Sea to Sky Corridor Invasive Plants A Guide to Identification & Management

Transcription

1 Sea to Sky Corridor Invasive Plants A Guide to Identification & Management March 2012 Adapted from Jeff Hallworth & Ernie Sellentin, MFR Range Branch It is recommended that this document be used in conjunction with the following: Books: Plants of Coastal British Columbia (1994, Pojar & MacKinnon, BC Forest Service) Plants of Southern Interior BC & the Inland Northwest (1996, Parish, Coupe & Lloyd) Weeds of the West (2006, 9 th edition, Western Society of Weed Science) Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest (2006, Timber Press Field Guide) Northwest Weeds (1990, Taylor) Websites: UBC s Electronic Atlas of Plants Invasive Plants of South Western British Columbia Weeds BC University of California Plant Photo Database Acronyms: Provincially legislated species under: WCA - Weed Control Act - Weed Control Regulation FRPA - Forest & Range Practices Act - Invasive Plant Regulation PPNW Proposed Prohibited Noxious Weed (2012) - Community Charter - Environment & Wildlife Regulation Map symbol: Refers to two letter code used by Invasive Alien Plant Program database on publicly accessible maps. To view maps for all of BC go to: and click on: Go to the Map Display module Priority Definitions: 1. Prevent: species not here yet and any sightings will be treated immediately 2. Eradicate: species is here in small amounts and eradication is the goal 3. Contain: species not in entire region, contain to currently infested areas 4. Strategic Control: species widespread, control measures taken in high priority areas For more information contact the Sea to Sky Invasive council ssinvasives@gmail.com

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS BY GROUPINGS Pages: 4-7 Pages: 8-9 Thistles: bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare); Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense); annual sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus); sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis); milk thistle (Silybum marianum) Very large leaves: giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum); Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Pages: Toadflaxes: dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica); yellow (common) toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) Pages: Knapweeds: diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa); spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii); batchelors buttons/cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) Pages: Prickly thickets: cutleaf blackberry (Rubus laciniatus); Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor); Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) Pages: Daisies: oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare); scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata) Pages: Riparian species: Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera); small touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora); yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus); purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria); butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) Pages: Hitch hikers: common Burdock (Arctium minus); teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) Pages: Shade tolerant, under story plants: English ivy & varieties (Hedera helix & var); English holly (Ilex aquifolium); purple dead nettle (Lamium purpureum); yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon); bugleweed (Ajuga reptans); spurge laurel (Daphne laureola); garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata); periwinkle (Vinca minor & V. major) Pages: White flowered: wild chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris); burr chervil (Anthriscus caucalis); poison hemlock (Conium maculatum); Queen Anne s lace/wild carrot (Daucus carota); hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana); old man s beard/travellers joy (Clematis vitalba); field bindweed/morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis); lamb s quarters (Chenopodium album); cherry/english laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Pages: Miscellaneous: blueweed (Echium vulgare); common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis); lady s thumb/smartweed (Persicaria); absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium); chicory (Cichorium intybus); common crupina (Crupina vulgaris); foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) Pages: Yellow / orange flowers: common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare); tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea); leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula); cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias); orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum); yellow invasive hawkweeds (Hieracium sp.); mullein (Verbascum thapsus); yellow salsify/western goat s beard (Tragopogon dubius); prickly lettuce(lactuca serriola) 2

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS BY SPECIES Page Scientific Name Common Name Priority Page Scientific Name Common Name Priority 26 Ajuga reptans bugle-weed; common bugle S. Control 8 Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed Contain 27 Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard Prevent 26 Hedera helix + Helix varieties English ivy & varieties Contain 36 Anchusa officinalis common bugloss Eradicate 8 Heracleum mantegazzianum giant hogweed Eradicate 30 Anthriscus caucalis burr chervil Prevent 41 Hieracium aurantiacum orange hawkweed Contain 30 Anthriscus sylvestris wild chervil Prevent 41 Hieracium spp. invasive yellow hawkweeds S. Control 24 Arctium minus common burdock S. Control 26 Ilex aquifolium English holly Contain 37 Artemisia absinthium wormwood S. Control 20 Impatiens glandulifera policeman's helmet; Himalayan balsam 31 Berteroa incana hoary alyssum Contain 20 Impatiens parviflora smallflower touch-me-not Contain 21 Buddleja davidii butterfly bush Contain 20 Iris pseudacorus yellow flag iris Eradicate 12 Centaurea cyanus cornflower; bachelors buttons S. Control 42 Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce S. Control 12 Centaurea biebersteinii spotted knapweed Contain 26 Lamium galeobdolon yellow lamium, yellow archangel Contain 12 Centaurea diffusa diffuse knapweed Contain 26 Lamium purpureum purple dead-nettle Contain 31 Chenopodium album lamb s-quarters S. Control 18 Leucanthemum vulgare oxeye daisy S. Control 18 Chrysanthemum leucanthemem oxeye daisy S. Control 10 Linaria dalmatica dalmatian Toadflax S. Control 37 Cichorium intybus chicory S. Control 10 Linaria vulgaris yellow/common toadflax S. Control 4 Cirsium arvense Canada thistle S. Control 21 Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife Eradicate 4 Cirsium vulgare bull thistle S. Control 18 Matricaria perforata scentless chamomile S. Control 31 Clematis vitalba wild clematis; traveller's joy Prevent 36 Persicaria maculosa lady s-thumb S. Control 30 Conium maculatum poison hemlock Eradicate 31 Prunus laurocerasus cherry-laurel S. Control 31 Convolvulus spp. invasive morning glory; bindweed S. Control 14 Rubus armeniacus Himalayan blackberry Contain 14 Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn S. Control 14 Rubus laciniatus cutleaf evergreen blackberry Contain 37 Crupina vulgaris common crupina Prevent 40 Senecio jacobaea tansy ragwort Eradicate 15 Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom Contain 4 Silybum marianum milk thistle Prevent 27 Daphne laureola daphne laurel, spurge laurel Contain 5 Sonchus arvensis sow thistle S. Control 30 Daucus carota wild carrot; Queen Anne s lace S. Control 5 Sonchus oleraceus annual sow thistle S. Control 37 Digitalis purpurea foxglove S. Control 40 Tanacetum vulgare common tansy S. Control 24 Dipsacus fullonum teasel Prevent 42 Tragopogon dubius yellow salsify; western goat's-beard 3 Contain S. Control 36 Echium vulgare blueweed Contain 15 Ulex europaeus gorse Prevent 40 Euphorbia cyparissias cypress spurge Eradicate 42 Verbascum thapsus great mullein S. Control 40 Euphorbia esula leafy spurge Prevent 27 Vinca minor & major periwinkle S. Control

