Eco:system)Services:)The)benefits) people)obtain)from)natural)ecosystems.)

Transcription

1 Eco:system)Services:)The)benefits) people)obtain)from)natural)ecosystems.) Regula'ng)Services:)Pest,) Climate,)Disease)Control) Parasi&c(wasps(lay((more( eggs(a1er(feas&ng(on( plant(nectar( Regula'ng)Services:)Such)as)pest,)climate)and)disease)control.) Provisioning)Services:)Food,)fresh)water)and)gene'c)diversity) Suppor'ng)Services:)Maintain)the)condi'ons)for)life)on)Earth,) nutrient)cycling,)produc'on)of)oxygen,)soil)forma'on) Suppor'ng)Services:)Soil)microbial)life)maintains) condi'ons)for)life)on)earth,)nutrient)cycling,) produc'on)of)oxygen,)soil)forma'on,)soil)health.) 1%

2 Major Threats to Biodiversity Percent)of)Species)Affected)by)Cause) Habitat)Degrada'on) Alien)Species) Pollu'on) Overexploita'on) Disease) Dollar)Value)On)This?)) 2%

3 Agriculture)is)the)Leading)Cause)Of)Habitat)) Degrada'on)and)Species)Ex'nc'on) 39%%of%non,frozen%land%is%in% agricultural%use% Agriculture%is%responsible%for% 81%%of%deforesta=on% 70%%of%fresh%water%use% The)Effects)of)Agricultural)Intensity)on)Biodiversity) Agricultural)prac'ces)that) impact)biodiversity:) ))))'llage)('ming:type:depth)) ))))large)monocultures) ))))fer'lizer)and)pes'cides) ))))irriga'on) ))))weed)management) ))))harvest) ))))bare)vulnerable)lands) Organic%Produc=on%Prac=ces%Have%The%% POTENTIAL%% to%reduce%the%impact%of%all%of%these% 3%

4 RELATIONSHIPS) BETWEEN)THEM) Return%Life% Water! Soil Health! Bio-Diversity! 3)million)) servings) Crop Diversity! 1991) 2005) Manage)Farmland)Within)A) Watershed)And)Ecosystem)Context) How(does(the(farm(fit(into(the(larger(ecosystem?( Examine%the%farm s% loca=on%in%the% watershed%rela=ve% to%the%nearest%wild% lands,%open% spaces,% waterways,%and% protected%areas.% Ecosystem)and)biodiversity)habitat)takes)place)over) landscapes)larger)than)an)individual)farm) 4%

5 Create%a%farm%map%that%includes:%, %Wetlands,%waterways%and%riparian%zones%, %Hydrological%and%drainage%condi=ons%, %Soils%, %Topography%, %Eroded%areas%, %Hedgerows%, %Woodlands,%, %Wildlife%corridors%, %Invasive%species,%, %Perennial%cover%, %Special%habitats%used%by%priority%species%, %Intact%na=ve%systems%, %Wild,%unmanaged%areas% Draw%all% water;% ponds,% streams,%etc.% Waterways% and%how%% water%moves.% Consider% adjoining%land,% =le%lines,%or% changes%to% management.% Since)1960:)1/3)of)arable)soil)has)been)lost) What%%, %Soil), )Landscape) management% is%needed%to% replenish% and%protect?% Curved%waterway%can%help% prevent%erosion% 5%

6 How%about%a%na=ve%prairie%with%100%species%of% grasses%and%con=nuous%blooming%forbs% Domes'c)Animals) Should)be)located)) :)down)hill), )down)water)), )down)wind)) from)produce)and)water) what)happens)up)water)doesn t)stay)up)water) 6%

7 Insect%and%pollinator%habitat% Selec=ng%vegeta=on%for%a%buffer%can%depend%on%a% number%of%factors;%overall%buffer%width,%soil%type,% available%funding,%upland%slope%and%land%use,% stream%size%and%sinuosity,%history,%maintenance,% project%goals,%etc.%% Every%riparian%buffer%does%not%have%these%3%zones% While%the%trees%shown%in%"Zone%1"%certainly%have% their%advantages%,,%reducing%water%temperatures,% providing%wildlife%habitat%and%poten=ally%stabilizing% the%stream%bank%,%trees%may%not%work%in%every% circumstance.%% Riparian)areas)support)a)large)number)of)na've) species)compared)to)the)rest)of)the)landscape.)) Restoring%degraded%riparian%areas%greatly%benefits%biodiversity% and%helps%with%water%purifica=on,%flood%protec=on%and% groundwater%recharge.% :)Consider)what)was)there:pre)se_lement) :)Consider)what)is)there)now) :)How)much)holding)capacity)the)tree)root)has) 7%

