London Borough of Newham

Transcription

1 London Borough of Newham s Appraisal November 2014

2 DOCUMENT CONTROL Author(s): Derivation: Origination Date: 17 November 2014 Reviser(s): Date of last revision: Date Printed: 17 November 2014 Version: 2.00 Status: Summary of Changes: Circulation: Required Action: File Name / Location: Approval: (Signature) Patrick Booth, Sandy Kidd Final version submitted to the London Borough of Newham FINAL London Borough of Newham and London APA Advisory Panel S:\Glaas\ Priority Areas\Newham\Newham Appraisal Nov 2014 This document has been produced by Patrick Booth, Sandy Kidd, Adam Single and Stuart Cakebread (all English Heritage) while Dave Whittaker from the London Borough of Newham has been consulted at various points throughout the revision process. 2

3 Contents Introduction page 4 Explanation of s page 5 Tiers page 7 Newham: Historical and Interest page 9 s in Newham page 13 Appendix A page 14 (Map of s in Newham) Appendix B page 16 (Area descriptions and map extracts for Tier 1 s) Appendix C page 32 (Area descriptions and map extracts for Tier 2 s) Appendix D page 78 (Area descriptions and map extracts for Tier 3 s) Glossary page 97 3

4 Introduction This document has been produced by the Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service (GLAAS) part of the London office of English Heritage. The Newham s Appraisal is part of a long term commitment to review and update London s s (APA). The review will use evidence held in the Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER) in order to provide a sound evidence base for local plans that accords with the National Planning Policy Framework and its supporting Practice Guidance. It is not known when the s in Newham were last reviewed and descriptions for the individual areas have never been produced. The appraisal is an opportunity to review the current APA framework in Newham and produce revised areas and new descriptions. The proposals are being submitted to the London Borough of Newham for consideration and are recommended for incorporation into the Local Plan. 4

5 Explanation of s An (APA) is a defined area where, according to existing information, there is significant known archaeological interest or particular potential for new discoveries. APAs exist in every London borough and were initially created in the 1970s and 1980s either by the boroughs or local museums. Today, reviewed and updated APAs are based on evidence held in the Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER). Guidelines are in preparation to promote consistency in the recognition and definition of these areas across Greater London 1 the draft guidelines have been used in the preparation of this document. s 2 are set out in local plans and inform the practical application of national and local planning policies for the recognition and conservation of archaeological interest. To ensure a sound local plan, planning authorities are expected to have up to date evidence about the historic environment in their area and use it to assess the significance of heritage assets and the contribution they make to their environment. APAs provide a sound evidence based spatial framework for local plan making and decision making. They demarcate areas where known heritage assets of archaeological interest are concentrated or where there is clear potential for new discoveries based on the history of the area and previous archaeological investigations. They are justified by a statement of significance which indicates the nature of the interest to be considered. Their primary purpose is to help highlight at an early stage where a development proposal may affect a heritage asset of archaeological interest. In the context of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), archaeological interest means evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places and of the people and cultures that made them. However, heritage assets of archaeological interest can also hold other forms of heritage significance artistic, architectural or historic interest. For many types of above ground heritage asset (e.g. historic buildings, landscapes and industrial heritage) these other interests may be more obvious or important. Sometimes heritage interests are intertwined as is often the case with archaeological and historical interest. Whilst the APA system does not seek to duplicate protection given by other heritage designations, such as listed buildings or conservation areas, it does aim to overlap and integrate with such approaches. Understanding archaeological significance can enhance appreciation of historical or architectural interest (even albeit rarely artistic interest) and vice versa. It can also indicate how archaeology might contribute towards a positive strategy for conserving and enjoying the local historic environment, for example, through recognising local distinctiveness or securing social or cultural benefits. 1 That is the boroughs advised by GLAAS: not the City of London and Southwark which have their own archaeological advisers. 2 Sometimes called by other names, such as Areas of Significance/Importance/Interest or Areas of High Potential. 5

6 However, archaeological research and discovery is a dynamic process so it is not possible to anticipate all eventualities, threats and opportunities. This appraisal should therefore be seen as providing a flexible framework for informed site specific decision making but not a straightjacket. 6