4 Thistles Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Much smaller flower head than bull thistle Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) 4

5 Thistles Perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis) Annual sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) Perennial sow thistle has weak marginal prickles on leaves and rounded lobes Annual sow thistle has sharp angles on basal lobes * Sow thistles have milky latex; true thistles do not *Tap root found on annual sow thistle only, also has smaller flowers than sow thistle. * 5

6 Grouping: Thistles Part A Principal Distinguishing Features SSISC locations & PRIORITY Impacts Control Strategies Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) BT Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) CT Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) Not in IAPP Annual sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) AS Perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis) PS dull, prickly, silvery-green upper leaves, white hairs underneath larger purple, spine-tipped flower head (2.5-4 cm high) dull, prickly, dark green leaves, white hairs underneath small purple to pink to white spineless flower head (1-2 cm high) vanilla-like fragrance on female plants leaves with spiny margins and white marbling along the veins large reddish-purple flowers with long spines on bracts up to 6 tall deeply lobed leaves with stalked basal leaves ending with a large, pointed segment yellow dandelion-like flowers in flattopped clusters hollow stems contain a milky sap spiny annual sow thistle (Sonchus asper) is similar but leaves have spiny, toothed margins lower leaves are stalked but upper leaves are stalkless and clasp the stem; margins have weak prickles grows to 2 m & branches near the top stems contain a white, milky juice yellow flower clusters are borne on glandular stalks. Flower head bracts are covered with sticky hairs Throughout region Throughout region PREVENT Throughout region Throughout region limits livestock migration decreases forage value (when it gets harvested with hay) can overrun clear-cuts restricts recreational access can form dense monocultures resulting in crop reductions toxic to wildlife/livestock barrier (impassable) biodiversity reduction alternate host to aphids, several plant viruses and nematodes colonizes new areas rapidly impacts native plant communities, especially in marshes, ponds, and other riparian areas chemicals from the roots and decaying residue from old plant growth inhibit seed germination for other species impacts native plant communities, especially in marshes, ponds, and other riparian areas biological - A seed weevil (Larinus planus) has been released in our area that will feed exclusively on invasive thistles mechanical hand pulling small infestations or repeated mowing before bolting or seed set (see details under Canada thistle below) several mowings a year are needed because plant populations vary in maturity. Mow as close to the surface as possible. If plants are cut above the terminal bud before the stems elongate, they likely will regrow. It is important to mow before the flowers start showing color because plants mowed after that will likely still produce viable seed. mechanical dig or excavate replace any divots created when removing the plants to lessen the amount of disturbed soil. mechanical hand pulling or repeated close mowing before seed set mechanical several mowings per year required to prevent seed set. Intensive, long term (years) cultivation required to exhaust root system 6

7 Grouping: Thistles Part B Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) BT Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat biennial seed spread 2 km+ per year by wind fleshy taproot FRPA soil disturbance areas e.g. clearcuts, road construction all biogeoclimatic zones Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) CT seed spread 2 km+ per year by wind root fragments wide spreading roots and creeping rhizomes FRPA WCA soil disturbance areas fields, pastures, roadsides wide range of nutrient and moisture regimes Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) biennial or winter annual seed (viability > 5 yrs) taproot WCA (new in 2011) medium heat and moisture high light and nutrients Not in IAPP Annual sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) AS Perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis) PS annual to short-lived seed with a parachutelike pappus blows by wind over great distances can produce over 6,000 seeds per plant wind blown seed and creeping horizontal roots climate dependant variable seed production of between 1,400 to 35,000 seeds per plant hooked pappus attach to clothes, shoes, hair or fur short taproot extensive rhizomes produce new shoots and fragment easily, regenerating into new plants deep vertical and fleshy, creeping horizontal roots WCA WCA wide range of environmental conditions but prefers abundant moisture, open areas, at low to middle elevations. fertile, moist soils in full sunlight on roadsides, disturbed areas, cultivated fields and riparian areas 7

8 Very large leaves Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Japanese knotweed leaf on top of giant knotweed leaf In winter young knotweed Squamish sighting Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) 8

