TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING INFRASTRUCTURES - Installation Practice, Inspection and Acceptance

Transcription

1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING INFRASTRUCTURES - Installation Practice, Inspection and Acceptance

2 Mike Gilmore Standards Activities Member: ISO/IEC JTC1 SC25 WG3: Generic Cabling ISO/IEC JTC1 SC25 Project Team: SOHO Convenor: ISO/IEC JTC1 SC25 WG3 IPTG: Industrial Premises Cabling Convenor: CENELEC TC215 WG1: IT Cabling CENELEC TC215 WG1 PT Industrial Premises Cabling Secretary: CENELEC TC215 WG1 PT Data Centre Cabling Mike Gilmore Senior Partner, Managing Director Chairman: BSI TCT7/-/1: IT Cabling BSI TCT7/-/3: IT Cabling Support Group Technical and Standards Director: Fiberoptic Industry Association Mobile: +44 (0)

3 Agenda

4 Cabling Standards International and US Standards British Standards Cabling Installation Standards Matrix (UK) Industry Body Recommendations Optical Fibre Safety Standards and Guides

5 Cabling Standards DESIGN PLANNING ADMINISTRATION ISO/IEC IEC ISO/IEC (2002) ISO/IEC ISO/IEC ISO/IEC ANSI/TIA/EIA ANSI/TIA/EIA-570-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-607 ANSI/TIA/EIA-758 ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A CENELEC (BS) EN (BS) EN X (BS) EN (BS) EN INSTALLATION ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TR ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-758 (BS) EN (BS) EN COMMISSIONING IEC X ISO/IEC TR ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B A (BS) EN OPERATION

6 International Standards ISO/IEC ISO/IEC (2002) ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TR ISO/IEC TR ISO/IEC Information technology - Generic cabling for customer premises Information technology - Implementation and operation of customer premises cabling - Part 1: Administration Information technology - Implementation and operation of customer premises cabling - Part 2: Planning and installation Information technology - Implementation and operation of customer premises cabling - Part 3: Testing of optical fibre cabling Information technology - Pathways and spaces for customer premises cabling IEC X IEC IEC Generic cabling systems - Specification for the testing of balanced communication cabling in accordance with ISO/IEC Part 1: Installed cabling Part 2: Patch cords and work area cords

7 US Standards ANSI TIA/EIA A TIA/EIA TIA/EIA-568-B series TIA/EIA-569-A TIA/EIA-570-A TIA/EIA-606-A TIA/EIA-758 OFSTP-14A Optical Power Loss Measurement of Installed Multimode Fiber Cable Plant OFSTP-7 Measurement of Optical Power Loss of Installed Single-Mode Fiber Cable Plant Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces Residential Telecommunications Cabling Standard Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications Infrastructure Customer-owned Outside Plant Telecommunications Cabling Standard

8 (British) European Standards CENELEC (BS) EN (BS) EN (BS) EN (BS) EN (BS) EN (BS) EN Information technology - Generic cabling systems - General requirements and office areas Information technology - Cabling installation- Part 1: Specification and Quality Assurance Information technology - Cabling installation- Part 2: Installation planning and practices inside buildings Information technology - Cabling installation- Part 3: Installation planning and practices external to buildings Application of equipotential bonding and earthing in buildings with information technology equipment Information technology - Generic cabling systems - Testing of installed cabling

9 British Standards BSI BS 6701 (1994) BS 7718 (1996) BS 7671 BS 6701 (2003) Code of Practice for the installation of apparatus intended for connection to certain telecommunications systems Code of Practice for the installation of fibre optic cabling Requirements for electrical installations: IEE Wiring Regulations: 16th edition Installation of apparatus and cabling to support telecommunications systems Standard - not Code of Practice incorporating optical fibre referenced from BS 7671 references EN series Clear requirements BS 7718 discontinued incorporating all types of cabling Specifically relating to segregation Normative reference incorporating equipment

10 Cabling Installation Standards Matrix (UK) INSTALLATION BS 7671 (BS) EN BS 6701 (2003) (BS) EN (BS) EN TESTING Coaxial cabling? Non-conventional OF? (BS) EN (BS) EN DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE (BS) EN OR ISO/IEC (2002) OR TIA/EIA-568-B series OR???????

11 Industry Body Recommendations TSD TSD TSD TSD DESIGN OPTICAL FIBRE CABLING: LAN APPLICATION SUPPORT GUIDE OPERATION POLARITY MAINTENANCE INSTALLATION TESTING OF INSTALLED CABLING: ATTENUATION USING LSPM EQUIPMENT TESTING OF INSTALLED CABLING: ATTENUATION USING OTDR EQUIPMENT SAFETY OPTICAL POWER: SAFETY LEVELS OPTICAL FIBRE: HANDLING OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS OPTICAL FIBRE: DISPOSAL OF WASTE MODELLING TOOLS CABLING STRUCTURES COST MODEL FIA Technical Support Documents providing interpretation delivering guidance fast-track standardisation

12 Optical Fibre Safety Standards and Guides (BS) EN (2001) IEC IEC Information technology - Cabling installation- Part 2: Installation planning and practices inside buildings Safety of Laser Products Part 1: Equipment classification, requirements and users guide Safety of Laser Products Part 2: Safety of optical fibre communication systems TSD SAFETY OPTICAL POWER: SAFETY LEVELS OPTICAL FIBRE: HANDLING OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS OPTICAL FIBRE: DISPOSAL OF WASTE

13 ADMINISTRATION GENERAL SPECIFICATION PRACTICES BS 6701, (BS) EN and (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Operating procedures Labels Considerations of the environment Earthing (grounding) Safety Component selection Segregation from mains power Protection against electric shock Segregation of circuits Fire barriers Termination points Closures Pathways Earthing (functional) Screen (shield) management Cabinets/frames Cable (cord) management Final Acceptance Testing

