INFORMATION EVENING. Sydney Melbourne, August DR AS 5389: 2016 Space Heating, Cooling and Ventilation systems Calculation of Energy Consumption

Transcription

1 INFORMATION EVENING Sydney Melbourne, August 2016 DR AS 5389: 2016 Space Heating, Cooling and Ventilation systems Calculation of Energy Consumption

2 DR AS 5389 Modelling Dr. Fiona McClure Principal Consultant EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS /08/2016 1

3 EnergyAE Energy Analysis & Engineering Independent Experts in Renewable Energy - Solar and Heat Pump Hot Water Systems - Building Energy - Solar Heating and Cooling - Domestic and Commercial Applications Strong Numerical Modelling background, but also System Design, Project Management Australian Distributor for TRNSYS software Training in TRNSYS: Director: Jeremy Osborne Jeremy Osborne Alastair McDowell 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

4 Introduction to DR AS 5389 For manufacturers, regulators and CABs. Methodology for calculating annual energy performance of: - Dessicant wheel-based space heating and cooling systems; - Solar air heating systems; - Occupied space and roof ventilator systems; and - Evaporative cooling systems. Based on physical test results which characterise the performance of the appliance. For domestic and commercial buildings, with or without inclusion of hot water. Compare the annual energy use of representative buildings with conventional reference appliances to the same building with the nominated appliances, for a range of climatic conditions using the TRNSYS simulation program. DRAFT standard please comment, with supporting data, if you have suggested changes 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

5 Annual Energy Performance Annual TRNSYS17 Simulation, with < 0.05hr time step, based on: - Hourly Weather Data - TRNBuild Building Model, including heat gains - Reference Heating and Cooling Appliances - TRNSYS Model of New Appliance, based on Test Results - Comfort Definition & Heating/Cooling Controls Enables calculation of: - Heating and Cooling Energy required - Electricity / Gas consumption - Comfort level (% of hours spent within comfort definition) Compare with and without new appliance A/C Evap Cooler Ventilator Solar Heater Desiccant-Wheel Solar Cooling & Heating System 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS TRNBuild

6 Weather Files AS/NZS 4234 weather files* Solar Radiation: global and beam Air temperature and humidity (Twet) Wind speeds Locations: *Weather data files provided for 6 Climate zone reference locations 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

7 Domestic Building Model 200m 2 Floor Area (20m x 10m), 2.5m ceiling, 20 gable roof. Construction: Brick-Veneer Timber floor on Concrete slab Lightly insulated ceiling Metal roof with concrete sheet gable ends Single occupied space + roof cavity Windows: 15m 2 N + 2 x 1.5m 2 E/W + 9m 2 S = 27m 2 = 13.5% Floor Area Internal Heat Gain Profiles: Sensible + Latent Infiltration Rates*: ACH, Roof = 0.5 ACH Is this representative of the average Australian housing stock? 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

8 Commercial Building Model 750m 2 (50 x 15) floor area, 3.5m ceiling height, 1.5 roof cavity height, flat roof. Construction: Concrete walls with reflective air gap and plasterboard Concrete slab floor Plasterboard ceiling with minimal insulation Metal roof Windows: 70m 2 N + 2 x 5m 2 E/W + 30m 2 S = 110m 2 Awning on North Wall Internal Heat Gain Profiles: Sensible + Latent Infiltration Rates: ACH, Roof = 0.5 ACH Is this representative of commercial buildings in Australia? 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

9 Comfort Definition Comfort conditions are defined by the comfort zone shown in Fig 2.2: - RH room 80% - T room 18 C - T room x W room or T room T cool Based on ASHRAE 55 analytic comfort zone method shown in Fig 2.3. Must meet the comfort requirements 95% of the time between 7am and 10pm (15 hours). Appliance Controls (thermostats)*: - Heating: From 6am to Midnight: C, From Midnight to 6am: C - Cooling: Varies with location as per Table /08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