9 Grouping: Very large leaves Part A Principal Distinguishing Features Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) GH *Very similar to native Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum) but is much taller, reaching 5-6m (whereas cow parsnip rarely reaches 1-2 m and has a flower cluster of no more than 0.3 m wide). Hogweed leaves are much more incised. Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) JK tall (2 to 6m), hollow stems with course hairs arising from blister-like pustules very large, deeply incised maple leaf-like leaves to over 1.5 m wide numerous, small white flowers in a large, flat topped, terminal umbrella like cluster reddish-purple spots on stems pungent odour when mature spotted green to reddish brown, semi-woody, bamboo-like stems cm long, egg shaped leaves which are dark green on top and lighter green below, and squared off compared to giant knotweed leaves. creamy-white flowers in clusters from leaf axils SSISC locations & PRIORITY ERADICATE CONTAIN to Squamish and south Impacts hairs on stems and leaves contain POISONOUS SAP which exude a clear, watery sap sensitizing skin to ultraviolet radiation; resulting in severe burns, blistering and painful dermatitis (forming 24 to 48 hours after contact). Avoid contact with eyes may cause temporary or permanent blindness. rapidly occupies and forms a dense canopy in riparian areas outcompeting native species and causing stream bank erosion. same as for Giant knotweed accelerates erosion along stream banks, then pieces of plant matter travel by water which have the ability to propagate new plants new shoots are known to penetrate thick asphalt & concrete NOTE: Considered the next Scotch broom of Vancouver Island and #37 on the World Conservation Union s list of the world s 100 worst invasive species. Control Strategies mechanical cut the stem a few inches below the ground level with an axe or spade. Cut regularly to prevent flowering. Shallow excavation to ~20 cm will remove crown and prevent re-growth. Always bag seed heads and seal tightly and put in regular waste stream. Transport rest of plant to landfill or pile on site in the shade to dry out, and then compost. NOTE: Always wear protective clothing to avoid skin contact and eye protection. Recommend hiring a trained professional to remove this plant. mechanical - grubbing and hand pulling are effective only on small populations (repeated annual mechanical treatment combined with herbicides is necessary). Repeated mowing can reduce spread. Grouping: Very large leaves Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) GH Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) JK seed production (up to 50,000 seeds per plant) which are winged for ease of dispersal by wind. Seeds remain viable for 7-15 years. vegetative plants develop buds that form on the root stalks or the crown seeds distributed by water and transported fill creeping rhizomes variable: stout, fleshy tuberous root stalks form perennating buds each year rhizomatous (extremely vigorous rhizomes) BC Legislation WCA (new 2011) WCA (new 2011) FRPA & Preferred Habitat moist areas such as ditch lines, meadows, thickets, avalanche tracks, streams, roadsides. Prefers partial shade moist to wet disturbed areas around human settlements, fence lines, roadsides 9

10 Toadflaxes *LEAF SHAPE KEY DISTINGUISHING FEATURE BETWEEN SPECIES* Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) Yellow (common) toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) 10

11 Grouping: Toadflaxes Part A Principal Distinguishing Features bright yellow snapdragon-like Dalmatian flowers with orange spot on toadflax the lower lip (Linaria dalmatica) waxy alternate leaves clasp stem DT light-green coloured leaves are shorter, wider, and broadbased, clasping the stem compared to yellow toadflax grows to 1.2 m Yellow / common toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) YT bright yellow snapdragon-like flowers but smaller than Dalmatian flowers alternate leaves stems with numerous long, narrow leaves grows to only 0.6 m SSISC locations & PRIORITY Throughout region Throughout region Impacts toxic to livestock competes with native grasses and forbs to alter species diversity reduces forage production reported to be toxic to cattle competes with native grasses and forbs and can alter species diversity. Control Strategies biological Mecinus janthinus weevil (stem); Rhinusa antirrhini beetle (seed, stem) mechanical hand pull new and small populations prior to seed set. Mow/cut to reduce top-growth and seed set. Sheep grazing before plants set seed. biological Mecinus janthinus weevil (stem) Rhinusa antirrhini beetle (seed, stem) mechanical - hand pulling in coarse textured soil, with prompt seeding to native grasses * More difficult to control than Dalmatian toadflax Grouping: The Toadflaxes Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation seed drop (can produce over Dalmatian toadflax 500,000 seeds per plant per year rhizomatous FRPA (Linaria dalmatica) that can remain viable for up to 10 WCA years) DT seeds can also be dispersed by wind, insects and animals (deer, elk, and birds), and by machinery creeping rhizomes Yellow / common toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) YT seed drop (can produce up to 30,000 seeds/plant/year and remain viable for up to 10 year seeds can also be dispersed by wind, insects and animals (deer, elk, and birds), and by machinery adventious buds on creeping rhizomes taproot up to 1 m deep with long lateral roots developing adventitious buds that produce new plants FRPA WCA Preferred Habitat cultivated land, roadsides, disturbed areas (often on coarse textured soil) cultivated land, meadows, pastures, roadsides (often on gravely, sandy coarse-textured soil) 11

12 Knapweeds Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii) Bachelors buttons; cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) 12

13 Grouping: Knapweeds Part A Principal Distinguishing Features Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) DK Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) SK Bachelors buttons (cornflower) (Centaurea cyanus) BB spine-tipped floral bract flowers are small and white leaves are hairy and highly divided, alternating from stem aromatic floral bracts are black tipped, not spiny flowers are light purple deeply lobed, alternate leaves covered with translucent dots aromatic bears showy, pastel blue, fragrant and repeat-blooming blooms during late spring to mid-summer upright and has greyish lime foliage that is matte and medium textured branched, loosely hairy, m tall. SSISC locations & PRIORITY CONTAIN to Pemberton and north CONTAIN to Pemberton and north Impacts reduced biological diversity displaces desirable livestock forage fire hazard (oils) displaces native forage produces chemical preventing other species from growing in the immediate area skin irritation fire hazard (oils) weed in crop fields considered a seed contaminant in crop seeds Control Strategies biological Agapeta zoegana moth (roots), Cyphocleonus achates weevil (roots, foliage), Larinus minutus weevil (seeds), Larinus obtusus weevil (seeds), Urophora jaceana fly (seeds) mechanical repeated hand pulling & digging to remove taproot, deep ploughing, to 18 cm, mow/cut before seed set biological Agapeta zoegana moth (roots), Cyphocleonus achates weevil (roots, foliage), Larinus minutus weevil (seeds), Larinus obtusus weevil (seeds) mechanical - sheep grazing, cutting, mowing or hand pulling prior to seed set, with follow up treatments. Entire root must be removed. Wear gloves. mechanical pull by hand Grouping: Knapweeds Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) DK Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) SK Bachelors buttons (cornflower) (Centaurea cyanus) BB biennial or shortlived biennial or shortlived plants break off and tumble with the wind spreading seeds up to 100m per year by livestock, wildlife, and by humans via hay and vehicle undercarriages can produce up to 18,000 seeds / plant seed only via gravity, people, hay, vehicle under carriages, livestock, wildlife can produce up to 40,000 seeds per plant vegetatively from lateral roots just below the soil surface taproot only taproot and lateral roots BC Legislation FRPA WCA FRPA WCA Preferred Habitat disturbed, dry areas e.g. sandy areas grasslands, pastures, woodland clearings, roadsides, clearcuts. disturbed areas with a wide range of moisture grasslands/pastures, woodland clearings, roadsides, clearcuts. annual seed taproot None full sun to light shade average moisture, well drained 13

