized sites and crafts; - To prepare the sites and establish studio workshop on them; - To ensure networking with other parties and act as a mediator so as to facilitate and manage the studio until the community management is recovered; - To promote the above-mentioned acts nationally and internationally. 8. Advocacy and implementation of actions for conservation planning, design and other works. - To establish Klinik Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi Bangunan Pusaka (Clinic for Architectural Heritage Rehabilitation and Reconstruction); - To organize training for consultants, volunteers and owners on the feasibility, rehabilitation and reconstruction of the damaged heritage; - To work out conservation planning and design; - To implement conservation actions. C. The priorities of emergency response and recovery actions The priorities should be set in context of the emergency response and post-earthquake recovery actions. They are dictated by the urgency to prevent the heritage from being irretrievably lost. The Heritage Post Team s highest priorities concern the folk tangible and intangible heritage, the wooden and brick traditional constructions. Three heritages sites are selected as the prioritized ones and a heritage point of service (Heritage Post) was established in every such site. These sites are: - Kotagede Heritage District - Imogiri Cultural Heritage - Complex of Yogyakarta Palace (Kraton) 1. Kotagede Heritage District Kotagede Heritage District is Jogya s older area with its remains of Old Mataram Kingdom Kotagede well-known for its traditional houses and unique Kalang houses and kampong of sterling silver crafters. This area which in 2003 was declared by Yogyakarta Mayor as Living Museum, is now seriously endangered. Many traditional houses - embodiment of folk heritage have been destroyed by the earthquake. Their owners deprived of necessary means resources 4

5 might not be able to restore them in their traditional forms. Most of crafters have lost the necessary resources to continue their work. Therefore, urgent actions are needed in order to safeguard these precious assets (tangible and intangible cultural heritage). Afterwards they could become an important potential for local economy and an attractive tourist destination. Kotagede cultural heritage, both folk and royal heritage, holds a tremendous potential for regaining economic benefits in this particular area and beyond. Historic preservation effort and economic development could be achieved through comprehensive efforts which not only revitalize the Kotagede Historic District, but will increase the economic benefit to the whole community. Direct and strategic programs need to be planned and implemented in the Kotagede Historic District in order to address the destructive effects of the May 27, 2006 earthquake. The two programs (Heritage Conservation Foster Parents and Heritage Investment) are aimed to raise the community s awareness on the heritage conservation and to gain private supports and involvements for the restoration of economic activities in this area. The success of the latter depends on the active support from the local government. Special regulations and policy of various incentives for those who participate in economic recovery efforts are required from local authorities. Silver crafts, dance, and kipo traditional food are some of the intangible cultural heritage of Kotagede Picture 1. Examples of damages to tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Kotagede Heritage District 2. Imogiri Cultural Landscape Imogiri District in Bantul Regency, 12 kilometres south of Yogyakarta, is an important cultural landscape heritage. The Royal Cemetery Complex which has existed on the hill since the 15 th 5

6 century A.D., numerous traditional houses, and the home of small-scale handicraft batik industry are concentrated there. Traditional batik painting Bantulan is one of the greatest potential for this district. Most of the crafters have inherited skills from their families for hundreds of years. There existed about 900 groups of batik craftsmen in Imogiri. They included both old and young people organized in handicraft groups (4,500 persons). Since the ancient times the Bantulan batik from Imogiri had influenced many parts of Central Java region, in particular Tegal, Bayat, Semarang. Two decades ago Bantulan batik declined. Most artisans have shifted batik painting as their second job instead of their main occupation. Only several artisan groups were still active in batik painting. The declining batik market had slowed the craftsmen down as well as their skills. The younger generation had lost their interest in batik craft. Batik pattern: Kapal Kandas She is one of the best old generation s batik artisans who is one of the disaster victims. Picture 2: The batik maker and some examples of Imogiri batik pattern. Batik pattern: Sido Drajat The described situation slightly improved in 1990s when Ms. Jogopertiwi strived to develop the existence of Imogiri batik industry. As a result, young people demonstrated greater interest in this field. She received an Upakarti Award from the President of Indonesia for her outstanding efforts. Unfortunately, she passed away in In 2005 the Friends of Indonesian Batik - Sekar Jagad established the Imogiri Batik Eco-Museum - Joglo Ciptowening dedicated to Ms. Jogopertiwi. This museum was inaugurated by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, and has exhibited various types of batik patterns from Imogiri and its surrounding areas since than. 6