8 Vegeta'on s)filtering)capacity% Wetlands%decrease%pathogen%levels%due%to%increased% oxygen%levels%in%the%water,%antagonis=c%root% exudates,%and%the%fostering%of%antagonism%in% biofilms.%% NRCS UC#Davis#researchers#found#grass#and#wetlands# can#filter#up#to#99%#of#e#coli#during#rain#events.## A%pond%managed%for%na=ves%might%have%a%log%for% basking%turtles,%and%might%be%allowed%to%dry%up% seasonally%to%favor%desirable%na=ves%over%their% predators%(e.g.,%frogs%and%fish).% Beaver,%a%keystone%species,%are%allowed%to%build%a%dam% Man-Influence Natural Disaster. Dongting Lake, China, 2007 % Sediments#and#algae#blooms#can#be#a#key#site#for# pathogen#persistence#in#water#bodies.#( Flooding caused infestation of 2 billion mice. % People developed the land around the lake, reducing predator habitat. Poachers reduced the population of the rodent's natural enemy, the snake, to sell them to restaurateurs. Biofilms#can#provide#protecBon#from#environmental# stress#and#predabon#by#other#microbes( 8%

9 Prevent'Back,low' Contour%strips%can% reduce%erosion%and% excess%sediment%in% waterways,%and% hold%moisture%in% fields%where%its% needed.%% How)can)applica'on)method)and)'ming) reduce)risk?) Draw%the%non,permeable%areas%in%your%landscape% What%do%you%need%to%do%to%minimize%impact?% Map%the%eroded% areas% What%do%you% need%to%do%to%fix% and%prevent% future%damage% 9%

10 Are%there%farm% prac=ces%you% need%to% change?% Map%the% topography% Soil)vulnerability)is)influenced) by)the)nature)and)condi'on)of) the)soil)),%loamy%soil%is%highly%erodible%(high% amounts%of%silt%and%very%fine%sands)%,%aggrega=on%reduces%erosion% (sand%lacks%aggrega=on%capacity)%,%organic%mafer%,%water%holding%capacity%, %Permeability%of%soil%%, %Consider%subsoil%,%Clay%s=cks%together%,%Rock%fragments%reduce%erosion% Mapping)Vegeta'on) Maintain%and%restore% linkages%and%connec=vity,% including%large%blocks%of% habitat%and%wildlife% corridors,%to%strengthen% regional%networks% of%conserva=on%areas.% Working%landscapes %are% not%enough;%true% wildlands%are%cri=cal.%% Farm%map%includes:%,%Hedgerows%, %Woodlands%, %Perennial%cover%, %Grassy%areas%, %Intact%na=ve%systems%, %Wild,%unmanaged%areas%,%Wildlife%and%na=ve%plants%on%the%farm%, %Special%habitats%used%by%priority%species%, %Invasive%species% Wildlife)) Corridors) Hedgerows%and%windbreaks%are%installed%in% wide%swaths%and%linked%to%natural%areas%on% and%off%the%farm%where%feasible.% 10%

11 Wildlife)Corridors)) Allow%wildlife%to%access% resources%without%having%to% walk%across%crop%fields%or% leave%their%preferred% habitat% Consider%the%following%when% making%a%biodiversity%farm%plan:%, %Wildlife%and%dominant%na=ve%plants% that%existed%on%the%land%prior%to% farming.%, %Regional%conserva=on%priori=es% established%by%conserva=on%groups% agencies.%, %Nearby%natural%areas%that%have% intact%ecosystems.%, %Farmer%collaborates%with%neighbors% and%others%to%enhance%biodiversity% for%larger%effect.%, )Habitat)for)wildlife)and) beneficial)organisms) :)Protec'on)from)wind) :)Perches)for)birds)that) eat)insect)pests% % %Sequen=ally%flowering% hedgerows%include%%% layered%complexity%of% na=ve%plants%% %And%are%designed,%and% maintained%to%benefit% priority%species%and%other% wildlife,%such%as%beetles,% pollinators,%insect% predators%and%parasites,% and%birds% Conserva'on)Pest)Management) Having%a%few%predatory%animals,% such%as%hawks,%or%owls,%can% manage%rodents%and%squirrels% and%can%be%good%for%food%safety.%% A%crop%should%not%be% planted%directly%under% a%nest%box,%or%roost.%% 11%

