Annuals Culture Guide. Growing better together.

Transcription

1 Annuals Culture Guide Growing better together.

2 Table of Contents Ageratum Artist... 1 Angelonia Angelface Argyranthemum Butterfly Artemisia Silver Bullet... 6 Begonia Dragon Wing, San Francisco, Santa Cruz, Surefire Begonia Pegasus... 9 Begonia (Tuberous) Funky Pink, Illumination, Nonstop, Bossa Nova Bidens Goldilocks Rocks, Campfire Fireburst Improved Bracteantha Sundaze Browallia Endless Caladium Artful Calibrachoa Superbells Canna Toucan Dahlia Dahlightful, Dalina, Mystic Illusion Euphorbia Diamond Delight, Diamond Frost Evolvulus Blue My Mind Gerbera EZdazy Grasses Cool Annual Grasses Warm Annual Helichrysum White, Lemon, Licorice Splash, Petite, Icicles Impatiens (Double) Rockapulco Ipomoea Illusion, Sweet Caroline, Sweetheart, Standard Isotoma (Laurentia) Beth s Blue Lantana Bandana, Luscious Lobelia Laguna and Lucia Lobularia Knight and Princess Nemesia Bluebird and Innocence Nemesia Sunsatia New Guinea Impatiens Infinity and Ruffles Osteospermum Soprano and Bright Lights Osteospermum Symphony Pelargonium (Geranium) Boldly Pelargonium (Geranium) Timeless Petunia Supertunia Phlox Intensia Scaevola Whirlwind and Wonder Solenostemon (Coleus) & Perilla Strobilanthes Persian Shield Sutera (Bacopa) Snowstorm Verbena Lanai and Tukana Verbena Superbena & Superbena Royale Annuals Grouping Guide Spring National Recipe Lilac Festival Fungicide Rotation Guide Insecticide Rotation Guide Bio Program Overview Water-Soluble Fertilizers Supernova Liner Culture Guide Benchrun Collections Grower Team /18

3 Ageratum Artist ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing at lower moisture levels can be beneficial towards producing a more compact blooming plant with fewer PGRs required. This practice can also be used to help hold plants. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 4 9 weeks with one to three 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched and further pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually two to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Artist Ageratums flower very early and supplemental lighting should not be required for early spring flowering. If required, either a light spray of Sumagic (uniconazole) at 2ppm 5ppm or a more thorough application (just to the point of runoff) of B-Nine (daminozide) at 2,500ppm 5,000ppm is effective. Other materials such as Bonzi (paclobutrazol), Topflor (flurprimidol), and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic. Drenches should not be needed. Cooler growing temperatures and especially drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Whiteflies can be a pest of concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Artist Ageratums should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed (approximately mid- to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. The Artist Ageratums can be grown much like a seed Ageratum. Their chief advantages are better form, continual flowering, and much better heat tolerance. 1

4 Angelonia Angelface ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. To avoid lower leaf soft rots in lower light, cooler temperatures, or higher humidity situations, water early in the day as needed to avoid prolonged exposures of water on lower foliage. Proper air movement is helpful. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 7 9 weeks in 6 Royales with one to two 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 8": 8 9 weeks with three 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count, and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about one week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84 and 104 Liners. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84s and 104s are used for spring production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications are required. Angelface Angelonias should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched when using Supernova Liners, further pinching is not recommended. If using 84 or 104 Liner plants, a second pinch may be needed in the case of taller material at time of planting or with plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually two to four weeks after planting. Angelface Angelonias should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Supernova Liners have been treated for earlier flowering and will not require additional grower lighting. If very early crops are scheduled well before the onset of 12-hour natural daylengths, daylength extension lighting is helpful. For scheduling considerations Blue, Perfectly Pink, Wedgwood Blue, and White flower in roughly this order. Angelface Supers flower in the following order Blue, Pink, and then White. Blue flowers between that of Wedgwood Blue and Angelface White. Super Pink and White both flower at the same time as Angelface White or slightly later. Also, if growing from 84 and 104 Liners, additional lighting to 14 hours/day lighting is required for early spring to midspring finish dates. Additional PGR treatments will also be required on non-supernova treated plants. ANGELFACE Blue 4.25" Grande at 4 weeks 84 Liner 104 Liner Supernova Supernova 84 Liner 42 Liner 2

5 Angelonia Continued If required, either a light spray of Sumagic (uniconazole) at 2ppm 5ppm or a more thorough application (just to the point of runoff) of B-Nine (daminozide) at 2,500ppm 5,000ppm is effective. Proper growing temperatures and especially drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. Drenches of Bonzi (paclobutrazol) can be applied at 1ppm if desired. Treatments are usually made to smaller containers: seven to 14 days after planting. Treatments to larger containers can be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (two to four weeks after planting). Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Florel (ethephon) should not be used, due to possible leaf tip burn and distortion. Repeated PGR treatments can cause flowering delay. When using Supernova Liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. Leaf spotting and soft rots due to improper watering are the most common disease issues. Proper watering practices, high light conditions, and good air movement will greatly reduce any possible issues. Aphids are the most common pest, with Whiteflies also a concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Angelface Angelonia should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed (approximately mid- to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Supernova treated liners are highly recommended for most grower uses. For best combination planting performance, vigor considerations should be made of all plants used, if you are mixing Supernova treated plants with non-supernova treated plants. Angelonia as a genera is a high-light and heat-loving plant. It is best suited for mid-spring and summer production. If grown too cool, plants can be stunted. All varieties of Angelface Angelonia available in the 28 count Supernova Thriller tray are designed to be used for possible fast finish in larger monoculture containers and especially as the center Thriller plant in upright combination plantings. 3

6 Argyranthemum Butterfly ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. To avoid lower leaf soft rots in lower light, cooler temperatures, or higher humidity situations, water early in the day if needed to avoid prolonged exposures of water on lower foliage. If watering from overhead in poor growing conditions, make sure to supply good air movement to avoid fungal/bacterial diseases. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 8": 7 9 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count, and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about one week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84 and 104 Liners. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84s and 104s are used for spring production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications are required. All Argyranthemum liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. When using Supernova treated liners, NO pinching is required. If 84 or 104 Liners are used, 1GL Royale containers planted 1ppp should be pinched and larger containers planted either 1ppp or multiple plants per pot should also be pinched. Butterfly liner trays can dry out quickly and should be planted as soon as possible, or extra watering care should be devoted to them. Argyranthemums should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Supernova Liners have been treated for earlier flowering and will not require additional grower lighting. If very early crops are scheduled well before the onset of 12-hour natural daylengths, daylength extension lighting is helpful. Also, if growing from 84 or 104 Liners, additional lighting to 14 hours/day lighting is required for early spring to mid-spring finish dates, and additional PGR treatments will be required, in comparison to plants grown from Supernovas. 4

7 Argyranthemum Continued When being grown from Supernova Liners, either a light spray of Sumagic (uniconazole) at 5ppm 10ppm or a 1ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol) drench can be applied to control growth. Treatments are usually made to smaller containers seven to 14 days after planting. Treatments to larger containers can be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (two to four weeks after planting). Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. Cooler growing temperatures, high light levels, proper spacing, and drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. Supernova treated plants should require few PGR treatments. Plants grown from 84 and 104 Liners will require at least one drench at 1 3ppm Bonzi or possibly one to two light sprays of Sumagic at 5ppm 10ppm. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Repeated PGR treatments can compound to cause flowering delay. When using Supernova Liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel (ethephon) is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. Pest and disease practices should be followed as with most crops. Lower leaf spotting/rots due to improper watering is the most common disease issue. In poor growing conditions, a fungicide spray may be needed to prevent or cure leaf/stem soft rots. Copper-based materials are very helpful in these situations. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Butterfly Argyranthemum can be grown outdoors in the earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 25 F, or early- to mid- April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. If no frost protection is provided, they can be moved outdoors during the second earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 28 F, or mid- to late April in Michigan). These recommendations are based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Supernova treated liners are highly recommended for most grower uses. Supernovas are not recommended or required for baskets and large containers. But, many growers are beginning to use them for early hanging basket and upright needs. Growth habit and timing may be different from 84 and 104 Liners, but flowering time and retail ready containers can be produced in portions of the growing season when not possible from 84s and 104s. For best combination planting performance, vigor considerations should be made of all plants used, if mixing Supernova treated plants in with non-supernova treated plants. If mixing Supernova and 84s or 104s in combination plantings, a pre-plant drench of Sumagic or Bonzi to any 84 or 104 Liner used may be helpful to even out plant growth. 5

8 Artemisia Silver Bullet ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing too wet early in the production cycle can cause disease issues, while severe soil drying can damage root systems and cause leaf yellowing and loss of leaves within the center of the plant. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale: 6 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 6 9 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10": 8 9 weeks with three 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted slightly deeper than the liner root ball into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. The 84 and 104 Liner plants arrive already pinched once. Additional pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually three to four weeks after planting. Silver Bullet Artemisias should be grown in a high to moderate light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development. Additional lighting is not required. Silver Bullet is a very vigorous variety. Cooler growing temperatures, moderate soil moisture and fertility levels, and proper spacing will all help reduce the need for a PGR application. If required, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 1,500ppm 2,500ppm is effective. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Botrytis and root rot can occur in poor growing conditions. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse and provide adequate air movement and space. Whiteflies, Thrips, Aphids, and Spider Mites can be pests of concern. Scout crops on a regular basis and use control measures as needed. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Silver Bullet can be finished outdoors as a second-to-move outdoors crop. At Four Star (Michigan) we would consider moving these plants outdoors in mid- to late April if weather allows. High to moderately high light, moderate to cooler temperatures, adequate spacing, moderate soil moisture levels, and moderate nutrition are all crucial for producing quality Silver Bullet crops. Silver Bullet can be grown at cooler temperatures than listed above. If grown 5 degrees cooler than listed, at least one week should be added to crop times. Cooler growing will produce a more compact and well-branched plant with less need for PGR treatments. Care should be taken when growing cooler to also provide adequate air movement and humidity control. Plants can also be pinched and shaped as needed to produce a high-quality plant with little or no PGR applications. 6

9 Begonia Dragon Wing, San Francisco, Santa Cruz, and Surefire ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 75ppm 100ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Or, feed 200ppm once per week if preferred. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to moderately dry levels. Avoid both severe dry downs and long periods of wet soil, especially in poor weather conditions. Also avoid excessive soil moisture levels with freshly transplanted plants. To prevent water spotting or burning on sunny days, it is best to water earlier in the morning or later in the afternoon. 4" 5": 6 7 weeks with one 72 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 8 9 weeks with one 72 cell plant per 8": 9 10 weeks with one 72 cell plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 11 weeks with three to four 72 cell plants per The 72 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Care should be taken when removing plants from the 72 tray. Begonias can root very firmly into the cell and can snap off at the soil line if not dislodged from the cell. When planting baskets or upright containers using multiple 72 cell plants, be certain to plant each plant with its leaf tips/growing shoot facing outward. This will produce a fuller and more attractive Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting. These Begonias do not require long days to avoid tuber formation or dormancy. No daylength lighting is required. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Reduced light levels will delay flowering time, flower coverage, and plant habit. Growing these Begonias on the drier side will produce a plant that requires fewer PGR treatments. If required, a light spray application of Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 3ppm 5ppm is effective to control Dragon Wing. It is best to spray San Francisco and Santa Cruz with Cycocel (chlormequat) at 250ppm as needed. Desired plant habit and quality can also be achieved by controlling soil moisture levels, greenhouse temperatures and humidity levels, and by supplying proper light levels to the plant. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Over-watering can lead to Botrytis, Powdery Mildew, Stem Rot, or Fungus Gnat issues. Control humidity levels and provide adequate air movement. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Dragon Wing, San Francisco, Santa Cruz, and Surefire Begonias finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (approximately late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. 7

10 Begonia Continued Dislodge the 72 Liners from their cell within the liner tray when planting. This will avoid breaking the plant at the soil line or tearing the roots from the tray s cell. Provide high light levels for best flowering and plant habit. Temperatures can be lowered to F toward the end of crop times for toning the plants. Avoid over-watering and over-feeding Begonias. Both can cause serious plant health issues and delay flowering. Pinching can be done if needed to control height or shape containers. San Francisco does not branch as heavily as Santa Cruz. Watch for earlier PGR needs. Provide proper growing environment and adequate spacing. Can receive an additional pinch as needed to shape. 8

11 Begonia Pegasus ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 75ppm 100ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Or, feed 200ppm once per week if preferred. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to moderately dry levels. Avoid both severe dry downs and long periods of wet soil, especially in poor weather conditions. Also avoid excessive soil moisture levels with freshly transplanted plants. To prevent water spotting or burning on sunny days, it is best to water earlier in the morning or later in the afternoon. 4" 5": 6 7 weeks with one 50 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 7 8 weeks with one 50 cell plant per 8": 8 9 weeks with one 50 cell plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 11 weeks with three to four 50 cell plants per The 50 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed. Pegasus Begonias should be grown in a high to moderate light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development. Supplemental daylength lighting is not required. Pegasus is primarily grown and sold as a foliage plant, but can flower when exposed to 11 hours or less daylength per day. Desired plant habit and quality can be achieved by controlling soil moisture levels, greenhouse temperatures and humidity levels, and by supplying proper light levels to the plant. Additionally, providing adequate spacing will also produce a higher quality plant. If required, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 2,500ppm is effective to control growth. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Over-watering can lead to Botrytis, Stem Rot, or Fungus Gnat issues. Control humidity levels and provide adequate air movement. Avoid over-fertilization. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Pegasus Begonias finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (approximately late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Dislodge the 50 Liners from their cells within the liner tray when planting. This will avoid breaking the plants at the soil line or tearing the roots from the tray s cell. Avoid over-watering and over-feeding Begonias. Both can cause serious plant quality and health issues. 9

12 Begonia (Tuberous) Funky Pink, Illumination, Nonstop, Bossa Nova ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 75ppm 100ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Or, feed 200ppm once per week if preferred. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to moderate levels. Avoid both dry downs and long periods of wet soil, especially in poor weather conditions. Also, avoid excessive soil moisture levels with freshly transplanted plants. To prevent water spotting or burning on sunny days, it is best to water earlier in the morning or later in the afternoon. 4" 5": 5 6 weeks with one 72 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 8 weeks with one 72 cell plant per 8": 7 9 weeks with one 72 cell plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: weeks with three to five 72 cell plants per The 72 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Care should be taken when removing plants from the 72 tray. Begonias can root very firmly into the cell and can snap off at the soil line if not dislodged from the cell. When planting baskets or upright containers using multiple 72 cell plants, be certain to plant each plant with its leaf tips/growing shoot facing outward. This will produce a fuller and more attractive Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting. Tuberous Begonias require long days of 12 hours or more for proper growth. If exposed to short days (less than 12 hours) tubers can form and plants will go dormant. If crops are planted before April 1st, 14-hour daylength extension or night interruption lighting should be provided. These plants should be grown in a moderate light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. If desired, continued supplemental lighting throughout the crop will shorten crop time and improve quality, even after the onset of long days. If required, a spray application of Cycocel (chlormequat) at 150ppm 250ppm is effective to control growth. Desired plant habit and quality can also be achieved by controlling soil moisture levels, greenhouse temperatures and humidity levels, and by supplying proper light levels to the plant. Illumination Salmon Pink, Nonstop Joy Yellow, and Nonstop Yellow are more vigorous than others and are good indicator plants for planning PGR applications. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Over-watering can lead to Botrytis, Powdery Mildew, Stem Rot, or Fungus Gnat issues. Control humidity levels and provide adequate air movement. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Tuberous Begonias finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (approximately late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. 10

13 Begonia (Tuberous) Continued Dislodge the 72 Liners from their cells within the liner tray when planting. This will avoid breaking the plants at the soil line or tearing the roots from the tray s cell. When planting baskets or upright containers using multiple 72 cell plants, be certain to plant each plant with its leaf tips/ growing shoot facing outward. This will produce a fuller and more attractive Under short days, provide the plants with daylength extension or night interruption lighting to avoid tuber formation. Do not allow temperatures to fall below 60 F or tubers/dormancy can occur, even if providing long day lighting. Avoid over-watering and over-feeding Begonias. Both can cause serious plant health issues. Pinching can be done if needed to control height or shape containers. When planting multi-planted containers, it is helpful to size match the plants used in each 11

14 Bidens Goldilocks Rocks, Campfire Fireburst Improved ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 5 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 8": 5 9 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 cell plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 cell plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched and further pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually three to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Goldilocks Rocks flowers first, followed by Campfire Fireburst Improved. Goldilocks Rocks can be used in earlier production, while Campfire Fireburst Improved will flower for peak week sales. If required for Goldilocks Rocks, B-Nine (daminozide) can be applied as a spray at 2,500ppm, or a light spray application of Sumagic (uniconazole) at 5ppm. Caution should be taken using Sumagic with Goldilocks Rocks, as it is quite responsive to the PGR. Fireburst Improved is more similar in vigor to Goldilocks Rocks but less so than the original offering. Fireburst Improved can now be finished in all container sizes. B-Nine applied as a spray at 2,500ppm or Sumagic also at a spray at 5ppm are effective. Cooler and drier growing conditions will produce a more compact and fuller plant. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be applied at transplant, if desired. In poor growing conditions, Botrytis or Powdery Mildew can develop. Whiteflies, Thrips, and Aphids can be pests of concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Both Bidens varieties can be grown outdoors in the third earliest spring conditions (approximately frost, or late April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Goldilocks Rocks can be finished in small containers up to 10 mono baskets. They also perform well in combinations, when used with less than average to average vigor plants. Fireburst Improved can be grown in all container sizes if proper growing conditions are supplied and PGRs applied as needed. Proper soil ph levels should be maintained. Iron deficiency symptoms can develop in high ph situations. Also, if soil phs reach 5.5 or lower, dark foliage color and plant stunting/ distortion can occur. Both varieties can have flowering delay in dark and cool conditions, so supplemental lighting to 14 hours/daylength can help. 12