7 Tiers Previously all parts of Newham were either inside or outside an APA. Under this new system all parts of the borough will be within an area that falls into one of four different tiers of archaeological potential. The tiers vary depending on the sensitivity of the potential archaeology in that particular area. s have been categorised into one of Tiers 1-3 while all other areas within the borough will be regarded as being in Tier 4. The type of planning application and the tier level of the APA it is located in will indicate the likelihood that archaeology will be a consideration in reaching a planning decision. Current consultation guidelines are set out in the GLAAS Charter (2010). New guidelines are in preparation to link the sensitivity tiers to specific thresholds for triggering archaeological advice and assessment. It is expected that as a minimum all major applications 3 within s (Tiers 1-3) would require an archaeological desk based assessment, and if necessary a field evaluation, to accompany a planning application. In the more sensitive Tier 1 and 2 areas this procedure would also apply to some smaller scale developments. Outside s (Tier 4) some major developments, such as those subject to Environmental Impact Assessment, may warrant similar treatment. Preapplication consultation with GLAAS is encouraged to ensure planning applications are supported by appropriate information. Tier 1 is focused on a specific heritage asset of significance equivalent to a scheduled monument or otherwise of very high sensitivity. Thus Tier 1 covers heritage assets for which there are clear grounds to consider that NPPF policy for designated heritage assets could apply to an undesignated asset of archaeological interest. It may also include a few other assets which although not demonstrably of national importance are particularly sensitive to small scale disturbance. Tier 2 is a local area within which the GLHER holds specific evidence indicating the presence or likely presence of heritage assets of archaeological interest. Tier 3 is a landscape scale zone within which the GLHER holds evidence indicating the potential for heritage assets of archaeological interest. The definition of Tier 3 APAs involves using the GLHER to predict the likelihood that currently unidentified heritage assets, particularly sites of historic and archaeological interest, will be discovered in the future. Tier 4 is any location that does not, on present evidence, merit inclusion within an. However, Tier 4 areas are not necessarily devoid of archaeological interest and may retain some 3 Major applications include development involving 10 or more dwellings or an application site of 0.5 hectares of more on outline applications. For other types of applications including commercial or industrial development a major application may be defined as being 1000m 2 floorspace or more or an application site of 1 hectare or more on an outline application. 7

8 potential unless they can be shown to have been heavily disturbed in modern times. Such potential is most likely to be identified on greenfield sites, in relation to large scale development or in association with listed buildings 8

9 Newham: Historical and Interest The London borough of Newham is located in east London and lies partly within the Greater Thames Estuary Natural Character Area (81) and partly within the Inner London Natural Character Area (112). Its southern, eastern and western borders are defined by the rivers Thames, Roding and Lea respectively whilst historically to the north lay the expanse of Epping Forest. The river valleys were prone to flooding and developed extensive marshlands but the central part of Newham lay on a higher gravel outcrop which provided drier conditions suitable for settlement and agriculture. The distinction and interaction between these wet and dry landscapes (broadly reflected in the two natural character areas) has been a major influence of Newham s historical development and its investigation provides a focus for archaeological interest. In previous centuries the area lay between rural Essex and Middlesex with the Lea seen as a boundary between the two. Newham retained a rural character until the second half of the 19 th century but its proximity to London meant that the area was strongly influenced by the city, an influence which may date back to Roman times. Rapid urban development in the later 19 th century meant that Newham had lost its rural character by the early 20 th century. The changing role of Newham within the hinterland of London is another key theme of archaeological and historical interest. Prehistoric (500,000 BC to 42 AD) During the prehistoric period and up until the mid 19 th century the southern and western parts of the borough were marshland but they were not deserted. The line of the modern A13 road runs along the approximate route of where the low lying Thames marshland to the south met the higher ground to the north. The marshland landscape would have consisted of small areas of dry land separated by numerous water channels or tributaries. Small settlements may have developed on some of these dry areas or alongside the edge of the marsh as people took advantage of an abundant supply of water and local wildlife. Peat developed in these wetland conditions preserving wooden structures and environmental evidence rarely found on non marshland sites. The potential of such a landscape is illustrated elsewhere in England by marshlands such as the Fens or Somerset Levels which contain archaeological remains of national and international significance. When Newham s marshes were reclaimed in the 19 th century large swathes were simply buried leaving their archaeology intact so this buried prehistoric landscape is a key archaeological interest of the area. Before the Roman conquest a large defended settlement was constructed at Uphall just over the borough boundary in Redbridge suggesting an increase in the local population by that time. 9