14 Administration ADMINISTRATION Operating procedures BS 6701 (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party A system shall exist to ensure that all relevant personnel are made aware of all policies required to maintain proper operation of the telecommunications system. ADMINISTRATION Labels Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Labels shall be: applied to provide easy access, reading and modification robust and readable for the defined lifetime of the cabling elements waterproof and smudgeproof

15 Environment GENERAL (BS) EN Considerations of the environment Consideration shall be given to: vibration; exposure to ultraviolet radiation and thermal effects; ingress of dust, fluids and other contaminants; chemical or biological attack; physical damage (accidental or malicious) including that caused by animals; presence, or potential presence, of hazards; the movement of air (e.g. fans, heating and ventilation systems); temperature range; humidity including condensation and icing effects; lightning strike; wind effects. Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party

16 Earthing (Protective) GENERAL Earthing (Protective) (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party The electrical installation shall be provided with equipotential bonding according to HD 384 standards and (BS) EN BS 6701 GENERAL Earthing (Protective) Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Protective earth connections shall be installed in accordance with BS EN and tested in accordance with BS Any extraneous metallic elements (e.g. armouring, strain relief members) within optical fibre cables shall be earthed in accordance with BS Potential risks from any metallic elements within cables shall be assessed and mitigated before earthing is undertaken.

17 Safety - Optical Fibre IEC UNRESTRICTED ACCESS RESTRICTED ACCESS CONTROLLED ACCESS Safety of laser products - Part 2: Safety of optical fibre communication systems Responsibility GENERAL Customer Installer Third Party Safety Protective housing with open access Protective housing with no public access Protective housing with access limited to trained and authorized personnel (authorized and safety trained personnel only) TSD SAFETY OPTICAL POWER: SAFETY LEVELS Open office areas are deemed unrestricted access areas Secure IT rooms are deemed either restricted access or controlled areas The Classes of equipment, the associated Hazard levels and operating practices allowed within restricted and controlled areas differ.

18 Safety - Closures GENERAL Safety (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Closures providing facilities for the termination or distribution of both telecommunications and mains power cables shall be designed to provide separate covers for the two cabling types. Alternatively, a single overall cover is allowed provided that the mains power cabling remains protected to after removal of the cover. Where both telecommunications and mains power cabling are contained within a closure: front plates on the closure shall provide separate access to each cabling type; the plates shall be retained on the closure the plates shall require tools for access if the closure is metallic, it shall be included in a protective earth system; the closure shall have a barrier (either conducting or non-conducting) between the two cable types; If the barrier is conductive, it shall be included in a protective earth system; there shall be separate entry plates for the two cable types. Closures shall be located in order to enable subsequent measurements, repair, expansion or extension of the installed cabling with minimal disruption and in safety.

19 Component Selection SPECIFICATION BS 6701, (BS) EN and (BS) EN Component selection BS 6701 Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party External cables containing flammable materials should be terminated on entry to the building. Any cabling that readily supports combustion and is used inside a building shall be installed in fire resistant trunking or conduit. (BS) EN Components selected shall: ensure that the installed cabling performance meets application requirements; be compatible with the storage, installation and operational environment; consideration shall be given to defined abnormal environmental conditions; be addressed in terms of potential risk of fire and/or explosion. Screened cables and connecting hardware selected shall: be compatible such that termination maintains screening effectiveness. (BS) EN Connecting hardware selected for information technology cabling shall not be interchangeable with the sockets or plugs used for mains power distribution.

20 Segregation from Mains Power SPECIFICATION BS 7671 Segregation from mains power Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Telecommunication circuits shall be segregated in accordance with BS6701 as appropriate. BS 6701 (segregation for protection) - new text The requirements of BS 6701 apply subject to the necessary precautions being taken to minimise electrical interference contained within the BS EN series of standards. Responsibility (BS) EN Where power and data share the same pathway system, segregation shall be: in accordance with the requirements of HD384 standards or; in accordance with (BS) EN ; whichever is the most stringent. SPECIFICATION Segregation from mains power Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party

21 Protection Against Electric Shock SPECIFICATION A HD 384 requirements as defined in BS 6701 Protection against electric shock Segregation rules apply Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Mains power cabling Cabinet L (m) Cabinet ICT cabling Assuming that all cabling insulation conforms to HD384 No divider 0 < V a.c. < 100 All cases 0 mm Special cases* 0 mm 50 < V a.c. < 600 Normal 50 mm 600 < V a.c. All cases 150 mm A Nonconducting divider 0 mm 50 mm Subject to the restrictions of (BS) EN * mains cable in separate conduit, mains cable that is double insulated, mineral insulated or earthed armoured

22 Interference - Backbone Cabling SPECIFICATION A (BS) EN Segregation of circuits Segregation rules apply Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Mains power cabling Cabinet L (m) Cabinet ICT cabling Power cable Unscreened Unscreened Screened Screened ICT cable Unscreened Screened Unscreened Screened No divider or non-metallic divider 200 mm 50 mm 30 mm 0 mm A Aluminium divider 100 mm 20 mm 10 mm 0 mm Steel divider 50 mm 5 mm 2 mm 0 mm Cable crossing shall be at 90 degrees Separation shall exceed 130 mm for fluorescent, neon or h-i discharge lamps

23 Interference - Horizontal Cabling (BS) EN SPECIFICATION Segregation of circuits A Segregation rules apply Cabinet L (m) Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party No rules 15 m Mains power cabling ICT cabling Termination point Power cable Unscreened Unscreened Screened Screened ICT cable No divider or non-metallic divider 200 mm 50 mm 30 mm 0 mm A Aluminium divider Steel divider Unscreened Screened Unscreened 100 mm 20 mm 10 mm 50 mm 5 mm 2 mm 0 mm for L< 20 m Screened 0 mm 0 mm Cable crossing shall be at 90 degrees Separation shall exceed 130 mm for fluorescent, neon or h-i discharge lamps

24 Fire Barriers SPECIFICATION Fire barriers (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party For mains power cables other than single core cables operating at voltages exceeding 600 VA it is possible to reduce the physical spacing requirements as shown below provided that: the requirements for fire barriers are observed; HD is taken into consideration. Separate metal trunking/conduit Standard separation Standard separation 0,5 m max. 0,5 m max.

