VESDA ASPIRATING SMOKE DETECTION INDUSTRY GUIDE SUBSTATIONS
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1 VESDA ASPIRATING SMOKE DETECTION INDUSTRY GUIDE SUBSTATIONS
2 Industry Guide - Substations The transmission and distribution of electricity is integral to the entire power generation and supply cycle. The role of the Substation is two-fold: Acts as a switching interface to convert the generated power to the voltage required for transmission. Transforms the transmission voltage to the correct distribution voltage for industrial, commercial and domestic use.
3 Industry Guide - Substations The risk of fire in a substation can be reduced by installing early warning smoke detection. The threat of transmission/distribution downtime, power outage within the system and loss of revenue is also prevented. The consequential impact of fire at a substation site necessitates the installation of early warning smoke detection.
4 Design Considerations The following design aspects should be considered when specifying an aspirating (air sampling) smoke detection system: Local Fire Codes & Standards; Power Generation & Transmission Industry Codes of Practice; Fire risks in key operational areas; Airflow characteristics & stratification levels; Manning levels & remote sites.
5 Operational Areas - Substations Substations contain key areas with specific equipment, operating processes and environmental characteristics that exhibit varied levels of fire risk. The design of a smoke detection system should address the level of identified risk and also comply with local fire codes and standards. VESDA s early warning smoke detection technology provides optimum protection from the threat of fire.
6 Operational Areas - Substations Operational areas of a substation in which VESDA can be used. Areas Essential Recommended Switch Rooms - Room Sampling - In-Cabinet Sampling Control Rooms - Room Sampling - In-Cabinet Sampling - Under Floor Sampling Cabinets - In-Cabinet Sampling Cable Trenches - Area/Space Sampling Battery Rooms - Room Sampling
7 Operational Areas - Substations Control Room Battery Room Cables to High Voltage Switching Towers Cabinets Switch/Relay Room Underground Cable Trenches
8 Performance-based design (PBD) Smoke testing determines: a) The optimal location for sampling pipework. b) Airflow levels, fire loading, ventilation, ignition sources and physical/environmental conditions that determine the level of fire risk. VESDA complements the PBD approach by providing a proactive and early warning sequence of responses.
9 Challenges to Smoke Detection Substations contain unique operational areas that can impede the detection capability of conventional smoke detection systems. Example: The underground location, limited access and confined space of Cable Trenches can affect the identification of smoke by a conventional smoke detector.
10 Key Fire Risks High voltage cable networks, high and low voltage switchgear and control equipment. Overheating electrical control equipment (usually cabinet-enclosed). Large banks of high capacity batteries for the uninterrupted power supply (UPS). Arcing and static electrical charge.
11 Pipe Design for Smoke Detection Standard Room Sampling: Sample pipework is installed in a grid format as per local code specification (sampling holes typically correspond with the location of a point detector).
12 Purpose: Operational Area - Switch Room Contains cabinet-enclosed electronic equipment and automated switchgear to maintain the substation s primary functions. Accommodates a large quantity of metering and logging equipment. The cost and critical nature of the switch room equipment, and the requirement of continuous operation necessitates early warning smoke detection.
13 Challenges: Operational Area - Switch Room The electrical demand of the in-cabinet equipment is a major fire risk and the primary cause of a fire. Low thermal energy of an in-cabinet fire can effect the external detection of smoke during the incipient stage. High levels of airflow (ventilation) required by the cabinet-enclosed equipment to maintain a suitable operating temperature. Forced air ventilation increasing the incidence of smoke dilution and impeding detection by conventional systems.
14 Operational Area - Switch Room Recommendation: Ceiling Mounted & Cabinet Sampling. Ceiling Mounted: Sampling points are located as per the layout and configuration of the room and in accordance with local codes and standards. Cabinet Sampling: See Operational Area - Cabinet Protection
15 Operational Area - Office/Control Room Purpose: The main command centre of the substation that monitors and manages the entire site operation. The layout configuration can range from a small, nonventilated room, to a large, high airflow space with multiple operators and consoles. The consequential impact of downtime necessitates early warning smoke detection.
16 Operational Area - Office/Control Room Challenges: Cabinet-enclosed computer and control equipment. Smoke dilution can affect a conventional detector s ability to identify smoke at the crucial (incipient) stage of a fire.
17 Operational Area - Office/Control Room Recommendation: Ceiling Mounted & Floor Void Sampling. Locating sampling pipework on the ceiling and in the floor void provides the earliest detection at the crucial (incipient) stage. Additionally, the presence of cabinet enclosed equipment and consoles may necessitate direct in-cabinet sampling.