15 Bracteantha Sundaze ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) <.6 Constant feeding at 100ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix, or feeding 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen on an as needed basis is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain dry to moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid wilting, but do not grow moist or with long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing at lower moisture levels can be beneficial toward producing a more compact plant that blooms much earlier and requires little or no PGRs. This practice can also be used to help hold plants. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 8": 7 9 weeks with two to three 84 or 104 cell plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 cell plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants should not require pinching, especially for small containers, unless slightly tall at time of transplant. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. All varieties flower well for spring finishing, and daylength extension lighting should not be required. If required, a light spray of Sumagic (uniconazole) at 5ppm 10ppm is effective. PGR applications will not be required if other culture recommendations are followed. Cooler growing temperatures and especially drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. If cultural recommendations are followed as listed in this guide, there should be few instances of disease issues. In moist, low light and higher humidity situations with poor air movement, Botrytis, Downy Mildew, and root rot can be a problem. Scout for Thrips, Spider Mites, and Whiteflies. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Bracteanthas can be grown outdoors in the third earliest spring conditions (light frost or late April/mid-May in Michigan). These plants can be damaged from frost, cool, and wet conditions. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Proper moisture and fertilizer management practices with high light conditions will produce a fuller, more compact plant that flowers much earlier and without disease issues. Flowering will be delayed if plants are kept moist constantly or fed too much. Fertilize at the lower recommended rates to avoid flower delay. As with all crops, it is beneficial to periodically inspect the overall health and development of a crop s root system. Take note that healthy Bracteantha root systems are usually an amber color, not the usual white appearance of most crops. 13

16 Browallia Endless ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 100ppm 150ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to only slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil especially at cooler temperatures. Growing too wet early in the production cycle can cause disease issues while severe wilt conditions can damage root systems and foliage. Controlling moisture levels and growing at moderate to slightly dry is a good practice to also control plant growth. 4" 5": 5 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale: 6 9 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 8": 8 11 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10" 12": weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 or 104 Liner plants should be planted only slightly deeper than the liner root ball into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. The plants have already been pinched once during the 84 tray production cycle. Pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting or for larger containers. For larger containers, a second pinch can be performed as needed. Usually a second pinch would be done as a softer pinch used mainly to shape the plant. Grow in a moderate light level area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development and branching. Slightly lower light levels can be used with proper temperature, humidity, air movement, and watering practices. Growing under proper light conditions, with adequate spacing, moderate soil moisture levels, and recommended temperatures will produce the highest quality plants and lower the need for any PGR treatments. Based on plant growth and local weather conditions, B-Nine (daminozide) can be used at 1,500ppm 2,500ppm. With proper growing conditions and water management, disease issues should not be a problem. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse, provide adequate space for good air flow, and do not over fertilize. Watch for Powdery Mildew and Botrytis. For Whiteflies, Thrips, Aphids, and Spider Mites, scout crops on a regular basis and use control measures as needed. Browallias are more sensitive to chemical applications than many crops. It may be best to trial chemicals on a small number of plants before applying any chemical to the entire crop. In warm and bright conditions, oils, soaps, and emulsifiable concentrate materials have caused leaf edge damage. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Endless Browallias are heat-loving plants and should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed and temperatures have warmed. The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost or chilling temperatures. At Four Star (Michigan) we only move these crops outdoors in mid-may if weather allows. For proper plant growth and desired finished quality, provide lightly shaded to moderate light conditions in the greenhouse, warm temperatures, adequate spacing, managed moisture levels, and moderate nutrition levels. Maintain proper soil ph and fertilizer levels. If soil ph drops below recommended levels, minor element toxicity can develop on lower leaves. Plants should be scheduled and grown in time frames that supply these requirements. In many areas of the country it is best to schedule the Endless Browallia for later spring and summer sales. 14

17 Caladium Artful ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).4.6 Caladiums are very low feeders. Do not grow using a constant fertilizer program. Feed once with a balanced fertilizer blend at 200ppm nitrogen at time of spike development and again 2 3 weeks before shipping. If possible, a fertilizer blend with additional potassium can be helpful. Rooting out: F (minimum) Growing on: F (minimum) Holding: F Maintain moist soil moisture levels at all times. Avoid dry soil, even as a method of holding plants or controlling growth. Ensure water temperatures are 60 F or warmer. Cold water can greatly delay plant development. Also, water ph levels above 6.5 can lead to leaf spotting and burning similar to overfeeding. 4" 5": 8 10 weeks (finish January April) and 5 6 weeks (finish May July) with one #1 Tuber per 6"/1GL Royale : 8 10 weeks (finish January April) and 5 6 weeks (finish May July) with one Jumbo tuber per 8": 8 10 weeks (finish January April) and 5 6 weeks (finish May July) with 1 2 Jumbo tubers per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 8 10 weeks (finish January April) and 5 6 weeks (finish May July) with two to three Jumbo tubers per A soil mix with a high percentage of peat moss included is recommended. Plant the tubers 2 3 inches below the soil line of the Water in thoroughly. The soil can be covered with clear plastic, if desired. High humidity levels of %, combined with recommended or even higher temperatures of F, will speed spiking of the tubers. Remove plastic, if used, as spikes appear. Tubers do not need to be de-eyed. Fire and Ice grown in 4 5" containers might benefit from de-eyeing. To avoid confusion the tubers should be planted with the eyes facing up. This eye side of the tuber is covered with a dried and wiry root-type growth. The underside of the tubers are slightly concaved and smoother in appearance. Moderate light levels are fine for both varieties: 2,500 4,500 foot candles. Light is not necessary during the forcing time, which is generally 3 4 weeks. After Caladiums start to show spikes of 1 2 inches, they can be spaced appropriately on benches. Please note that both Fire and Ice and Heartfire are tolerant of full sun conditions. If proper growing practices are followed, plant growth regulators should not be required. Caladiums are very responsive to PGRs. Trials should be done at individual growing sites before widespread use is put in place. PGR experts generally recommend application of paclobutrazol (Piccolo, Bonzi or Paczol ) or flurprimidol (Topflor ) products as a drench. Growing under proper light conditions, with adequate spacing and recommended temperatures, will produce the highest quality plants and lower the need for PGR treatments. Caladium problems in production are usually related to letting the plants get too dry, too low temperatures, or too high fertility. They are generally pest and disease free, but problems can occur. Aphids, Thrips, Mealy Bugs, Two-spotted Spider Mites, and Whiteflies can be problems. Avoid using emulsifiable concentrates on Caladiums. Also, Fungus Gnats and Shoreflies may be pests of concern due to warmer growing temperatures and higher soil moisture levels. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Caladiums finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, and should only be moved outside after conditions have become consistently warmer than 60 F 65 F (early June in Michigan). 15

18 Caladium Continued They are sensitive to cool temperatures. Inspect tubers upon delivery. They should be rubbery and firm. If they feel spongy, they have been exposed to cold temperatures and should not be used. Grow at recommended temperatures. Caladiums are tropical plants and require consistent high growing temperatures. Cool temperatures can greatly increase crop times or lead to plant loss. Maintain moist to wet soil levels. Drying/wilting can severely damage the plant. Do not over-feed. Only two feedings throughout the crop time are recommended. Tubers are very sensitive to low temperatures. Delivery of orders may be delayed due to weather conditions. Crops planted for later May will finish much faster than early plantings. 16

19 Calibrachoa Superbells ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Constant feeding at 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. To avoid soft rots or root issues in lower light, cooler temperatures, or higher humidity situations, water early in the day, if possible (to avoid prolonged exposure of water on foliage). Follow the plant grouping suggestions listed below under PGRs to assist in proper water management (Blackberry Punch and Lemon Slice will perform best if watered as an average vigor group plant). 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with two 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 8": 7 8 weeks with three 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 8 11 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about 1 week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84 or 104 Liners. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84s or 104s are used for spring production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications are required. Supernovas are not recommended or required for baskets and large containers. But, many growers are beginning to use them for early hanging basket and upright needs. Growth habit and timing may be different with 84 or 104 Liners, but flowering time and retail ready containers can be produced in periods of the year when not possible from 84s or 104s. If mixing Supernova and 84 or 104 Liners in combination plantings, a pre-plant drench of Sumagic (uniconazole) or Bonzi (paclobutrazol) to the 84 or 104 Liners is usually required to even out plant growth and vigor. Larger upright or basket production needed for earlier season finishing should be planned, using varieties listed below as earliest to flower and/or grown from Supernova liners. Superbells should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days for establishing new rooting. When using Supernova treated liners, NO pinching is required unless deemed taller than desired. If 84 and 104 Liners are used and if size allows, pinch at transplant. A preventative fungicide drench after planting can be helpful, such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl). 17

20 Calibrachoa Continued Superbells should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Supernova liners have been treated for earlier flowering and will not require additional grower lighting. If very early crops are scheduled before the onset of 12-hour natural daylengths, daylength extension lighting is helpful. Also, if growing from 84 or 104 Liners, additional lighting to 14 hours/day lighting is required for early spring finish dates. Additional PGR treatments may also be required on non-supernova treated plants. As required, either a light spray of Sumagic at 5ppm 10ppm or Bonzi drench at 1ppm 3ppm can be applied to control growth. Treatments are usually made to smaller containers seven to 14 days after planting. Treatments to larger containers can be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (two to four weeks before scheduled finish). Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Repeated PGR treatments can cause flowering delay. Cooler growing temperatures, high light levels, proper spacing, and drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. Supernova treated plants should require fewer PGR treatments than 84 and 104 Liners. When using Supernova liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel (ethephon) is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. PGR requirements can vary greatly by variety, and the plants should be grown, if possible, in the following groups for best performance: 1) Blue, Garden Rose, Grape Punch, Morning Star, Plum Improved, Pomegranate Punch and Rising Star are the most vigorous varieties and will require the most PGR attention. 2) Apricot Punch, Blackberry Punch, Blue Moon Punch, Cherry Red, Double Orchid, Double Ruby, Dreamsicle, Evening Star, Hollywood Star, Lemon Slice, Miss Lilac, Over Easy Improved, Pink, Red, Saffron, Spicy, White Improved and Yellow have average vigor and will need less PGR treatment. 3) Cherry Blossom, Cherry Star, Coralberry Punch, Coralina, Holy Moly!, Strawberry Punch, Sweet Tart, Tropical Sunrise and Yellow Chiffon are less vigorous and should require fewer PGR treatments. Preventative treatments for Aphids are recommended, and plants should also be scouted well for Thrips. Proper growing environments and watering practices should be followed to avoid Botrytis and various stem or root rots. Superbells are trialed and tested for tolerance to these diseases but in poor conditions, diseases can develop. A preventative fungicide drench at time of planting can be considered. Avoid the use of fludioxonil-based fungicides on Calibrachoa (such as Medallion, Palladium, or Hurricane ), as they can cause delayed phytotoxic response days after treatment. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Superbells Calibrachoa can be grown outdoors in the earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 25 F, or early- to mid- April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. If no frost protection is provided, they can be moved outdoors during the second earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 28 F, or mid- to late April in Michigan). 18

21 Calibrachoa Continued Supernova treated liners are highly recommended for growers small container uses. For best combination planting when mixing Supernova treated plants with non-supernova plants, consider performance vigor. PGR tray drenches or dips should be performed in many cases if mixing Supernova plants with 84 and 104 Liner plants. Maintain proper soil ph levels to prevent possible root rot issues and iron deficiency. Soil test periodically. Test the water source for water nutrient levels and especially alkalinity levels. Select a soil mix and fertilizer blend to best maintain recommended soil ph levels. Soil ph levels below 6.0 should be a priority for proper plant performance. It has been shown that something in the fungicides Medallion (fludioxonil) and Palladium (cyprodinil) can cause an unusual foliar spotting on Coralberry Punch. The symptoms are a viral like spotting on the upper most leaves at the time of chemical application. Symptoms usually appear days after treatment. Foliage below the treated area and all new growth after the chemical treatment will be fine. It is recommended to avoid treatments of these two products to Coralberry Punch and finish on other Calibrachoas before using on a large scale. Lemon Slice is a good indicator plant for poor growing conditions or growing practices. Follow culture guide for best plant performance. A preventative Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) or Truban /OHP 6672 drench at time of planting and possibly a second OHP 6672 application 3 4 weeks later can protect against any potential root rots. This practice can also be followed with any other problematic varieties, based on past experiences. Flowering from 84 and 104 Liners: 1) Apricot Punch, Rising Star, Dreamsicle, Saffron, and Blue Moon Punch flower earliest. 2) Followed by Double Ruby, Coralina, Red, White Improved, Plum Improved, Cherry Star (flowers early but needs higher light quality), Sweet Tart, Evening Star, Garden Rose, Grape Punch, Hollywood Star, Holy Moly!, Lemon Slice, Miss Lilac, Morning Star, Pink, Pomegranate Punch, Cherry Blossom, Spicy, Tropical Sunrise, Yellow, and Yellow Chiffon. 3) Blackberry Punch (flowers earlier but needs better light quality), Blue, Coralberry Punch, Cherry Red, and Strawberry Punch are best due to flowering time or vigor for peak season and later finishing. (Garden Rose flowers earlier but performs much better as a group 3 plant.) 19

22 Canna Toucan ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen until well rooted and then 200ppm 300ppm using a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F night and F day Holding: F Keep the Toucan Canna moist at all times. Avoid long periods of moderate soil moisture levels or severe soil drying. Such low levels of soil moisture can lead to leaf damage and loss of lower leaves. Unlike most crops, using soil moisture levels to control plant growth and quality is not recommended. 4" 5": 5 7 weeks with one 72 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 8 weeks with one to two 72 cell plants per 8": 7 9 weeks with one to two 72 cell plants per 10" 12": 8 11 weeks with two to three 72 cell plants per On average, flowering will occur in weeks based on average growing temperatures and light levels. Best to sell green. The 72 Liner plants should be planted slightly deeper than the liner root ball into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly with fertilizer at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen and apply fertilizer at each irrigation. Maintain a uniformly moist, but not saturated soil moisture level. Growing under high light conditions, with adequate spacing, moist soil levels, recommended temperatures, and higher fertilizer levels will produce the highest quality plants and lower the need for any PGR treatments. If a PGR treatment is desired for plant toning or to control size, Bonzi (paclobutrazol) as a drench at a rate of 1ppm 4ppm can be applied. With proper growing conditions, space, and water management, disease issues should not be a problem. Spider Mites are the primary pests of concern. Scout crops on a regular basis and use control measures as needed. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Toucan Cannas are heat-loving tropical plants and should be grown outdoors only after the danger of cool weather has passed and temperatures have warmed. The foliage can be damaged from chilling temperatures. At Four Star (Michigan) we would only move these crops outdoors for finishing in later May if weather allowed. For proper plant growth, flowering time, and desired finished quality, provide high light levels, warm/tropical temperatures, adequate spacing, managed moisture levels that are at a higher level than most crops, and higher than average nutrition levels. Plants should be scheduled and grown in timeframes that supply these requirements. In many areas of the country it is best to schedule the Toucan Canna for later spring and summer sales. The Toucan Canna should be grown in high light level area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development, shoot development, and flowering. No day length lighting manipulation is required. 20

23 Dahlia Dahlightful, Dalina, and Mystic Illusion ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 100ppm 150ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. 4" 5": 5 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 8 9 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: weeks with one to three 84 or 104 Liner plants per Dahlightful are good for all container sizes, Dalina Midi are best suited for 4" 5" containers, and Dalina Grande and Mystic Illusion are suited for 6" and larger containers. The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. It is helpful when planting to do so in such a way that the lowest set of leaves are planted just below the soil surface. By planting slightly deeper, additional roots will develop on this upper portion of the existing root ball. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched and further pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given on an as needed basis for larger containers, usually three to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Under short day conditions, Dahlias require long-day lighting to grow and flower properly. Plants need long-day lighting through week 13 (end of March). Prior to week 13, plants should be given 14-hour days by using daylength extension lighting. Dalina Midi and Grande Dahlias are more daylength sensitive than Dahlightful or Mystic Illusion Dahlias. If long-day lighting is not supplied before week 13, the plants will flower early, plants will be smaller, tubers will form, plant vigor will decline, and plants can be lost due to root rot caused by overwatering and overfertilizing. A spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 1,500ppm 2,500ppm can be applied as required for Dalina Midi and Grande, and for Mystic Illusion. Dalina Midi are smaller and less vigorous. They will require fewer, if any, PGR treatments, at the lower rate. The Dalina Grande and Dahlightful may require PGR treatments, while Mystic Illusion will require the most PGR attention. For ease in growing, watering, fertilizing, and applying PGRs, grow separately in three groups: 1) Dalina Midi, 2) Dalina Grande and Dahlightful, and 3) Mystic Illusion. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be applied at transplant, if desired. In poor growing conditions, Botrytis or Powdery Mildew can develop. A preventative spray of a fungicide such as Compass (trifloxystrobin) can be made if Powdery Mildew has been a problem. Whiteflies, Thrips, and Aphids can be pests of concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Due to long day requirements and sensitivity to frost and severe cold, Dahlias are best grown as a finished crop indoors. Provide proper growing environment and good air movement. Supply long-day lighting with production before April 1st. Growing at cooler-than-recommended temperatures will delay flowering and lead to longer crop times. 21

