W Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

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1 W Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines September 2007

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3 introduction The built form within the Willunga Township has evolved over time with a minimal amount of guidelines. The use of heritage listing and Historic (Conservation) (Willunga) zoning in the City of Onkaparinga s Development Plan is beneficial for conserving the status quo, but further guidance is required for future development. The Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines provide clear direction for anyone involved in urban planning, design, development, regeneration, renovation and maintenance to buildings, plantings and structures in the Willunga Township. They are based on a site and character analysis of the built and natural environment undertaken by a sub-committee of the former Local Heritage Advisory Committee of Council. The Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines support the Onkaparinga (City) Development Plan by providing greater guidance about design and the desired character of the precinct for the community, developers and Council. It is a practical guide to carrying out development and maintenance activities with the aim of preserving and enhancing the unique heritage character of Willunga and its surrounds. The Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines is presented in three parts: Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Design guide: Private spaces Design guide: Public spaces Willunga precinct and sub-precinct character. Please contact Council on for further information about specific heritage sites and our Heritage Advisory Service.

4 Disclaimer: This document is a guide only and not a legislative document. While care has been taken to research and prepare these guidelines, the City of Onkaparinga is not liable for any loss or damage as a result of relying on the information provided in this document. Please refer to the Development Act 1993 and the Onkaparinga (City) Development Plan for the legislative framework for development within the Willunga area. Note: Where specific advice is required for State or local heritage listed buildings, please contact Council in the first instance on

5 contents chapter 1 design guide: private spaces summary sheet 1 building materials and form 3 gardens, fencing, paths and edging 6 siting, design and car parking 8 colours and signage 10 chapter 2 design guide: public spaces summary sheet 13 furniture and borders 15 public art and gateways 17 open space reserves 19 paths and paving 20 chapter 3 willunga precinct and sub-precinct character sub-precinct A characteristics - contemporary residential 26 sub-precinct B characteristics - township core 32 sub-precinct C characteristics - transitionary residential 38 sub-precinct D characteristics continuing development 44

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7 chapter 1 willunga heritage precinct design guidelines for private spaces

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9 willunga heritage precinct design guidelines for private spaces 1. colours, finishes and materials 1.1 Contemporary materials, construction methods and detailing should be sympathetic to the prevailing character rather than reproduce heritage design elements or use false historic details. 1.2 Where a heritage building is extended, existing materials (below) in short supply, such as slate roof tiles, should be transposed to the most visible area of the existing building. 1.3 Starkly contrasting colour schemes shouldn t be used. Limit the use of multiple colours. Use a single colour for buildings, with one or two complementary access colours for trim elements (i.e. window frames, verandah posts, guttering etc). A preference should be given to matte finishes. 1.4 Front fencing should be low in profile, constructed of timber palings or pickets (exposed or whitewashed), and generally of a maximum height of 1.2 metres. 1.5 Side and rear fencing should be made of either corrugated galvanised iron, timber palings or pickets, or hedges to suit the character of the building concerned. Rural fencing should be of post and wire construction, with remnant slate fencing to be restored where possible. 2. plantings 2.1 Front gardens should complement typical Victorian garden layouts using low growing European plant species and some complementary native vegetation. Landowners should refer to the City of Onkaparinga Planting Guidelines for selection of appropriate species. 2.2 Gardens, fencing, paths, and edging should combine to create an attractive, unified setting. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 1

10 willunga heritage precinct design guidelines for private spaces 3. allotment design 3.1 Infill development should reflect the prevailing character of the area and not compete for visual attention with heritage listed buildings. 4. new buildings 4.1 Additions to heritage buildings should form an extension of the building without being visible from the street. 4.2 Extensions should be located so as to be unobtrusive and visually subservient to historic buildings. Left: Large additions should be broken up into a number of smaller elements so as not to detract from the historic building, much in the traditional manner of adding on lean-to s and pavilions to historic structures. Left: The form, scale and choice of materials for this lean-to addition are consistent with the design themes of the parent structure. 5. signage 5.1 Signage should be limited to a surface area not exceeding 10% of the total front facade. 5.2 Signage should use lettering style and colour schemes that reflects the age of the parent building and the prevailing streetscape character. S I GN Far Left: Freestanding signs form a visual extension of the built form to reflect the scale and materials of the primary building. Techniques for affixing signage to heritage buildings should be reversible and anticipate its possible removal. Left: Signs should be subordinate to the overall composition of the building and should not be internally illuminated 2 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