12 Free weed-control service: Mice Prairie deer mice tag and whitefooted mice eat 70 to 90% of the surface weed seeds. When rodents are allowed to forage for weed seeds, they can consume more than 40 percent of the seed in a single night, Brent Danielson Enhance seed predation by keeping weed seeds on the soil surface as long as possible by delaying tillage. Slugs%are% recyclers %ea=ng% seeds%and%dead%plants% Photo% %Ken%Thomas% juncos%are%"primarily% ground%feeding%seed%eaters"% Ground)Beetles) 12%

13 Cut%or%mow%several%=mes%during%the%growing%season.% This%is%most%effec=ve%if%done%just%before%plants%flower.% It%is%important%to%monitor%the%site%for%reflowering.% Avoid%mowing%if%seeds%have%already%developed%as%this% will%spread%them.% Beneficial)Ac'vi'es)of)Insects) The)majority)of)insects)are)not)pests.) )Pollina'on)of)crops)and)wild)plants:)bees,) moths,)beetles,)flies).).).)) )Recycling)of)nutrients:)decomposi'on) )Providing)food)for)other)animals:)insects,) fish,)amphibians,)rep'les,)birds)and) mammals) 13%

14 PEST)EATING)PEST) All)species)have)natural)enemies% Predators:%Insects,%mites,%birds,%rodents,%bats,% frogs,%turtles.% Parasi'c)insects:%have%phenomenal%abili=es%to% locate%and%kill%their%par=cular%host%species.%% Insect:parasi'c)nematodes:%most%insect% parasi=c%nematodes%are%harmless%to%other% animals%and%do%not%afack%plants% Insect)pathogens:%Insects,%like%other%organisms,% are%subject%to%disease.%% Predatory)Mites% Lacewing)adult) and)larva)feed) chiefly)on)aphids% Predators:)Insects,)mites,)birds,)rodents,)bats,)frogs,)turtles.) 81! 82! Trichogramma)wasp,%very%% =ny.%parasi=ze%the%eggs%of%% many%types%of%agricultural% pest%insects% Assassin)bugs,% voracious%% predators%of%flies,% mosquitoes,% beetles,%%large% caterpillars% Dead)strawberry)root)weevil)larva)infected)with)parasi'c)nematodes.) 14%

15 Fly%killed% by%the% fungus% E.M.% Soybean)loopers)killed)by)the) fungus)beauveria)bassiana) Lady)beetles) adult)and)larva) feed)on)aphids,) scale)insects)and) other)pest) insects.) (pepper)wagon)) Lacewing) adult)and) larva) feed) chiefly) on)aphids% Know)the)life)cycle)of)your)insect)pest) Striped)Cucumber)Beetles)) )Overwinter%,%As%unmated%adults%in%crop%and%weed%debris,% bordering%vegeta=on,%woodlots%and%fence%rows.%% Start%by:% Iden=fy%the%beneficial%insects%already%on%your%farm% Learn%their%lifecycle% What%they%eat,%where%they%live% Create%more%of%what%they%need% )Cul'va'on %Clean%and%thorough%cul=va=on%aper% harvest,%deep%=llage,%compost%applica=on,%and%cover, cropping%in%the%fall%to%encourage%decomposi=on%of% residue%which%may%harbor%beetles%through%the%winter.% %Residue)Removal):)Diseased%plant%mafer%should%be% burned%or%removed%from%farm%rather%than%composted.% )Rota'on) %Only%effec=ve%if%very%long%distance.%The% beetles%survive%on%numerous%alterna=ve%hosts.% Know)the)life)cycle)of)your)insect)pest) Striped)Cucumber)Beetles)) )Overwinter%,%As%unmated%adults%in%crop%and%weed%debris,%bordering%vegeta=on,%woodlots%and%fence%rows.%% )Emerge%,%In%spring%when%temperatures%reach%55%to%65 %% %In%spring%before%migra=ng%to%cucurbits,%over:wintering) adults)feed%on%,%pollen,%petals%and%leaves%of%early%blooming% plants,%especially%flowering%% plants%in%the%rose%family.%% )Larval)Stage)EAT) %only%% roots%of%cucurbit%plants.%% Delay)Plan'ng) % Plant%aper%June%10%% Know)the)life)cycle)of)your)insect)pest) Striped)Cucumber)Beetles)) )Overwinter%,%As%unmated%adults%in%crop%and%weed%debris,%bordering%vegeta=on,% woodlots%and%fence%rows.%% )Emerge%,%In%spring%when%temperatures%reach%55%to%65 %% %In%spring%before%migra=ng%to%cucurbits,%over:wintering)adults)feed%on%,%pollen,%petals% and%leaves%of%early%blooming%plants,%especially%flowering%plants%in%the%rose%family.%% )Larval)Stage)EAT),%only%roots%of%cucurbit%plants.%% )Adults)during)the)growing)season)feed%on%,%leaves%and% flowers%of%corn,%beans,%peas%and%on%goldenrods,% sunflowers,%asters,%but%highly)prefer)cucurbit%plants%and% fruits.%% Trap)Cropping% 15%