24 Euphorbia Diamond Delight and Diamond Frost ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Feed constantly at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing too dry or wilting will cause leaf yellowing and leaf drop. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 8": 4 9 weeks with one to three 84 or 104 cell plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 cell plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted soon after arrival to avoid severe drying and possible leaf loss. Plant into a welldrained soil mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have been pinched and further pinching should not be needed except for taller material at planting or a second pinch for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually two to four weeks after planting. When trimming/pinching Diamond Frost, do so carefully to only trim the uppermost portion of the plant. Diamond Delight should not need pinching when planting just trim off the blooming portion of the plant. Trimming severely can cause stunting of the plant with minimal new branching. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Diamond Frost flowers very freely, and supplemental lighting should not be required for early spring flowering. But, the plants do perform much better in warmer conditions. If required, B-Nine (daminozide) can be applied at 2,500ppm. Florel (ethephon) should not be applied to Diamond Frost or Diamond Delight for either branching or height control. Plants treated with Florel will develop yellow leaves with leaf drop following. Diamond Delight will probably require little or no PGR treatments. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be applied at transplant, if desired. Whiteflies can be a pest of concern. Overwatering can lead to Fungus Gnat or Shorefly issues. Fungus Gnat larvae can damage the root system of these plants. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Euphorbias finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (late May/early June in Michigan). Diamond Euphorbias perform best when grown warm, in a bright location, with moderate soil moisture levels. Do not treat with Florel. Apply oil-based pesticides carefully, as leaf damage and yellowing can occur. B-Nine is a good PGR for growth control. If needed, Bonzi (paclobutrazol) can be used as a drench at 1/2ppm 1ppm. Take care due to the strong effect delivered to the plant and only remove blooming portions if trimming. Diamond Frost is also available as a Supernova Thriller 28 tray, which is designed for possible fast finish in larger monoculture containers and as the center thriller plant in combinations. Diamond Delight may produce a more vigorous stem within the plant, which can be trimmed out. Diamond Frost works best in average-to-moreaggressive vigor combinations, while Diamond Delight is suited for average-to-less vigorous combinations. Both are good for Grande or Royale container crops. 22

25 Evolvulus Blue My Mind ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).4.6 Constant feeding at 100ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate to dry soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially with cooler temperatures, lower light conditions, and higher humidity levels. 4" 5": 7 9 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 8 10 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per Or, 6 8 weeks if planted with two 84 or 104 Liner plants. 8": weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per Or, 7 9 weeks if planted with two 84 or 104 Liner plants. 10" 12" Hanging Basket: weeks with four to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating and keep a constant moderate moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish roots. Plants have already been pinched and new pinching should not be needed, except in larger material at planting or a second pinch on plants for large containers. This second pinch can be given usually four to six weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Blue My Mind flowers early and supplemental lighting should not be required for early spring flowering. But, the plants do perform much better in warmer conditions. Blue My Mind should not require any PGR applications if grown properly and within suggested crop times. To maintain desired plant size, a trimming pinch can be done. Or, if required, a B-Nine (daminozide) spray can be applied at 2,500ppm. Florel (ethephon) should NOT be applied for branching or height control, as plants may develop leaf edge burn. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be applied at transplant if desired. Thrips can be pests of concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Evolvulus finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (approximately late May to early June in Michigan). Blue My Mind is also available in the 28-count Supernova Thriller tray. This tray is designed to be used for possible fast finish in larger monoculture containers, and especially as a component plant in larger combinations. Blue My Mind performs best when grown warm, in a bright location, with moderate to dry soil moisture levels. PGRs should not be needed. To maintain proper size and shape, trim lightly as needed. Or, B-Nine at 2,500ppm spray is a good PGR for growth control. Water earlier in the day, especially in poor weather conditions, to avoid prolonged periods of moisture on foliage. Do not over-fertilize. This plant does not require much fertilizer. Excessive fertilization will cause poor growth and leaf edge burning. Fertilize similar to an Infinity New Guinea Impatiens. Either constant 100ppm feeding or fertilizing one time per week with other irrigations, using clear water only. Blue My Mind is best suited for peak week and later finishing dates, due to higher light and warm temperature needs. 23

26 Gerbera EZdazy ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 125ppm 150ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Overwatering should be avoided. If grown too wet, growth habit and vigor can be affected and numerous foliar, crown, and root diseases can possibly develop. Water management often determines the quality of the finished plant. 4" 5": 6 7 weeks with one 72 cell plant per The 72 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Plant the 72 cell plant into the container with the top of the soil ball even with the surface of the container s soil. Planting too deep can cause Crown Rot. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant and flower development. Gerberas are not daylength sensitive but flower sooner and with better overall quality when exposed to 13-hour days. The 72 cell plants have been light conditioned for optimum flowering and no further lighting should be required. If finishing crops early in the season or in poor growing conditions, daylength extension or night interruption lighting may be helpful. If required, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 1,000ppm 1,500ppm is effective. Controlling growing temperatures, light levels, and especially drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. Botrytis, Powdery Mildew, and various rots can occur in poor growing conditions. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse, provide adequate air movement, and supply high light conditions. Avoid over-watering and periods of excessive moisture on the plants foliage. Provide adequate space for the plants. Be certain to plant the 72 cell plant into the finished container so that the crown of the plant is above the soil line. Thrips, Whiteflies, Aphids, Spider Mites, and in some areas, Leafminers can be pests of concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE EZdazy Gerberas finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. EZdazy Gerberas are relatively easy to grow if proper growing conditions and watering practices are followed. Grow on the moderate to slightly drier side, provide good air movement, and give adequate spacing to the plants. Do not plant too deep into the finished Maintain proper fertilizer levels. These plants are moderate feed-requiring plants, but can show low fertilizer symptoms easily. An application of magnesium sulfate (epsom salts) at the rate of 1 pound per 100 gallons of water two weeks after planting can be helpful to maintain deep green foliage. Scout and treat as needed for Thrips. If left untreated, Thrips can cause severe damage to open blooms. 24

27 Grasses Cool Annual ZONE HARDINESS: 7 10: Graceful Grasses Toffee Twist Carex SN28; 84 and : Mexican Feather Grass Nassella (Stipa) 84 and : Red Bunny Tails Pennisetum : Graceful Grasses Fiber Optic Grass Isolepsis 50 ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Moderate fertilization is recommended. 100ppm 200 ppm N Forcing/Growing on: 60 Night 65 F Day Holding: 50 Night 55 F Day Water in the planted containers at time of transplant well, then grow on the dry side to encourage root development and discourage root rot, but do not allow plants to wilt. Keep the soil evenly moist. To avoid possible disease concerns, Mexican Feather Grass and Graceful Grasses Fiber Optic Grass should not be watered from overhead, if possible. Fiber Optic Grass is a water or bog plant and enjoys more of a moist-to-wet growing condition, but too much water and fertilizer can cause them to get tall and leggy, and will create the need for frequent trimming. Dry down will cause the tips to burn on all these varieties. When this happens, the only cure is a trim, which can dramatically increase the overall crop time. Supernova 28 Liner (Toffee Twist) to Trade Gallon/ True Gallon/Combinations: 8 12 weeks with one plug per A typical planting date for spring forcing would be Week 8 for finishing in Weeks Summer growing can be planned with an eight-week grow time. 50/84 or 104 Liner to Gallon: For spring growing, allow 8 10 weeks with one plug per A typical planting date for spring forcing would be Week 8 for finishing in Week 18. In the summer, eight weeks will be sufficient. 50/84 or 104 Liner to Quart: For spring growing, allow 7 9 weeks with one plug per A typical planting date for spring forcing would be Week 12 for finishing in Week 20. In the summer, six weeks will be sufficient. 50/84 or 104 Liner to Combinations: 7 9 weeks; 7 on 11" or smaller; 8 9 weeks on 12" or larger. One week of crop time can be removed from production in the summer. Liners should always be planted even to the soil line of the plug. Red Bunny Tails may appear to be semi-dormant (but not totally brown or dead) at the time of arrival. Hold these liners in a cool house until it s time to plant. Temperature of F for this is adequate. Letting most of these cooler season grasses sit in a warm greenhouse for a prolonged period of time can allow them to start to grow rapidly, and later on, can adversely affect the finished look of the product. During growing, plants should be given as much light as possible. Plants should be spaced so they do not shade each other. This is especially crucial on Fiber Optic Grass, as it can easily grow into itself, making for a difficult retail presentation. TRIMMING/PINCHING Trimming should be avoided on grasses except upon receiving and transplanting. Once trimmed, they will always have the old trimmed leaves in place and this will adversely affect the look on the retail bench. Grow these in the proper environment and trimming should not be needed. If trimming is necessary, they can be cut halfway back in the spring for reflushing for summer or fall sales. Moving these to a cooler holding area with good air movement is important in finishing and holding a quality crop. Unless otherwise noted below, growth regulators are generally not needed on these ornamental grasses. Use the proper growing environments to ensure proper growth. Bird Cherry Oat Aphids can be a problem on ornamental grasses. Scout also for Spider Mites, Japanese Beetles, Spittlebugs, Thrips, and Whiteflies. Watch for Crown and Stem Rots as well as Leaf Spots and Rust. Weeding may be needed on occasion. We recommend implementing a good IPM program, as well as early releases of Biological Control to help control insect and disease problems. 25

28 Grasses Continued OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE The cool grasses should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed (mid- to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. If a larger size is desired, follow the same culture as above but plant using three plants per pot of Supernova 28s, 50 Liners, or 84s and 104s, or plant up crops using previous season s 1 gallon containers. It is normal for Red Bunny Tails Pennisetum to display a more intense red flower in the spring, while summer flower stems appear as a creamy white. When using ornamental grasses in upright combinations, it may be beneficial to plant plugs in quarts and plant these into the combo at a later date so the finished date of the combination is better matched with the finish time of the grass. 26

29 Grasses Warm Annual ZONE HARDINESS 9 11: Graceful Grasses Baby Tut, King Tut and Prince Tut Cyperus; Fireworks, Purple Fountain Grass, Red Riding Hood, Sky Rocket, and Vertigo Pennisetum ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Moderate fertilization is recommended. 100ppm 200 ppm N Forcing/Growing on: 65 Night 75 F Day (Pennisetum likes it warm, so closer to F Day/Night) Holding: 60 Night 65 F Day (Baby Tut can take degrees) Water in the planted containers at time of transplant, then grow on the evenly moist side to encourage root development and discourage root rot, but do not allow plants to wilt. Keep the soil evenly moist. Dry down will cause the tips to burn on all these varieties. When this happens, the only cure is a trim, which can dramatically increase the overall crop time. Pennisetum Supernova 28 Liner to Trade Gallon/ True Gallon/Combination: 7 8 weeks with one plug per A typical planting date for spring forcing would be Week 8 for finishing in Weeks Summer growing can be planned with a six-week grow time. Supernova 28s are strongly recommended for combination planting if planting in a separate small pot prior is not an option. Pennisetum 50 Liner to Trade Gallon or Gallon: For spring growing, allow 8 10 weeks with one plug per A typical planting date for spring forcing would be Week 8 for finishing in Week 18. In the summer, eight weeks will be sufficient. Pennisetum 50 Liner to Quart: For spring growing, allow 7 9 weeks with one plug per A typical planting date for spring forcing would be Week 11 for finishing in Week 20. In the summer, seven weeks will be sufficient. Cyperus 84 or 104 Liner to Trade Gallon/Gallon: 7 8 weeks Cyperus 84 or 104 Liner to Quart: 6 7 weeks Cyperus 84 or 104 Liner to Combinations: 7 8 weeks; 7 weeks on 11 or smaller; 8 weeks on 12 or larger. One week of crop time can be removed from production in the summer. Liners should always be planted even to the soil line of the plug. This grouping of grasses should NEVER appear to be dormant or even semi-dormant at the time of arrival. If you think they have a dormant look to them, contact your broker immediately with photos. This could be an indication of cold damage. Liners should be planted immediately upon receipt. If holding of the liners is absolutely needed, no lower than 60 degrees should be used. During growing, plants should be given as much light as possible. Plants should be spaced so they do not shade each other. It is normal for Pennisetum to have a lighter color in the darker growing months, as opposed to a darker coloration that is observed in late spring and summer. TRIMMING/PINCHING Trimming should be avoided on grasses except upon receiving and transplanting. Once trimmed, they will always have the old trimmed leaves in place and this will adversely affect the look on the retail bench. Grow these in the proper environment and trimming should not be needed. If trimming is necessary, they can be cut halfway back in the spring for reflushing for summer or fall sales. This will increase the expected finish time quite a bit. Moving these plants to the recommended cooler holding area with good air movement is important in finishing and holding a quality crop. 27

30 Grasses Continued Use the proper growing environments to ensure proper growth. Baby Tut is very responsive to Sumagic (uniconazole) or Bonzi (paclobutrazol), and care should be taken to keep this grass away from areas where overspray or contaminated water is present. For King Tut, a 10ppm Sumagic spray two to three weeks after transplant, followed by another application days later or a 1ppm 2ppm Bonzi drench is ideal. Without this treatment, great retail appeal can be tough to achieve, as greenhouse-grown plants/plumes tend to bend and break easily in the shipping and receiving process. Using Sumagic and Bonzi help strengthen the stem and really help prolong the shelf life of this popular ornamental grass. To control growth on Pennisetum, use a 5ppm 10ppm Sumagic spray. Prince Tut is a compact variety and does not require PGRs. Bird Cherry Oat Aphids can be a problem on ornamental grasses. Scout also for Spider Mites, Spittlebugs, Thrips, and Whiteflies. Watch for Crown and Stem Rots, as well as Leaf Spots and Rust. We recommend implementing a good IPM program, as well as early releases of Biological Control to help control insect and disease problems. Weeding may be needed on occasion. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Warm grasses should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has past (mid- to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. If a larger size is desired, follow the same culture as above but plant using three plants per pot of Supernova 28s, or 50 Liners or 84s and 104s, or plant up crops using the previous season s 1 gallon containers. When using ornamental grasses in upright combinations, it may be beneficial to plant liners in quarts and plant these into the combo at a later date so the finished date of the combination is better matched with the finish time of the grass. When done in this way, King Tut can be drenched with PGRs, while slower growing grasses such as Red Riding Hood or Fireworks can be allowed to grow bigger. 28

31 Helichrysum White, Lemon, Licorice Splash, Petite, and Icicles ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 100ppm 150ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Avoid high fertility levels and low soil ph conditions. The plants have already been pinched once during the 84 tray production cycle. Pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting or for larger containers. A second softer pinch can be performed as needed for larger containers, typically to shape the plant. Pinching should be avoided until plants are well rooted into the finished Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Control moisture levels and grow moderate to slightly dry to control plant growth. After rooting into the finished container, allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing too wet early in the production cycle can cause disease issues while severe wilt conditions can damage root systems and lower foliage. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale: 5 7 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 8": 6 8 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10" 12": 8 11 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per After receiving plants, transplant them as soon as possible. Lower older foliage on Lemon, Licorice Splash, and White may have some dried and damaged leaves. This is caused by the shock of moving from propagation to growing areas. The plants have been preventatively treated, and no disease should be present. The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted at the same level as the top of the 84 cell or only slightly deeper into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Watering lightly and more frequently will best establish rooting into the finished container and avoid transplant shock. Helichrysum should be grown in a moderate light level area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development and branching. Greenhouse areas with slightly lower light levels can also be used if proper temperature, humidity, air movement, and watering practices are supplied. Helichrysum should not require day length or supplemental lighting. Growing under proper light conditions, with adequate spacing, moderate soil moisture levels, and recommended temperatures will produce the highest quality plants and lower the need for PGR treatments. If required, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 2,500ppm is effective. With proper growing conditions and water management, disease issues should not be a problem. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse, provide good air movement, do not over fertilize, maintain proper soil ph levels, and provide adequate space. Watch for Powdery Mildew and Botrytis. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Helichrysums are moderate heat-loving plants and should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed and temperatures have warmed. Foliage can be damaged from a very light frost or chilling temperatures. At Four Star we only move these crops outdoors in mid-may if weather allows. For proper plant growth and desired finished quality, supply lightly shaded to moderate light conditions in the greenhouse, moderate temperatures, adequate spacing, managed moisture levels, and moderate nutrition levels. These crops are quite vigorous and require some extra care until well established in their finished containers. Plants should be scheduled and grown in time frames that supply these requirements. 29

