Effect Of Special Organic Fertilizer For Phyllostachys Praecox On Soil Basic Properties Under Intensive Cultivation Management

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1 Effect Of Special Organic Fertilizer For Phyllostachys Praecox On Soil Basic Properties Under Intensive Cultivation Manageent Wei ZHANG 1,Jian-ping WU 2, Jin-zhong XIE 1* (1.Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Acadey of Forestry, Fuyang , Zhejiang, China; 2. Hangzhou Jin Hai Agriculture Co., Ltd., Lin an , Zhejiang, China) Abstract: The basic soil properties of Phyllostachys praecox in the town of Taihuyuan, one of the ain shoot producing area of Zhejiang province were analysised to explore the effect of different aount of special organic fertilizer in iproving the soil quality of P. praecox. The results showed that: copared with copound fertilizer, the special organic fertilizer for P. praecox reduced the degree of soil acidification. Soil organic atter content was lower with special organic fertilizer than with copound fertilizer because of slow nutrient release of special organic fertilizer, but the soil organic atter content was increased in later stage than in early stage of covering. At the sae tie, the hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassiu content and cation exchange capacity of baboo soil, especially rapidly-available potassiu content in soil increased in later stage of covering with special organic fertilizer. Key words: special organic fertilizer for phyllostachys praecox; soil basic properties 1. Introduction Phyllostachys praecox is one of the baboo species used for producing fine edible shoots and is widely distributed in Southern China, with a total of 60,000 ha in Zhejiang Province. Since 1995, ulch technique has been developed (Wan et al., 1995) that allow shoots to eerge in winter season by covering a thick layer of organic aterial to increase the soil teperature. This technique, together with increased fertilization, resulted in both an earlier harvest and a higher yield than that of traditional practice. (Fang et al., 1994). With this practice being taken for about 20 years, baboo stands have been degraded, indicating the decline of soil quality (Jing, 1999 and Cao et al., 2004), especially the decline of soil ph that was not observed in traditional baboo stands (Sun et al., 2010 ). Based on soil properties of intensive cultivation baboo forest, Hangzhou Jin Hai Agriculture Co., Ltd. developed a kind of special organic fertilizer for P. praecox (50% cow-dung, 20% hickory Hull, 30%vericulite) to iprove soil quality and reduce consuption of quick-acting fertilizer. This study collected soil fro using different doses of special organic fertilizer in degraded baboo forest

2 in the town of Taihuyuan, one of the ain shoot producing area of Zhejiang province and the basic properties of soil were analysised to explore the effect of different aount of special organic fertilizer in iproving the quality of soil of P. praecox to evaluate the applicability of this special organic fertilizer. 2. Materials and ethods 2.1. General situation of sapling sites Experiental area was located in Taihuyuan town, Linan County (30 14 N and E, about 150 above sea level), Zhejiang Province, China. This area has a typically central-subtropical cliate. The average annual precipitation is The annual average teperature is 15.9, with the axiu and iniu teperatures 41.7 and -13.3, respectively. The annual average sunshine hours and days free of frost are 1939 h and 234 days, respectively. The soil derived fro tuff was classified as ferrisols. In order to gain high yield of baboo shoots (about 22,500 kg ha 1 ) and higher incoe, farers have fertilized a large aount of quick-acting fertilizer (copound fertilizer (N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O = 15:15:15) 2250kg ha -1 a -1 and urea 1125kg ha -1 a -1 ) in baboo grove and covered with 15 c layer rice straw plus 20 c layer rice husks in Deceber. 2.2 Experiental design The ain experiental plots were initiated in Apr with a 8-year-old baboo grove. Plot size was The experiental design was a split plot design with different fertilizer in a randoized coplete-block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiental plots belong to the sae farer and soil property just the sae before our experient. Fertilization consisted of four treatents (Table 1). The fertilizer rate applied by the farers conventionally was used as control. The copound fertilizer was applied on May 5, Septeber 5, and Deceber 5, 2002, respectively with 35, 30, and 35% of annual consuption. The urea was applied on May 5, Septeber 5, and Deceber 5, 2002, respectively with 25, 25, and 50% of annual consuption. Special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer in treatents 2, 3 and 4 were applied on Deceber 5, 2002 once only. Winter ulch with 15 c rice straw and 20 c rice grain hulls was placed upon the surface of soil on Deceber 6, Table 1 Fertilizer dosage and coposition of different treatents