25 Termination Points SPECIFICATION Termination points (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party The space allocated to a termination point shall: provide adequate clearances to eliminate damage to the cabling during installation. maintain cable suppliers/standards specified minimum cable bend radii. (BS) EN SPECIFICATION Termination points Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Termination points shall be located and oriented in such a way as to prevent ingress of moisture or other contaminants and to reduce the risk of damage to the cables connected to them.

26 Closures SPECIFICATION Closures (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Closures shall: provide strain relief to the cables; provide appropriate environmental protection for the termination points; maintain segregation rules for protection from electric shock defined in (BS) EN Closures shall be located in order to: allow safe access during installation, termination and operation of the connections; provide appropriate environmental protection for the termination points. The cable entrance to a closure shall: maintain the environmental performance of the closure provide cable support and prevent kinking provide strain relief (unless provided elsewhere) for optical fibre provide suitable cable glands

27 Pathways - I SPECIFICATION Pathways (BS) EN Pathway systems shall: not contain sharp edges or corners that could damage the cable; provide adequate access; maintain cable suppliers/standards specified minimum cable bend radii: within the pathway system and within drawboxes; be in clean condition prior to installation of cables. Pathways shall be located in order to: allow safe access during installation, repair and maintenance; allow space for the cable installation apparatus; maintain cable suppliers/standards specified minimum cable bend radii; avoid environmental conditions outside those specified for the cable. Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party

28 Pathways - II SPECIFICATION Pathways (BS) EN Pathways systems shall conform to relevant European standards: conduit: (BS) EN series; trunk and duct: (BS) EN 50085; busbar trunking: (BS) EN tray and ladder: (BS) EN Suspended pathway systems shall not be used. Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party In areas in which cables can neither be damaged nor have their transmission properties adversely affected, cables can be installed without the need for pathway systems. Conductive pathway systems, barriers and fittings shall be included in the protection measures against indirect contact (a means of protection against excessive contact voltage). The means of protection may be constituted: by the provision of adequate insulation for the cables and terminals (protective insulation); by their inclusion within a protective earth system.

29 Pathways - III SPECIFICATION Pathways (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party BALANCED CABLING Tray should be as deep as possible and install cabling in corners (EMI reduction)

30 Earthing (Functional) - FE SPECIFICATION Earthing (Functional) BS 6701 A FE conductor shall be provided to all equipment requiring such a connection. Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Some equipment may utilise the FE conductor to provide a path to operate low voltage d.c. fuses or other overcurrent devices; in such cases the section(s) of the FE used for this purpose shall be of sufficient capacity to meet the thermal requirements under fault conditions. In order to prevent large earth loop or fault currents, equipment shall only be connected to a FE that serves the building in which the equipment is installed. The FE connection shall be hardwired e.g. crimp, insulation displacement, screw or solder terminal, and shall not be a plug/socket connection. The continuity of the FE cabling shall be checked at and between all points providing a FE connection to the equipment.

31 Earthing (Functional) - FE FE via PE SPECIFICATION Earthing (Functional) BS 6701 Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Where the equipment supplier allows the provision of FE connections by means of PE cabling and/or where equipment has a PE connection that can be used as a FE connection then: the PE shall be installed and connections made to it shall be in accordance with BS 7671; the outer insulation of the PE conductor shall be green/yellow in accordance with BS 6746C; SAFETY/TELECOMMS EARTH DO NOT REMOVE label/tag shall be used at all connections; armouring, conduit, pipes, metallic frames and trunking shall not be used as FE connections. FE via other means FE conductors shall be connected to earth in accordance with BS 7671 at the CMET. The location of the CMET shall be recorded and the information shall be available for inspection on site. At the connection point at the CMET, a FE conductor shall be clearly identified by a label or tag containing the words TELECOMMS EARTH DO NOT REMOVE. A FE conductor shall connect the CMET to the FE terminal of any equipment not connected to a PE. The specification for the FE conductor shall be in accordance with the recommendations of the supplier of the equipment to be connected. The conductor may be a separate cable or a suitable conductor in a multi-conductor cable. Where the FE conductor is provided as a separate cable, the cable sheath shall be cream in colour in accordance with BS 6746C and continually marked with the words TELECOMMS FUNCTIONAL EARTH.

32 FE Recommendations 1.5mm 2 earth conductors 1.5mm 2 earth conductors Cabinet/frame earthing point 16mm 2 earth conductor Consumers Main Earthing Terminal Cabinet/frame earthing point Local Earthing Point 25mm 2 earth conductor 16mm 2 earth conductor Typically a busbar: 6mm thick, 100 mm wide, and at least 200mm long Suitable precautions shall be taken to avoid any potential difference between any legacy earthing system and that installed as part of the equipotential earthing scheme.

33 Screen (Shield) Management SPECIFICATION (BS) EN Screen (Shield) Management Equipment cord Patch cord CP cord Work area cord CC PP CP TO Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Horizontal cabling implementation with Consolidation Point The cable screen shall be continuous from the transmitter to the receiver. The cable screen shall have a low transfer impedance (according to (BS) EN ). The screening should continue through an adequate screen connection; normal pin contacts shall not be used. There shall be no discontinuities in the screening: e.g. holes in the screen, pigtails, loops.discontinuity dimensions of the order of 1 % to 5 % of the wavelength can decrease the overall effectiveness of screening.

34 Frames and Cabinets SPECIFICATION Cabinets/frames (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Frames and cabinets shall: maintain segregation rules for protection from electric shock defined in (BS) EN ; maintain cable suppliers/standards specified minimum cable bend radii; provide adequate facilities for the effective management of cords; provide appropriate environmental protection for their contents; be earthed. Frames and cabinets shall be located in order to: allow safe access during installation, termination and operation of connections: safe working height; free from risk of contamination; be provided with illumination (although not direct sunlight); be consistent with space, floor loading and service demands of active equipment; allow 1.2 metres on each access face ; minimise the risk of electromagnetic interference.