10 Reference Appliances, App C Use to: - Quantify reference energy use levels - Provide auxiliary heating and/or cooling if the test product does not have sufficient capacity. Reference electric space heating and cooling systems: - Vapour compression heating and cooling system. - COP cool and COP heat defined in eqns C3(1) and (2) - Capacity 15kW* - Latent cooling defined in equation C3(3). - Rated AAER and ACOP as per Tables C1 and C2 Reference gas heating system: Table C3 Reference water heaters as per AS/ NZS /08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

11 New Appliance Models, App D Template TRNSYS Models for: Ventilators (D4) Evaporative coolers (D5 & D6) Solar based desiccant air conditioners (D2) Solar space heating systems (D3) Test results required to characterise each appliances. Extend the template models to accurately represent the operation and controls of the appliance. Scale + Use Reference System to Boost Outputs of product model provide: - Room & Roof airflow, temp and RH - Room heating and/or cooling (incl. latent) - Optional: Hot water supply 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

12 Summary Appliance Tests Appliance Component Test Quantity Test Standard Solar Desiccant Cooling Systems Solar Space Heating Systems Solar Collectors Desiccant Wheel Solar Collectors Collector Performance (incl. IAM) Pressure Drop Electrical Power Air, Evaporative / Spray Water and Heat Transfer Fluid Flow Rates Collector Performance (incl. IAM) Pressure Drop AS/NZS ISO 9806 ASHRAE 174 AS/NZS ISO 9806 Ventilators Fan Flow Rate & Electrical Power AS ISO 5801 Evaporative Coolers Natural Circ. Discharge Coefficients & Effect Aerodynamic Area Electrical Power Air Flow Rate Evaporation Efficiency AS/NZS 4740 ASHRAE 133 & 143 ALL ALL Standby Electrical Power AS/NZS IEC /08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

13 Example:Ventilators, App D4 Two Templates provided: - Fan-forced ventilation of occupied space and roof cavity: - Fan-forced and natural circulation ventilator system fitted to roof cavity. 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

14 Summary Numerical Model for New Appliance developed based on template models and product test data. Annual simulation using standard weather files, building model, and reference A/C, with and without new appliance, enables calculation of: - Heating and Cooling Energy required - Electricity / Gas consumption - Comfort level based on Comfort definition (% hours) Comparison between these results provides: - Energy Savings - Improvement in Comfort - GHG Emissions Reduction Please provide comments, with supporting data, to help improve the standard 16/08/2016 EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS

15 Thank you! Dr Fiona McClure EnergyAE Information Evening: DR AS /08/

16 Vipac Engineers & Scientists DR AS 5389:2016 Space heating and cooling and ventilation systems Calculation of energy consumption The physical testing Sydney 16 August 2016

17 Introduction to Vipac AGENDA OVERVIEW Overview of current space heating & cooling testing Physical testing specified in DR AS Evaporative air cooling systems -Building ventilator systems -Current solar collector thermal efficiency testing Building Performance Evaluation - Air leakage & Permeability -Thermal Comfort in buildings

18 About Vipac VIPAC = VIbration + Pressure + ACoustics Multi-disciplinary technical consultancy Specialise in the mechanical and systems engineering fields Perform testing & evaluation Provide predictions & assessments Vipac is a registered Research Service Provider (RSP Code: 15701), meaning that R&D work conducted at Vipac may be eligible for the R&D Tax Incentive.

19 Markets Consumer Appliances Automotive Building Technology Defence and Systems Oil and Gas Infrastructure Mining Rail Traffic Systems Marine and Offshore IT Solutions Manufacturing Industries

20 Testing at Vipac NATA accredited Vipac is NATA accredited to numerous standards NATA: National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia ILAC: International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Detailed accreditation process - internationally recognised Regular independent peer reviews & audits to AS/ISO Vipac is an accredited independent 3 rd party test laboratory. Vipac has a long list of NATA accredited standards: nata.com.au. Also accredited by the American, Solar Rating and Certification Corporation, SRCC.