10 Roman (43 AD to 409 AD) Newham lies approximately 6km east of the Roman city of Londinium. The London to Colchester Roman road is known to have passed through the north of Newham along a similar route to that now followed by Romford Road. A smaller Roman road ran from a probable Thames ferry crossing at North Greenwich northwards towards Manor Park. Settlements may have developed along these roads. The presence of a large Roman cemetery near St Mary Magdalene church in East Ham suggests that a settlement was located nearby with another likely at Stratford. Key archaeological interests would be to understand how the land was used and managed within the hinterland of Londinium. Whether, for example, there was an emphasis on specialised production for the market or Roman administration. Were the people of Roman Newham mainly native Britons or a more diverse group influenced by the nearby city? Anglo-Saxon (410 AD to 1065 AD) & Medieval (1066 AD to 1539 AD) Little is known of Anglo-Saxon Newham but there was an important early monastery just over the borough boundary at Barking. A large rural settlement with several components all called Hame is recorded in the Domesday Book and can be related to East Ham and West Ham. Further settlements developed in Newham during the medieval period. In general the area had a dispersed settlement pattern on the dry gravel terrace whilst the marshes seem to have been exploited but virtually uninhabited by a permanent population. Some settlements consisted of little more than a manor house and a church or farm such as Plashet or Little Ilford. Others clustered round a village green such as Plaistow or developed as a roadside settlement as at Stratford or were strung out along a road like the interrupted row of East Ham. One of the most noteworthy buildings in Newham was Stratford Langthorne Abbey which was located to the south of Stratford near to what is now the DLR Abbey Road station. Part of it is a scheduled monument. The abbey was built in the 12 th century and was one of only two Cistercian abbeys in the Greater London area. It would have had a significant spiritual and economic impact on the local area. The nearby village of West Ham would have been particularly influenced by the presence of such a large monastic centre nearby. The abbey was closed during Henry VIII s Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid 16 th century. interest in the medieval period is likely to focus on understanding how the settlement pattern observed on early maps came into existence and how the proximity of London and the presence of the local monastery influenced the local area. Post medieval (1540 AD to 1900 AD) & Modern (1901 AD to present day) In the post medieval period London grew rapidly and many of Newham s village settlements also grew as a consequence. Newham 10

11 became an attractive area for wealthy Londoners to build large country houses due to its rural location and the fact it was within easy travelling distance of the city. Many of these houses have since been demolished but they nonetheless illustrate a significant transitional phase for Newham. The archaeology of this period has not yet been much explored locally but may have potential for the study of the new consumer society contrasting with poorer districts in the city itself. The coming of the railways drastically changed the character of the area and caused the massive urban development which led to the area eventually being subsumed into London. The Eastern Counties Railway was opened in 1839 and a branch line to Silvertown and North Greenwich was added in the 1840s. The coming of the railways stimulated the industrial growth of the area since items produced or required by factories could be easily transported by rail and goods unloaded at the docks could be easily transported elsewhere. The resulting industrial boom caused a need for more housing for the workers and the gradual loss of Newham s rural character. The massive industrial developments that took place during the 19 th century and the facilities provided for the workers employed at them are a remarkable and distinguishing element of Newham s history. Some of the industrial facilities were among the largest and most impressive in the world when they were built. The Royal Docks were built between 1855 and 1921 in the riverside area that had been marshland before being reclaimed. These docks were among the largest ever built and were an important part of London s infrastructure at a time when the city was one of the most important ports in the world. The sewage works in Beckton were built in the 1880s so that sewage from an increasingly expanding London could be treated and stored before being safely deposited at sea. The sewage works have continued to grow and are now the largest in the UK and among the largest in the world. Beckton gasworks, which were opened in 1870, were also one of the largest in the world and could provide town gas for much of London. Other significant industrial centres in Newham included the Stratford railway works and the Thames Ironworks on the Limmo peninsula. In addition to these sites there were numerous factories and wharves situated along the Thames and Lea rivers in operation from the 19 th century onwards. The industrial heritage of Newham is therefore impressive and, in places, of national and even international significance. The large scale and relatively recent date of these industrial period sites presents challenges to archaeological investigation which for best effect needs to be combined with historical research, an understanding of rapidly changing technology and the analysis of standing structures. The Royal Docks and aggregation of industry combined with its geographic location made Newham a prime target for Luftwaffe bombing throughout the Second World War. Newham s other scheduled monument recognises this traumatic period this is the site of an anti aircraft gun emplacement in Beckton District Park. Newham contained many other facilities related to both world wars such as air raid shelters, drill halls, Nissen huts etc. Whilst it will not be possible to protect all these sites the aim will be 11