35 Cable (Cord) Management SPECIFICATION (BS) EN Cable (cord) management Effective management shall: provide space for horizontal and vertical cable routeing fixtures; provide space for storage of excess cord length without risk of damage; minimise the length of patch and equipment cords; simplify the routeing of patch and equipment cords; not obstruct termination points; conform to cable suppliers/standards specified: minimum cable bend radii; tensile loads; crush loads; Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party

36 Final Acceptance Testing PRACTICES BS 6701 Final Acceptance Testing Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Final acceptance tests shall only proceed following marking, labelling and fitting of all components associated with the cabling under test.

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38 PRACTICES SAFETY BS 6701, (BS) EN and (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Installation Delivery to site Pre-installation checks Route preparation Cable installation Closure installation General Optical fibre

39 Delivery to Site PRACTICES Installation Delivery to site (BS) EN Incoming goods shall be: monitored during delivery to ensure freedom from damage consistent with accompanying documentation stored in a secure location stored in accordance with specified environmental requirements Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Prior to installation the installer shall: NOT unpack cable until required (except for testing) ensure that cable ends are taped/covered check environmental aspects, availability and accessibility of: pathways and pathways systems including catenary wires installation apparatus closures acclimatize the cabling components

40 Pre-installation Checks PRACTICES (BS) EN Installation Pre-installation checks The installer shall establish that the routes defined in the Installation Specification are: accessible; available according to the installation programme. The installer shall advise the client of all proposed variations Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party The installer shall verify that the environmental conditions within the routes and the installation methods to be used are suitable for the design of cable to be installed. The installer shall identify the proposed accessibility and availability of the following during the installation programme: locations at which drums (or reels) are to be positioned; locations of cable service loops; locations of closures all necessary installation accessories The earthing and bonding of all metallic pathway systems shall be undertaken according to the installation specification.

41 Route Preparation PRACTICES Installation Route Preparation (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Where cable is to be installed in shared routes reasonable precautions shall be taken to prevent damage to existing cables or fragile structures within those routes. Existing catenary wires shall be checked for satisfactory function and, where necessary, catenary wires shall be replaced. Cable ducts, sub-ducts, tray and trunking shall be installed as required. Cleats or temporary structures (to assist cabling installation) shall be fitted where necessary. Where it is necessary to remove ceiling tiles, floor covers or duct covers, only the minimum number shall be removed. Ducts, fire-ducts and gas seals shall be opened as required.

42 PRACTICES BS 6701 and (BS) EN Installation Cable installation BS 6701 (BS) EN The cable shall: be installed and used as directed by the manufacturer; installed in accordance with specified environmental requirements; Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Precautions shall be taken to prevent cable damage due to kinking, ravelling, twisting, abrasion or crushing. The following practices shall be observed: minimum bend radii shall be complied with; maximum pulling load shall be complied with; imposed stress (installation under tension, cable ties) shall be eliminated; localised application of pressure to the cable sheath or the cable elements shall be eliminated. The following practices shall not be allowed: fixing of cables leading to deformation or damage to sheath joints other than those specified processes that degrade the environmental performance of the components

43 Closure Installation PRACTICES BS 6701 and (BS) EN Installation Closure installation BS 6701 Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party The bend radii of cable elements within closures shall comply with manufacturers and/or suppliers instructions. (BS) EN The cable entrance shall: maintain the environmental performance of the closure; provide the necessary cable support and prevent kinking at the point of entry into the closure; provide strain relief for the cable if not already done by separate fixtures within the closure; provide suitable glands to allow the entry of optical fibre cables. Where closures are configured as patch panels: terminated cables shall be installed in accordance with the installation specification.

44 Safety - General SAFETY General (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Any enclosed environments within the routes shall be tested for asphyxiating and explosive gases. Where a gas hazard be detected the installer shall inform the site contact nominated by the client and appropriate action shall be agreed and undertaken. Relevant national legislation for safe working practices shall be complied with.

45 Safety - Optical Fibre GENERAL Optical fibre (BS) EN Optical fibre interfaces shall: be labelled with appropriate warning signs or text (IEC ) Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party

46 Safety - Optical Power Classification Class 1 Class 1M Class 3R Class 3B IEC Ed.1.2 (2001) Devices that are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation, including the use of optical instruments for intra-beam viewing Devices emitting in the wavelength range from 302,5 nm to nm which are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation, but may be hazardous if the user employs optics within the beam. NOTE: Class 1M was introduced in IEC A.1. Devices that emit in the wavelength range from 302,5 nm to 1,000,000 nm where direct intrabeam viewing is potentially hazardous but the risk is lower than for Class 3B devices NOTE: Class 3R was introduced in IEC A.1. A conservative approach is to assume that equipment carrying a Class 3A label (in accordance with earlier editions of IEC ) shall be considered to be of Class 3R. Devices that are normally hazardous when direct intrabeam exposure occurs but viewing diffuse reflections is normally safe Class 4 Devices that are also capable of producing hazardous diffuse reflections. They may cause skin injuries and could also constitute a fire hazard. Their use requires extreme caution.