21 Standards Committees CS Solar Collectors & Heat Pumps EL Room Air Conditioners EL Electrical Water Heating Appliances AG Gas Appliances EL Performance of Household Refrigerating Appliances ME Refrigerated Display Cabinets EL Performance of Household Electrical Appliances (Clothes Washers / Dryers / Dishwashers) CS Solid Fuel Burning Appliances EL Energy Efficiency of Swimming Pool Pumps

22 Members of various Associations! AuSES Australian Solar Energy Society! AIRAH Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating! ACRAC Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Advisory Committee! CESA Consumer Electronics Suppliers Association! AI Group Australian Industry Group! IEAust Institute of Engineers Australia! GAMAA Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association of Australia! AAS Australian Acoustical Society! AHHA Australian Home Heating Association

23 VIPAC Vipac s Thermal test facilities & Solar Group In our laboratories we maintain conditions under tight tolerances. We have: Numerous environmental chambers Balanced ambient calorimeter Indoor solar simulator & outdoor solar test rig Thermal acoustics (Reverberation) chamber - noise testing Custom built test rigs for building comfort assessments

24 VIPAC Test Thermal Services& Solar Group Typical measurements in this space: Air flow Thermal capacity Electrical energy consumption & standby power Energy efficiency MEPS Acoustics

25 DR AS 5389:2016 Space heating and cooling and ventilation systems DR AS 5389:2016 Space heating and cooling and ventilation systems Calculation of energy consumption Section 3 : Solar Desiccant Cooling System Section 4 : Solar Space Heating Systems Section 5 : Building Ventilator Systems Section 6 : Evaporative Air Cooling Systems

26 Vipac s testing to DR AS 5389:2016 Vipac has both experience and expertise in testing and modelling various similar components as those in DR AS 5389: Physical testing & modelling (e.g. TRNSYS): - Annual performance of various hot water storage systems (AS/NZS 2712, AS/NZS 4234) Gas / electric / heat pump / solar boosted systems - Seasonal performance of air conditioners (AS/NZS 3823) Capabilities to conduct physical testing to AS Test chambers and facilities - Instrumentation that complies with the requirements

27 Current Cooling/Heating Product Technologies Air conditioners Non-ducted and ducted types Cooling only, Heating only and reverse cycle Non-ducted split Ducted Gas Heaters Evaporative Systems

28 DR AS 5389:2016 Focus on the following systems Section 3 : Solar Desiccant Cooling System Section 4 : Solar Space Heating Systems Section 5 : Building Ventilator Systems Section 6 : Evaporative Air Cooling Systems

29 An evaporative cooler cools air through the evaporation of water. Less expensive to install and operate Reduces load on air-conditioning system Ease of maintenance Introduces fresh air & thus extends the building life DR AS 5839 / Section 6 Evaporative Cooling Systems Direct evaporative cooling (open circuit) is used to lower the temperature and increase the humidity of air by using latent heat of evaporation. Incoming warm dry air is changed to cool moist air. Indirect evaporative cooling (closed circuit) is a cooling process that uses direct evaporative cooling in addition to some type of heat exchanger to transfer the cool energy to the supply air.

30 Physical testing of Evaporative Air Cooling Systems Current standard used: AS 2913 We measure: Air flow / electrical power / water flow Evaporation efficiency at a single point: Air inlet DB 30-40ºC and WB depression 14-18K Airflow testing Performance testing

31 We measure: DR AS Physical testing of Direct Evaporative Air Cooling Systems Air flow at specified test modes, electrical power & water flow At least 2 speeds & at least one of 4 possible test ranges at each speed TRNSYS modelling used to assess annual performance Interpolation equations of performance and power input are calculated from the test results based on various ambient DB/RH conditions and room comfort requirements

32 Indirect evaporator performance DR AS Physical testing of Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling Systems At one fixed nominated speed & at least one of four possible test ranges TRNSYS annual performance modelling: Interpolation equations of performance and power input are calculated from the test results based on various ambient DB/RH conditions and room comfort requirements Measure: Air flow at test modes Electrical power / water flow

33 DR AS 5839 / Section 5 Building Ventilator Systems Ventilator - Summer & Winter Benefits Summer Benefits In extreme weather temperatures can climb as high as 75 ºC in the roof cavity! Roof ventilators provide: 1. Greater comfort inside your home, 2. Reduced costs, since your fans and air-conditioning systems will not have to work as hard. Winter Benefits Removing moisture is the key to preventing mold from growing. In our bathrooms and kitchens we usually achieve this with extractor fans. Likewise the roof ventilator prevents the build-up of moisture from steam and condensation by removing it as it enters the roof space.