14 Prickly thickets Cutleaf blackberry (Rubus laciniatus) Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) English hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) 14

15 Prickly thickets Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) Gorse (Ulex europaeus) 15

16 Grouping: Prickly Thickets Part A Principal Distinguishing Features sprawling, evergreen shrub form large Cutleaf thickets of trailing to climbing stems blackberry Stems are heavily ribbed, purplish-red (Rubus laciniatus) and are usually prickly or bristly leaves are alternate and palmately CL compound with 3 to 5 highly lacerated leaflets leaves are green to greenish-red above and paler below and armed with prickles Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) HI *Native black raspberry (Rubus leucodermis) has white residue on stems and does not grow as monoculture. * English hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Not in IAPP Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius SB Gorse (Ulex europaeus) GO sprawling, evergreen shrub form large thickets of trailing to climbing stems strongly angled and furrowed stems bearing curved prickles, 6-10 mm leaves have 3 to 5 egg-shaped leaflets; sharp-pointed at tips; smooth above, grey-woolly below with prickles on the stalks and mid-veins white to rose-coloured flowers; black, shiny fruit NO white residue on stems shade tolerant tree deeply cleft leaves with white flowers and bright red fruits armed no spines spindly, evergreen, up to 3 m tall with 5 angles green branches bright yellow flowers flowers mature to form flattened, brown to black hairy seedpod stems are ridged and woody thorny shrub with inch-long sharp spines that grows up to 6 feet tall produces numerous bright yellow flowers, 1/3 to 1/2 inches long SSISC locations & PRIORITY CONTAIN to Squamish and south CONTAIN to Squamish and south CONTAIN to Squamish and south PREVENT Impacts out competes native vegetation capable of providing shade, coarse woody debris and detritis to riparian areas restricts access by wildlife to water courses, degrades pastures and limits recreational access out competes native vegetation capable of providing shade, coarse woody debris and detritis to riparian areas restricts access by wildlife to water courses, degrades pastures and limits recreational access biodiversity reduction hybridization threat out competes endangered rain shadow flora e.g. Garry Oak ecosystems fixes nitrogen that favours non-native plants fire hazard barrier (impenetrable); extreme fire hazard; tree seedling competition Control Strategies mechanical roots must be dug out by hand or via excavator. Pull canes out of the ground before they produce berries. Reduce biomass by mowing a number of times per year. Integration of cutting, chemical treatment of stumps and follow-up herbicide application offer the most success. mechanical roots must be dug out by hand or via excavator. Pull canes out of the ground before they produce berries. Reduce biomass by mowing a number of times per year. Integration of cutting, chemical treatment of stumps and follow-up herbicide application offer the most success. mechanical cut before seed set; dig or excavate; pull by hand; saw mechanical in winter, cut main stem flush to ground, minimizing soil disturbance. Completely cover the stump with soil/moss. Pull only plants that are less than a pencil width and don t worry about plants until they are of flowering age (2-3 years+). Repeat before flowering. Re-vegetate with native species. mechanical dig or excavate; pull by hand; mow; roto-till 16

17 Grouping: Prickly Thickets Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat Cutleaf blackberry (Rubus laciniatus) CL vegetatively by rooting from the cane tips touching the ground or from nodes along the canes birds and mammals that eat the fruit extensive system of inter-connected roots can exceed 10 m in length and 1 m in depth FRPA woodland edges, fence rows, and clearings requires full sun and dry soil. Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) HI vegetatively by rooting from the cane tips touching the ground or from nodes along the canes rhizomes or root fragments, and from the root crown birds and mammals that eat the fruit extensive system of inter-connected roots can exceed 10 m in length and 1 m in depth low elevations in clearings, disturbed sites, roadsides stream banks, wastelands, pastures, forest plantations, fence lines English hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Not in IAPP seed taproot None medium heat and nutrients low moisture high light Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius SB seed dispersed by gravity, vehicles, animals, and internal mechanism to explosively shoot seeds from pod up to 5 m vegetatively (re-grow from cut stems) >18,000 seeds / shrub;seeds viable for up to 80 years taproot FRPA open, disturbed sites at low elevations especially roads, rail lines and utility R/W s well-drained sandy soil Gorse (Ulex europaeus) GO seed primarily cuttings secondary shallow with a deep tap root this species forms nitrogen-fixing root nodules FRPA WCA low moisture and nutrients medium light high heat 17

18 Daisies *LEAF SHAPE KEY DISTINGUISHING FEATURE BETWEEN SPECIES* Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) Scentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum inodorum) 18

19 Grouping: Daisies Part A Principal Distinguishing Features SSISC locations & PRIORITY Impacts Control Strategies Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) OD white ray and yellow disk flowers flowers to 5 cm across flower heads are solitary at end of branches Throughout region forms dense stands that inhibit forage production, dominating rangelands unpalatable to cattle reduces forage for livestock and wildlife mechanical - hand digging before seed production ensuring as much root as possible is removed. Scentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum inodorum) SH white ray with yellow disk flowers flowers 2-3 cm across numerous bracts line stems Throughout region forms dense stands in pastures and hay fields unpalatable to livestock reduces yields in grain and seed fields, hayfields, pastures, and cultivated crops mechanical till or mow during hot, dry weather before plants flower, or torch (burn) prior to seed formation Grouping: Daisies Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) (short lived) seed dispersed by gravity (>500 seeds/plant/ year) vegetatively by roots rhizomatous (shallow) FRPA dry to moderately dry sites often growing along roadsides, landings and skid trails. OD Scentless Chamomile (Tripleurospermum inodorum) SH annual, biennial or seed (can produce over 1 million seeds per plant) germinates under periodic flooding conditions and is dispersed by water and wind extensive fibrous roots (not rhizomatous) FRPA WCA moist, fine textured soils e.g. clays low to mid-elevation near watercourses and on dry shorelines, roadsides, fencelines, disturbed areas, forage crops, cereal crops 19