47 Safety - Optical Outlet Labelling UNRESTRICTED AREAS Only Class 1 equipment to be used within, or to, an unrestricted area without additional safeguards OPTIONAL LABELING It is allowed to use equipment of Class 1M within, or to, an INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION unrestricted area if the connection system in the area DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY WITH prevents accidental eye contact (by means of their design OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS CLASS 1M HAZARD or by a requirement for tools only access) RESTRICTED AREAS Only Class 1 or 1M equipment to be used within, or to, a restricted area without additional safeguards MINIMUM LABELING RECOMMENDED LABELING INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY WITH DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS CLASS 1M HAZARD CLASS 3R HAZARD It is allowed to use equipment of Class 3R within, or to, a restricted area if the connection system in the area prevents accidental eye contact (by means of their design or by a requirement for tools only access) or if the equipment controls its Class by means of automatic power reduction (APR) which reduces the equipment to Class 1M upon detection of an open circuit Only Class 1 or 1M equipment to be used within, or to, a controlled area without additional safeguards LABELING INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION AVOID DIRECT EXPOSURE TO THE BEAM CLASS 3B HAZARD CONTROLLED AREAS It is allowed to use equipment of Class 3R and 3B in the circumstances allowed for Restricted Areas

48 PRACTICES SAFETY BS 6701, (BS) EN and (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Termination Polarity Processes Optical fibre

49 Balanced Cabling TO Polarity PRACTICES TIA-T568A (ATT 258B) Polarity (BS) EN ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Pair Colour Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party TIA-T568B (ATT 258A) Pr.3 Pr.2 Pr.4 1 Blue 2 Orange 3 Green 4 Brown Pr.2 Pr.3 Pr.4 ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN Category 5 (2002) and Category 6 1

50 Optical Fibre Polarity PRACTICES Polarity TSD (BS) EN IEC Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party SAFETY POLARITY MAINTENANCE SIMPLEX CONNECTIVITY Installation practice has been Port 1 to Port 1 Polarity fix in equipment cords DUPLEX CONNECTIVITY Installation practice is Port 1a to Port 1b No polarity fix in equipment cords

51 Termination Processes PRACTICES Processes (BS) EN Cables shall be terminated: using instructions as supplied by the manufacturer of the connecting hardware using tools as recommended by the manufacturer of the connecting hardware for copper removing the minimum of cable sheath material for optical fibre under no circumstances shall splices be left unsupported Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party

52 Safety - Optical Power GENERAL Optical fibre safety (BS) EN Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party Optical fibre interfaces shall: NOT be viewed directly unless the output power is known to be safe (IEC ) IEC Safety of laser products - Part 2: Safety of optical fibre communication systems TSD SAFETY OPTICAL POWER: SAFETY LEVELS Magnified inspection of optical fibre end faces shall only be undertaken with microscopes that contain suitable and calibrated attenuators/filters to allow the viewing of Class 1M outputs Unterminated optical fibre ends shall be individually or collectively covered when not being worked on All interfaces shall be capped when not in use When transmission or test equipment above Class 1M/3R is used: both ends of the cabling shall in effect be made into restricted/controlled access areas; using temporary access control and labelling advising of the potential Hazard level; the remote ends of the cabling under test or the free ends of tail leads shall be capped.

53 Safety - Optical Power IEC Do not stare at the ends of optical fibres or unprotected interfaces with unprotected eyes or with any optical instrument (unless it contains appropriate filters); Do not point the ends of optical fibres or unprotected interfaces at other persons Do not make any unauthorized modifications to any cabling or equipment connections Report any missing optical safety labels Safety of laser products - Part 2: Safety of optical fibre communication systems TSD SAFETY OPTICAL POWER: SAFETY LEVELS Unterminated optical fibres within closures should be covered with tape to prevent accidental exposure during any subsequent installation or repair phases Only prepare and/or joint un-separated ribbon optical fibres if authorization has been obtained from the relevant system designer/operator When using test equipment and if the test method allows, always connect the test cord such that the connection to the light source is the last connection mated and the first to be un-mated

54 Safety - Optical Fibre and Cable Waste IEC Good practice requires operators to collect all fibre off-cuts and dispose of them in an approved container and that the container itself should be disposed of in an approved manner. (BS) EN exposed optical fibre ends shall be kept away from the skin and eyes; the quantity of optical fibre waste shall be minimized; waste fragments shall be: treated with care; collected (not by hand); disposed of in suitable containers via an approved agency. TSD SAFETY OPTICAL FIBRE: DISPOSAL OF WASTE The quantity of optical fibre waste shall be minimized. Exposed optical fibre ends shall be kept away from the skin and eyes. Waste fragments shall be treated with care and collected (not by hand) and disposed of in suitable containers via an approved agency Safe disposal via an approved agency shall be achieved by means of a waste disposal organization competent to handle the relevant materials. Local authorities are often able to either provide the service or recommend alternative service providers.

55 Safety - Optical Fibre and Cable Waste TSD Do not touch the end of optical fibres in any type of cable construction SAFETY OPTICAL FIBRE: DISPOSAL OF WASTE Where possible, without restricting the capability of the installation operative, the use of safety glasses and Latex (or similar) gloves should be considered In certain cases Latex causes allergic reactions, particularly following extended periods of exposure When cutting or cleaving it is recommended that long lengths of optical fibre be removed that are clearly visible Ensure that all waste produced is placed in a small well defined area to enable maximum collection efficiency Optical fibre waste shall be treated with care and collected (not by hand) together with other waste materials and placed in "sharps containers" Sharps containers should not be filled above the maximum fill line and should be temporarily or permanently closed as required in accordance with the instructions supplied with the container The exposed ends of optical fibre cable waste shall be taped and shall be placed in tough plastic bags The bags shall be standard biohazard bags or be labelled CAUTION, FIBRE OPTIC OFFCUTS Excess cable on drums should have the ends taped over and the end should be secured to the drum Before contractual handover of cabinets or closures within which optical fibres have been installed, ensure that all optical fibre waste and optical fibre cable waste has been removed

56 Optical Fibre Waste Disposal SHARPS CONTAINERS In the UK the sharps containers shall meet the requirements of BS 7320 BIOHAZARD BAGS