34 DR AS 5839 / Section 5 Building Ventilator Systems General Ventilators can use: Solar Power Wind Power Electrical power Ventilators reduce: Energy costs Load on air-conditioning system Condensation Build Up Plus they extend the roof life & provide smooth & quiet operation Fan-Forced Ventilator Testing The ventilator flow rate / pressure measurements shall meet AS ISO 5801 requirements. Natural Circulation Ventilator Testing The ventilators shall be assessed for flow coefficients, discharge coefficients and effective aerodynamic area to AS/NZS 4740 requirements.

35 DR AS 5839 / Section 5 Building Ventilator Systems Natural Circulation Ventilator Testing AS 4740 Standard - Flow Coefficient Minimum required air velocities are: 0.72 m/s, 1.44 m/s, 2.16 m/s, 2.88 m/s and 3.60 m/s. Note: 3.60 m/s is equivalent to a wind speed of 13 km/hr Air Velocity (m/s) Air Flow Rate (L/s) Airflow device used to measure differential pressure FLOW RATE AIR VELOCITY Test sample Fan with flow straighteners Pressure 0 Pa Variable speed fan Screen Pressure Plenum pressure equilibrium chamber

36 DR AS 5839 / Section 5 Building Ventilator Systems Natural Circulation Ventilator Testing AS 4740 Standard -Discharge Coefficient Natural Circulation Ventilator -Effective Aerodynamic Area Pressure meter Test sample Orifice Plate to AS Pressure meter 2x x Maximum angle 30º Fan Cd = ( Q / A ) x [ q / ( 2 x P ) ] F = Cd x A Cd Discharge Coefficient F Effective Aerodynamic Area (m 2 ) PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION Characteristics Performance Level Summary Effective Class Cd = 0.7 and above Aerodynamic Class Cd = 0.5 to Area Class Cd = 0.3 to Class Cd = 0.1 to Q - Air Flow (L/s) P - Pressure Drop (Pa) A - Throat Area (m 2 ) q - Air Density (kg/m 3 )

37 DR AS 5839 / Section 5 Building Ventilator Systems Fan-Forced Ventilator Testing AS 5801 Standard Orifice Plate Fan FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT RIG FOR INLET-SIDE TEST CHAMBER (AS 5801) Fan speed Pressure Drop Air Flow Rate Electric Power Pa L/s W AS 5839 Standard specifies component testing and modelling requirements for ventilator systems

38 DR AS 5389 Section 3 & 4 Solar Hot Water Collectors Testing to AS/NZS 2535: Thermal Performance

39 DR AS 5389 Section 3, Section 4 Collector Thermal Performance Testing to AS/NZS 2535, ISO 9806 Air temperature < 30 C Wind Speed = 2-4 m/s Irradiance > 800 W/m 2 Water temperature ~ 20 C, 40 C, 60 C, 90 C Instantaneous Efficiency y = x x R 2 = Test results are then used to create an efficiency curve which become the inputs for TRNSYS modelling (tf-ta)/g (m2 K/W)

40 DR AS 5389 Section 3, Section 4 Collector Thermal Performance IAM test (Incidence Angle Modifier) Measures off-axis performance Provides a better measure of thermal performance of evacuated tube collectors

41 DR AS 5389 Section 3, Section 4 System Thermal Performance Solar collector efficiency curves are used to calculate overall efficiency in TRNSYS based on air temperature, sunlight, and water temperature in the collector. Calculates the efficiency of the individually tested components over time The solar thermal collectors are a component of the following appliance types within DR AS 5389 standard Solar desiccant systems Solar air heat exchanger systems Hydronic heating