12 to make a record of at least the better preserved or distinctive examples where they would be lost. 12

13 s in Newham A total of 27 s are recommended for Newham of which five are Tier 1 APAs, 16 are Tier 2 APAs and six are Tier 3 APAs. The APAs would cover approximately 74% of the borough. Tier 1 APAs Size (Ha) 1.1 Beckton WW2 Gun Emplacement Fort Street Prince Regent Lane Stratford Langthorne Abbey Woolwich Manor Way 9.90 Total = Tier 2 APAs 2.1 East Ham Green Street Little Ilford Plaistow Plashet Stratford Upton Wall End West Ham Beckton Sewage Works Ilford Gaol Stratford Railworks Thames Ironworks London to Colchester Roman Road Manor Park to North Woolwich Roman Road Newham Cemeteries Total= Tier 3 APAs 3.1 River Lea River Roding Royal Docks Canning Town / Newham Way Beckton Wanstead Flats 9.06 Total=

14 Appendix A Map of s in Newham 14

15 ± Beckton WW2 Gun Emplacement 1.2 Fort Street 1.3 Prince Regent Lane 1.4 Stratford Langthorne Abbey 1.5 Woolwich Manor Way Priority Areas in Newham Waltham Forest Hackney Newham Redbridge East Ham 2.2 Green Street 2.3 Little Ilford 2.4 Plaistow 2.5 Plashet 2.6 Stratford 2.7 Upton 2.8 Wall End 2.9 West Ham 2.10 Beckton Sewage Works 2.11 Ilford Gaol 2.12 Stratford Railworks 2.13 Thames Ironworks 2.14 London to Colchester Roman Road 2.15 Manor Barking Park and to North Dagenham Woolwich Roman Road 2.16 Newham Cemeteries 3.1 River Lea 3.2 River Roding 3.3 Royal Docks 3.4 Canning Town / Newham Way 3.5 Beckton 3.6 Wanstead Flats November 2014 " Pottery Tier 1 Sites Rivers Modern Boroughs Tier 2 Tier 3 Scale (at A4): 1:50, Tower Hamlets Greenwich Bexley This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP0024. Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF Tel:

16 Appendix B Area descriptions and map extracts for Tier 1 s 16

17 ± Waltham Forest Redbridge Beckton WW2 Gun Emplacement 1.2 Fort Street 1.3 Prince Regent Lane Redbridge 1.4 Stratford Langthorne Abbey 1.5 Woolwich Manor Way Tier 1 Priority Areas in Newham November Hackney " Pottery Tier 1 Sites Rivers Modern Boroughs Barking and Dagenham Newham Scale (at A4): 1:40, Tower Hamlets This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP0024. Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF Greenwich Tel:

18 Newham APA 1.1: Beckton WW2 Gun Emplacement Summary and Definition The APA covers the scheduled site of a Second World War anti-aircraft gun battery and a large part of Beckton District Park. It is classified as Tier 1 because it incorporates the immediate setting of a scheduled monument, an area which might also contain associated remains seen on aerial photographs from the 1940s. Description The gun battery was established shortly before the outbreak of World War Two in 1939 and consisted of four concrete and brick gun emplacements around a central command post. Initially the battery was equipped with 3 inch guns but in 1941 these were replaced with 3.7 inch guns on a static mounting. The Beckton site had the reference London IAZ (Inner Artillery Zone) ZE16 Beckton. Similar gun batteries were located throughout Greater London. Aerial photographs from the war show the site with an access road to the east of the emplacements and small rectangular buildings to the east and south of the installation. These buildings were used to accommodate personnel who were stationed at the battery. In aerial photographs from 1941 the buildings can be seen but it is harder to discern the gun emplacements suggesting that they were being camouflaged in some way. The battery is easier to see in aerial photographs from Aerial photographs from 1946, after the war had ended, show that the emplacements and associated buildings were still there although it appears that the guns had been removed by this point. Newham was bombed heavily during the war and the Royal Docks to the south of the gun battery were a major target. The Beckton site would have been an important defence installation to counter the air attacks. Significance Approximately 65 gun batteries of this type were located in London s Inner Artillery Zone, which included sites outside of Greater London, but Beckton is the only one that is now scheduled. Like many military sites, anti aircraft gun batteries were built for a singular purpose and were no longer needed once the war concluded so their armaments, equipment and associated buildings were removed. The Beckton site was never developed and is now parkland with no trace on the surface of the gun battery. However, the emplacements were constructed with brick and concrete so remains may survive beneath the surface. The associated buildings to the south and east were probably temporary structures that could be easily removed and may have left little archaeological trace. 18