57 Safety - OF Processing Chemicals IEC Use only approved methods for cleaning and preparing optical fibres and optical connectors. (BS) EN Installation procedures shall not impair the fire behaviour of the components used or release dangerous substances from the cabling. TSD SAFETY OPTICAL FIBRE: HANDLING OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS Precautions should be taken to avoid contact with eyes or skin or clothing Eating and smoking shall not be permitted in the vicinity of processing chemicals Prolonged and repeated breathing of vapour or fumes should be avoided Work should be carried out in well ventilated areas or forced ventilation should be provided A basic First Aid Kit shall be readily available together with a ready supply of water

58 Safety - OF Processing Chemicals TSD SAFETY OPTICAL FIBRE: HANDLING OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS The installer shall have documented procedures for substances that are hazardous to health.. In the UK this requires conformance with the current COSHH Regulations Do not proceed until you have all the information necessary including the COSHH assessments, and you are satisfied that you understand them Have in place a review system for new operatives to check for excessive reaction to chemicals Processing chemicals used should be in accordance with the relevant manufacturers instructions and if alternatives are used they shall have been proven not to release dangerous substances All processing chemicals shall be stored in clearly and correctly marked containers All processing chemicals shall be securely stoppered when not in use All processing chemicals shall be safely disposed of following use All processing chemicals shall be safely disposed of upon reaching relevant expiry dates Safe disposal via an approved agency shall be achieved by means of a waste disposal organization competent to handle the relevant materials. Local authorities are often able to either provide the service or recommend alternative service providers.

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60 Quality Assurance Quality Planning Fixing and Labelling Cable Handling Inspection of OF Connections Statistics Balanced Cabling Link Conformance

61 Quality Assurance DESIGN PLANNING ADMINISTRATION ANSI/TIA/EIA ANSI/TIA/EIA-570-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-607 ANSI/TIA/EIA-758 Requires an Installation ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A Specification CENELEC (BS) EN (BS) EN X (BS) EN (BS) EN ISO/IEC IEC ISO/IEC (2002) ISO/IEC ISO/IEC ISO/IEC INSTALLATION ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-758 (BS) EN (BS) EN ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TR COMMISSIONING ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B A (BS) EN IEC X ISO/IEC TR OPERATION

62 Quality Assurance DESIGN PLANNING ADMINISTRATION ANSI/TIA/EIA ANSI/TIA/EIA-570-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-607 ANSI/TIA/EIA-758 Requires a ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A Quality Plan CENELEC (BS) EN (BS) EN X (BS) EN (BS) EN ISO/IEC IEC ISO/IEC (2002) Requires ISO/IEC a Quality ISO/IEC Plan ISO/IEC INSTALLATION ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A ANSI/TIA/EIA-758 (BS) EN (BS) EN ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TR COMMISSIONING ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B A (BS) EN IEC X ISO/IEC TR OPERATION

63 The Quality Plan (BS) EN The quality plan shall reflect the contractual interfaces that relate to the task defined within the Installation Specification and shall identify the measures to be adopted to facilitate straightforward transfer of responsibilities at these interfaces. (BS) EN The treatment of measured results that fail to meet the requirements or lie within the relevant measurement accuracy, shall be clearly documented within a quality plan as described in (BS) EN

64 The Quality Plan (BS) EN The quality plan shall reflect the contractual interfaces that relate to the task defined within the Installation Specification and shall identify the measures to be adopted to facilitate straightforward transfer of responsibilities at these interfaces. QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY PLAN Quality Plan Responsibility Customer Installer Third Party COMPETENCE Training plans Training records Qualifications Evidenciary requirements CONTRACT Interfaces Transfer of responsibility COMPONENT and LEGACY CABLING ACCEPTANCE Inspection and test regimes Sampling plans Test equipment, calibration IDENTIFIERS INSTALLATION Inspection routines INSTALLED CABLING ACCEPTANCE Inspection and test regimes Sampling plans Test equipment, calibration Fault resolution DOCUMENTATION

65 Fixing and Labeling FIXING Bundles of 12 or 24 Impose minimum stress using loose (hand-tight) and frequent ties along pathways within cabinets Velcro or Millipede cable ties recommended Recommended fixing centres: mm Additional fixing required to: prevent abrasion to maintain minimum bend radii LABELING As per customer agreement

66 Cable Handling in Cabinets/Frames Horizontal cable bundles should serve groups of TO s from a single panel improve look of cabinets improve fault finding Cable bundles (horizontal and backbone) limited numbers reduce risk of insulator damage 12 or 24 cables maximum dependent upon cabinet cable management Dressed to allow removal of panels Bundles should be tied to other bundles large bundles shall not be created

67 OF Cable Handling in Closures Fails to meet management requirements Cable route: smooth no kinks maintain minimum bend radii Strain relief: cable tie within or at point of entry to closure maintaining bend radius preventing movement of cable OF management sleeving of PCOF easy access to individual optical fibres (preventing damage to others) labeled or colour-keyed pigtails

68 Inspection of Connector End-faces Connector end-face Core Cladding Epoxy adhesive Inner cladding Outer cladding region No chips or cracks entering the inner cladding region. No cracks more than 25% circumference! "

69 Inspection Microscopes Priorscope (200x or 400 x) Fitted with appropriate filters for Class 1M Hazard Priorscope II (200x or 400 x) Fitted with appropriate filters for Class 1M Hazard Fluke FiberInspector (free-standing or fitted to OTDR OF-500)

70 Statistics using the reference implementations of clause... and compatible cabling components conforming to the requirements of clauses...,... and..., based upon a statistical approach of performance modelling. Structure CONFORMANCE TO Other The treatment to Connecting of measured results that fail to meet the Connecting requirements or lie within Hardware the relevant ISO/IEC measurement Ed.2 accuracy Hardware shall be clearly documented within (BS) a EN quality plan Ed.2 as described in... Channel Performance Design Attachment of appropriate components to conformant links ISO/IEC (2002) Balanced cabling only (BS) EN All cabling Reference implementations