42 DR AS 5389 Section 3, Section 4 System Thermal Performance Solar collector efficiency curves are used to calculate overall efficiency in TRNSYS based on air temperature, sunlight, and water temperature in the collector. Calculates the efficiency of the individually tested components over time The solar thermal collectors are a component of the following appliances types within DR AS 5389 standard Solar desiccant systems Solar air heat exchanger systems Hydronic heating

43 DR AS 5389 Section 2 Building Performance Evaluation Building Air Leakage Measure air changes per hour (ACH)

44 DR AS 5389 Section 2 Air Leakage Testing Relevant to consider for the overall building performance Measures ambient air flow into/out of the building Currently contributes to Green Star ratings

45 DR AS 5389 Section 2 Air Leakage Testing

46 DR AS 5839 / Sections 2.4 & 2.5 Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort... ASHRAE o C 19 o C Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied 1.2 met 1.0 Clo 0.5 Clo Operative Temperature PEOPLE LOAD FLOOR LOAD

47 DR AS 5839 / Sections 2.4 & 2.5 Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort... ASHRAE 55 Room AirTemperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) Room length (m) Room width (m) Occupied zone height (m) Room Height floor to ceiling (m) Air Supply Temp (at diffuser face) Number of diffusers / chilled beams Coordinate position of diffuser / beam Air supply volume (L/s) Design PMV (at 0.6 m) Design PMV (at 1.1 m) Design PPD Maximum velocity in occupied zone Clothing Level Metabolic Rate Level Equipment heat gain (W/m²) Lighting heat gain (W/m²) People load (W/m²) Solar heat load on window (W) Resultant solar heat load on floor (W) Macquarie Bank Freshwater Place 150 Collins Street Bangkok Airport

48 Thank you Any questions?

49 Policy making and Australian Standards Emma Jacobs, Senior Policy Officer, Energy Efficiency 9/08/2016 1

50 Victorian Energy Efficiency Target (VEET) Scheme Today and tomorrow VIPAC Engineers and Scientists Information Evening Melbourne, 9 August 2016 Rod Woolley, Manager VEET Essential Services Commission (C/16/16491)

51 Talking points VEET scheme can: reduce the cost of energy efficiency upgrades (but by how much?) Allow you to access other EE incentives (but how and under what conditions?)

52 How the scheme works Consumers engage third party to replace inefficient products with energy efficient products Energy saved is converted to greenhouse gas savings GHG savings are converted to certificates (VEECs) Certificates are sold and traded, creating market that determines their value

53 Calculating the incentive Size of the incentive? It depends on nature of the upgrade (quantity of energy savings) value of VEECs at the time portion of that value that installation company decides to pass through to consumer

54 Many eligible activities

55 Current main activities Downlights replacing 12v (21C,D) 18% Reflector Lamps (21B) 2% LEDs/CFLs (21A) 9% VEEC Creation - previous 4 weeks GU10 replacing 240v (21E) 4% Non-lighting activities 6% Commercial Lighting 61%

56 So far More than 35m VEECs have been created over past seven years since scheme commenced in 2009 Energy activities have been carried out in nearly two million Victorian premises (residential and commercial) Scheme targets will gradually increase over next five years to reach 6.5mT/yr GHG abatement by 2020

57 Space heating and cooling Wide range of space heating and cooling activities (refer VEET Regulations): HE ducted gas heater (Sch.20) and HE ducted gas heater replacing ducted gas heater (Sch.5) HE ducted gas heater replacing central electric resistance heater (Sch.6) HE ducted air-to-air heat pump replacing ducted air-to-air heat pump (Sch.7) HE ducted air-to-air heat pump replacing central electric resistance heater (Sch.8) Gas or liquefied petroleum gas space heater (Sch.9) Space air-to-air heat pump (Sch.10) Replace refrigerative air conditioner with ducted evaporative cooler (Sch.23) Replace gas heating ductwork (Sch.28)