19 ± Newham APA 1.1 Beckton WW2 Gun Emplacement November 2014 " Pottery Beckton Sites WW2 Gun Emplacement APA Rivers Modern Boroughs Tier 1 Newham Tier 2 Tier 3 Scale (at A4): 1:3,000 This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP0024. Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF Tel:

20 Newham APA 1.2: Fort Street Summary and Definition The APA covers the area between Evelyn Road, Boxley Street, North Woolwich Road and Fort Street. A Neolithic timber structure was uncovered here in The APA is classified as Tier 1 due to the structure being an undesignated asset equivalent to a scheduled monument. Description An excavation at Fort Street near Silvertown in June 1994 found a Neolithic feature which consisted of a number of planks, crossbeams and retaining posts. A four metre long section of the feature was exposed and has been interpreted as being a trackway or possibly a hunting platform. The planks formed the edges of the feature which were held in place by the posts and the crossbeams formed the surface of the feature in between the planks. If the feature was a trackway it may have been leading to the north bank of the river. If it was a platform it may have been used to hunt wildlife that was present within the marshes. Alternatively it may have been part of a settlement since it was near to a raised ridge of sand and gravel. The route of the A13 represents the approximate boundary where the higher dry land met the marshland areas until the post medieval period. In the prehistoric period it would have been necessary to construct trackways and platforms in order to access the wetlands or to travel between settlements within the wetland area. Significance While trackways and platforms dating from the Bronze Age have been found in other parts of Newham the feature at Fort Street is a rare example of a Neolithic feature. It is also located in an area which was further into the marshes compared to the Bronze Age examples which were found closer to what would have been the higher, dry ground. The feature demonstrates how the local population were traversing the marshland area in the Neolithic period. It is possible that further sections of the trackway might exist within the APA beyond the limits of the 1994 excavation area. Prehistoric wetland trackways, being principally composed of organic material preserved by combinations of water logging, anaerobic conditions and soil chemistry, are especially vulnerable to loss or decay. They vary considerably in form and construction and have great potential to preserve evidence of the local prehistoric environment and early construction techniques. Preserved objects, whether lost or deliberately placed, sometimes survive in their immediate vicinity. Accordingly, even the simplest examples, where they are positively identified, are considered strong candidates for designation. The remains found at Fort Street are especially significant as this type of site is nationally rare because wooden trackways can only survive in 20

21 wetland conditions. Few Neolithic trackways and platforms of this kind have been found in London. Key References A Neolithic Trackway within Peat Deposits at Silvertown London, A.D. Crockett, M.J. Allen, R.G. Scaife, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 (pp ), 2002 A Neolithic trackway within peat deposits at Fort Street (West), Silvertown, Newham, London, E16, Wessex Archaeology, 2000 Fort Street (West), Silvertown, London, E16, Excavation Assessment Report, Wessex Archaeology,

22 7 Flint ± Parr Stuart Montague House House South Drake Hall 17 to 32 Newham APA 1.2 Fort Street November " Pottery Sites Fort Street APA Rivers Modern Boroughs Tier Newham Tier 2 Tier 3 Scale (at A4): 1:2,000 This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP to 5 Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF. Tel:

23 Newham APA 1.3: Prince Regent Lane Summary and Definition The Prince Regent Lane covers an area to the south of Newham Way between Freemasons Road and Prince Regent Lane. investigations in this area between 2000 and 2003 found a timber structure and a number of other features that date to the Bronze Age. It has been classified as Tier 1 because undesignated assets equivalent to a scheduled monument are located within it. Description A timber structure was found to the east of Freemasons Road to the south of its junction with Newham Way which consisted of a series of oak piles in pairs which dated to the Bronze Age. It has been speculated that an island existed during the Bronze Age period to the east of what is now Freemasons Road. These piles may have been used to keep wooden planks between them in place and represent some form of trackway or bridge that led to the island. A number of Bronze Age postholes found close to the junction of Newham Way and Freemasons Road have been interpreted as being part of a field enclosure. A number of other linear features in the same area are thought to be Bronze Age or Roman field systems or boundary ditches. Significance This area would have been on the periphery of the wetland area to the south and the higher ground to the north during the prehistoric period. The discovery of possible field boundaries and an enclosure shows that the area was being used for agricultural purposes during the Bronze Age period. The trackway demonstrates how it was possible to travel between areas of high ground in the wetlands during the same period. Prehistoric wetland trackways, being principally composed of organic material preserved by combinations of water logging, anaerobic conditions and soil chemistry, are especially vulnerable to loss or decay. They vary considerably in form and construction and have great potential to preserve evidence of the local prehistoric environment and early construction techniques. Preserved objects, whether lost or deliberately placed, sometimes survive in their immediate vicinity. Accordingly, even the simplest examples, where they are positively identified, are considered strong candidates for designation. The remains found at Prince Regent Lane are especially significant as this type of site is nationally rare because wooden trackways can only survive in wetland conditions. Few Bronze Age trackways of this kind have been found in London. 23

24 Key References Landscape and Prehistory of the East London Wetlands, Investigations along the A13 DBFO Roadscheme, Tower Hamlets, Newham and Barking and Dagenham, , Oxford Archaeology Monograph No. 17, E. Stafford, D. Goodburn, M. Bates, Oxford Archaeology,

25 ± Newham APA 1.3 Prince Regent Lane November 2014 " Pottery Sites Prince Regent Lane APA Rivers Modern Boroughs Tier 1 Newham Tier 2 Tier 3 Scale (at A4): 1:2,500 This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP0024. Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF Tel:

26 Newham APA 1.4: Stratford Langthorne Abbey Summary and Definition The Stratford Langthorne Abbey covers the site of the abbey, its precincts and associated buildings. The abbey was active from its foundation in the 12 th century until the Dissolution in the mid 16 th century. Stratford Langthorne is classified as Tier 1 because it includes a scheduled monument with known associated archaeological remains in its vicinity. The scheduled area does not cover the full area of the abbey site the APA is more representative of the abbey s boundaries. Description Stratford Langthorne Abbey was established by William de Montfichet in Initially it was a Savigniac abbey but became a Cistercian abbey in Among the later generations of reformed Benedictine orders, which became especially popular in the twelfth century, the Cistercians were perhaps the most successful, eventually holding some 76 houses in England and Wales. They emphasised their retreat from the world through a silent and austere regime of work and prayer. The abbey and its associated precincts occupied a site of approximately eight hectares which was bounded on its northern, eastern and southern sides by a moat and on its western side by the Channelsea River. The main monastic church was built in the centre of the site. It was constructed of stone and initially had a simple cruciform shape but was expanded and rebuilt in the late 12 th or early 13 th century then underwent further expansions until the mid 14 th century. A cloister was also attached to the southern side of the church. A parish church is thought to have been built within the precincts, possibly to the north west of the monastic church, although its exact location is unclear. The eastern entrance gatehouse was located on what is now Bakers Row and was identified during an excavation in A chapel known as St Richard s Chapel is also thought to have been near the gatehouse. More than 600 burials were recovered from the abbey site during excavations between 1973 and The majority of the burials were found close to or within the monastic church although some were found in an area that may have been in the vicinity of the parish church. Other buildings within the abbey site included an infirmary, domestic ranges, farm buildings, a slaughterhouse and a tannery. A water mill was built on the western side of the precincts near to where Abbey Road now crosses the Channelsea River. A house known as the Lodge was located in the south east corner of the abbey site and was surrounded by a moat. 26