71 Balanced Cabling Link Conformance ISO/IEC (2002), (BS) EN and ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 PP PP PP PP CP link CP CP Permanent link MUTOA/ TO PP MUTOA/ TO Permanent Link CP Link ISO/IEC and (BS) EN Design dependent Fixed maximum implementation limit Design dependent Fixed maximum implementation limit ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Design independent Fixed limit No specified limits Complex requirement - Difficult to verify with TE Simple requirement - Inadequate QA

72 Length-Dependent Link Parameters ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN PP PP PP PP CP link CP CP Permanent link MUTOA/ TO PP MUTOA/ TO Class Frequency Maximum link insertion loss (db) D E F 1 f f f 600 Class D E F (L/100)*(1,9108*sqrt(f)+0,0222*f+0,2/sqrt(f))+n*0,04*sqrt(f), 4dB min. (L/100)*(1,82*sqrt(f)+0,0169*f+0,25/sqrt(f))+n*0,02*sqrt(f), 4dB min. (L/100)*(1,80*sqrt(f)+0,010*f+0,2/sqrt(f))+n*0,02*sqrt(f), 4dB min. Max. link loop resistance (Ω) (L/100)*22 + n*0,4 n = number of connections within the link and Y = attenuation premium for the CP cable/cord L(m) = L FC + L CP *Y where L FC = length of fixed cable and L CP = length of CP cord Class D E F Class D E F Frequency d.c Max. link propagation delay (µs) (L/100)*(0,534 +0,036/sqrt(f)) + n*0,0025 Max. link delay skew (µs) (L/100)*0,025 + n*0,00125 n = number of connections within the link, L(m) = L FC + L CP where L FC = length of fixed cable, L CP = length of CP cord.

73 Margin-based Compliance CC ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN PP MUTOA/ CP TO Maximum lengths, X and Y to be defined by designer WA Horizontal cabling implementation CC PP PP CC Backbone cabling implementation Where the maximum lengths of channel components to be added to the link are known and specified for the cabling, the margin between the measured value of. and the channel limits shall exceed the total. of: the specified maximum lengths of cords; the specified maximum lengths of additional cables/connections. Margin statements indicate that only attenuation/insertion loss and delay skew need to be checked.

74 Margin Calculation ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN INSERTION LOSS/ATTENUATION The highest measured insertion loss/attenuation occurs at the highest measurement frequency. The test equipment will have to report the margin between the measured value and the channel limit at: 100 MHz for Class D compliance; 250 MHz for Class E compliance. The installer has to check that the margin is acceptable. Class D Class E Connection 0,2 db 0,32 db Solid cable 0,21 db/m 0,33 db/m Stranded cable Unscreened cable 0,25 db/m 0,40 db/m Screened cable 0,32 db/m 0,50 db/m DELAY SKEW Delay skew is constant with frequency The installer has to check that the margin is acceptable. Connection Cable Class D 1,25 ns 0,45 ns/m Class E

75 Cabling Design Standard Differences - Balanced Cabling Basic Link (1997) Permanent Link (2002) Balanced Cabling Channel Models and Transmission Parameters Test Interfaces and the CP Link Class D (2002), E and F Channels Harmonisation of Parameters Single Segment Cabling Get-outs Multi-Segment Cabling Preparation and Treatment of Test Results

76 Design Standard Differences - Balanced Cabling Issue ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B ISO/IEC (2002) (BS) EN FUNDAMENTAL Quality Planning Not included ISO/IEC (BS) EN STRUCTURE TO Delivery Cat.3 + Cat 5e/MMF Class D + Class D/OF Horizontal length 90/100 metres No limits BALANCED CABLING Components Cat. 5e, no Cat. 7 Cat. 5 (2002), no Cat. 3 Cable specifications Cat. 5e < Cat. 5(2002) Cat. 6 (US) < Cat. 6 (ISO/IEC and (BS) EN) Power feeding Not specified Specified INSTALLED CABLING Installed Cabling Categories Classes Balanced Channels Cat. 3, Cat. 5e, Cat. 6 Classes A to F Link specifications Cat. 5e < Class D (2002) Cat. 6 (US) < Class E Link verification No CP Link limits Limits for all links Permanent Link (PL) Horizontal cabling only Horizontal and backbone PL Link verification Fixed limits Design-dependent limits

77 Basic Link (1997) CC PP Basic link probe TIA/EIA-TSB67 TO TP WA Basic link Basic link probe Horizontal cabling implementation TE TE Basic link test configuration

78 Permanent Link (2002) CC ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN PP Permanent link MUTOA/ TO CP WA Horizontal cabling implementation CC PP PP CC Backbone cabling implementation PL probe (with PM) PL probe (with PM) TE TE PL test configuration

79 Balanced Cabling Channel Models CC ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN PP 100 metres 90 metres IEC/(BS) EN cables IEC/(BS) EN cables with 50% additional attenuation WA Horizontal cabling implementation ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 (2001) 100 metres CC PP 90 metres WA Horizontal cabling implementation TIA/EIA568-B.2 cables TIA/EIA568-B.2 cables with 20% additional attenuation

80 Balanced Cabling Transmission Parameters db Class D Channel (1995) Delay = 555ns. 10MHz Frequency (MHz) NEXT IL ACR Delay = 555ns. 10MHz Skew = 50ns. max. DC loop resistance = 25Ω max. DC loop resistance unbalance = 3% max. db Class D Channel (2002) Frequency (MHz) NEXT IL ELFEXT RL PSACR PSNEXT PSELFEXT ACR