32 Impatiens (Double) Rockapulco ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 125ppm 150ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. If possible, avoid mixes containing high levels of ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphorus. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate to slightly dry soil moisture levels. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing at lower moisture levels can be beneficial toward producing a more compact plant with fewer PGRs required. Plants can be allowed to show slight signs of moisture stress before watering. When watering, do so lightly so moisture reaches the bottom of containers, but not to the point of saturating the soil. This practice can also be used to help hold plants. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 7 8 weeks with two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 8": 8 9 weeks with two to three 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted at or slightly deeper than the liner cell level into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting. Rockapulco Double Impatiens should be grown in a moderate light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development. Growing in a more shaded area will produce taller and softer growth that is less attractive and more disease prone. Additional lighting is not required for flowering. If required, a light spray of Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 2ppm 5ppm is effective. Other materials such as Sumagic (uniconazole), Topflor (flurprimidol), and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Bonzi, but should be trialed to match individual growing conditions. Drier growing practices and controlling fertilizer levels can be very helpful at managing plant size and encouraging flowering. Higher spray rates of Sumagic (10ppm 15ppm) may be required if plants are grown under lower light levels and/or kept too moist. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Provide adequate space, humidity control, and air movement to prevent Botrytis and other fungal disease. Avoid long periods of moisture on the foliage, especially in poor weather conditions. All liners are treated twice during the growing cycle to preventatively treat for Downy Mildew. Again, providing a proper greenhouse environment and watering practices will control this disease in the greenhouse. During the production cycle, a preventative fungicide treatment of a copper product or Alude can be considered. Thrips, Aphids, and Fungus Gnats can be pests of concern. Scout specifically for Thrips they can spread INSV (Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus). OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Rockapulco should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed (mid- to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. These recommendations are based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Rockapulco Double Impatiens can be grown much like seed Impatiens. Provide moderate light and moderate levels of fertilizer, grow on the drier side, and provide adequate space and good air movement to produce the highest quality plants. 30

33 Ipomoea Illusion, Sweet Caroline, Sweetheart, and Standard ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 8 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant/ 8": 8 9 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 7 10 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants are not pinched and it should not be needed, except for taller material at planting or a pinch for larger containers, usually two to three weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high to moderate light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development. Plant growth regulators may not be needed if grown under recommended conditions. B-Nine (daminozide) is effective as a spray applied at 2,500ppm. There are considerable variations in vigor between the Ipomoea varieties: Sweet Carolines are well suited for small containers and perform well in combinations as a less vigorous option. Bewitched are more upright and less vigorous than Sweet Carolines. Sweet Caroline Sweethearts are heart shaped and more vigorous than Sweet Carolines, but less than 84 and 104 Liner Ipomoea. Illusion are more vigorous, globe shaped and less trailing than others. Garnet Lace (the most vigorous of the three) trails more than Emerald Lace or Midnight Lace. They can be produced in small containers or larger containers and combinations. Margarita is the most vigorous of the 84 and 104 Liner types, followed by Black Heart, Blackie, and Tricolor as least vigorous. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Proper temperature, light levels, humidity levels, air movement, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be applied at transplant if desired. In poor growing conditions Botrytis, leaf spotting, or Oedema can develop. Whiteflies, Thrips, Spider Mites, and Aphids can be pests of concern. Scout weekly and use proper IPM measures. For easier care, group the plants in the greenhouse based on plant vigor as listed in the Growth Regulators section. Water properly in low light, cool temperature, and high humidity. Avoid prolonged periods of water on foliage (bacterial and fungal spotting can occur). This is more prevalent on dark leaved types. Control relative humidity, temperature and soil moisture levels, and provide good air movement to avoid Oedema and purpling of foliage. Ipomoeas finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed (late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. 31

34 Isotoma (Laurentia) Beth s Blue ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil. This is especially true if growing at cooler temperatures. Growing too wet early in the production cycle, watering too late in the day, or watering during poor weather conditions may cause disease issues. 4" 5": 5 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale: 7 9 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 8": 8 10 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10": weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted slightly deeper than the liner root ball into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. The 84 and 104 Liner plants arrive already pinched and additional pinching should not be needed. Beth s Blue should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development and flowering time. Additional lighting is not required for flowering in most areas of the U.S. for mid-may and later finished dates. If finishing in northern areas of the U.S. for late April through early May finish, daylength extension or night interruption lighting similar to that used with mums can be helpful for desired flowering. Beth s Blue should not require any PGR treatments if growing recommendations are followed. If needed, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 1,250ppm 1,500ppm is effective. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Botrytis and root rot can occur in poor growing conditions if higher than recommended soil moisture levels are maintained. Avoid watering late in the day or in poor weather conditions. Extended periods of moisture on the foliage can lead to Botrytis issues. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse and provide adequate air movement and space. Thrips are the primary pest on Beth s Blue. They can damage both blooms and foliage from their feeding activity. Other possible pests would be Aphids and Whiteflies. Scout crops on a regular basis and use control measures as needed. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Beth s Blue can be finished outdoors in the first-to-moveoutdoors crop grouping. But the much cooler average growing temperatures of growing outdoors in much of the U.S. can greatly delay flowering. Due to the risk of delayed flowering, here at Four Star (Michigan) we would consider moving these plants outdoors in mid- to late May if weather allows. Provide a high light growing environment. For optimum flower timing, grow at moderate temperatures. These plants are very cold-tolerant but lower growing temperatures, especially in earlier spring, will delay flowering. Provide adequate spacing, good air movement, moderate soil moisture levels, and moderate nutrition to produce the highest quality crop. Avoid wet foliage for extended periods of time, especially in poor weather conditions. 32

35 Lantana Bandana, Luscious ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Constant feeding at 200ppm 250ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing too wet early in the production cycle can cause disease issues. Severe wilt conditions can damage root systems and delay both flowering and plant growth. 4" 5": 5 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 7 8 weeks with two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 8": 8 9 weeks with two 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted slightly deeper than the liner root ball into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. The liner cell plants arrive already pinched once. Additional pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers usually three to four weeks after planting. The Luscious blend types can receive a second pinch for both shaping and building the plant. Augeo (Dikegulac-sodium) (branding agent) can also be considered for building a fuller plant. Additional pinching will add two weeks to crop times. Pinch as needed to shape the plant and avoid severe cutbacks. Lantana should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development and flowering. Additional lighting is not required for flowering, but can be used when experiencing dark and cloudy conditions. If required, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 1,250ppm 2,500ppm is effective. Also, a tank mix spray of B-Nine at 2,500ppm and Cycocel (chlormequat) at 1,000 ppm can be applied. Sprays applied later in production or repeated numerous times can delay flowering slightly. Other materials such as Sumagic (uniconazole), Bonzi (paclobutrazol), Topflor (flurprimidol), and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used as a spray or drench application at lower rates. These materials are best used in late spring and summer production when both light levels and temperatures are high. Growing under high light conditions with adequate spacing and recommended temperatures will produce the highest quality plants and lower the need for PGR treatments. Florel (ethephon) is not recommended for Lantana production. Flowering can be delayed severely and plant stress can possibly cause leaf drop. There is a significant variance of vigor and habit within the offerings of Bandana and Luscious Lantana. To best produce quality crops of these offerings consider the following plant groupings. 1) Luscious Bananarama, Berry Blend, Citrus Blend, and Pinkberry Blend are the most vigorous. These varieties will more than likely need to be watered more than the other Lantana. They will also probably require a PGR treatment. A light pinch for shaping may also be beneficial. 2) Luscious Grape, Lemonade, Marmalade, Royale Cosmo, and Royale Piña Colada are average vigor and may require a PGR treatment. 3) Bandana Lantana are more mounded and compact. They probably will not require a PGR treatment. Pink is the most vigorous of the Bandana types and should be considered for a PGR treatment. 33

36 Lantana Continued There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Botrytis and root rots can occur in poor growing conditions if plants are kept too wet. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse and provide adequate air movement and space. Whiteflies, Thrips, Aphids, and Spider Mites can be pests of concern. Scout crops on a regular basis and use control measures as needed. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Lantanas finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. High light, warm temperatures, adequate spacing, and good nutrition are all crucial for producing quality Lantana crops. Plants should be scheduled and grown in time frames that supply these requirements. In certain areas of the country, it is best to schedule Lantana for later spring and summer sales. Luscious Grape is a true weeper. It has a more open and airy habit. For larger containers, an additional pinch is helpful. Grape grows and flowers slower than the other Lantanas. An additional one to two weeks crop time can be considered. Growing under cooler greenhouse conditions, with lower light levels and excessive watering practices can greatly increase the finishing time of Lantana. Growing under such conditions can also lead to root rot. Follow the vigor and plant grouping suggestions listed under the Growth Regulators section. We recommend using the larger Supernova 28 Liners when planting upright containers with more vigorous plants like Supertunias or Superbells. 34

37 Lobelia Laguna and Lucia ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 5 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 5 9 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per Laguna Compact Blue with Eye may benefit from one additional week of crop time than the others. The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating and keep a constant moderate moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish roots. Plants have already been pinched and no additional pinching should be needed, except in larger material at planting or a second pinch on plants for large containers. This second pinch can be given usually four to six weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. They will flower and finish fine under normal growing weather conditions for peak week sales. For earlier crop scheduling, daylength extension lighting should be provided to ensure success. A light spray application of Sumagic (uniconazole) at 5ppm 10ppm can be applied for both Laguna and Lucia Lobelia, if required. A 1ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol) drench is also effective. Use PGRs only as needed with Compact Blue with Eye, and at the lower recommended rates. Caution should be taken when using Sumagic or Bonzi with Laguna Compact Blue with Eye, as it is quite responsive to these products. For ease in growing, watering, and applying PGRs, Compact Blue with Eye can be grown with some separation from the other Laguna and Lucia Lobelia. It often requires less watering and PGR applications than the other Lobelia. Of the other Lobelia, Laguna White is probably the most vigorous and is a good indicator plant for PGR needs. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be applied at transplant if desired. In poor growing conditions, Botrytis, Powdery Mildew or INSV can develop. Scout for Whiteflies, Thrips, and Aphids. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Lobelias can be grown outdoors in the second earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 28 F, or mid- to late April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Proper soil ph levels should be maintained. If soil phs reach 5.5 or lower, dark foliage color and plant stunting/distortion can occur. Cooler temperature and moderate moisture levels combined with high light will minimize PGR needs. Provide good air movement and space to minimize disease issues. Do not schedule for early season production without considering lighting for daylength manipulation. Growing too wet and cool, especially in poor weather conditions, can cause purpling of the foliage. 35

38 Lobularia Knight and Princess ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to moderate levels. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing too dry or wilting will cause leaf yellowing and leaf drop. Large monoculture baskets and containers require above average watering frequency. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 6 /1GL Royale : 5 6 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 8": 6 8 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 8 10 weeks with three to four 84 or 104 cell plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched and further pinching usually will not be needed, except possibly in the case of plants grown too warm, grown without use of PGRs, or when used in larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually three to five weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Knight and Princess Lobularia flower very freely and supplemental lighting should not be required for early spring flowering. Both Bonzi (paclobutrazol) and Sumagic (uniconazole) are effective for controlling growth. These materials can be used either as a light spray or drench. Knight and Princess Lobularia are all vigorous compared to most plants, but the vigor does vary within the five varieties. To best grow, water, and treat with PGRs, the following grouping should be helpful. 1) Snow Princess and Blushing Princess Sumagic sprays at 5ppm 10ppm applied lightly. First application made seven to 14 days after planting and reapplied as needed. Or, a Bonzi drench at 1ppm 3ppm can be made seven to 14 days after planting. Treatments for larger containers can be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (three to four weeks after planting). 2) Dark Knight, Frosty Knight and White Knight Sumagic sprays at 5ppm applied lightly. Applications should be made based on plant development and should be used on an as needed basis. Or, a Bonzi drench at 1ppm can be made 14 days after planting. These three varieties start much slower compared to the two Princess varieties and plants should reach the pre-finished size before applications are made. Left untreated they will often attain nearly the same size as the Princess varieties. Treatments for larger containers can also be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (two to four weeks before scheduled finish date). Even the two Princess varieties are quite responsive to Bonzi and Sumagic applications. It s best to try the lower recommended rates first and adjust as needed. When spraying, be sure to apply lightly only a misting leaf coverage instead of heavy spray. With drenches, use the lower rate and be certain to also apply only the recommended amount of solution to each 36

39 Lobularia Continued Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Applications can be increased for growers in the southern and western U.S. But, read labels closely and apply correctly. Cooler growing temperatures, high light levels, proper spacing, and the use of a negative DIF can be very helpful at managing plant size. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be applied at transplant, if desired. Thrips and Whiteflies can be pests of concern. Avoid using pesticides containing spiromesifen such as Judo or novaluron such as Pedestal. Princess and Knight Lobularia are sensitive to these products. Growth and flowering can be stunted and distorted if applied. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Princess Lobularias can be grown outdoors in the earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 25 F, or early- to mid- April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. If no frost protection is provided, they can be moved outdoors during the second earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 28 F, or mid- to late April in Michigan). The Knight Lobularia, due to their slower initial growth habit in comparison to the Princess varieties, should remain indoors and move outdoors in the third earliest spring conditions (light frost or late April/mid-May in Michigan). These recommendations are based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Lobularia should be transplanted soon after delivery of the rooted cuttings. Stress in the 84 or 104 tray can lead to lower leaf yellowing and plant loss. For proper watering, fertilizing, and PGR application, group the varieties as suggested in the Growth Regulators recommendations. Lower leaf yellowing and leaf drop can occur if grown either too dry or too hungry. Watch for leaf graying in Snow Princess and White Knight as a sign of dry plants. Leaf purpling can occur if grown extremely cool (phosphorus deficiency). Provide high light conditions, grow cool, control high humidity, and water as needed earlier in the day to avoid prolonged periods of moisture on plant foliage, especially in poor weather. Blushing Princess often times will have whitish colored blooms in the greenhouse. This occurs most often in earlier spring production. Higher light levels and cool temperatures will produce the lavender blush bloom color. The blooms will quickly develop the blush when moved outdoors. Frosty Knight, due to its foliage coloration, is better to grow for peak week sales and later. Plants can struggle in early season production due to shorter days, lower light levels/ quality, and poorer overall growing conditions. It is best to mix Snow Princess in combinations with other extremely vigorous plants, Blushing Princess with extremely vigorous to average vigor plants, Dark Knight and Frosty Knight with average to less than average vigor plants, and White Knight with average vigor plants. 37

40 Nemesia Bluebird and Innocence ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially in cooler temperature, low light, and high humidity conditions. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per container, or one 84 or 104 cell plant per container with Opal Innocence (not offered as a Supernova). 6"/1GL Royale : 5 7 weeks with one or two 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per container, or one to two 84 or 104 cell plants per container with Opal Innocence (not offered as a Supernova). 8": 7 9 weeks with two or three 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per container, or two to three 84 or 104 cell plants per container with Opal Innocence (not offered as a Supernova). 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 cell plants per Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count, and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about one week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84 and 104 Liners. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84s and 104s are used for spring production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications are required. Supernovas are not recommended or required for baskets and large containers. But many growers are beginning to use them for early hanging basket and upright needs. Growth habit and timing may be different from 84 and 104 Liners, but flowering time and retail ready containers can be produced in portions of the year when not possible from 84s or 104s. If mixing Supernova and 84 and 104 Liners in combination plantings, a pre-plant drench of Sumagic (uniconazole) or Bonzi (paclobutrazol) to the 84s and 104s may be helpful to even out plant growth and vigor. Nemesia rooted liners should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched and further pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually three to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. They flower quite early and lighting should not be needed for regular season crops. Daylength extension lighting of 14 to 16 hours total daylength can be helpful for early finish crops. This is especially true if using 84 or 104 Liner tray plants. A light spray application of 5ppm 10ppm Sumagic or a 1ppm Bonzi drench can be applied as needed, based on plant growth and growing conditions. Opal Innocence should not require any PGR treatments if grown properly. Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. 38

41 Nemesia Continued Watering practices, weather, and greenhouse environment can greatly affect plant growth and performance. When using Supernova Liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel (ethephon) is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. Avoid darker, warmer, and more humid areas with poor air movement. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be helpful when applied at transplant, if desired. In earlier crops and poor growing conditions, watch for Botrytis. Maintain a soil ph of OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Bluebird Nemesia can be grown outdoors in the second earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 28 F, or midto late April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. Once acclimated, they are quite cold-tolerant and perform well as an early spring blooming plant. Opal Innocence should be grown indoors until consistently warm temperatures are reached for the season (late May to June in Michigan). While very cold-tolerant, it is difficult to size up due to its smaller and more compact nature in cooler outdoor environments. These recommendations are based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. A well-drained soil mix will lead to better water management and root growth. Maintain cooler growing temperatures, moderate soil moisture, proper soil ph, bright growing conditions, controlled humidity levels, and good air movement for best plant performance. Opal Innocence can be grouped separately and treated based on its needs. This plant usually will require fewer irrigations and little or no PGR applications. To help reduce flowering early in the crop cycle before plants size up for sale, a spray application of Florel (ethephon) at 500ppm can be applied. Plants should re-flower in three to four weeks for sale. Care should be taken with Opal Innocence to avoid plant stunting. No more than one application of Florel should be made and trialing at 300ppm 350ppm may be best. 39

42 Nemesia Sunsatia ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially in cooler temperature, low light, and high humidity conditions. Sunsatia perform best if grown drier than many crops. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 5 7 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 Liner plants per 8": 7 9 weeks with two to three 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per container The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched and further pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually three to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Sunsatia Nemesia flower slightly later than Bluebird or Opal Innocence Nemesia, but lighting should not be needed for regular season crops. Daylength extension lighting of 14 to 16 hours total daylength can be helpful for early finish crops. Moisture management alone is an effective method of controlling growth. Not only does growing Sunsatia on the dry side produce the healthiest plants, it also produces fuller and more compact plants. A light spray application of 5ppm 10ppm Sumagic (uniconazole) or a 1ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol) drench can be applied as needed. Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Watering practices, weather, and greenhouse environment can greatly affect plant growth and performance. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. Avoid darker, warmer, and more humid areas with poor air movement. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be helpful when applied at transplant, if desired. Thrip are a major concern to Sunsatia, due to the plants sensitivity to INSV (Impatiens necrotic spot viruses). Maintain a soil ph of