16 Jude)Boucher)from)the)U)of)CT)ranks)suscep'bility)in) the)northeast)from)greatest)to)least)as:) 1.)Bi_er)gourds) 2.)Winter)squash)(C.)maxima))(Blue)Hubbard)) 3.)Cucumbers) 4.)Summer)squash)(C.)Pepo)) 5.)Cantaloupe) 6.)Honeydew) 7.)Bu_ernut)squash)(C.)Moshata)) 8.)Casaba)melon) 9.)Watermelon) Ranking%of%cucurbits%by%cucumber% beetle%feeding%preference% hfp:// arl02957.htm%% Striped Cucumber Beetles! 1. 1 st hatch late April mid May.! Control with a trap crop in last year field (few plants). Spray/ burn. % Don t%care%if%plants%freeze.%% Small%gourds%best%trap.%% 2. Major hatch early to mid July! Mul=ple%row%if%pressure%is%high% Plant%trap%a%week%or%two%earlier% than%primary%cucurbits.% Trap%crop%must%completely% encircle%the%summer%squash.% Control with Pyganic.% Monitor)the)pest)popula'ons% Emergence Trapping Perimeter Trap Cropping% Corn%Rootworm% Bacterial%Rot% Insect, Disease, Weeds Host)Specific) Crucifer%Flea%Beetle% Fusarium%Wilts% Cocklebur% Microcotonus vittage Muesebeck, a native braconid wasp, parasitizes and kills the adult flea beetle. Low)Mobility)or) Short)Persistence) High)Mobility)or) Long)Persistence)) Slugs% Annual%Bluegrass% White%Mold% Generalist) Tarnished%Plant%Bug% Botry=s% Nefle% HABITAT: Females need nectar for sustenance while laying eggs, grow nectar plants with small flowers - dill, parsley, yarrow. Rye%between%vineyard%rows%suppresses%weeds%and% afracts%beneficial%insects%such%as%lady%beetles% To)an)insect)pest,)a)fer'lized,)weeded,)watered) monoculture)is)a)dense,)pure)concentra'on)of)its) favorite)food) Could%be%too%compe==ve%with%grape%vines% 16%

17 The%goal%of%ecological%pest%management%is% to%hold%a%target%pest%below%economically% damaging%levels% %not%to%eliminate%it% completely% Spa=al%Diversity% Gene=c%Diversity% Temporal%Diversity% Using% sulfur%to% control% powdery% mildew% kills% beneficial% mites% faster%than% it%kills%prey% mites% hochorchard.com) In%apple%orchards,%4%to%18% =mes%as%many%pests%were% parasi=zed%when% wildflowers%were% numerous.%wild%parsnip,% wild%carrot%and%bufercup% proved%essen=al%to% maintaining%popula=ons%of% a%number%of%parasitoids.% Less%frequent%mowing%afracts%more%beneficial%to% prey%on%pest%species% Beetle)banks)provide)nes'ng)for)predatory)insects,) spiders,)birds,)mice,)over)winter)and)nes'ng.) Tussock)and) mat:forming) species:)cock's: foot,)timothy,) Red)Fescue)) 17%

18 Beetle%banks%can%provide%temperature,modera=ng% overwintering%habitats%for%predaceous%ground% beetles,%important%cereal%aphid%predators.%% A%1994%study%found%that%the%natural%enemies%the% beetle%banks%harbored%were%so%cost,effec=ve%that% pes=cide%savings%outweighed%% the%labor%and%seed%% costs%to%establish%% them.%% Ground)beetles)feed)on)root)maggots,)snails,)potato)beetle) larva,)gypsy)moth,)cutworms,)slugs,)and)weed)seeds) Spiders%are%a%most%important%predator%on%a%broad% variety%of%insects,%killing%more%than%all%other%predators% combined.%web%trap%and%stalk%and%prey.% Hoverfly%larvae%eat%bugs%and%cabbage%worms%and% aphids.%adult%hoverflies%feed%on%nectar%and%pollen% Alternate%mowing%of%field%grasses%provides%wildlife% refuges%in%undisturbed%sites.% 18%