20 Riparian species Exploding seeds Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Small touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora) Yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus) 20

21 Riparian species Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Similar NATIVE species Hardhack (Spiraea douglasii) Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) 21

22 Grouping: Riparian Part A Principal Distinguishing Features SSISC locations & PRIORITY Impacts Control Strategy Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) IM Small touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora) Not in IAPP purple to reddish thick, hollow succulent stems (0.6-2 m tall) Leaves opposite or whorled (at least some of them), finely saw-toothed, 6 15 cm flowers white to pink to reddish similar to Himalayan balsam but smaller (20-80 cm) and with yellow flowers leaves alternate, stalked, egg-shaped to elliptic, finely and sharply sawtoothed, 3-12 cm CONTAIN to Squamish and south CONTAIN to Whistler and south displaces native vegetation on stream banks chokes drainage ditches increases ditch and stream bank erosion displaces native vegetation on stream banks chokes drainage ditches increases ditch and stream bank erosion mechanical hand pulling is easy when soil is moist (shallow roots). Mow/cut prior to seed set. mechanical hand pulling is easy when soil is moist (shallow roots). Mow/cut prior to seed set. Yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus) YI Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) PL Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) (BD) distinctive iris look bright yellow flowers narrow, sword shaped leaves that are dark green with prominent mid-rib long erect flowering stems purple flowers in a dense terminal spike (looks like fireweed in wetlands) square woody stem with opposite or sometimes whorled stalkless leaves NOTE: # 50 on the World Conservation Union s list of the world s 100 worst invasive species. shrub between 1-5m in height with widely spreading branches foliage semi-erect to falling, leaves opposite, lance shaped, slightly toothed, 10-30cm in length flowers gathered in dense pointed clumps, white to crimson with orange stain in centre small populations in Whistler and South ERADICATE Rare ERADICATE CONTAIN to Squamish and south creates dense thickets to choke waterways and limit native vegetation toxic if ingested by livestock and humans causes dermatitis in sensitive humans one small isolated cluster of plants can spread and cover a marsh in one growing season no known birds or mammals use this weed as food, therefore as it invades, wildlife habitat is lost restricts water flow, increases sedimentation takes hold in disturbed areas, riparian areas or open woodlands; of the worst weeds to forestry managers in New Zealand forms dense thickets which crowd out native vegetation may alter soil nutrient concentrations Small populations: dig up and remove manually Large populations: clip seed heads off to prevent further spread. Cut plant materials close to the ground and clean debris away. Expose rhizomes and cut to their full depth in 10-15cm strips using a sharp tool such as a mattock. Remove the strips with the mattock or a crow bar ensuring that you go the full depth of the plant (up to30 cm deep). Address any recently sprouted seedlings in the summer (July). Monitor regularly for re-growth, and remove any new plants that appear. biological Galerucella calmariensis beetle (buds, shoots, foliage), Galerucella pulsilla beetle (buds, shoots, foliage) mechanical entire plant must be removed with ALL pieces, including root mat and continuous removal of seed heads prior to seed set mechanical mature shrubs can be cut near the ground when in flower. Mowing or cutting does not work on small plants so dig up and remove as much of root as possible. Minimize soil disturbance and promptly replant with ground cover to inhibit re-sprouting. 22

23 Grouping: Riparian Part B Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) IM Small touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora) Not in IAPP Yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus) YI Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) PL Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat seed capsules explode at annual maturity to release up to 2,500 shallow, fibrous wet sites along river edges, seeds per plant roots wetlands, ditch banks most seed transported by water flow in watercourses mowing ditches after seed set collecting/planting seed for ornamental purposes annual seed capsules explode at maturity to release up to 2,500 seeds per plant most seed transported by water flow in watercourses mowing ditches after seed set collecting/planting seed for ornamental purposes seeds via wind and water creeping rhizomes continued to be sold as an ornamental seed wind, water, animals and humans (2 million seeds +/ plants/year!) branching root system root fragments and/or pieces of stem shallow, fibrous roots rhizomes large woody taproot with fibrous rhizomes that form a dense mat that is deeply rooted None WCA (new 2011) FRPA WCA (new 2011) FRPA wet sites along river edges, wetlands, ditch banks shade tolerant wet areas / standing water (marshes, stream banks, pond edges) wet areas / standing water (marshes, stream banks, pond edges, ditches, irrigation canals, lake and river shorelines) Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) (BD) nursery trade introduction produces large quantities of extremely lightweight, winged seeds up to 3 million per plant or 40,000 per flower head seeds dispersed by wind or water Cut stems can sprout roots taproot None Usually occurs in open and disturbed sites, railways, road edges, walls, cliffs, building sites and waste lands. Riparian areas, particularly those with frequent disturbance and open gravel bars. 23