58 Commercial lighting Commercial lighting upgrades are eligible to create certificates (Schedule 34) Variety of different upgrades are eligible, including: T8 linear fluoro Downlights High bays T5 linear fluoro Linear LED LED replacement T5 high bays LED Induction + 36 other eligible energy efficient activities

59 Calculating the incentive Some basic examples Existing lighting Qty Upgraded lighting Qty 36W T8 linear fluoro luminaires (magnetic ballasts) W T5 linear fluoro luminaires (electronic ballasts) VEECs (approx) VEEC value (assumed) Incentive AP trades VEECs in return for $$ $15 $750 (minus AP fee) 50W halogen downlights (electronic ballasts) W LED downlights (with new LED drivers) $15 $1,200 (minus AP fee) 400W metal halide high bays (electronic ballasts) W LED high bays $15 $9,750 (minus AP fee)

60 Other commercial activities Other activities that may be applicable for industry include: Water heaters (Schedules 1-4) High efficiency motors (Schedule 31) Refrigeration fan motors (Schedule 33) Low flow trigger nozzles (Schedule 35)

61 Accessing the incentive Finding an accredited company Essential Services Commission approves energy efficiency companies that can create certificates Listed on Participants Register of VEET website (eg, search under Schedule 34 Lighting Upgrade)

62 Important considerations Industry experience of accredited companies varies Product performance varies Different companies are approved to install different products Portion of VEEC value that accredited companies pass through varies Clients should undertake appropriate due diligence

63 What s coming Project based activities (PBA) much more efficient from business viewpoint Range of PBA methodologies to suit various treatments Changes to options to include large energy users (EREP)

64 Policy context Premier and Minister for Energy, Environment and Climate Change announced net zero emissions by 2050 Statutory interim targets and five-year strategies VEET is important tool to achieve interim targets

65 Where to go for help Useful resources VEET website: Policy department website: Victorian Government SwitchOn website: Energy Saver Incentive

66 The Role of Standards for Government Policy Jeremy Osborne Director of EnergyAE 8/16/16 EnergyAE DR AS 5389:2016 Information Evening 1

67 The role of standards for government Provide a means of effectively benchmarking products - safety, quality, and energy savings An Australian Standard provides: - Confidence good testing methods, peer reviewed - Collaboration - industry, government, academic - Cost-effectiveness government programs can be expensive 8/16/16 EnergyAE DR AS 5389:2016 Information Evening 2

68 Key elements to support programs Is it additional? - if the incentive didn t exist, would it be done anyway Is it appropriate? - is this a long-lasting, safe, efficient technology 8/16/16 EnergyAE DR AS 5389:2016 Information Evening 3

69 A standard allows 1. Minimum Performance Programs - Pushes out poor performing products off the market - MEPS, GEMS 2. Incentive programs - Pulls high performing products onto the market - NSW Energy Saving Scheme (ESS) or Victorian Energy Efficiency Target (VEET) These are ratcheted over time to continuously improve the performance of the market available products 8/16/16 EnergyAE DR AS 5389:2016 Information Evening 4

70 NSW Energy Saving Scheme The Energy Savings Scheme reduces electricity consumption in NSW by creating financial incentives for organisations to invest in energy savings projects. Energy savings are achieved by installing, improving or replacing energy savings equipment. The Energy Savings Scheme is governed by NSW legislation. It places a mandatory obligation on Scheme Participants to obtain and surrender energy savings certificates, which represent energy savings. The development of the policy framework is the responsibility of the Office of Environment and Heritage and the Department of Industry. 8/16/16 EnergyAE DR AS 5389:2016 Information Evening 5

71 DR AS 5389:2016 DR AS 5389:2016 provides a method to include innovative space heating,cooling and conditioning technology into incentive programs such as NSW ESS. With a framework, governments have better confidence or budget to support nascent industries. What is needed to make the standard a success? Good peer review to assure the standard has a solid foundation. 8/16/16 EnergyAE DR AS 5389:2016 Information Evening 6

72 Thank you! Jeremy Osborne /16/16 EnergyAE DR AS 5389:2016 Information Evening 7