18 Operational Area - Office/Control Room Sampling Recommendation: Ceiling Mounted and Floor Void Sampling. Ceiling Mounted Sampling Floor Void Sampling
19 Purpose: Operational Area - Cabinet Protection Electrical, relay and communication equipment is typically located in enclosed cabinets. The cabinets are usually fully enclosed, or have a ventilation system. The ventilation system may either be via a top vented grille or as forced ventilation with fans or grilles located within the cabinet.
20 Challenges: Operational Area - Cabinet Protection The incidence of overheating is the main fire risk of cabinet-enclosed equipment and wiring. External detection of smoke by conventional systems may not register until a fire has progressed to an advanced stage and caused a significant amount of damage. Low thermal energy, poor ventilation, or forced incabinet ventilation can also affect the detection capability of conventional systems.
21 Operational Area - Cabinet Protection Recommendation: In-Cabinet & Above-Cabinet Sampling. In-Cabinet Sampling: Capillary tubes or drop pipes are inserted from either the top (Top Mounted) or bottom (Floor Void) of the cabinet. 1) Top Mounted - Sampling pipe is positioned over the cabinet and capillary tubes/drop pipes attached to the sampling pipe. The capillary tube/drop pipe should penetrate the cabinet to a recommended depth of 25-50mm (1-2 )*. * Unless specified otherwise.
22 Operational Area - Cabinet Protection Recommendation: In-Cabinet & Above-Cabinet Sampling. 2) Floor Void - Sampling pipe is located in the floor void with capillary tubes/riser pipes attached. Holes are drilled in the floor and base of the cabinet and the tubes/pipes are run through the cabinet and supported at top by a mounting clip. The sampling hole should face downwards and be located between 25-50mm (1-2 )* below the interior of the cabinet top. * Unless specified otherwise.
23 Operational Area - Cabinet Protection Recommendation: In-Cabinet & Above-Cabinet Sampling. Above-Cabinet Sampling: Sampling pipe is located directly over the ventilation grille of the cabinet and stand-off posts are used to mount the sampling pipe mm (1-8 )* above the grille. It is imperative that a minimum of one sampling hole is positioned in the direct airflow of the cabinet. * Depending on air movement.
24 Operational Area - Cabinet Protection Sampling Recommendation: In-Cabinet and Above-Cabinet Sampling. Capillary Sampling Above Cabinet Sampling Airflow
25 Purpose: Operational Area - Battery Rooms The substation s Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) is maintained in the Battery Room. The UPS is both a back-up power source and is also used to re-power the site in the event of a major outage. The size and configuration of a Battery Room is dependent on the power required by the UPS to operate the site.
26 Challenges: Operational Area - Battery Rooms Overheating cells and links, and failures in high current cables and bus bars expose the area to risk. The build up of hydrogen gas increases the risk of explosion.
27 Operational Area - Battery Rooms Recommendation: Ceiling Mounted & Exhaust Air Sampling Ceiling Mounted Sampling: Pipework is mounted mm (1-4 ) below the ceiling. The spacing, sample hole diameter and end cap vent size is determined using ASPIRE. Exhaust Air Sampling - Exhaust Air Grille: Pipework is positioned across the air grille of the exhaust ventilation system.
28 Operational Area - Battery Rooms Recommendations: Ceiling Mounted & Exhaust Air Sampling Exhaust Air Sampling - In-Duct: Sampling pipe ( probe ) is located across the width of the duct, and its centre line. Sampling holes are drilled into the probe and positioned 20-40º above or below the centre line. The in-take probe should be diagonally offset 300mm (1ft) to avoid air disturbances from the inflow of air.
29 Sampling Operational Area - Battery Rooms Recommendations: Exhaust Air Grille Sampling
30 Operational Area - Battery Rooms Sampling Recommendations: In-Duct Sampling Note 1: The entry and exit points of the probe must be sealed and airtight. Note 2: Separate detectors are required for Room and In-Duct Sampling. Probe Sampling Pipe Airflow
31 Purpose: Operational Area - Cable Trenches Cable Trenches house the communication, control and power cables that connect the operational areas of Control Room, Switching Room and Battery Room. Located underneath the substation, typically beneath the Switch/Relay Room, the cables connect the site s operational areas and transport power to the external high voltage switching towers.
32 Challenges: Operational Area - Cable Trenches Concentrated voltage that constantly travels along the cables. Classified as a hostile, confined space, the area exhibits an increased level of ambient pollution. Access difficulties are a primary consideration for general service/maintenance, and in the incidence of an emergency, the response to, and containment of fire.
33 Sampling Operational Area - Cable Trenches Recommendation: It is recommended that the pipework is positioned in the top 10% of the trench height. 10% of Trench Height
34 VESDA - the smart solution for optimum fire protection in Substations.
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