81 Installed Class vs. Category - Attenuation/IL Class D (2002) Channel 1,05*(1,9108*sqrt(f)+0,0222*f+0,2/sqrt(f)) +4*0,04*sqrt(f) 4dB min Class E Channel 1,05*(1,82*sqrt(f)+0,0169*f+0,25/sqrt(f))+ +4*0,02*sqrt(f) 4dB min f db 16 9, ,0 f db 16 8, , , ,9 db 9,1 24,0 db 8,0 21,3 31,5 36,0 f f Category 5e Channel 1,02*(1,967*sqrt(f)+0,023*f+0,2/sqrt(f)) +4*0,04*sqrt(f) 3dB min Category 6 Channel 1,02*(1,808*sqrt(f)+0,017*f+0,2/sqrt(f)) +4*0,02*sqrt(f) + 0,0003*f 1.5 3dB min CENELEC ISO/IEC IEC ANSI/TIA/EIA Class D (2002) Permanent Link f db 0,9*(1,9108*sqrt(f)+0,0222*f+0,2/sqrt(f)) 16 7,7 +3*0,04*sqrt(f) 4dB min ,4 db 7,9 21,0 f Category 5e Permanent Link 0,9*(1,967*sqrt(f)+0,023*f+0,2/sqrt(f)) +3*0,04*sqrt(f) 3dB min Class E Permanent Link 0,9*(1,82*sqrt(f)+0,0169*f+0,25/sqrt(f))+ +3*0,02*sqrt(f) 4dB min f db 16 7, , , ,7 db 7,1 18,6 27,4 31,1 f Category 6 Permanent Link 0,9*(1,808*sqrt(f)+0,017*f+0,2/sqrt(f)) +3*0,02*sqrt(f) + 0,00015*f 1.5 3dB min

82 Test Interfaces CC ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN PP CP TEST INTERFACES MUTOA/ TO WA Horizontal cabling implementation CC PP PP CC Backbone cabling implementation ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 CC PP TP/CP MUTOA/ TO WA Horizontal cabling implementation TEST INTERFACES

83 CP Link (2002) CC ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN PP CP Link CP MUTOA/ TO WA Horizontal cabling implementation A point of contractual transfer

84 Class D (2002) Channel db ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN NEXT PSNEXT 20 IL ELFEXT 10 PSELFEXT RL 0 ACR PSACR Frequency (MHz) Delay = 555ns. 10MHz Skew = 50ns. max. DC loop resistance = 25Ω max. DC loop resistance unbalance = 3% max.

85 Class E Channel db ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN IL NEXT PSNEXT Frequency (MHz) ELFEXT PSELFEXT RL ACR PSACR Delay = 555ns. 10MHz Skew = 50ns. max. DC loop resistance = 25Ω max. DC loop resistance unbalance = 3% max.

86 Class F Channel db ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN IL NEXT PSNEXT ELFEXT 20 PSELFEXT 10 RL 0 ACR PSACR Frequency (MHz) Delay = 555ns. 10MHz Skew = 25ns. max. DC loop resistance = 30Ω max. DC loop resistance unbalance = 3% max.

87 Harmonisation of Parameters Return loss Attenuation NEXT PSNEXT ACR PSACR ELFEXT PSELFEXT Delay Delay skew Length Loop resistance Loop resistance unbalance Voltage capacity Power capacity ISO/IEC (BS) EN Class D Class E YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-B series Category 5e Category 6 YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO Harmonized Not harmonized Harmonized Harmonized Harmonized Harmonized Harmonized Harmonized

88 Single Segment Cabling Get-outs PP PP PP CP link CP Permanent link MUTOA/ TO PP ISO/IEC (2002), (BS) EN and ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2.3 Minimum link return loss (db) Return loss requirements at frequencies at which the insertion loss/attenuation is below 3,0 db are informative only ISO/IEC AND (BS) EN Minimum link NEXT (db) NEXT requirements at frequencies at which the insertion loss/attenuation is below 4,0 db are informative only (ACR is mandatory) Minimum link PSNEXT (db) See NEXT

89 Return Loss Exclusion Link length (m) ISO/IEC (2002), (BS) EN and ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2.3 Class C Frequency (MHz) Channel/link lengths at 3,0 db insertion loss/attenuation Approximate conditions for Class D, E and F lengths below 100MHz lengths below 31.25MHz lengths below 20MHz lengths below 10MHz Class F Class E Class D

90 NEXT/PSNEXT Exclusion Link length (m) ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN Channel/link lengths at 4,0 db insertion loss/attenuation Approximate conditions for Class D, E and F lengths below 100MHz lengths below 31.25MHz lengths below 20MHz lengths below 10MHz Class C Class F Class E Class D Frequency (MHz)

91 Multi-segment Cabling - I PP CP Permanent link MUTOA/ TO ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN Minimum link return loss (db) Relaxation for short lengths applies BUT risk of failure/marginal result due to CP cord/cable Minimum link NEXT (db) Relaxation for short lengths applies BUT risk of marginal result due to CP cord/cable Minimum link PSNEXT (db) See NEXT PP Channel CP MUTOA/ TO CC PP PP CC ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN Minimum link return loss (db) Relaxation for short lengths applies BUT risk of failure/marginal result due to CP cord/cables, patch and equipment cords Minimum link NEXT (db) Relaxation for short lengths applies BUT risk of marginal result due to CP cord/cables, patch and equipment cords Minimum link PSNEXT (db) See NEXT

92 Multi-segment Cabling - II ISO/IEC (2002), (BS) EN and ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 Minimum channel ELFEXT/PSELFEXT (db) n = 4 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 Minimum PL ELFEXT/PSELFEXT (db) n = 3 ISO/IEC (2002) and (BS) EN Minimum link ELFEXT/PSELFEXT (db) n = 2 or 3 db Class D 2 connection PL 3-connection link Channel ELFEXT Class F 2 connection PL 3-connection link Channel Class E 2 connection PL 3-connection link Channel Frequency (MHz) Category 5e 6 Class Frequency Minimum channel ELFEXT (db) D E F 1 f f f *log(10^(-0,05*(63,8-20*log(f)))+n*10^(-0,05*(75,1-20*log(f)))), 60 db max. -20*log(10^(-0,05*(67,8-20*log (f)))+n*10^(-0,05*(83,1-20*log(f)))), 65 db max. -20*log(10^(-0,05*(94,0-20*log (f)))+n*10^(-0,05*(90,0-15*log(f)))), 65 db max.