24 Hitch hikers Common burdock (Arctium minus) Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) 24

25 Grouping: Hitch hikers Part A Principal Distinguishing Features bracts have velcro hooks Common burdock flowers are reddish - purple on a (Arctium minus) bur with hooked bristles and may be alone or in clusters CB leaves are large, dark green and heart-shaped with wavy edges SSISC locations & PRIORITY Throughout region Impacts associated with microorganisms that cause powdery mildew, and root rot potential diuretic effects and allergic reactions to hooked burs under the skin s surface Control Strategies mechanical sever taproot below the root collar (where the stem becomes a root) with a flat nosed spade or mowing / tillage / mechanical removal to kill the plants at the first year rosette stage Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) TS tall plant (to 2 m) with stems marked by parallel ridges and downward pointing spines wrinkled leaves with conspicuous veins and spines on underside of midrib small purple flowers within dense heads protected by stiff spiny bracts Not known to occur PREVENT reduces natural diversity by forming dense stands that exclude native vegetation mechanical hand pull or dig to remove roots below the crown to prevent re-sprouting. Mow/cut and remove flowering stalks once flowers form. Grouping: Hitch hikers Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat Common burdock (Arctium minus) CB biennial burred seed carried by animals 10 km+ per year. Burrs can stay on animals for several weeks. thick, fleshy taproot FRPA WCA disturbed areas, grasslands, roads, ditches, riparian areas nitrogen-rich soils Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) TS biennial seed (can produce over 2,000 seeds per plant) humans (transported as an ornamental) shallow taproot with fibrous secondary roots FRPA moist, sunny, open sites with rich soils. roadsides, pastures, ditches, disturbed areas 25

26 Shade tolerant, understory plants English ivy & varieties (Hedera helix & var) English holly (Ilex aquifloium) Purple dead nettle (Lamium purpureum) Yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon) Bugle-weed; common bugle (Ajuga reptans) **THESE THREE ARE IN THE MINT FAMILY** 26

27 Shade tolerant, understory plants Spurge laurel (Daphne laureola) Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) V. minor V. major Periwinkle (Vinca major, V. minor) 27

28 Grouping: Shade tolerant, understory plants Part A Principal Distinguishing Features English ivy & varieties (Hedera helix & varieties) EI English holly (Ilex aquifolium) IA Purple dead nettle (Lamium purpureum) PD Yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon) YA Bugle-weed; common bugle (Ajuga reptans) Not in IAPP Spurge laurel (Daphne laureola) DA Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) AP Periwinkle (Vinca major, V. minor) Not in IAPP evergreen climbing vine leaves alternate along stem 3-lobed leaves occur on the juvenile plant with unlobed, oval leaves on a mature plant. woody shrub with prickly leaves and bright red berries two distinct leaf characteristics are evident, solid green and variegated square stems with opposite leaves (mint family) upper leaves are usually purple has stalked leaves leaves- serrated edges, silver/ white markings with green trim stems, green, square and hairy flowers, yellow w/ hooded upper petal and lipped lower petal low-growing evergreen groundcover forming a dense mat of blue flowers in spring member of mint family reminiscent of rhododendron stems too rubbery to break small yellow flowers develop into purple-black berries 12 to 48 inches in height leaves and stems emit odour of onion or garlic when crushed white flowers with four petals stem leaves are alternate and triangular in shape, have large teeth, can be 2 to 3 across evergreen to semi-evergreen leaves are shiny, dark green, and opposite; 3-9cm long flowers are pale blue to lavender in color, up to 3cm wide, and 5- petaled SSISC locations & PRIORITY CONTAIN to Squamish and south CONTAIN to Squamish and south CONTAIN to Whistler and south CONTAIN to Whistler and south CONTAIN to Squamish and south No known locations PREVENT CONTAIN to Squamish and south Impacts threatens all vegetation levels: forested & open areas, growing into canopy dense growth adds weight and limits photosynthesis of standing trees, thereby increasing sail and reducing host vigour followed by windthrow and tree death can form dense monocultures that exclude all other vegetation restricts access due to its sharp thorny leaves. not palatable by ungulates can form a dense ground cover shading out native species As an evergreen vine can swiftly displace local native groundcovers such as sword fern, trillium, and false-lily-of-the-valley. biodiversity reduction leaves, sap, bark & berries are toxic produces a noxious substance which can cause severe eye and skin irritation noxious compounds can cause respiratory irritation. forms monoculture changes soil chemistry (alleopathic) biodiversity reduction shades out tree seedlings toxic to humans & animals, biodiversity reduction, tree seedling competition Control Strategies cut ivy vines growing up trunk of tree at two locations at shoulder height and at ankle height. Then pull ivy away from the base of the tree at for at least 2 meters in all directions into an ivy roll pull and roll from outer edges of infestation toward centre. mechanical pull small plants, cut and dig out stumps from larger plants repeated removal of shoots from stumps will eventually result in die off mechanical hand weeding before seed set mechanical - plants are shallow rooted so continual hand pulling works well mechanical Mow pull by hand mechanical - Hand pulling of small. Cut larger plants below ground level where stem changes from brown to orange root. Always wear gloves; never transport cuttings or plants inside an enclosed vehicle mechanical mow; when pulling, the upper half of the root must be removed in order to stop buds at the root crown from sending up new flower stalks mechanical one of the few invasives easily controlled by hand, repeated pulling of the plant as it appears will starve it persistence is key, as well as replanting remember to remove it down to the root level 28

29 Grouping: Shade Tolerant, Understory Plants Part B English ivy & varieties (Hedera helix & varieties) EI English holly (Ilex aquifolium) IA Purple dead nettle (Lamium purpureum) Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation woody with tap root in seeds are dispersed to new areas larger plants primarily by birds. Ivy is not parasitic, once used extensively in many parts of BC the vines are separated as an ornamental landscape plant from the root system; garden escapee/garden waste the vines dehydrate & ultimately fall from the tree. annual nursery trade introduction birds eat and then disperse seeds can be found far from human habitation nursery trade, potters and garden waste dumping Preferred Habitat grows in variable light conditions but prefers shade, damp soils, and a moist, cool environment woody None grows in sun to shady conditions. does well in forest understory shallow succulent roots None gardens, orchards and fields, waste places PD Yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon) YA propagation occurs by both seeds and vegetatively from stolons nursery trade, potters and garden waste dumping shallow roots None grows very well on forest floors with deep leaf litter prefers shade Bugle-weed; common bugle (Ajuga reptans) Not in IAPP spreads by means of leafy runners which set out rosettes of leaves, soon forming a thick mat fibrous roots and rooting runners None prefers moist, well-drained soils of average fertility in partial shade, with regular watering during the hot and dry periods of Summer; however, it is adaptable to more harsh conditions, including poor soils and heat Spurge laurel (Daphne laureola) DA reproduction by single seeded berries and distribution by birds sold in the nursery trade sprouts from lateral roots woody, rubbery tap root prefers loamy to clay soils that are well-drained and which range from neutral to acid able to tolerate a range of conditions including dry to moist soil and full to partial shade Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) AP biennial hundreds of seeds per plant dispersed by animals, water and humans (viable for 5-10 years) allelopathic fibrous roots WCA (new 2011) PPNW 2012 low light but can grow in full sun medium heat and nutrients high moisture Periwinkle (Vinca major, V. minor) Not in IAPP rhizomes primarily by seeds secondary creeper and rapid regeneration time reproduces by runners with stems rooting at the nodes None prefers shade medium heat, moisture and nutrients 29