7 The earthquake has also affected Bantul district and its batik artisans life. As a matter of fact, Imogiri, Bantul were the hardest-hit regions where the city literally lost its capacity to function. Their residents are still mourning over the loss of their family members or their houses. Imogiri Eco-museum Batik also collapsed. Before the earthquake, the image building and local economy based on the batik small-scale industry had been enhanced. The awareness of local inhabitants regarding this intangible heritage is much better than two decades before. Many people made a living from batik industry. Now, the collapse of heritage environment including its intangible heritage which is the artisans only income, has made people homeless and jobless at the same time. They need a shelter and a place to work for living. 3. Complex of Yogyakarta Palace (Kraton) Yogyakarta Palace (known as Kraton Yogyakarta) was built in 1755, after the division of the Muslim Mataram Kingdom into Surakarta and Yogyakarta due to political circumstances in this Kingdom and intervention by the Dutch colonial government. Yogyakarta is located on the site of the former Beringan forest, between the Code and Winongo rivers. The First King of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono I, was the founder of the Yogyakarta Kingdom and the architect of the whole palace complex which consists of many traditional wooden structures and brick constructions, including Tamansari Water Castle and the Baluwerti fortified wall. Tamansari was an elaborate pleasure park and palace complex built in 1758 for Sultan Hamengku Buwono I of the Kingdom of Yogyakarta. Consisting of interrelated gardens and structures, the complex includes a mosque, meditation chambers, bathing pools, and a series of eighteen water gardens and pavilions surrounded by artificial lakes. It is an impressive example of royal architecture of its time and place, and opens a window onto the ways of life of the sultan and his entourage. The Tamansari complex fell into disuse following an earthquake in 1867, which destroyed several buildings and drained the pools and lakes. Over time, squatters began to inhabit the deserted pavilions and build homes on the former lake beds, and the buildings were allowed to deteriorate over the course of a century. In 1970, plans were elaborated to transform Tamansari into a tourist destination and to restore its five structures. The site s remaining historic structures have numerous problems, including their incorporation into new buildings. Tamansari is in need of its comprehensive conservation-management plan. In 2003, Tamansari was included in the 2004 World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. Baluwerti is a defensive fort built around the palace. Outside and along the wall, a canal (jagang) was built. A larger structure holds several bastions erected on the four corners of the wall (pojok benteng). The north-east corner wall was destroyed in the 19 th century, but the three other ones still remain. The external and internal areas of the wall are connected by five main gateway arches: Tarunasura (north-east gate), Madyasura (east gate), Nirbaya (south gate), Jagabaya (west gate), and Jagasura (north-west gate). The 27 th May earthquake made many parts of the complex damaged and some collapsed. Among them are: - the important building of Trajumas, traditional wooden construction with joglo roof which functioned as a hall space to keep ancient gamelans and other treasures, including tandu besar (noble chair), tandu joli jembana, and accessories for tedak siten ceremony, has totally collapsed; 7

8 - there are many cracks in Tamansari Water Castle - Baluwerti fort had suffered from serious structural damages. Trajumas Hall before earthquake Trajumas Hall after earthquake The damages of Royal treasures Ceremony before rescue Picture 3: the collapse of Trajumas Hall, Yogyakarta Palace Complex D. Model of Conservation and Safeguard A model for conservation, including a program on revitalization and safeguarding the endangered heritage is community-oriented. A comprehensive methodology is used in order to solve problems at their roots within a long-term agenda (minimum 20 years). The six-part approach encompasses: - Organization and Management; - Inventory and Presentation; - Promotion; - Planning of Activities; - Design; - Plan of Economic Reconstruction. 1. Organization and Management. An organization to directly manage revitalization efforts is needed. This organization will manage agreements and forms of collaboration between institutions and individuals; they will be responsible to ensure the sustainability of the agreement/projects. 8

9 2. Inventory and Presentation to its current state. An integrated cultural mapping and assessment of assets/potentials for the entire district is needed. It will include tangible and intangible resources, both historic and contemporary ones. 3. Promotion. Promotion will be a preliminary effort prior to actions; it is aimed to involve local communities, local and national governments, private investors, tourists, new business owners, and other stakeholders. 4. Planning of Activities. It represents the core of all revitalization efforts which is sometimes abandoned. It is hoped that it will lead to the area s vitality and to elaboration of community core programs. 5. Design. Joint work in order to elaborate a better community design through rehashing historic resources and construction of new buildings which have similar character. A design guideline is also needed to preserve the character/pecularities of the historic district. 6. Plan of Economic Reconstruction. The elaboration and implementation of such a plan which will enhance local economy and safeguard/retaining local traditions and values. Picture 4: On-site exhibition of the preliminary result of cultural mapping along with the cultural performance in Kotagede Heritage District (August 17 22, 2006) ATTACHMENTS A. TEAM OF PUSAKA JOGJA BANGKIT! (JOGJA HERITAGE REVIVAL!) Collaborative team from various parties, from local global communities 1. Pusat Pelestarian Pusaka Arsitektur (Center for Heritage Conservation), Jurusan Arsitektur dan Perencanaan, Universitas Gadjah Mada 2. Paguyuban Pusaka Jogja (Jogja Heritage Society) 3. Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia (Indonesian Heritage Trust) 4. International Council on Monuments & Sites (ICOMOS) Indonesia 5. Senthir, Young Spirit of Jogja Heritage Society 6. Jogja Jateng ArchQuick Response/JJAR 7. Urban Clinic Forum 8. Laboratorium Desain Arsitektur, Universitas Islam Indonesia 9. PT. Titimatra Tujutama 10. Paguyuban Pecinta Batik Indonesia Sekarjagad, Yogyakarta 11. Losari Foundation 12. Kanthil Foundation, Kotagede, Yogyakarta 9