3 Treatent No dosage of fertilizers copound fertilizer 2250kg ha -1 a -1 + urea kg ha -1 a Special organic fertilizer 60 3 ha -1 a -1 +slow -1 release fertilizer 300kg ha -1 a Special organic fertilizer 90 3 ha -1 a -1 + slow -1 release fertilizer 450kg ha -1 a Special organic fertilizer h -2 + slow -1 release fertilizer 600kg ha -1 a Note: Special organic fertilizer for P. praecox were produced by Hangzhou Jin Hai Agriculture Co., Ltd. It ainly contains 50% cow-dung, 20% hickory Hull and 30%vericulite. Its volue-weight is g c -3,pH 7.7,Total N 1.55%,Total P 2.96%,Total K 1.24 %;nutrient content of slow release fertilizer is 38%(N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O = 18:8:12); nutrient content of copound fertilizer is 45% (N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O = 15:15:15) 2.3. Sapling of soils Soil saples (0 15 c, c depth) were taken on 15 of February, April, May and August Soil saples of each plot were air-dried and ground to pass through a 2 sieve for cheical analysis. Soil saple as a background was also collected (Deceber 1, 2013) before trial being conducted Cheical and biological analyses Soil hydrolysable N (H-N) was hydrolyzed using 0.1 ol L 1 NaOH; available phosphorus (A-P) was deterined by the Bray ethod; available potassiu (A-K) was extracted with 1.0 ol L 1 CH 3 COONH 4 ; soil ph (soil:h 2 O = 1:5) was easured using a ph eter; soil organic atter was easured using K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ethod; soil cation-exchange capacity was extracted with aoniu acetate and then deterination. 3. Results and discussion 2.1 Effect of baboo special organic fertilizer on soil ph The 0 ~ 15c and 15 ~ 30 c soil ph was 4.94 and 5.13 respectively before covering (Figure 1, Figure 2). While the 0 ~ 15c and 15 ~ 30 c soil ph was 4.7 and 4.85 respectively after covering 2 onths. After years of coverage, soil of baboo forest has been significant acidification. This ay related with large aount of fertilizer: aoniu (NH 4+ ) fertilizers react in the soil in a process

4 called nitrification to for nitrate (NO 3 ), and in the process release H + ions. Plants grown in acid soils can experience a variety of syptos including aluiniu (Al), hydrogen (H). Aluiniu toxicity is the ost widespread proble in acid soils. Aluiniu is present in all soils, but dissolved Al 3+ is toxic to plant; Al 3+ is ost soluble at low ph, above ph 5.2 little Al is in soluble for in ost soils(xu et al.,1998;li et al.,2005). Soil ph is higher than control after applying different quantity of baboo special organic fertilizer, especially treatent No.2 (0-15c soil ph 6.89 in Apr.) and No.3 (0-15c soil ph 5.96 in Apr.). Soil acidification condition gradually eased up. But 0-15c soil ph decreased after covering (May). On the one hand ay be due to the failure to reove winter ulch after covering, decay caused by ferentation; On the other hand shows that baboo special organic fertilizer on soil acidification condition iproveent had a tie liit. And soil ph iproveent effect is liited to c soil, ay be due to digging soil incopletely when applying baboo special organic fertilizer to avoid daage to shoots buds. 2.2 Effect of baboo special organic fertilizer on soil organic atter Organic atter is the foundation of soil fertility, it has iportant significance in iproving soil properties. The 0-15c soil organic atter is lower than control after applying different quantity of baboo special organic fertilizer (Figure 3, Figure 4). The soil organic atter content of treatent 2 and 3 even uch lower than the traditional fertilization ethods. But soil organic atter is higher in Apr. than in Feb. of the treatent applying baboo special organic fertilizer. This ay due to nutrient release relatively slow and sustained for a long tie of applying baboo special organic fertilizer than copound fertilizer. 2.3 Effect of baboo special organic fertilizer on soil hydrolysable N, available phosphorus, available potassiu and soil cation-exchange capacity(cec) Table 2 Coparison of soil N,P,K and cation exchange capacity (CEC) between different treatent Sapling tie Feb. Apr. Treatent No. hydrolyzable N (g/kg) 0-15c 15-30c available P (g/kg) 0-15c 15-30c available K (g/kg) 0-15c 15-30c CEC (ol/kg) 0-15c 15-30c