11 1. building materials and form Willunga s historic buildings show simple construction methods using local stone and slate applied by gifted craftsmen of the time. Their particular character is based on traditional building materials, construction methods and detailing. New development should be compatible in terms of form, scale, colour and texture. However, mimicry of historic buildings should be avoided as it is, importantly, not good conservation practice. Whilst the retention, refurbishment, and re-use of buildings with heritage value is preferred to their removal and replacement, such conversions should be sympathetic to the character of the building itself, its immediate surroundings, and its broader locality. Retention of historic buildings may also be required. Check if a building is protected by way of listing in Table Onka/9 of the Onkaparinga (City) Development Plan. 1.1 New development should reflect the style of heritage buildings, which is predominantly single-storey with simple gable roofs. They should also reflect the prevailing scale and not compete for visual attention with heritage-listed buildings. Historic buildings in Willunga are very simple. Those dwellings that date from mid 1800 s were built by unskilled labour (usually the owner) and have a simple rectilinear plan, walls of local readily available materials and short roof span. The wide allotment frontages that characterise Willunga have encouraged development of single-storey, sprawling dwellings. This horizontal massing is accentuated when combined with simple, gable roofs that reduce the height of the overall building but still allow for high walls and ceilings. New development should not dwarf heritage buildings. Willunga s distinctive character is created by the combination of single-storey, stone buildings with reduced front setbacks, set on wide allotments. New buildings that are large and set on reduced allotments appear overbearing and do not allow sufficient regular spacing between buildings. Short roof span, a result of availability of materials and abilities of local builders of the time, break down the scale of buildings. Heritage listed buildings, or buildings of heritage value, should remain the primary built form in the Willunga townscape. 1.2 Building attributes such as colour, scale, shape, orientation or materials should complement nearby heritage buildings ie: transpose existing materials that may be in short supply, such as slate roof tiles, to the most visible area of the existing building use corrugated galvanised iron sheeting for domestic outbuildings. Colourbond is acceptable in selected colours. Avoid zincalume. The significance and value of Willunga s built heritage is largely represented by the volume and concentration of its quality heritage elements. This in turn creates a unique yet fragile streetscape appeal, which is easily disturbed by uncharacteristic elements. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 3

12 1.3 Contemporary materials, construction methods and detailing should be compatible with the prevailing character rather than reproduce heritage design elements or use inappropriate historic design. Attempts to reproduce heritage design elements never truly represent a township s prevailing heritage character. On the other hand, disregard for the prevailing architecture is equally detrimental. Copying or mimicking historic detail devalues the genuinely historic buildings and detracts from the pre-eminence of historic buildings. The form and scale, and choice of materials for this lean-to addition, are consistent with the design themes of the parent structure. Avoid mock-historic add-ons like finials, lacework, brackets, ornate verandah posts, quoinwork, panelled doors and multi-panelled windows. 1.4 Modern external adornments should not be visually intrusive. All machinery, climate control mechanisms, and transmitters should be screened from public view and should not be mounted on roofs or external walls visible from the public realm. Willunga s heritage buildings were not designed to accommodate contemporary, external devices. All machinery, climate control mechanisms, and transmitters should be screened from public view and should not be mounted on roofs or external walls visible from the public realm they will detract from the heritage significance of the built environment. 1.5 The traditional symmetrical layout of windows and doors should be maintained rather than enlarging window areas and entrances. Symmetrical cottages, with single windows either side of a centrally located door characterise the predominant early housing style of Willunga. Complex and elaborate building designs in the vicinity would detract from this simplicity of design. Willunga s building facades display distinctive aperture-to-wall proportions and window reveals which should be preserved for an understanding of the early built form. New buildings, particularly those near heritage places, should reflect the prevailing and traditional spacings and size of windows and doors. This is important because contemporary walls are much narrower than the traditional creating a disproportionate appearance, particularly when combined with flushmounted large windows and doors with low-profile aluminium frames. Timber window and door frames are preferred to aluminium. 4 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

13 1.6 Extensions should not be visible from the street, particularly where they diminish the value of a primary heritage building or reduce streetscape appeal. Extensions should be located so as to be unobtrusive and visually subservient to historic buildings. Much of Willunga s streetscape appeal lies in the uncluttered and open appearance of property frontages. Structural additions that protrude from existing buildings detract from the established character. Large additions should be broken up into a number of smaller elements so as not to detract from the historic building, much in the traditional manner of adding on lean-to s and pavilions to historic structures. Most verandahs in Willunga are straight pitch or concave. Bullnose verandahs were not introduced until the late 1800 s. Modern, almost flat imitation bullnose verandahs are out of context. Timber fascias are preferred to steel and face bricks, particularly modern reds as their colour does not blend with the historic use of materials. The roof represents a substantial component of a building and the pitch and profile of a roof give particular insight into the period and method of construction, defining the prevailing housing character. Willunga s early built form is generally characterised by gable roofs clad in slate tiles or corrugated galvanised iron. Redefining rooflines confuses the housing style and often enlarges the roof space, creating disproportionate dimensions. Modern design of trussed roof forms enables large spans which provide roofs of substantial height and mass which are out of context. Avoid add-ons to roof forms like Dutch gables, multiple gables, finials and elaborate detailing. Historic buildings are generally devoid of such detailing. 1.7 Heritage buildings adapted for commercial purposes should present a low commercial profile outside of business hours. A heritage building used for commercial purposes needs to be adapted sensitively, with regard to its overall profile and relationship to the streetscape especially outside business hours. If the structure is adapted beyond recognition, an understanding of the original built form and its relationship to the streetscape cannot be maintained. Maintaining consistency in roof-pitch and form is particularly important in adaptation work. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 5