43 Nemesia Continued OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Sunsatia Nemesia can be grown outdoors in the second earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 28 F, or midto late April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Sunsatia Nemesia should be transplanted soon after delivery of the rooted cuttings. Stress in the 84 tray can lead to plant loss. A well-drained soil mix will lead to better water management and root growth. A sign of possible over-watering is reddish main leaf veins in the foliage. Maintain cooler growing temperatures, drier soil, proper soil ph, bright growing conditions, controlled humidity levels, and good air movement for best plant performance. Scout for Thrips and treat as needed. The improved varieties are much stronger and easier to produce than the original varieties. These are great performers for early flowering production. 41

44 New Guinea Impatiens Infinity and Ruffles ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).2.6 Constant feeding at 100ppm 150ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Or, once the plants are rooted and actively growing, feeding once per week at 200ppm nitrogen can be done with clear water used only for other irrigations. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture levels. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing slightly drier will shorten flowering time for the crop. Plants can be allowed to show slight signs of moisture stress before watering. When watering, do so lightly so moisture reaches the bottom of containers, but not to the point of saturating the soil. This practice can also be used to help hold plants. 4" 5": 6 7 weeks with one Supernova 50 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 8 9 weeks with two Supernova 50 cell plants per 8": 8 10 weeks with two to three Supernova 50 cell plants per 10" Hanging Basket: weeks with four to five 84 or 104 cell plants per Supernova 50 liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count, and plant size in smaller containers. If 84 and 104 Liners are used for spring production in smaller containers, additional crop time will be required expect two weeks longer crop time on average. Supernova 50 Liners and 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted at or slightly deeper than the liner cell level into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating and keep a constant moderate moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish roots. Pinching should not be needed, except for taller material at time of planting. Infinity and Ruffles should be grown in a moderate light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development and flowering. Growing in a more shaded area will produce taller and softer growth that is less attractive and more disease prone. Additional lighting for flowering is not required. In most cases, no PGR applications should be required. Only if required, use a light spray of Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 1ppm 2ppm. Moderate soil moisture growing practices and controlling fertilizer levels can be very helpful at managing plant size and encouraging flowering. Infinity Orange Frost and Pink Frost are good indicator plants for possible PGR needs to the Infinity varieties. Ruffles varieties will probably not require any PGR treatments. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Provide adequate space, humidity control, and air movement to prevent Botrytis and other fungal disease. Avoid long periods of moisture on the foliage, especially in poor weather conditions. Thrips, Aphids, Spider Mites, and Fungus Gnats can be pests of concern. Broad or Cyclamen Mites can also affect new growth and plant development. Scout specifically for Thrips. They can spread INSV (Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus). 42

45 New Guinea Impatiens Continued OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Infinity and Ruffles New Guinea Impatiens finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed (late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Growing at an average daily temperature of 68 F will produce larger blooms and earlier flowering plants. Maintain higher humidity levels if possible to encourage earlier and larger blooms, 75% optimum. Do not keep too wet or overfertilize. This will affect plant growth and delay flowering. Maintain soil ph levels above 6.0; 6 6.5pH is optimum. Fungicides with the active ingredient fludioxonil (Medallion ) can have a PGR effect on New Guinea Impatiens and should be avoided. 43

46 Osteospermum Soprano and Bright Lights ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially in cooler temperature, low light and high humidity conditions. Osteospermums perform best if grown drier than many crops. 4" 5": 5 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6 /1GL Royale : 6 8 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 7 9 weeks with two to three 84 or 104 Liner plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a pinch on plants for larger containers. This pinch can be given for larger containers, usually three to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Soprano and Bright Lights Osteospermum develop and flower often one week later than Symphony Osteospermum, but lighting should not be needed for regular season crops. Daylength extension lighting of 14 to 16 hours total daylength can be helpful for early finish crops. Moisture management and cooler growing alone are effective methods of controlling growth. Not only does growing Sopranos and Bright Lights on the dry side produce the healthiest plants, it also produces fuller and more compact plants. A light spray application of 5ppm 10ppm Sumagic (uniconazole) or a 1ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol) drench can be applied, if needed. Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. Soprano and Bright Lights Osteospermum are more upright than Symphony types and can get tall if crop times are too long or growing environment needs are not met. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Watering practices, weather and greenhouse environment can greatly affect plant growth and performance. 44

47 Osteospermum Continued Proper temperature, light levels, air movement, humidity control, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. Avoid darker, warmer and more humid areas with poor air movement. A broad-spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be helpful when applied at transplant, if desired. Scout for Botrytis and consider a follow-up preventative fungicide application if pinching or trimming plants. Also scout for any plant melting. This soft rot is usually a sign of overwatering and poor growing conditions. Medallion (fludioxonil), Pageant (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) or Cease (Bacillus stubtilis) are effective to minimize the spread of soft rot. Leaf burn and spotting from the use of copper-based fungicides are a concern. Thrips can also be a concern and crops should be scouted on a regular basis. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Soprano and Bright Lights Osteospermum can be grown outdoors in the third earliest spring conditions (light frost or late April/mid-May in Michigan). While very cold-tolerant, it is difficult to size up due to its more compact nature in cooler outdoor environments. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Soprano and Bright Lights Osteospermum should be transplanted soon after delivery of the rooted cuttings. Stress in the 84 tray can lead to plant loss. A well-drained soil mix will lead to better water management and root growth. Maintain cooler growing temperatures, drier soil, proper soil ph, bright growing conditions, controlled humidity levels, and good air movement for best plant performance. Soprano and Bright Lights Osteospermum can be grown cooler than listed, but additional crop time will be required for both flowering and plant sizing. Scout for Thrips and treat as needed. Purple is the most vigorous and should be watched more closely for possible PGR needs. 45

48 Osteospermum Symphony ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially in cooler temperature, low light, and high humidity conditions. Symphony Osteospermum perform best if grown drier than many crops. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 84 cell plant per 6" /1GL Royale : 5 7 weeks with one 84 cell plant per 8": 7 9 weeks with one to two 84 cell plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 cell plants per The 84 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a pinch on plants for larger containers. This pinch can be given for larger containers, usually three to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Symphony Osteospermum flower early and lighting should not be needed for regular season crops. Daylength extension lighting of 14 to 16 hours total daylength can be helpful for early finish crops. Moisture management and cooler growing alone are effective methods of controlling growth. Not only does growing Symphonys on the dry side produce the healthiest plants, it also produces fuller and more compact plants. A light spray application of 5ppm 10ppm Sumagic (uniconazole) or a 1ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol) drench can be applied, as needed. Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Watering practices, weather and greenhouse environment can greatly affect plant growth and performance. Proper temperature, light levels, air movement, humidity control and water management will eliminate most disease issues. Avoid darker, warmer and more humid areas with poor air movement. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be helpful when applied at transplant, if desired. Scout for Botrytis and consider a follow-up preventative fungicide application if pinching or trimming plants. Also scout for any plant melting. This soft rot is usually a sign of overwatering and poor growing conditions. Medallion (fludioxonil), Pageant (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) or Cease (Bacillus stubtilis) are effective to minimize spread of the soft rot. Leaf burn and spotting from the use of copperbased fungicides are a concern. Thrip can also be a concern and crops should be scouted on a regular basis. 46

49 Osteospermum Continued OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Symphony Osteospermum can be grown outdoors in the earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 25 F, or early- to mid-april in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. Once acclimated, they are quite cold-tolerant and perform well as an early spring blooming plant. They perform best when grown outdoors or in very bright and cool greenhouses. These recommendations are based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Symphony Osteospermum should be transplanted soon after delivery of the rooted cuttings. Stress in the 84 tray can lead to plant loss. A well-drained soil mix will lead to better water management and root growth. Maintain cooler growing temperatures, drier soil, proper soil ph, bright growing conditions, controlled humidity levels and good air movement for best plant performance. Scout for Thrip and treat as needed. These are great performers for early flowering production. It is not required to remove the flower bud present in many 84 trays when they are delivered, but it can be removed if desired. This bud will flower in three to four weeks after planting and lateral growth will develop and flower in five to six weeks. 47

50 Pelargonium (Geranium) Boldly ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Constant feeding at 200ppm 250ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry levels. Avoid both severe dry downs and long periods of wet soil, especially in poor weather conditions. Also avoid excessive soil moisture levels with freshly transplanted plants. 4" 5": 5 6 weeks with one 75 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 7 8 weeks with one 75 cell plant per 8": 9 10 weeks with one 75 cell plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: weeks with three to four 75 cell plants per The 75 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Plant the liners slightly below the soil level of the 75 cell plug. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed except for taller material at planting. Boldly Geraniums should be grown in a moderate to high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Reduced light levels will delay flowering time and flower coverage, and affect overall plant quality. Growing at a moderate soil moisture level will produce a plant that requires fewer PGR treatments. If required, a tank mix spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 1,250ppm and Cycocel (chlormequat) at 750ppm is recommended. Higher rates can be used, up to 2,500ppm B-Nine and 1,000ppm Cycocel, based on plant growth and temperatures. Smaller containers such as 4", 4.25" Grandes and 5" pots may require more PGR attention than larger containers. Geraniums are quite responsive to Florel (ethephon) at 350ppm. It controls size early in the crop cycle and also encourages additional branching. The 75 Liners have been treated during their growing cycle and only larger containers with longer crop times should be considered for additional Florel treatments. Treatments for larger containers can be considered two to three weeks after transplanting, when the plants are well rooted and actively growing. No Florel treatment should be made later than six to eight weeks before planned sale. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Over-watering can lead to Botrytis, Stem Rot, or Fungus Gnat issues. Control humidity levels, supply moderate to high light, provide adequate spacing, grow at moderate soil moisture levels, keep water off foliage in poor weather conditions, and provide adequate air movement. Aphids, Thrips, and Whiteflies can be pests of concern and crops should be scouted on a regular basis. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Boldly Pelargonium finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed (late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Plant the 75 s into their finished containers soon after arrival. Delays in planting can cause lower yellow leaves due to tight spacing and possible dry downs. Maintain soil ph levels of , provide moderate to high light, supply proper spacing for best plant habit and health, fertilize at a moderate to slightly higher rate, and do not grow too cool. Growing too cool and too wet can greatly delay a crop, cause undue stretching and reduce rooting. 48

51 Pelargonium (Geranium) Timeless ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Feed constantly at 200ppm 250ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate to slightly dry soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to lightly dry levels. Avoid both severe dry downs and long periods of wet soil, especially in poor weather conditions. Also avoid excessive soil moisture levels with freshly transplanted plants. 4" 5": 5 6 weeks with one 75 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 7 8 weeks with one 75 cell plant per 8": 9 10 weeks with one 75 cell plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: weeks with three to five 75 cell plants per The 75 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Plant the liners slightly below the soil level of the 75 cell plug. Water in thoroughly without saturating and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish roots. Pinching should not be needed except for taller material at planting. Timeless Geraniums should be grown in a moderate to high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Reduced light levels will delay flowering time and flower coverage, and affect overall plant quality. Growing on the moderate to slightly dry side will produce a plant that requires fewer PGR treatments. If required, a tank mix spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 1,250ppm and Cycocel (chlormequat) at 750ppm is recommended. Higher rates can be used, up to 2,500ppm B-Nine and 1,000ppm Cycocel, based on plant growth and temperatures. Geraniums are quite responsive to Florel (ethephon) at 350ppm. It controls size early in the crop cycle and also encourages additional branching. The 75 Liners have been treated during their growing cycle and only larger containers with longer crop times should be considered for additional Florel treatments. Treatments for larger containers can be considered two to three weeks after transplanting, when the plants are well rooted and actively growing. No Florel treatment should be made later than six to eight weeks before planned sale. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Over-watering can lead to Botrytis, Stem Rot, or Fungus Gnat issues. Control humidity levels, supply moderate to high light, provide adequate spacing, grow at moderate soil moisture levels, keep water off foliage in poor weather conditions, and provide adequate air movement. Aphids, Thrips, and Whiteflies can be pests of concern and crops should be scouted on a regular basis. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Timeless Pelargoniums finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed (late May to early June in Michigan). Maintain proper soil ph levels of Higher soil ph levels can lead to iron deficiency symptoms. Provide moderate to high light levels, grow on the slightly dry side, and do not grow too cool. Timeless Geraniums are quite resistant to Oedema, but in cool and damp weather, control humidity levels, maintain proper growing temperatures, provide good air movement, and avoid wet soil. 49

52 Petunia Supertunia ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Constant feeding at 200ppm 250ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. To avoid soft rots in lower light, cooler temperatures, or higher humidity situations, water early in the day if possible to avoid prolonged exposure of water on foliage. Follow the plant grouping suggestions listed below under Growth Regulators to assist in proper water management. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 8": 7 8 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 11 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about 1 week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84 and 104 Liners. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84s and 104s are used for spring production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications are required. Supernovas are not recommended or required for baskets and large containers, but many growers are beginning to use them for early hanging basket and upright needs. Growth habit and timing may be different from 84 and 104 Liners, but flowering time and retail ready containers can be produced in portions of the year when not possible from a 84 or 104 Liner. If mixing Supernova and 84s and 104s in combination plantings, a preplant drench of Sumagic (uniconazole) or Bonzi (paclobutrazol) to the 84s and 104s may be helpful. Larger upright or basket production needed for earlier season finishing should be planned using varieties listed below as earliest to flower and/or grown from Supernova Liners. Supertunias should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days for establishing new rooting. When using Supernova treated liners, NO pinching is required unless deemed taller than desired. If 84 and 104 Liners are used, pinch at transplant if size allows. Supertunias branch quite well and pinching is not necessarily needed, except for shaping purposes. Supertunias should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Supertunia Supernova Liners have been treated for earlier flowering and will not require additional grower lighting. If very early crops are scheduled before the onset of 12-hour natural daylengths, daylength extension lighting is helpful. Also, if growing from 84 or 104 Liners, additional lighting to 14 hours/ day lighting is required for early spring finish dates. Additional PGR treatments may also be required on non-supernova treated plants. 50

53 Petunia Continued As required, either a light spray of Sumagic at 5ppm 10ppm or a 1ppm 3ppm Bonzi drench can be applied to control growth. Treatments are usually made to smaller containers seven to 14 days after planting. Treatments to larger containers can be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (two to four weeks before scheduled finish). Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Cooler growing temperatures, high light levels, proper spacing, and drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. Supernova treated plants should require fewer PGR treatments than 84 or 104 Liners. When using Supernova Liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel (ethephon) is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. PGR requirements can vary greatly by variety and the plants should be grown if possible in the following groups for best performance. 1) Giant Pink, Lavender Skies, Pretty Much Picasso, Vista Bubblegum, Vista Fuchsia, Vista Silverberry, and White are the most vigorous varieties and will require the most PGR attention. 2) Black Cherry, Bordeaux, Honey, Latte, Limoncello, the mini Supertunias, Picasso in Blue, Picasso in Pink, Picasso in Purple, Priscilla, Raspberry Blast, Rose Blast Charm, Really Red, Royal Magenta Improved and Royal Velvet have average vigor and will/may need a PGR treatment. PGR treatments may need to be delayed on Black Cherry and Limoncello until active growth is seen and then group 2 PGR recommendations can be followed. 3) Bermuda Beach, Daybreak Charm, Flamingo, Indigo Charm, Pink Star Charm, Sangria Charm, and Violet Star Charm are less vigorous early in their production and should require little, if any, PGR treatments. Pretty Much Picasso should be treated more heavily than other Supertunia varieties. A 3ppm 5ppm Bonzi drench is often required. This variety finishes very nicely and much easier when grown outdoors. Please use the flowering guide below as a further reference to help group plants together for easier production. Pests are not much of an issue with Supertunias. Proper growing environments and watering practices should be followed to avoid Botrytis and various stem or root rots. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Most Supertunia Petunias can be grown outdoors in the earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 25 F, or early- to mid- April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. Black Cherry, Bordeaux, the Charms, Limoncello, Mini Rose Veined and Mini Strawberry Pink Veined should remain indoors and moved outdoors in the third earliest spring conditions (light frost or late April/mid May in Michigan). These recommendations are based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. 51

54 Petunia Continued Supernova treated liners are highly recommended for small containers. For best combination planting performance, if mixing Supernova with non-supernova treated plants, consider vigor of all plants. Plants grown below an average daily temperature of 60 F can experience delay in flowering or reduced flower coverage, especially in poor weather conditions. Black Cherry and Limoncello are very responsive to PGRs and should be treated after they actively begin to grow. A Bonzi drench of 1 3ppm is a good starting point. Avoid scheduling most Charms early from 84 and 104 Liner trays, as they are more daylength/light quality sensitive and plants can become overgrown before flowering. To best manage watering and PGR applications, it may be helpful to group the Supertunias as suggested by vigor into the three plant groups. Maintain proper soil ph levels to prevent possible root rot issues and iron deficiency. Soil test periodically and test the water source for water nutrient levels, and especially alkalinity levels. Earliest flowering from 84 and 104 Liners 1) Mulberry Charm, Indigo Charm, Mini Rose Veined, Picasso in Pink, Picasso in Purple, Lovie Dovie, Vista Bubblegum, Vista Fuchsia, Vista Silverberry, and Honey. 2) Black Cherry, Hot Pink Charm, Daybreak Charm, Latte, Limoncello, Morning Glory Charm, Royal Magenta Improved, Picasso in Blue, Pink Star Charm, Pretty Much Picasso, Really Red, Royal Velvet, Sangria Charm, Violet Star Charm, and White. 3) Bermuda Beach, Bordeaux, Giant Pink, Lavender Skies, Supertunia Mini, and Priscilla. This third group is best scheduled for peak week sales and later. SUPERTUNIA PICASSO IN PINK 4.25 Grande at 4 weeks 84 and 104 Liner Supernova 84 Liner Supernova 42 Liner 52