5 The soil hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassiu content increased in the Apr. of applying baboo special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer, especially for available potassiu content (Table 2). This was because the high content of K of hickory hull in the baboo special organic fertilizer. But the soil nutrient in treatent of applying baboo special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer is lower than that of single copound fertilizer treatent in the iddle of the covering (Feb.). In soil science, cation-exchange capacity or CEC is the nuber of exchangeable cations per dry weight that a soil is capable of holding, at a given ph value, and available for exchange with the soil water solution. CEC is used as a easure of soil fertility, nutrient retention capacity, and the capacity to protect groundwater fro cation containation. For any soils, the CEC is dependent upon the ph of the soil. As soil acidity increases (ph decreases), ore H + ions are attached to the colloids. They have pushed the other cations fro the colloids and into the soil water solution. Inversely, when soils becoe ore basic (ph increases), the available cations in solution decreases because there are fewer H + ions to push cations into the soil solution fro the colloids (CEC increases). Organic aterials in soil increase the CEC through an increase in available negative charges. Organic atter CEC is heavily ipacted by soil acidity as acidity causes any organic copounds to release ions to the soil solution. The soil CEC was significantly higher in treatent of applying baboo special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer than that of single copound fertilizer trentent. Because this baboo special organic fertilizer contains a lot of Ca, Mg eleents, so the soil buffer capacity increased. Because in the current intensive anageent ode, utilization rate of nitrogen was less than 30% (Jiang et al., 2000), a large aount of nitrogen residued in the soil which can lead to soil hydrolysable nitrogen content increased. At the sae tie, the lower ph value and higher organic atter content also lead to the decoposition of organic atter into hydrolysable nitrogen. After years of continuous covering, available phosphorus content of surface soil rise sharply, ainly due to the intensive anageent ode by excessive use of P fertilizer. In addition, the high available potassiu content will also proote baboo flowering and hinder absorption of Zn, Fe, Mn and Si eleents lead to affecting the noral growth of baboo plant (Jiang et al., 2000). Potassiu is to proote a variety of etabolic reactions, also greatly iprove the absorption of N to iprove the quality of baboo shoots. In the treatent No.1(copound fertilizer), we found that the available K content increased with the increase of soil depth, this ay due to leaching phenoenon of K in the acidic soil. The treatent of applying baboo special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer significantly iproved the surface soil K status. Applying baboo special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer not only reduced the "surplus" proble of soil nutrients but also obviously iproved the surface soil nutrient status. 4. Conclusions

6 We conclude that long-ter application of organic ulch and excessive use of copound fertilizer over winter decreased soil ph. Applying baboo special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer iproved the soil acidification in a certain extent, not only reduced the "surplus" proble of soil nutrients but also obviously iproved soil nutrients sustainability. It is recoended that baboo special organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer be developed to alleviate the ipacts of winter ulch on the environent. References Fang, W.;He, J.C.;Lu, X.K Cultivation techniques of early shooting and high yield for Phyllostachys praecox. J. Zhejiang For. Coll., 11 (2), Wan, Z.T.; Fang, W.; He, J.C Cultivation Techniques of High Yield and Efficient for Phyllostachys praecox of Baboo-Shoot Forest. Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China. Jing, A.W A preliinary study on degenerative echanis of Phyllostachys praecox stand planted in a protected site. J. Fujian For. Coll., 19 (1), Cao, Z.H.; Huang, J.F.; Zhang, C.S.; Li, A.F Soil quality evolution after land use change fro paddy soil to vegetable land. Environ. Geoche. Health, Sun, X., Zhuang, S.Y., Liu G.Q., Li, G.D, Gui, R.Y A preliinary study of soil acidification under Lei baboo plantation with intensive anageent. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 41(6), Li, P., WANG, X. X Effects of leaching with low olecular weight organic acids on soil ph and exchangeable aluinu. Soils, 37(6), Xu, R.K.; Ji; G.L Influence of ph on dissolution of aluinu in acid soils and the distribution of aluinu ion species. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 35(2), Jiang, P.K.;Yu Y.W.; Jin A.W Analysis on nutrients of soil under high yield Phyllostacys praecox f.prevelnalis forest. Journal of Baboo Research, 19(4), *Corresponding author. Tel.: E-ail:jzhxie@163.net

7 Soil ph c soil Treatent No.1 Treatent No.2 Treatent No.3 Treatent No.4 before covering Feb. Apr. May Aug. Figure 1 Coparison of 0-15c soil ph between different treatent Soil ph c soil Treatent No.1 Treatent No.2 Treatent No.3 Treatent No.4 before covering Feb. Apr. May Aug. Figure 2 Coparison of c soil ph between different treatent organic atter(g/kg) c soil Treatent No Feb. Apr. Figure 3 Coparison of 0-15c soil organic atter between different treatent

8 organic atter(g/kg) c soil Treatent No Feb. Apr. Figure 4 Coparison of c soil organic atter between different treatent