30 White flowered Wild chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris) Bur chervil (Anthriscus caucalis) Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) Queen Anne s lace; wild carrot (Daucus carota) *ALL IN THE CARROT (Apiaceae) FAMILY* 30

31 White flowered Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) Old man s beard; travellers joy (Clematis vitalba) Field bindweed; morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis) Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album) Cherry/English laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) 31

32 Grouping: White flowered Part A **These 4 species all in the carrot (Apiaceae) family** Principal Distinguishing Features Wild chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris) WI furrowed, hollow stems with hairs at stem nodes. Grows to 1.8 m + fern-like hairless leaves small white flowers in umbrella-like clusters produce 2 joined seeds with tiny antennae-like structure at tips SSISC locations & PRIORITY No known locations PREVENT Impacts out competes pasture and hay crops reducing forage for grazing animals host for virus of some vegetable crops Control Strategy mechanical young plants can be hand-pulled prior to seed production. Mature plants must be dug below the root crown. Repeated mowings prior to seed set reduces infestations. Bur chervil (Anthriscus caucalis) CB Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) PH up to 3 tall leaves alternate, finely divided with a lacy appearance and generally hairy when young aromatic with tiny white flowers closely resembles A. sylvestris but is more delicate and the bristles on the fruit have obvious hooks hollow stems purple-spotted can grow to over 6 leaves fern-like with lacy appearance & emit a foul odour when crushed can sometimes be confused with water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) - the leaf veins in water hemlock end in the notches between the teeth of the leaflets and in poison hemlock the veins end at the tips of the teeth. No known locations PREVENT Minimal locations ERADICATE POISION - Every part of this plant, especially the fresh leaves and fruit, contains a volatile, oily alkaloid, which is so poisonous that a few drops prove fatal to a small animal skin irritation from dermal contact biodiversity reduction mechanical mow or pull by hand Queen Anne s lace; wild carrot (Daucus carota) Not in IAPP cm tall leaves fern-like and lacy flowers white or yellowish (but central flower of umbel commonly pink or purple) when in fruit shaped like bird s nest Throughout region skin irritation from cell sap and in light toxic only if large quantities are eaten mechanical dig or excavate, mow, roto-till 32

33 Grouping: White flowered Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat thick, tuberous moist to wet disturbed sites Wild chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris) biennial to shortlived seed movement through roadside and ditch mowing operations taproots develops sprouts from WCA from low to mid-elevation ditches, stream banks, WI birds, ditch water side of parental moist woods, riparian contaminated wildflower seed taproot areas, roadsides, fence m can extend over 2 lines, pastures deep in soil Bur chervil (Anthriscus caucalis) CB annual seeds that are covered with minute hooked bristles taproot WCA (new 2011) along stream banks and in moist, open places, sometimes near old buildings and farmyards Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) PH biennial usually one plant can produce over 30,000 seeds rapid regeneration time, seed viability >5 years root is long, forked, pale yellow and 1/2 to 3/4 inch in diameter wet ditches, moist disturbed sites, waste places at low elevations Queen Anne s lace; wild carrot (Daucus carota) Not in IAPP biennial high amount of seed fruit 3-4 mm, armed with barbed prickles along alternate ribs well developed, whitish, bitter taproot None roadsides, fields, pastures, waste places, moist clearings, at low elevations 33

34 Grouping: White flowered continued - Part A Principal Distinguishing Features small white flowers with deeply notched Hoary alyssum petals (Berteroa incana) flattened oval-shaped seedpods (5-8 mm) are held close to the stem HA entire plant covered with star-shaped hairs SSISC locations & PRIORITY CONTAIN to Pemberton and north Impacts increases in forage crops potential for animal poisonings - horse deaths have occurred Control Strategy hand pull small infestations and maintain competitive forage planting. Mowing will reduce seed production. Old man s beard; travellers joy (Clematis vitalba) Not in IAPP aggressive climber flowers white or pale yellow, while native species all produce a darker color of either blue, reddish or brownish-purple No known locations PREVENT animal ingestion, biodiversity reduction, dermal contact cut before seed set; pull by hand; saw stems can re-root if left in contact with the ground for a long period of time Field bindweed; morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis) FB Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album) Not in IAPP trailing to twining; forms hedge-like growths over various objects or other vegetation leaves arrowhead-shaped flowers white to rose-purple; cm long leaves egg- or diamond-shaped; greyish-green and covered with mealy particles flowers tiny; in dense clusters or spikes in the leaf axils and at the stem tips Throughout region crop or forage yield reduction biodiversity reduction causes sickness and death in livestock if large quantities are ingested humans who consume large quantities of the plant and are subsequently exposed to sunlight suffer photosensitization crop or forage yield reduction harbours pests pull by hand, be careful to break as little rhizomes when pulling since new plants can be propagated from exceptionally small rhizome pieces, to digging and especially rotovating can make matters much worse exclusion of light know to be affective; cover ground with carpet, cardboard, etc. for about a year cut before seed set; mow Cherry/English laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Not in IAPP leaves evergreen, narrow, dark green, simple, alternate 2-6 long large, spreading evergreen shrub 3-5 in height flowers are tiny, white and intensely fragrant, appearing in mid-spring biodiversity reduction hybridization threat berries poisonous to humans saw 34