55 Phlox Intensia ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method) Constant feeding at 200ppm 300ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially in cooler temperature, low light, and high humidity conditions. Intensia Phlox perform best if grown drier than many crops. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 cell plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 5 7 weeks with one to two 84 or 104 cell plants per 8": 7 9 weeks with two to three 84 or 104 cell plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 12 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 cell plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched and further pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a second pinch on plants for larger containers. This second pinch can be given for larger containers, usually two to three weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Intensia Phlox flower fairly early and lighting should not be needed for regular season crops. Daylength extension lighting of 14 to 16 hours total daylength can be helpful for early finish crops. Moisture management alone is an effective method of controlling growth. Not only does growing the Intensias on the dry side produce the healthiest plants, it also produces fuller and more compact plants. Intensias are quite responsive to PGRs and care should be taken when making applications. A light spray application of 2ppm 5ppm Sumagic (uniconazole), a 2,500ppm 5,000ppm standard spray of B-Nine (daminozide), or a 1ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol) drench can be selected, as needed. Blueberry may require a PGR treatment, while White may not. Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Watering practices, weather, and greenhouse environment can greatly affect plant growth and performance. Proper temperature, light levels, and water management will eliminate most disease issues. Avoid darker, warmer, and more humid areas with poor air movement. A broad spectrum fungicide such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be helpful when applied at transplant, if desired. Scout for Fungus Gnat Larvae. A preventative Fungus Gnat treatment could be considered. 53

56 Phlox Continued OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Intensia Phlox can be grown outdoors in the second earliest spring conditions (approximately frost to 28 F, or mid- to late April in Michigan), if frost protection is provided. Try to avoid cool, rainy conditions when moving young plants outdoors. These recommendations are based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Intensia Phlox should be transplanted soon after delivery of the rooted cuttings. Stress in the 84 or 104 tray can lead to plant loss. Grow drier without causing severe dry down or wilting. A well-drained soil mix is important and will lead to better water management and root growth. After rooting into the finished container, maintain cooler growing temperatures, drier soil, proper soil ph, bright growing conditions, controlled humidity levels, and good air movement for best plant performance. Do not grow small containers under high-density hanging baskets. Intensias are fairly aggressive plants and heavy feeders, but also require less frequent irrigations. Fertilize with each irrigation at 200ppm 300ppm nitrogen, and monitor soil fertilizer levels for optimum plant performance. These are great garden performers and best suited for peak and later finishing dates. Do not plan early season crops, especially in small containers. 54

57 Scaevola Whirlwind and Wonder ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Fertilizer blends with lower phosphorus levels are recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing at lower moisture levels can be beneficial towards producing a more compact plant with fewer PGRs required. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 5 7 weeks with one to two 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 8": 7 9 weeks with one to two 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count, and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about one week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84 and 104 Liners. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84s and 104s are used for spring production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications may be required. Supernovas are not recommended or required for baskets and large containers, but many growers are beginning to use them for early hanging basket and upright needs. Growth habit and timing may be different from 84 and 104 Liners, but flowering time and retail ready containers can be produced in portions of the year when not possible from 84s and 104s. If mixing Supernova and 84 and 104 Liners in combination plantings, a pre-plant drench of Sumagic (uniconazole) or Bonzi (paclobutrazol) to the 84s and 104s is usually required to even out plant growth and vigor. Liners should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. When using Supernova treated liners, NO pinching is required unless deemed taller than desired. If 84 and 104 Liners are used, plants can be pinched again at transplant if desired. Or, an additional pinch for large containers can be given usually two to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development. Scaevolas should be scheduled to finish based on their outdoor temperature requirements. Additional lighting is not required, but helpful in earlier crops. Crops planned from Supernova Liners should not need additional lighting, unless planned for quite early finish dates. 55

58 Scaevola Continued Scaevolas are quite responsive to PGRs. New Wonder is the most vigorous if growing from 84 or 104 Liners, they will probably require a PGR treatment. If required, a light spray of Sumagic at 2ppm 5ppm can be applied to New Wonder. Whirlwind White has moderate vigor and, if required, should be treated at the lower recommended rate. Pink Wonder and Whirlwind Blue are less vigorous and have fuller branching, and should require no PGRs, or at most, a light 2ppm Sumagic spray. Other materials such as Bonzi, Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic, but trials should be run first due to PGR sensitivity. Drenches should not be considered, except possibly with New Wonder. High light levels and proper growing temperatures can be very helpful at managing plant size. Florel is very helpful as a spray at 350ppm 500ppm, especially with New Wonder. Florel controls vigor to a slight degree, but also encourages branching. The liners have been treated with Florel through the growing process and one additional treatment two weeks after planting into larger containers can be considered. Please note that Florel treatments should be made at the latest seven weeks before desired sell date. When using Supernova Liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Over-watering can lead to foliar, stem or root rot. Provide good air movement and maintain moderate soil moisture levels. Whiteflies, Aphids, and Spider Mites can be an issue. Scout crops on a regular basis to avoid pest outbreaks. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Scaevolas finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Provide high light and moderate soil moisture levels, and schedule for peak season and later finishing to ensure success. Whirlwind Blue and Pink Wonder will require little to no PGR treatments. They are very responsive to PGRs and should be treated only if needed, and then done so at the lowest ppm level recommended. 56

59 Solenostemon (Coleus) & Perilla ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing at lower moisture levels can be beneficial towards producing a more compact plant with fewer PGRs (plant growth regulators) required. This practice can also be used to help hold plants. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 8 9 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per The 84 or 104 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a pinch on plants for larger containers. This pinch can be given for larger containers usually two to four weeks after planting. Pinching will increase crop time by two to three weeks. These plants should be grown in a medium to high light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development. Most have been bred to grow in full sun. Growing in a heavily shaded area will produce taller and softer growth that is less attractive and more disease-prone. If required, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 2,500ppm is effective. Also, a tank mix spray of B-Nine at 2,500ppm and Cycocel (chlormequat) at 1,000ppm 1,500 ppm can be applied. Other materials such as Sumagic (uniconazole), Bonzi (paclobutrazol), Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used, but care should be taken. Coleus and Perilla are very responsive to these products and small trials should be done before large scale applications are made. Cooler growing temperatures and especially drier growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Botrytis and soft stem rots can occur in poor growing conditions. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse and provide adequate air movement. Avoid over-watering or periods of excessive moisture on the plants foliage. Provide adequate space for the plants. A preventative broad spectrum fungicide application at or shortly after transplant can be helpful if problems have occurred in the past. Whiteflies, Thrips, and Aphids can be pests of concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Solenostemon and Perilla finish best in a controlled greenhouse environment, but can be moved outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (late May to early June in Michigan). This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Coleus and Perilla are relatively easy to grow if proper growing conditions and watering practices are followed. Grow on the moderate to slightly drier side, provide good air movement and give adequate spacing to the plants. For the most accurate finishing dates of Coleus and Perilla: Add an additional week of crop time to Sedona, Keystone Kopper, Merlin s Magic, and Pink Chaos Reduce by 1 week crop times for Apple Brandy, Lime Time, and Velveteen. 57

60 Strobilanthes Persian Shield ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).4.8 Constant feeding at 100ppm 150ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to only slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Growing too wet early in the production cycle can cause disease issues while severe wilt conditions can damage root systems and foliage. Controlling moisture levels and growing at moderate to slightly dry is a good practice to also control plant growth. 4" 5": 6 8 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6"/1GL Royale: 8 10 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 9 12 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per The 84 Liner plants should be planted slightly deeper than the liner root ball into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Pinching should not be needed except in the case of taller material at time of planting or for larger containers. Pinching can be given for larger containers usually three to four weeks after planting. For larger containers a second pinch can be performed as needed. Usually a second pinch would be done as a softer pinch used mainly to shape the plant. Persian Shield should be grown in a moderate to high light level area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development and branching. Persian Shield requires long days (+12 hours per day) for vegetative growth. Persian Shield flowers when grown under short days. From mid-september through the first of April these plants should be grown under long days by providing 14-hour day lengths. This can be done by either day length extension lighting or night interruption lighting. This required lighting can be provided in a manner like that which is applied to mums or poinsettias. Growing under proper light conditions, with adequate spacing, moderate soil moisture levels and recommended temperatures will produce the highest quality plants and lower the need for any PGR treatments. If required a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 2,500ppm is effective. There should be little instance of disease if basic cultural guidelines are followed. Botrytis and root rot can occur in poor growing conditions if plants are kept too cool or wet. Control excessive humidity levels in the greenhouse, provide good air movement, do not over fertilize, and provide adequate space. Whiteflies, Thrips, Aphids, and Spider Mites can be pests of concern. Scout crops on a regular basis and use control measures as needed. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Strobilanthes are tropical type plants and should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has past and temperatures have warmed. The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. At Four Star (Michigan) we would only move these crops outdoors in mid-may if weather allows. 58

61 Strobilanthes Continued For proper plant growth and desired finished quality, long days must be provided to plants grown between the months of mid-september and the first of April. In these time periods provide 14-hour day length through either day length extension or night interruption lighting. Without proper day lengths these plants will develop blooms on very small and stunted plants. A measure that can be taken to ensure proper growth and encourage branching is to apply Florel (ethephon) at 250ppm two weeks after transplanting and again if desired two to three weeks later. Moderate to high light, warm temperatures, adequate spacing, managed moisture levels, slightly higher humidity levels and moderate nutrition levels are all crucial for producing quality crops. Plants should be scheduled and grown in time frames that supply these requirements. In certain areas of the country it is best to schedule Persian Shield for later spring and summer sales. 59

62 Sutera (Bacopa) Snowstorm ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Feed constantly at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Suteras (Bacopa) often do not wilt when extremely dry. When too dry, their foliage normally turns from a lighter lush green appearance to a duller and darker appearance. Upon closer inspection, the foliage will show a withered appearance. Severe dry downs will lead to flower loss and possible root and stem disease. Excessive soil moisture can often lead to Botrytis and stem diseases. 4" 5": 4 5 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 6 /1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 8": 7 9 weeks with one 84 or 104 Liner plant per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 11 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per The 84 and 104 Liner plants should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in thoroughly without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days to establish new rooting. Plants have already been pinched once during the production cycle. Pinching should not be needed, except in the case of taller material at time of planting or a pinch on plants for larger containers. This pinch can be given for larger containers usually two to four weeks after planting. These plants should be grown in a medium to high light area of the greenhouse for optimal plant development. Additional lighting or daylength manipulation is not required. If required, a spray application of B-Nine (daminozide) at 500ppm is effective. Other materials such as Sumagic (uniconazole), Bonzi (paclobutrazol), Topflor (flurprimidol), and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be trialed, but Suteras are quite responsive to PGRs, and care should be given when using these more powerful products. Cooler growing temperatures and higher light quality can be very helpful at managing plant size. Also, plants can be trimmed/shaped as needed to control size and appearance. PGR requirements vary greatly by variety. For best performance, grow plants together in these groups: 1) Snowstorm Giant Snowflake is the most vigorous and should require the most PGR attention. Additional space and watering will also be required. 2) Snowstorm Blue, Blue Bubbles, and Pink should require less water and fewer PGRs than Giant Snowflake. 3) Snowstorm Snow Globe should require little if any PGR applications. It is less vigorous, especially early in production, and is not nearly as trailing as the other Sutera varieties. Follow basic cultural guidelines to avoid disease. Whiteflies, Thrips, and Spider Mites can be pests of concern. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Sutera should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed (mid- to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. Proper water management is very helpful to produce a quality plant. Avoid both extended periods of wet soil and severe dry downs. Scout for Thrips, Whiteflies, and Spider Mites. Provide proper humidity control and air movement. Tone with B-Nine. For combinations, select Sutera varieties that match the vigor of the other plants in the combination. 60

63 Verbena Lanai and Tukana ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one to two 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 8": 7 8 weeks with two to three 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 11 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per Crop time ranges are based on early season to later peak season plant performance and wholesale grower to retail grower size expectations. Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about 1 week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84s and 104s. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84 and 104 Liners are used for small container production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications may be required. Supernovas are not recommended or required for baskets and large containers, but many growers are beginning to use them for early hanging basket and upright needs. Growth habit and timing may be different from 84 and 104 Liners, but flowering time and retail ready containers can be produced in portions of the year when not possible from an 84 or 104 Liner. If mixing Supernova and 84s or 104s in combination plantings, a preplant drench of Sumagic (uniconazole) or Bonzi (paclobutrazol) to the 84s or 104s may be helpful to even out plant growth and vigor. Lanai and Tukana Verbena should be planted into a welldrained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days for establishing new rooting. Plants have already been pinched once during the production cycle. When using Supernova treated liners, NO pinching is required unless deemed taller than desired. If 84s and 104s are used, pinch at transplant if size allows. Lanai and Tukana branch quite well and pinching is not necessarily needed except for shaping purposes. A broad spectrum fungicide drench with a material such as Banrot (etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl) can be helpful. Lanai and Tukana Verbena should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Supernova Liners have been treated for earlier flowering and will not require additional grower lighting. If very early crops are scheduled before the onset of 12-hour natural daylengths, daylength extension lighting is helpful. Also, if growing from 84 or 104 Liners, additional lighting to 14 hours/day lighting is required for early spring finish dates. Additional PGR treatments may also be required on non-supernova treated plants. 61

64 Verbena Continued Either a light spray of Sumagic at 5ppm 10ppm or a 1ppm Bonzi drench can be applied to control growth, as required. In most cases, the Lanai and Tukana Verbena will require fewer PGRs than the average standard Superbena. They are most similar to Superbena Royale Peachy Keen in vigor. Treatments are usually made to smaller containers seven to 14 days after planting. Treatments to larger containers can be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (two to three weeks before scheduled finish date). Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol), and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Proper growing temperatures, high light levels, proper spacing, and good growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. Supernova treated plants should require less PGR treatments than 84 and 104 Liners. When using Supernova Liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel (ethephon) is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Lanai and Tukana Verbena should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has past and weather is consistently warm (mid to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Supernova treated liners are highly recommended for growers small container production. For best combination planting performance, consider vigor for all plants used, especially if mixing Supernova treated plants in with non-supernova treated plants. Maintain proper soil ph levels. A soil ph below the upper 5s can lead to iron toxicity. This will show in the older foliage as a fine rusty to brown leaf spotting. Avoid long periods of cool, wet, humid, and low light levels in the greenhouse if possible when growing Verbena. Various diseases can develop, especially if proper air movement is not provided. Also, under these growing conditions, proper fertilizer levels in the soil and plant must be maintained or foliage will discolor or develop a spotting pattern. Whitefly, Thrip, and Aphids can be an issue. Preventative treatments or regular scouting should be considered. Proper growing environments and watering practices should be followed to avoid Botrytis, Powdery Mildew, and various stem or root rots. A preventative Powdery Mildew treatment with a material such as Compass (trifloxystrobin) can also be helpful. 62

65 Verbena Superbena & Superbena Royale ph: EC: (2:1 extraction method).6.9 Constant feeding at 150ppm 200ppm nitrogen with a fertilizer selected for grower s water quality and soil mix is recommended. Rooting out: F Growing on: F Holding: F Maintain moderate soil moisture. Allow the soil to cycle from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both severe dry downs/wilting and long periods of wet soil, especially at cooler temperatures. Follow the plant grouping suggestions listed below under Growth Regulators to assist in proper water management. 4" 5": 4 6 weeks with one 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plant per 6"/1GL Royale : 6 7 weeks with one to two 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 8": 7 8 weeks with two to three 42 cell or 84 cell Supernova plants per 10" 12" Hanging Basket: 9 11 weeks with three to five 84 or 104 Liner plants per Crop time ranges are based on early season to later peak season plant performance and wholesale grower to retail size expectations. Supernova 42 Liners are used at Four Star and are recommended for best flower timing, flower count, and plant size in smaller containers. Supernova 84s can also be considered. Supernova 84s may finish about 1 week later than the Supernova 42s. The Supernova 84 finishes faster and more consistently than 84s and 104s. They offer an option that balances shipping costs with improved performance. If 84 and 104 Liners are used for small container production, supplemental lighting, additional crop time, pinching, and additional PGR applications may be required. Supernovas are not recommended or required for baskets and large containers, but many growers are beginning to use them for early hanging basket and upright needs. Growth habit and timing may be different from 84 and 104 Liners, but flowering time and retail ready containers can be produced in portions of the year when not possible from an 84 or 104 Liner. If mixing Supernova and 84s or 104s in combination plantings, a preplant drench of Sumagic (uniconazole) or Bonzi (paclobutrazol) to the 84s and 104s may be helpful to even out plant growth and vigor. Superbena should be planted into a well-drained soil mix selected to match individual water quality and fertilizer blends. Water in without saturating the mix and maintain a constant moderate soil moisture level for the first seven to 10 days for establishing new rooting. Plants have already been pinched once during the production cycle. When using Supernova treated liners, NO pinching is required unless deemed taller than desired. If 84s and 104s are used, pinch at transplant if size allows. Superbena branch quite well and pinching is not needed, except for shaping purposes. Superbena should be grown in a high light area of the greenhouse for optimal flowering and plant development. Superbena Supernova Liners have been treated for earlier flowering and will not require additional grower lighting. If very early crops are scheduled before the onset of 12-hour natural daylengths, daylength extension lighting is helpful. Also, if growing from 84 or 104 Liners, additional lighting to 14 hours/ day lighting is required for early spring finish dates. Additional PGR treatments may also be required on non-supernova treated plants. 63