27 The abbey was dissolved in 1538 and the buildings were gradually demolished. The area was still referred to as West Ham Abbey on the Rocque map of 1745 and the Chapman and Andre map of The Lodge survived until at least the mid 18 th century when it was referred to as Abbey House and the gatehouse on Bakers Row survived until By the mid 19 th century a number of industrial sites had been established on the abbey site. A print works, rubber works and a bleaching and chemical works all appear on an Ordnance Survey map from A public house called the Adam and Eve was also built close to where the monastic church had stood. A railway was built through the site in the 1840s and a railway depot was built over a large part of the abbey site in the late 20 th century. Significance Stratford Langthorne is one of two Cistercian abbeys that were founded within what is now Greater London. Part of the site is a scheduled monument but like many religious sites of this type Stratford Langthorne has been subsumed by later development, making assessment difficult and management more complex. Excavations that took place on the abbey site between the 1970s and 1990s demonstrate that significant remains of the abbey and other buildings have survived. Other building remains and further burials may be present in unexcavated areas and could be worthy of preservation. The site s later industrial use is of more local interest. Key References The Cistercian abbey of St Mary Stratford Langthorne, Essex, excavations for the London Underground Limited Jubilee Line Extension Project, B. Barber, S. Chew, T. Dyson and B. White, Museum of London Archaeology Service,

28 ± Newham APA 1.4 Stratford Langthorne Abbey November 2014 " Pottery Stratford Sites Langthorne Abbey APA Rivers Modern Boroughs Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Scale (at A4): 1:3,000 This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP0024. Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF Tel:

29 Newham APA 1.5: Woolwich Manor Way Summary and Definition The Woolwich Manor Way covers an area to the south of Newham Way between Woolwich Manor Way to the east and Eisenhower Drive to the west. investigations in this area in 1993 and 1994 and between 2000 and 2002 found a number of trackways and platforms that date to the Bronze Age. It has been classified as Tier 1 because undesignated assets equivalent to a scheduled monument are located within it. Description Several trackways were found on what is now a golf driving range near the junction of Newham Way and Woolwich Manor Way between 2000 and The route of the A13 follows the approximate line of where the dry higher ground met the lower lying marshlands in previous centuries. The southern edge of the higher ground would have been an attractive place for settlement since the local population could have taken advantage of the wetland resources. The trackways consisted of rods of wood that had been laid onto the surface to form a path. They were all aligned north to south and would have been used to walk into the marshes from the higher ground or may have been jetties. Two Bronze Age timber platforms were also identified and may have been used as hunting platforms. Bronze Age trackways were also observed to the west of the driving range near Evelyn Dennington Road during excavations that took place in 1993 and These trackways were made of brushwood and held in place by stakes. A similar Bronze Age trackway was found near Freemasons Road and others may survive in other parts of Newham which were previously on the boundary between the dry and marshland areas. Significance The presence of trackways and platforms within the former marshland area demonstrates how the local population of the time were traversing and exploiting the wetland area. Prehistoric wetland trackways, being principally composed of organic material preserved by combinations of water logging, anaerobic conditions and soil chemistry, are especially vulnerable to loss or decay. They vary considerably in form and construction and have great potential to preserve evidence of the local prehistoric environment and early construction techniques. Preserved objects, whether lost or deliberately placed, sometimes survive in their immediate vicinity. Accordingly, even the simplest examples, where they are positively identified, are considered strong candidates for designation. The remains found in the APA are especially significant as this type of site is nationally rare since wooden trackways can only survive in wetland 29

30 conditions. Few Bronze Age trackways and platforms of this kind have been found in London. Key References Landscape and Prehistory of the East London Wetlands, Investigations along the A13 DBFO Roadscheme, Tower Hamlets, Newham and Barking and Dagenham, , Oxford Archaeology Monograph No. 17, E. Stafford, D. Goodburn, M. Bates, Oxford Archaeology, 2012 Assessment of an Excavation at the Golfers Driving Range site, Woolwich Manor Way, North Beckton, T. Carew, Pre-Construct Archaeology Ltd, 2003 Excavation of the former Beckton Nursery, D. Divers, Newham Museum Service,

31 ± Newham APA 1.5 Woolwich Manor Way November 2014 " Pottery Woolwich Sites Manor Way APA Rivers Modern Boroughs Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Scale (at A4): 1:4,000 This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP0024. Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF Tel:

32 Appendix C Area descriptions and map extracts for Tier 2 s 32

33 ± Waltham Forest Hackney East Ham 2.2 Green Street 2.3 Little Ilford 2.4 Plaistow 2.5 Plashet 2.6 Stratford 2.7 Upton 2.8 Wall End 2.9 West Ham Redbridge Beckton Sewage Works 2.11 Ilford Gaol 2.12 Stratford Railworks 2.13 Thames Ironworks 2.14 London to Colchester Roman Road 2.15 Manor Park to North Woolwich Roman Road 2.16 Newham Cemeteries Tier 2 Priority Areas in Newham November 2014 " Pottery Tier 2 Sites Rivers Modern Boroughs Barking and Dagenham Newham Scale (at A4): 1:42, Tower Hamlets Greenwich This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. English Heritage English Heritage. Historic OS Mapping: and database right Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd (all rights reserved) Licence numbers and TP0024. Notes: Any Listed Building information shown on this map extract is provided solely to indicate the location of the listed building(s) and does not attempt to indicate the curtilage or the full extent of the listing(s). Any archaeological priority area(s) shown on this map extract are those used by the English Heritage archaeology advisors and there may be minor differences when compared to the relevant borough UDP or LDF Tel:

34 Newham APA 2.1: East Ham Summary and Definition The East Ham demarcates the three linked historic settlements of North End, East Ham and South End and a Roman settlement. The East Ham APA is classified Tier 2 based on its known historic settlements and heritage assets of archaeological interest combined with positive outcomes from some recent interventions. Description According to the Domesday Book, East Ham was already a substantial rural settlement by the 11 th century and had apparently grown rapidly after the Norman Conquest. Until the 20 th century the village of East Ham comprised of three distinct hamlets, called North End, East Ham and South End, which were spread out along what is now High Street North and High Street South. North End was located near to East Ham station; East Ham was concentrated near to the junction of Barking Road and the High Street while South End was to the south of Barking Road as far as the parish church of St Mary Magdalene. At the end of the 19 th century the area retained a rural character and it was still possible to discern the three separate parts of East Ham. However, by 1920 all three settlements had been joined together by the development of housing and other buildings and many earlier buildings had been demolished. Roman and prehistoric finds have been uncovered throughout the APA and an excavation at High Street North in 2006 found a number of features and finds dating to both periods. This evidence suggests that prehistoric and Roman settlements were located within the APA. St Mary Magdalene church is at the southern end of the APA. Parts of it date to the 12 th century although an earlier church building may have stood on the site. The church is near the site of a Roman cemetery and a number of Roman finds have been uncovered in the vicinity of St Mary s. Remains from the cemetery were uncovered during the construction of a sewer in 1863 near the site of what is now Roman Road. One stone coffin, two wooden coffins, three lead coffins and approximately 20 cremation urns were excavated. More than 30 skeletons were also observed and excavated pottery was used to date the cemetery to the 1 st and 2 nd centuries AD. The number of burials suggests that a Roman settlement was located nearby. All of these historic settlements lay along a north-south lane which ran south from the London to Colchester Roman Road to a ferry crossing at North Woolwich indicating that it may be an ancient route way. East Ham Hall was built slightly to the north of St Mary Magdalene church and was the manor house for East Ham in the medieval period. At some point the hall became a farm called Manor Farm which appears on Ordnance Survey maps until the end of the 19 th century. 34

35 Historic maps show that in the mid 19 th century the type of buildings along the High Street consisted of farms, cottages, inns, almshouses and a number of large country houses. Rancliffe House was located in South End on the south side of what is now Central Park on Rancliffe Road. Oak Hall, East Ham House, Temple House and Wakefield House were in East Ham while Wood House and The Limes were built in North End. Plashet Park was formerly the grounds of Wood House. Most of these houses dated to the 18 th century but while some survived into the early 20 th century none of them exist any more. Significance East Ham was a substantial medieval village with origins in a Roman or earlier landscape. There are indications that an early route way formed a spine along which East Ham grew and that consequences of the Norman Conquest could have spurred that growth. Despite modern development archaeological records indicate sufficient survival to justify archaeological interest. Further investigations could develop our understanding of Roman and medieval settlement, landscape and economy within the hinterland of Londinium/London. Key References History of the Parishes of East Ham and West Ham, K. Fry, 1888 East Ham, S. Pewsey, Sutton Publishing Limited, High Street North, an archaeological excavation report, A. Birchenough, Museum of London Archaeology Service,