35 Grouping: White flowered continued Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) HA Old man s beard; travellers joy (Clematis vitalba) Not in IAPP Field bindweed; morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis) FB Lambs quarters (Chenopodium album) Not in IAPP annual to shortlived (grows per year) annual seed contaminated hay high rate of seed; spread by wind cuttings (vegetative) climber, creeper, modified seed, by seed and by sending up new shoots allelopathic, climber, rapid regeneration, seed viability >5 years seed high rate of seed production slender taproot FRPA WCA idle areas, overgrazed or stressed pastures/meadows, hayfields, roadsides, railways. well adapted to dry, sandy or gravely soils. shallow roots None medium heat, light, moisture high nutrient deep rhizomes None low heat medium moisture; nutrient high light taproot None disturbed sites, especially cultivated land, roadsides; common low to middle elevations Cherry/English laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Not in IAPP seed layering stimulated by cultivation extensive root system known to grow new shoots from a cut stem and to sucker (grow shoots from its roots) if it is just cut None shade tolerant medium heat, moist 35

36 Miscellaneous Blueweed (Echium vulgare) Common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) Lady s thumb; smartweed (Persicaria maculosa) 36

37 Miscellaneous Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) 37

38 Grouping: Miscellaneous Part A Principal Distinguishing Features many small blue flowers arranged on Blueweed upper side of short stalks (Echium vulgare) entire plant conspicuously hairy bright blue flowers shaped like a funnel; BW upper two petal lobes somewhat larger than lower three Lady s thumb; smartweed (Persicaria maculosa) LT Common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) AO Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) WW Chicory (Cichorium intybus) CY Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) Not in IAPP branched with stems growing erect or spreading from 0.2 to 1 metre long lance-shaped leaves with black blotch in centre and a thin papery sheath with long hairs at the base flowers are pink in a small spike-like cluster softly spreading-hairy; stems often several, cm tall flowers are initially reddish, later turning deep blue to purple with white centres. They originate at the ends of the stalks with each flower stem coiled like a fiddleneck at first. leaves alternate, gray-green, cm strong sage-like scent when crushed flowering occurs in midsummer, when pale yellow, tubular flowers develop in drooping heads in the axils of leaves flowers blue, rarely pink or white basal leaves deeply toothed to lobed, lance shaped stems exude milky juice when broken grows 1 to 4 ft. ( m) tall leaves are entire to finely dissected (leaves become more divided towards the apex) and up to 6 in. (15.2 cm) flowers are purple to pink, long, slender (vase-shaped) stems leafy leaves egg- to lance-shaped; green and soft-hairy above, green-woolly below flowers pink-purple with deeper-purple spots inside; petals fused into a long, gaping tube SSISC locations & PRIORITY CONTAIN to Pemberton by Hurley; limited distribution Squamish Pemberton near Arn Canal ERADICATE Pemberton PREVENT Impacts increases on overgrazed dry pastures and rangelands potential toxic threat due to presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids biodiversity reduction or habitat loss of native flora agriculture and wetland or lake are high risk sites reduces agriculture crop or forage yield production reduces agriculture crop or forage yield production allergen toxic if large quantities are eaten biodiversity reduction or habitat loss of native flora recreational turfgrass reduces agriculture crop or forage yield production HIGHLY TOXIC may be fatal if eaten; threat to humans and animals hinders natural successional processes Control Strategies cut root at taproot and bag seed heads mechanical methods (hand-pulling, mowing) can control populations. Improving the drainage will discourage these weeds from reestablishment can be controlled by regular cultivation. Care must be taken to sever the roots below the crown. Prevent seed production by cutting and destroying flowers. Mowing is not a good control option because taproots are still viable and re-growth typically occurs. mowing may prevent seed production if mowed several times throughout the growing season mechanical - mow mechanical burn; pull by hand; roto-till NOTE: Grazing (deer or livestock) or cutting can stimulate lateral branching, thereby increasing flower and seed production cut before seed set 38

39 Grouping: Miscellaneous Part B Life Cycle Main Vectors of Spread Rooting Habit BC Legislation Preferred Habitat seed (the majority fall below the Blueweed (Echium vulgare) biennial to short-lived parent plant; viable for >5 yrs) rough seeds can attach to long, stout taproot with small fibrous laterals FRPA WCA BW clothing, animals and birds can produce up to 2,800 seeds per plant Lady s thumb; smartweed (Persicaria maculosa) annual seed is main reproduction; can remain viable in soil for 45 years by rhizome is secondary dry, rocky, shallow soils especially over limestone low to mid-elevation dry roadsides, rocky pastures/range, disturbed sites taproot None medium heat, light, moisture & nutrients LT Common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) AO biennial or main reproduction by seed secondary reproduction by cuttings (vegetative) taproot FRPA WCA high heat and light low moisture medium nutrients Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) WW main reproduction by seed secondary reproduction by cuttings (vegetative) allelopathic taproot occasionally reaching 5 cm in diameter with shallow lateral branches extending 6 feet in all directions None high light medium heat low moisture and nutrients Chicory (Cichorium intybus) CY Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) Not in IAPP seed deep taproot annual biennial seeds spread by livestock, birds and water small and numerous seeds are dispersed by wind and water short taproot minimum root depth is 6 inches None WCA PPNW 2012 None medium heat and light low moisture and nutrients medium heat, light, moisture & nutrient medium heat and light high moisture and nutrients 39

40 Yellow / orange flowered Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) 40

41 Yellow / orange flowered Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) Mouse ear hawkweed (H. pilosella) Queendevil hawkweed (H. praealtum) Meadow hawkweed (H. caespitosum) Spotted hawkweed (H. maculatum) Invasive yellow hawkweeds (Hieracium sp) 41

42 Yellow / orange flowered Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) Yellow salsify; western goat s beard (Tragopogon dubius) Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) 42