66 Verbena Continued Either a light spray of Sumagic at 5ppm 10ppm or a 1ppm 2ppm Bonzi drench can be applied to control growth, as required. Treatments are usually made to smaller containers seven to 14 days after planting. Treatments to larger containers can be made when a desired pre-finished size is attained (three to four weeks before scheduled finish date). Watch for the softening look and lighter green appearance of new growth as an indication for PGR treatment needs. In more northern areas, the lower rates should be used as a starting base, while in more southern areas, the higher rates will probably be needed. Other materials such as Topflor (flurprimidol) and Piccolo (paclobutrazol) can be used at rates that correspond with the degree of treatment recommended for Sumagic or Bonzi. Proper growing temperatures, high light levels, proper spacing, and good growing practices can be very helpful at managing plant size. Supernova treated plants should require fewer PGR treatments than 84 and 104 Liners. When using Supernova Liners, please refer to the Supernova Culture Guide for specific PGR recommendations. Florel (ethephon) is not recommended for use with Supernovas, except possibly with Nemesia and Diascia. PGR requirements vary between the Superbena and Royale Superbena. For supplying proper watering practices and PGR applications, they can be grown in the following two groupings: 1) Burgundy, Coral Red, Dark Blue, Large Lilac Blue, Pink Shades, Purple, and Violet Ice are more vigorous. Within this group, Burgundy and Large Lilac Blue are the most vigorous and should be watched for possible additional or higher treatments. 2) Royale Chambray, Royale Cherryburst, Royale Iced Cherry, Royale Peachy Keen, Royale Plum Wine, Royale Romance, and Royale Whitecap are average to slightly below average vigor and will require little to no PGR treatments. Royale Red, Sparkling Amethyst and Sparkling Ruby are more vigorous and most likely will require a PGR treatment. Whitefly, Thrips, and Aphids can be an issue. Preventative treatments or regular scouting should be considered. Proper growing environments and watering practices should be followed to avoid Botrytis, Powdery Mildew, and various stem or root rots. OUTDOOR GROWING SCHEDULE Superbena Verbena should be grown outdoors only after the danger of frost has passed and weather is consistently warm (mid- to late May in Michigan). The foliage can be damaged from a very light frost. This recommendation is based on average spring weather and should be adjusted for unseasonably severe or unseasonably mild conditions. Supernova treated liners are highly recommended for growers small container production. For best combination planting performance, consider vigor for all plants used, especially if mixing Supernova treated plants in with non-supernova treated plants. Maintain proper soil ph levels. A soil ph below the upper 5s can lead to iron toxicity. This will show in the older foliage as a fine rusty to brown leaf spotting. Superbena are fairly heavy feeders and especially the more vigorous varieties need to be fed on a regular basis with adequate fertilizer levels to maintain proper growth and leaf coloration. Burgundy, Coral Red, Royale Chambray, Royale Iced Cherry, and Royale Whitecap can flower slower than other Superbena or Royale types. Royale Iced Cherry is the most compact Royale. Scout for Powdery Mildew. Consider a preventative treatment with a material such as Compass (trifloxystrobin). 64

67 Annuals Grouping Guide Annuals Plant Grouping Growing Temp Low ph Mid ph High ph F Superbells Calibrachoa, Sunsatia and other Nemesia, Anytime Pansiola, Supertunia Petunia F Pegasus Begonia*, Sundaze Bracteantha*, Surefire Begonia*, Gerbera, Wonder and Whirlwind Scaevola, Snowstorm Sutera (Bacopa) Argyranthemum, Silver Bullet Artemisia, Bidens, Flirtation Diascia, Karalee and Stratosphere Gaura, Princess and Knight Lobularia, Osteospermum, Intensia Phlox Artist Ageratum, Endless Browallia, Toffee Twist Carex*, Senorita Cleome, Dahlia, Diamond Euphorbia, Fiber Optic Grass* Isolepsis, SunPatiens and Rockapulco Impatiens, Beth s Blue Isotoma, Laguna and Lucia Lobelia, GoldDust Mecardonia, Charmed Oxalis, Timeless Pelargonium, Ablazin Salvia, Playin the Blues Salvia, Sunbini Sanvitalia*, Lemon Coral Sedum, Solenostemon, Meteor Shower Verbena bonariensis Flambé Chrysocephalum, Vermillionaire Cuphea, Tut Cyperus, Ipomoea, Boldly Pelargonium, Mojave Portulaca, Superbena, Lanai, and Tukana Verbena F Angelface Angelonia, Luscious and Proven Selections Lantana, Strobilanthes, Catalina and Summer Wave Torenia Artful Caladium*, Toucan Canna, Blue My Mind Evolvulus*, Infinity and Ruffles New Guinea Impatiens*, Graceful Grasses Pennisetum Fertilizer: Constant Liquid Feed (CLF) * CLF, CLF SOIL MIX FOR CONTAINER GROWING We recommend using a high-quality, professional grade soil mix that is adjusted to work with your water quality and growing style. A peat-lite based soil or equivalent that gives you 60% organic matter and 40% secondary aggregates, such as perlite, rockwool, coir and/or bark will provide proper soil porosity for good drainage. FERTILIZING Have your water tested before fertilizing to ensure you are using the correct fertilizer. We recommend using a Proven Winners Professional Fertilizer that is matched to the ph of your water supply with all Proven Winners and Proven Selections crops. There are four standard blends suited for various water types, as well as specialty fertilizers for cold weather and greening/ph reduction. In addition to constant feeding, slow release fertilizer can also be used to help in outdoor growing production. 65

68 Cultural Procedure for Growing Lilac Festival CROP TYPE Proven Winners 2018 National Spring Recipe Lilac Festival Supertunia Bordeaux, Supertunia Mini Blue Veined, Superbena Violet Ice CROP TIME Approximately 7 10 weeks 10" baskets: 7 9 weeks planted either 3x3x3 or 2x2x2 12" baskets: 8 10 weeks planted either 3x3x3 or 2x2x2 10" 12 uprights: 7 9 weeks planted either 3x3x3 or 2x2x2 LILAC FESTIVAL Supertunia Mini Blue Veined Petunia Superbena Violet Ice Verbena Supertunia Bordeaux Petunia 2x2x2 Planting Option 3x3x3 Planting Option Day *Planning Planting Hanging Basket and Upright Combinations Cultural Procedures The 84 and 104 Liners are usually used in producing both hanging baskets and upright containers. But using Supernova Liners can be considered for early production if flowering or overall quality has been a problem in the past. Some growers use the Supernova 42 or Supernova 84 Liners for improving these early season crops. The Supernova Liners can provide earlier flowering and more controlled growth in comparison to 84 and 104 Liners. A soil mix with moderate water holding capacity and good aeration is recommended. Maintain a soil ph level of For best combination appearance, plant each container following the planting diagram. Each plant should be planted at the same level or only slightly deeper than the liner cell soil line. Day 1 to 14 Plant ship Day 10 to 14 Water in the containers thoroughly but do not saturate the soil. If the soil mix contains a fertilizer charge, clear water can be used. If a fertilizer charge is not added to the soil mix, water in with a solution containing 100ppm N selected to match the greenhouse water quality. If planting on a sunny day, be certain to water in all containers before any plant stress occurs. If possible, we prefer to start baskets and uprights pot to pot on benches or floors until rooted in well. This allows for easier care when watering, spraying, drenching or pinching. Water lightly for the next seven to 10 days as needed to ensure good rooting in of the plants and to avoid plant damage from excessive drying. At this time, a preventative drench of Banrot (etridiazole), or similar material, can be applied, if desired. Greenhouse temperatures of 65 F night 70 F day are helpful during this rooting out phase. Baskets and uprights should be grown in bright greenhouse areas with few overhead obstructions, which can reduce light. Once rooted well, growing temperatures of 60 F night and 68 F day are recommended. Cooler growing temperatures can be used but can add to crop times. An average daily temperature of no less than 60 F is recommended for proper flowering times. Also, good air movement and humidity-control practices should be followed. If desired, an application of Florel (ethephon) can be made once the roots reach the edge of the Florel can be applied at 350ppm 500ppm as a spray. These plants branch very freely, and Florel applications are not made on Four Star finished containers. Also, if using Supernovas, DO NOT apply Florel. 66

69 Lilac Festival Continued Day Day 14 to 21 Day 14 to ship Day 18 to 21 *Day 18 to 21 2 to 3 weeks prior to ship date Hanging Basket and Upright Combinations Cultural Procedures If started on benches or floors, a light pinch can be applied to both baskets and uprights on an as needed basis only a light trim though. Any trimming should only be done to shape the combination. More severe cutbacks will delay flowering and crop dates. Containers started from Supernovas should not require pinching. After rooting well into the finished container, all combinations should be allowed to cycle soil moisture levels from moist to slightly dry. Avoid both long periods of saturated soil and undo plant stress caused by excessive drying. Maintain growing temperatures of 60 F night and 68 F day. Also at this time, in most cases fertilize constantly at each irrigation with 200ppm N. Select a fertilizer blend that is matched to your water alkalinity to maintain desired soil ph levels. If started on benches or floors, baskets are normally hung at this time. Uprights, if grown pot to pot, are also spaced at this time. When baskets are hung or uprights spaced, be certain to supply adequate spacing to these plants for optimum finished quality. Also, if 84 or 104 Liners were used and no PGR application was made before or at planting, a Bonzi drench of 1ppm 2ppm or spray of Sumagic (uniconazole) at 10ppm 15ppm should be applied at this time. If Supernova Liners were used, no PGR treatment should be needed at this time. If outdoor production is planned, this is usually when we move the crops to the outdoor growing areas. Short-term and long-term weather forecasts must be reviewed and considered before making such moves. Supertunias are quite cold-tolerant and do well in outdoor growing environments but Superbenas should be moved outdoors later. Please note that crop times are longer in outdoor production plans. Please refer to the Four Star outdoor growing guide if outdoor finishing is considered. If desired by the grower, and based on plant size, it is often helpful to drench both baskets and uprights with 1ppm 3ppm Bonzi. Before applying any PGR, ensure adequate growth has been achieved by all plants in the combination. This treatment both controls growth and tones the combination for shipping. If needed or desired by the grower and if flowering is at or near the desired stage, temperatures can also be lowered to 55 F night and 65 F day to also control growth and tone the combination for shipping. Another option for toning and slowing the crop could be applying a negative DIF of -4 to -5 F each day at sunrise. 67

70 Fungicide Rotation Guide These are our primary fungicide rotations of chemicals used to treat the disease issues that may develop in Proven Winners and Proven Selections crops. BOTRYTIS Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets Liner prevention Daconil foliar 1.4 pts. Weekly Botrytis (Powdery Mildew) (note some residue) Stock prevention Daconil foliar, but not if blooms or large buds are present 1.4 pts. Depends Botrytis (Powdery Mildew) Has Botrytis, or at risk (in Action plan) 1. Pageant 12 oz days Botrytis (Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew, Alternaria Leaf Spot, Anthracnose) 2. Spectro (residue an issue 2 lbs. At 14 days Botrytis (Fusarium, Powdery Mildew, Rhizoc, Anthrac) if blooms or large buds are present) 3. Protect 1 lb. At 21 days Botrytis 4. Decree 1.5 lb. 27 days Botrytis (rated as one of the better controls for Botrytis per Ann Chase) 5. Affirm WDG.5 lb. 35 days Botrytis, Anthracnose, Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew, Rhizoctonia POWDERY MILDEW Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets Action plan with Powdery Mildew rotation Plants that show Powdery Mildew symptoms 1. Cease 2.5 gal days PM (Anthrac, Phytop, Downy Mildew, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Thielaviopsis) 2. Milstop 5 lbs. At 21 days PM (Anthrac, Botrytis, Downy Mildew) 3. Milstop 5 lbs. At 28 days PM (Anthrac, Botrytis, Downy Mildew) 4. Compass O 2 oz. At 35 days PM (Anthrac, Phytop, Downy Mildew, Botrytis, Rhizoc) 1. Protect T&O 1 lb. 0 7 days PM (Anthrac, Phytop, Downy, Botrytis, Rhizoc) 2. Compass O 2 oz. At 7 days PM (Anthrac, Phytop, Downy, Rhizoc Fusarium, Theilaviopsis) 3. Daconil 1.4 pts. At 21 days PM (Botrytis) ROOT ROT Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets Plants in propagation Undiagnosed trouble Plants moving from propagation Problem ID d: Phytopathogen or Pythium Medallion 2 oz. 0 and 7 days Phytophthora/Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Broad spectrum control ** Do not use on Calibrachoa ** OHP 6672 / Truban 16 oz. + 8 oz. Once Phytophthora/Pythium (OHP: Rhizoctonia, Botrytis, Fusarium) per action plans 1. Fenstop drench 14 oz days Phytophthora/Pythium (Rhizoctonia) 2. Banrot drench 4 oz. At 21 days Phytophthora/Pythium (Downy Mildew) two modes of action (MOAs), very effective control 3. Alude drench 12 oz. At 35 days Phytophthora/Pythium Preventative drench 1. Cease 8 qts days Phytop/Pythium (biweekly on ColorChoice shrubs) 68

71 Fungicide Rotation Guide Continued EFFECTIVE CHEMICALS IN 3 DIFFERENT MOA CLASSES Bacterial Blight Coppers, Protect, Medallion, Agri-Mycin, Cease Crown Rot Pageant, Companion, Cease, Alude, Fenstop, done as sprays Downy Mildew Alude, Coppers, Pipron, Orvego, Micora, Strobilurins Erwinia Dumping the crop, Camelot, Phyton, Agri-Mycin Fusarium OHP, Medallion, Heritage Leaf Spot Heritage, Spectro, Pageant, Palladium, Cease, Terraguard Rhizoctonia Medallion, OHP 6672, Pageant, Compass, Heritage Rhodo/Agro Protect T&O, Coppers, Agri-Mycin Thielaviopsis OHP 6672, Banrot, Truban Do not use Truban or etridiazole on Clematis. 69

72 Insecticide Rotation Guide These are our primary insecticide rotations of chemicals used to treat the pest issues that may develop in Proven Winners and Proven Selections crops. Our main stock supplier and Four Star Greenhouse will not be applying neonicotinoids to our young plant production. APHIDS Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets & Notes High Pressure - Orthene T&O 1lb Severe infestation All stages of Aphids and use only as an emergency. Quick Knockdown Aphid Rotation: 1. Mainspring 4 oz 4 weeks Use as a drench or spray as a safe alternative to neonicotinoids. 2. Endeavor oz At first sign All stages of Aphids. Causes them to stop feeding. 3. Xxpire 2.75 oz 3 5 days later All stages of Aphids. Takes a few days to see death. 4. Aria 20g 3 5 days later All stages of Aphids. Aria stops feeding and TriStar is a translaminar neonicotinoid. 5. Rycar 3.2 oz 3 5 days later Effective on all stages of Aphids. 6. Molt-x / Botanigard 8oz / 1lb 3 5 days later Molting Inhibitor. 7. Kontos 50mL 3 5 days later Systemic and contact. 8. Orthene T&O 1 lb 3 5 days later Use where the products above are not achieving desired control and/or quick knockdown. FUNGUS GNAT Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets & Notes High Pressure - Quick Knockdown Fungus Gnat Rotation: Mesurol Spray 1lb Severe infestation For active adults and heavy infestation of larvae. Do not use Mesurol near or in conjuction with a Biological Control program. 1. Citation Sprench 2.66oz At first sign, Larvicide. follow cultural procedure 2. Distance Sprench 2 6oz 3 5 days later Immatures, Whiteflies, Scales, Mealybugs. 3. Adept Sprench.5 2oz 3 5 days later Immatures, Whiteflies, Leafminers. 4. Gnatrol Sprench 13 26oz 3 5 days later Larvicide with a foul odor associated with it. MITES Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets & Notes Mite Rotation: 1. Floramite / Ovation 8oz / 2oz First day Adult Mites and eggs. Winter Rotation for Color Choice: 2. Judo / Hexygon 4oz / 2oz 3 7 days later Adults, nymphs, and eggs. 3. Pylon 5.2 oz 3 7 days later Adults and nymphs. Great for Thrips and Whiteflies also. 4. Triact 70 (neem oil) 256 floz 3 7 days later All life stages, plus Thrips, Whiteflies, Aphids. 5. Avid / Floramite 8oz / 4oz 3 7 days later Mites. Thrips. 6. Sultan 13.7 floz 3 7 days later All life stages, Mites. 7. Magus oz 3 7 days later Adults and nymphs. 8. Pylon / Ovation 5.2oz/ 2 oz 3 7 days later Adults, nymphs, and eggs. Triact 70, Soaps, Oils 256 floz Once a week, scout for pressure Effective on all life stages, including Botrytis and Powdery Mildew. Spray once a week or biweekly depending on pressure. Do not use M-Pede on Buddleia, Hydrangea or Weigela. 70