19 %Carrot%family%(wild%carrot,%dill,%cilantro,% fennel)%produce%=ny%flowers%which%are% required%by%parasitoid)wasps.%%% %Grow%plants%of%various%heights:%lace) wings)lay%eggs%in%protected,%shady%areas.%%% )Ground)beetles)like%the%cover%from%low% growing%plants%such%as%mint,%thyme%or% rosemary% goldenrod) %Flowers%such%as%daisies%and%mint,like% plants%such%as%peppermint,%spearmint%etc% will%afract%robber)flies,%hover)flies)and) predatory)wasps.) %Syrphid%flies%require%a%meal%of%pollen% before%they%can%lay%eggs% goldenrod) buckwheat) buckwheat) fennel% tansy% Buckwheat% aster% 109! fennel% tansy% Buckwheat% aster% Allowing%finished%cash%crop%to%bloom%can%be%a% long,term%nectar%source%into%early%winter.%% Dandelions)are)an)important)early) season)source)of)nectar)and)pollen)for) beneficial)insects.) 19%

20 Ground)Nes'ng)Bees)Need)Bare)Soil)(70%)of)wild)) Can)be)a)few)inches)to)a)few)feet)across.) Should)be)well)drained,)in)an)open,)sunny)place.)) Ver'cal)banks)to)flat)ground draw)different)species.) Blue)Orchard)Bees)Gathering)Mud) Bees)And)Other)Pollinator)Insects)Need)A) Succession)Of)Flowers)Providing)Pollen)And)Nectar) Plant)in)Clumps:)Clumps%of%one%species%are%most% afrac=ve,%4%feet%or%more%diameter%% Na've)Plants:)Research%suggests%na=ve%plants%are% four%=mes%more%afrac=ve%to%na=ve%bees.%% Mul'ple)Shape)Flowers:)Pollinators%are%different% sizes,%have%different%tongue%lengths,%will%fee%on% different%shaped%flowers.%% Several)Colors)) Of)Flowers:)Par=cularly%afrac=ve%to% na=ve%pollinators%are%blue,%purple,% violet,%white,%yellow% 20%

21 Neonico'noid) Pes'cides)) wipe%out%dragonflies,%snails%and% other%waterborne%life.%the%few% species%that%survive%are%lep%so% toxic%they're%killing%birds) Pollinator)Friendly)Alliance) S=llwater,%MN% Plants)for)Pollinators),%Trees%,%Shrubs%,%Perennials%,%Annuals%,%Herbs% hfp://pollinatorfriendly.org/blog/wp,content/ uploads/2015/01/pollinatorfriendlyplantlist.pdf% Pollinator%Plants%for%the%Midwest% Companion%plants%draw%pests%away%from%the%crop% Once% afracted% away%% pests%can%be% destroyed% by%other% means% hfp:// MidwestPlantList_web.pdf% Pacific%gold%mustard%(companion)%to%afract%pest% insects%away%from%broccoli%(target)% 21%

22 Plants%that%repel%pests%away%from%the%crop% Plants%may%release%vola=les%that%mask%host%plant% odor% Intercropping%of%spring%onion%(companion)%push% insects%away%from%broccoli%(target)% Marigold%(companion)%intercropped%with%broccoli,% cabbage%root%fly%was%disrupted% Companion%plants%may%visually%or%physically% obstruct%host%plants% Intercropping%for%pest%reduc=on% %successful%scien=fic%tools% Crucifer%flea%beetle%can% be%disrupted%when% non,host%plant%foliage% is%present% hfp://oregonbd.org/intercropping/% TRAP)) CROPS) Row Intercropping% h_p:// Previous season field Perimeter Trap Cropping% Colorado)potato)bugs) Squash)bugs):))Flea)beetles% Wheat):)aphids):)zucchini)mosaic% 131% 22%

23 EQUIP)and)CSP)) h_p:// Pollinator)species) Na've)grass)plan'ng) Wildlife)habitat) Conserva'on)) Soil)building)) Conserva'on) Cover)crops) And)MORE) h_p:// Thank:You) 23%