10 13. Keluarga Besar Sudarman, Imogiri 14. maan / modern Asian Architectural Network 15. Universitas Kristen Petra, Surabaya 16. Jurusan Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Atmajaya 17. Dewan Kebudayaan DIY 18. Akademi Teknik Arsitektur YKPN 19. Lembaga Pengabdian Masyarakat, Institut Pertanian INTAN Yogyakarta 20. Mayasari Indonesia 21. Nila Jogja 22. Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945, Surabaya 23. Organisasi Pengelola Kawasan Pusaka Kotagede 24. Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada 25. Blue Shield Belanda 26. Foundation of BOPKRI 27. Shigemura Laboratory, Kobe University, Japan 28. Dwiki Darmawan & Rekan (under preparation) 29. Takada Kanki Laboratory, Kyoto University, Japan(under preparation) 30. International Field School for Asian Heritage/IFSAH (under preparation) B. SUPPORTERS AND DONORS 1. Alumni of Camatha-Padmanaba 2. Sastrowardoyo Family 3. Umi Salamah Family 4. Sahabat Pakuningratan 5. Mandiri Investasi 6. IWA Perbanas Jatim 7. ADB Staffs in Manila 8. Bangka Family in Washington DC, USA 9. Cultural Affair, Embassy of Australia, Jakarta 10. Emergency Architects, France 11. Individual donors form Indonesia and Overseas 12. World Bank, Jakarta 13. Culture Emergency Response - Prince Claus Funds, Netherlands 14. Indonesian Eisenhower Fellows 15. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 16. Universitas Gadjah Mada 17. Government of Netherlands 18. Communities of Wakayama City, Japan 19. Participants of International Conference on Better Air Quality in Yogyakarta 20. Total Indonesie, Jakarta (under preparation) 21. World Monument Fund (need matching fund) 22. Global Heritage Fund (under preparation and need matching fund) 23. Ministry of Housing Republic of Indonesia (under preparation) 24. Government of Kyoto Province (under preparation) 25. Dwiki Darmawan & Friends (under preparation) 26. Japan Foundation Malaysia (under preparation) 27. Urban Solution & NUFFIC, Netherlands(under preparation 28. Hasyim Djojohadikusumo Family Foundation (under preparation) C. PRINCIPLES OF ACTIONS & AGENDA 1. Indonesian Charta on Heritage Conservation 2003 (Piagam Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia 2003) Heritage may exist in the form of setting, it could be composed of various potential local resources: both abiotic (natural and built up), biotic (flora and fauna) as well as socio-cultural activities. It is stated in the Indonesian Charter for Heritage Conservation 2003, that: a. The heritage of Indonesia is the legacy of nature, culture, and saujana, the weave of the two. Natural heritage is the construct of nature. Manmade heritage is the legacy of thought, emotion, intentions, and works that spring from over 500 ethnic groups in Tanah Air Indonesia, singularly, and together as one nation, and from the interactions with other 10

11 cultures throughout its length of history. Saujana heritage is the inextricable unity between nature and manmade heritage in space and time. b. Cultural heritage includes both tangible and intangible legacies; c. Heritage, bequeathed from the generations that precede us, is the a vital foundation and initial capital for the development of the Indonesian nation in the future, and for these reasons, must be conserved and passed along to the next generation in good condition, without loss of value, and if possible with an enhanced value, to form heritage for the future. It is stated also in the Indonesian Charter for Heritage Conservation 2003 that heritage conservation is the management of heritage through research, planning, preservation, maintenance, reuse, protection, and / or selected development, to maintain sustainability, harmony, and the capacity to respond to the dynamics of the age to develop a better quality of life. The notion of conservation has moved from being mainly concerned with beautification, to a more holistic approach that is based on participation programs, economic analysis and attracting business and cultural activities to the area. In such case, people who live in this environment are major component to be considered. It is a vision for various concerned heritage organizations in Indonesia to develop heritage conservation as people life style. 2. Paragigm Shift on Heritage Management PARADIGM SHIFT ON HERITAGE MANAGEMENT (UNESCO, 2004) OLD NEW MONUMENTS OF PRINCES, PRIESTS AND POLITICIANS + PLACES AND SPACES ORDINARY PEOPLE ABANDONED, RELIC SITES + CONTINUING COMMUNITIES PHYSICAL COMPONENTS + LIVING TRADITION AND PRACTICES MANAGEMENT BY CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION + DECENTRALIZED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ELITE USE (FOR RECREATION) + POPULAR USE (FOR DEVELOPMENT) 3. Bench Marking Various International declaration on heritage & risk preparedness can be utilized as a guideline for recovery actions, such as: INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION FUND EMERGENCY RESPOND UNDERSTANDING COLLOBO- RATION HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT R & D HERITAGE PROTECTION 1st NATIONAL SUMMIT ON HERITAGE & RISK PREPARENESS THE KOBE/TOKYO DECLARATION ON RISK PREPARENESS UTK PUSAKA BUDAYA 1997 DECLARATION OF ASISI, 1998 EDUCATION & TRAINING RESTORATION & RECONSTRUCTION 11