73 Insecticide Rotation Guide Continued SHOREFLY Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets & Notes High Pressure - Quick Knockdown Mesurol Spray 1lb Severe infestation For heavy infestation of active adults and larvae; Do not use Mesurol near or in conjunction with a Biological Control program. Shorefly Rotation: 1. Citation Sprench 2.66oz At first sign, Larvicide. follow cultural procedure 2. Distance Sprench 2 6oz 3 5 days later Immatures, Whiteflies, Fungus Gnats, Leafminers. 3. Gnatrol Sprench 13 26oz 3 5 days later Larvicide with a foul odor associated with it. THRIPS Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets & Notes High Pressure - Mesurol or Orthene 1lb At first sign of Thrips, Aphids, Whiteflies, Beetles, Fungus Gnat Adults. Quick Knockdown heavy pressure Thrips Rotation: 1. Molt-x / Botanigard 8oz / 1lb 1st day Thrip pupae and young adults, Whiteflies, Aphids, Fungus Gnats (IGR + bacteria). 2. Pylon 5.2oz/ 3 7 days later All life stages of Thrips, Mites, Whiteflies (Tank mix w/ Endeavor for control of Aphids). 3. Pedestal / Enstar AQ 6oz / 25oz 3 7 days later Thrips, Aphids, Whiteflies (use twice in a row for best results, watch phyto). Do not use Pedestal on Lobularia. 4. Avid / Decathlon 8oz / 2.3oz 3 7 days later Thrips and Mites (good contact kill) 5. Overture / 8oz / 1 lb 3 7 days later Thrips. Botanigard 6. Conserve 22oz 3 7 days later Thrips, Mites, Aphids. 7. Mavrik 8oz 3 7 days later Thrips, Aphids, Whitefies, Mealybugs. WHITEFLY Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets & Notes High Pressure - Orthene T&O 1lb Severe infestation Effective on all stages. Use as an emergency only. Quick Knockdown Whitefly Rotation: 1. Sanmite 4 6oz At first sign Eggs, nymphs, and adults. 2. Pedestal 6 8oz 3 5 days later IGR effective on nymphs. 3. Molt-X / Botanigard 8oz / 1lb Every 3 days Molting inhibitor effective on eggs, nymphs, and adults. 4. Rycar 3.2 oz 3 5 days later Effective on all life stages. 5. Talstar 10 40oz 3 7 days later Effective on all life stages. 6. Scimitar 1.5 5oz 7 14 days later Effective on all life stages. 7. Judo 2 4oz 7 14 days later Adults. OTHER PESTS Category Treatment Rate per 100 gal. When Main Target/Other Targets & Notes Beetles Talstar 10 40oz First sign Effective on all life stages. Caterpillars Orthene T&O 4oz / 50mL First sign Effective on all life stages. Loopers Conserve / DiPel Pro 10oz / 1lb First sign Effective on all life stages. Moths Conserve / DiPel Pro 10oz / 1lb First sign Effective on all life stages. 71

74 Bio Program Overview Biological control has been a growing part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for several years, and Four Star is including these techniques and sciences into our pest management program. Here are the highlights of our current practices. Annual Stock Plants: Main target pests are Thrips and Spider mites, and occasionally Aphids. Evolvulus, Helichrysum, Ipomoea, Laurentia, Lotus and Sutera (Bacopa) are key genera to watch. Bio controls begin August 1st and end in December when our stock ships out. While they were originally implemented on Ipomoea and Sutera, we now use bio controls on all stock. We use the following predatory mites: Swirski (amblyseius swirskii) and Persimilis (phytoseiulus persimilis). Mites are applied via AirBug gun weekly. Swirski-Mite sachets are used on stock Sutera baskets. Sachets are hung on baskets and replaced every 4 to 6 weeks. Large yellow Horiver cards are used to monitor and trap Thrips. They are put out on every other table. Spraying weekly (1x a week) with Botanigard, NoFly or Azatin is normal. Overture is used for higher Thrip pressure. We use Floramite for Twospotted mite pressure, and Endeavor for Aphids. (See compatibility list below.) Perennials and ColorChoice Shrubs: All perennials and ColorChoice shrubs receive predatory mites once a week via AirBug gun. A mixture of Persimilis, Swirski and Californicus (neoseiulus californicus) are used. This treatment begins June 1st through October 1st (depending on weather and low temperatures at night). Spot spraying for Aphids and Mites is done as needed before applying biocontrols. We use Endeavor, Xxpire, Triact 70, Botanigard, Met 52, Floramite and Hexygon. We have minimized sprays dramatically to just using spot sprays, rather than spraying two times a week. Finished Summer baskets: Swirski-Mite Plus sachets are hung on baskets two weeks after transplant. Swirskii LD sachets last up to six weeks. We perform regular sprays with Botanigard, Overture, Pedestal, Endeavor, Molt-x or Azatin (1x a week if needed, 2x a week depending on pressure). Projected start date by Weeks Banker Plants: We recently implemented banker plants to counter Aphid pressure in Ipomoea stock, and are now also using for Perennials and ColorChoice shrubs. Banker plants also begin in October and continue through summer into fall. The plants are purchased from IPM Laboratories Inc. and a. Colemani is purchased from Koppert Biological Systems. We release them two weeks straight after introduction of the banker plants. Banker plants consist of winter rye and are infested with Bird Cherry-oat Aphids. Compatible Insecticides for Biological Controls Overture Floramite Endeavor Xxpire Captiva Rycar Hexygon Ovation Molt-X Botanigard NoFly Met 52 Grandevo Aza-Direct Triact 70 Azatin XL AzaGuard Pedestal Aria ProMite Kontos DiPel Pro 72

75 Proven Winners Professional Water-Soluble Fertilizers Formulated for Proven Winners and Proven Selections Plants Benefits Formulated to minimize and correct ph-related challenges. Four standard blends to match your water alkalinity. Developed to improve the performance of Proven Winners and Proven Selections plants. Made with 100% iron EDDHA, the best chelated form of iron for plant uptake. Competitively priced. Packaged as 25 lb. bags with distinct color-coded labels for easy identification. How to Order A water test is needed to determine the best formula to use. Contact Four Star customer service at for easy-to-follow instructions and a submittal form. Collect your water following these steps: 1. Allow water to run for five minutes to clear lines. This will ensure the sample is from untreated greenhouse water with no fertilizers or other chemicals. 2. Triple rinse a clean plastic bottle (water or soda bottle recommended) with the water to be tested, emptying the bottle each time. 3. Fill the bottle to the top and securely tighten the cap. 4. Clearly label the bottle with your business name and a description for identification purposes (description will appear in report). 5. Complete the submittal form and enclose a check made payable to QAL with your water sample. 6. Send sample to: Quality Analytical Laboratories, 925 Cherry Street, Panama City, FL Phone fax Tests results will arrive in 7 14 business days. A copy of the results will also be sent to Four Star. 8. Four Star will contact you via or by mail with fertilizer recommendations. Once a water test is on file, a fertilizer order can be placed by contacting Four Star or your preferred broker. Four Star will issue a credit for one water test per year with an order of 12 or more bags of fertilizer. Products Produced by GreenCare Fertilizer GreenCare Fertilizer manufactures its products in a controlled environment so they are completely uniform, bag-to-bag and within the bag. PRIMARY FERTILIZERS Minors Moderate Alkalinity Formula with FeEDDHA Minors High Alkalinity Formula with FeEDDHA SPECIALTY FERTILIZERS Minors Greening/pH Reducing Formula with FeEDDHA A valuable tool to correct increases in ph and quickly green up a crop Minors Low Alkalinity Formula with FeEDDHA Minors Moderately High Alkalinity Formula with FeEDDHA Minors Cold Weather Formula with FeEDDHA Contains high levels of Nitrate Nitrogen for cold weather conditions 73

76 Supernova Liner Culture Guide Supernova 42 liners offer faster turns and consistent flowering. Supernova 84 liners balance shipping cost with improved performance. Supernova liners have been treated to provide a blooming, salable plant in a 4" 6" container in four to six weeks. Supernova 84s take one to two weeks longer to finish than Supernova 42s. While not recommended for hanging baskets or uprights, some growers use them for better flower coverage for early season plantings. Treatments given to Supernova liners to control vigor are temporary and will lose effectiveness in three to six weeks, depending on growing conditions. As a general guideline, follow the cultural guidelines and the growth regulator information below for helpful tips on growing Supernova liners. More specific information can be found on Four Star s individual variety culture sheets. ph: For Superbells Calibrachoa and Supertunia Petunia, maintain a lower ph of EC: (2:1 extraction method).5.8 As is true with all Proven Winners, soil ph and EC levels must be properly maintained. Supernova liners grow and perform best at an average temperature of F. Colder temperatures are possible but will delay flowering. Angelface Angelonia do not flower well below F. Containers grown from Supernova liners should be kept moderately moist, but not saturated. More frequent, lighter watering is best, as over-watering and fertilization encourages vegetative growth and flower delay. Placing in the brightest greenhouse location available is recommended. Low light and warm temperatures will produce a soft plant that grows together rapidly, produces fewer blooms, and may require more PGR (plant growth regulator) treatments. Early season plantings flower best when given continued long days via either daylength extension or night interruption lighting. PINCHING None is required or recommended. This would remove the initiated flowers. FLOREL (ETHEPHON) It is not recommended on most Supernova varieties as initiated flowers would be aborted. However, Nemesia flower very readily and often benefit from one application of 500ppm four to six days after planting. Certain varieties within a genera may require different growth regulator treatments, depending on plant size and vigor. Under Four Star Greenhouse growing conditions, we use this chart as a guideline. These rates are based on ½-GL of solution per 100 square feet for sprays. Follow recommended levels for drenches, based on container size. Do not apply under bright, sunny conditions, as this can cause leaf burn. Growth regulators may not be necessary for Supernova 84s. A Growth Regulator Treatment Guide is shown on the following page. SUPERTUNIA VISTA BUBBLEGUM 4.25" Grande at 4 Weeks Standard 84 liner Supernova 84 liner Supernova 42 74

77 Supernova Liner Culture Guide Continued SUPERNOVA 42 GROWTH REGULATOR TREATMENT GUIDE Growth Regulator Recommendations Variety Bonzi drench (paclobutrazol) Sumagic spray (uniconazole) Angelonia 5ppm 10ppm Argyranthemum 1ppm 2ppm 5ppm 10ppm Superbells Calibrachoa Blue, Lemon Slice, Plum, Pomegranate Punch 2ppm 3ppm 10ppm 20ppm Blackberry Punch, Cherry Blossom, Strawberry Punch 1ppm 2ppm 5ppm 10ppm Coralina, Cherry Red, Dreamsicle, Evening Star, Garden Rose, 1ppm 5ppm 10ppm Grape Punch, Hollywood Star, Miss Lilac, Pink, Saffron, Spicy, Tequila Sunrise, White, Yellow Cherry Star, Coralberry Punch, Holy Moly!, Morning Star, 5ppm 10ppm Red, Sweet Tart, Yellow Chiffon if needed SunPatiens Impatiens Nemesia 5ppm 10ppm Infinity New Guinea Impatiens* 1ppm 2ppm (Bonzi spray) Supertunia Petunia Bermuda Beach, Black Cherry, Charms, Flamingo, Giant Pink, 1ppm 2ppm 5ppm 10ppm Honey, Latte, Lavender Skies, Really Red, Royal Velvet, White Bordeaux, Minis, Picasso in Blue, Picasso in Pink, 2ppm 3ppm 10ppm 20ppm Picasso in Purple, Raspberry Blast, Royal Magenta, Vistas Pretty Much Picasso 3ppm 4ppm 20ppm Surfinia Petunia 1ppm 2ppm 5ppm 10ppm Salvia Scaevola Pink Wonder, Whirlwind Blue 5ppm if needed New Wonder, Whirlwind White 5ppm 10ppm Lanai Verbena Bright Pink 2ppm 3ppm 10ppm 20ppm Blue, White, Red, Royal Purple w/eye, Upright Purple Mosaic 1ppm 2ppm 5ppm 10ppm Superbena Verbena 2ppm 3ppm 10ppm 20ppm Superbena Royale Verbena 1ppm 2ppm 5ppm 10ppm Tukana Verbena Raspberry 5ppm 10ppm Scarlet, Scarlet Star 1ppm 2ppm 5ppm 10ppm Meteor Shower Verbena Bonariensis 1ppm 5ppm 10ppm B-Nine spray (daminozide) 2500ppm 2500ppm As a general rule, apply growth regulators 7 to 10 days after transplanting. More vigorous varieties may need an additional 1ppm 2ppm Bonzi drench or 5ppm 10ppm Sumagic spray, depending upon growing conditions. * Ruffles New Guinea Impatiens None needed. 75

78 Benchrun Collections Cool Crops Benchrun Collection For Grande production in 4 5 containers Criteria: A mix of colors and top-selling varieties. Four to five weeks in a Grande container from a Supernova 42 liner (unless otherwise noted). Moderate water requirements. Similar PGR (plant growth regulator) rates: 1ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol) drench two weeks after transplant. 5ppm 10ppm Sumagic (uniconazole) spray as needed after that. Rooting out temperatures: 65 F night, 72 F day. Growing on temperatures: 65 F night, 68 F day. Read and follow specific cultural recommendations from the Supernova Culture Guide. Refer to specific crop culture guides for additional information. Varieties 1. Goldilocks Rocks Bidens (from an 84 or 104 Liner) 2. Superbells Blue Calibrachoa 3. Superbells Red Calibrachoa 4. Superbells Hollywood Star Calibrachoa 5. Superbells Evening Star Calibrachoa 6. Superbells Grape Punch Calibrachoa 7. Superbells Holy Moly! Calibrachoa 8. Superbells Lemon Slice Calibrachoa 9. Superbells Pink Calibrachoa 10. Superbells Pomegranate Punch Calibrachoa 11. Superbells Yellow Calibrachoa 12. Laguna Sky Blue Lobelia (from an 84 or 104 Liner) 13. White Knight Lobularia (from an 84 or 104 Liner) 14. Sunsatia Blood Orange Nemesia (from an 84 or 104 Liner) 15. Sunsatia Lemon Nemesia (from an 84 or 104 Liner) 16. Supertunia Bordeaux Petunia 17. Supertunia Limoncello Petunia 18. Supertunia Picasso in Purple Petunia 19. Supertunia Pink Star Charm Petunia 20. Supertunia Rose Blast Charm Petunia 21. Supertunia Royal Velvet Petunia 22. Supertunia Vista collection Petunia 23. Supertunia White Petunia 24. Supertunia Really Red Petunia 25. Superbena Royale Chambray Verbena 26. Superbena Royale Romance Verbena 27. Superbena Royale Whitecap Verbena 28. Superbena Sparkling Ruby Verbena 29. Superbena Violet Ice Verbena 76

79 Benchrun Collections Continued Warm Crops Benchrun Collection For Grande production in 4 5 containers Criteria: A mix of colors and top-selling varieties. Four to five weeks in a Grande container from a Standard 84 liner (unless otherwise noted). Moderate water requirements. Similar PGR (plant growth regulator) rates: 2,500ppm B-Nine (daminozide) spray. Rooting out temperatures: 65 F night, 72 F day. Growing on temperatures: 65 F night, 72 F 75 F day. Read and follow specific cultural recommendations from the Supernova Culture Guide. Refer to specific crop culture guides for additional information. Varieties: 1. Angelface Blue Improved Angelonia (from a Supernova 42) 2. Angelface Perfectly Pink Angelonia (from a Supernova 42) 3. Pequeña Rosalita Cleome 4. Vermillionaire Cuphea 5. Diamond Delight Euphorbia* 6. Diamond Frost Euphorbia* 7. Sweet Caroline Bewitched After Midnight Ipomoea 8. Sweet Caroline Bewitched Green With Envy Ipomoea 9. Sweet Caroline Light Green Ipomoea 10. Sweet Caroline Raven Ipomoea 11. Sweet Caroline Sweetheart Lime Ipomoea 12. Pink Wonder Scaevola (from Supernova 42) 13. Whirlwind Blue Scaevola (from Supernova 42) 14. Lemon Coral Sedum* 15. Chocolate Drop Solenostemon/Coleus 16. ColorBlaze Apple Brandy Solenostemon/Coleus 17. ColorBlaze Dipt in Wine Solenostemon/Coleus 18. ColorBlaze Kingswood Torch Solenostemon/Coleus 19. ColorBlaze Lime Time Solenostemon/Coleus 20. Strawberry Drop Solenostemon/Coleus 21. Snowstorm Blue Sutera/Bacopa** 22. Snowstorm Snow Globe Sutera/Bacopa ** 23. Catalina Gilded Grape Torenia* 24. Catalina Grape-O-licious Torenia* 25. Catalina Midnight Blue Torenia* *Should need no PGR (plant growth regulator) treatments. ** Should need no PGR treatment, but 500 ppm B-Nine (daminozide) is recommended if needed. 77

80 Sharing Our Growing Expertise Our grower experts have more than 228 years of combined industry experience and focus on providing the best looking, healthiest plants available. We are happy to share information about our advanced growing techniques, and are available to answer any of your growing questions from transplanting methods to pest management strategies to outdoor finishing programs and more! BACK: Dave Marsh, Robin Bourdon, Dennis Crum, Josh Miller, Donna Rath, Robert Zannini FRONT: Amanda Vallade, Brian Bourdon, Dan Foster, Leslie Brentlinger 78

81 Four Star Greenhouse, Inc. The #1 Supplier of Proven Winners in North America 1015 Indian Trail Road, Carleton, Michigan Phone: I Fax: mail@pwfourstar.com I 2/2018