14 2. gardens, fencing, paths and edging 2.1 Front fencing should be based on historical precedents. Keep front fences low and open to maintain views of the house from the street, avoiding the use of grand elements. Timber palings, pickets or hedges can be used for all fencing. Corrugated galvanised iron should only be used for side and rear fencing. Willunga s streetscapes have an open character, which comes from the combination of wide allotments, dwellings with a predominantly horizontal scale and minimal delineation between the road carriageway, footpath and private front yards. Fencing divides private from public space, thereby interrupting an easy transition between the two realms. Front fencing where historically there was none, may limit an understanding and appreciation of the streetscape as it was at the time of settlement. Willunga s built form emphasises horizontal scale, which fencing should reflect in a low and open (rather than solid) form, to maintain visual access from the street. Side and rear fencing can incorporate corrugated galvanised iron. Timber palings, pickets or hedges can be used for all fencing, including front, and should suit the character of the building concerned. New side and rear fencing should reflect the styles adopted in the early development of Willunga. Contemporary residential style fencing, such as modern Colourbond structures, are not representative of Willunga s origins, detract from adjacent buildings, and should not be seen from the street. 2.2 Only construct retaining walls for the purpose of land stabilisation, not to retain soil for garden beds. Design floor levels and landscaping carefully to minimise the need for retaining walls. Use natural methods of battering earth, rock stabilisation and landscaping rather than hard-edged vertical walls of modern materials. The Willunga Township is mostly typified by relatively flat topography. However there is some sloping land. Retaining walls do not represent the inherent topography or ideally reflect the period of development. Modular, aerated concrete blocks, and pre-cast, replica stone sheeting (i.e. Twin- Crete ) are inappropriate in a heritage setting. These interlocking resources do not represent the methods used by early residents to stabilise their land, nor do they reflect the appearance and texture of materials that were typically available at the time of Willunga s settlement. Any retaining walls or masonry fencing over 1m require Development Approval. 6 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

15 2.3 Front gardens should complement typical Victorian garden layouts that used low growing European plant species with a mix of complementary native vegetation. Large trees and shrubs are not typical of cottage gardens. (Refer to the Onkaparinga Planting Guidelines available on for a selection of appropriate species typically available at the time). Front gardens should generally be designed in accordance with typical Victorian garden layouts. Cottage gardens with sprawling shrubbery are strongly characteristic of early Willunga. They complement the common horizontal built form and period of construction, and widen vistas along the streetscape. The layout, density, diversity, and height of vegetation should relate to the composition and scale of the built form, including fencing, and the location of building entrances and gates. However, each site proposal is different and shall be assessed on its individual merit. 2.4 Aim to create an attractive, unified setting that combines gardens, fencing, paths and edging. A unified setting complements Willunga s built form and the typical streetscape. 2.5 Locate garden beds away from the walls of heritage buildings. Positioning garden beds away from the base of walls of existing heritage buildings reduces the likelihood of issues of rising and falling damp that are due to water retention and difference in soil types and expansion rates. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 7

16 3. siting, design and car parking The Willunga Township has reached its growth limits: its physical expansion is prevented by zoning restrictions, limited by few remaining broadacre land parcels and regulated by the Urban Growth Boundary. Urban consolidation, through infill development, provides the primary opportunity for urban intensification. New structures, and domestic outbuildings in particular, should not diminish the value of heritage buildings and their context, bearing in mind that garages were not incorporated into the design of 19th Century houses. Willunga was originally settled and developed well before the advent of the motor vehicle, so heritage buildings, should not display obvious and formal off-street car parking areas. 3.1 Set back new buildings in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Onkaparinga (City) Development Plan choosing rectangular structures with façades aligned parallel to the street. Many of Willunga s heritage buildings are located close to the front property boundary. New buildings with the same alignment will detract from historic structures. Willunga was planned using a predominantly regular street pattern based on a traditional grid system. Irregular or angled dwelling facades detract from the orderly pattern of development and prevailing orientation of buildings. The approving authority will take the character of a particular locality into account in its setback assessment. 3.2 Infill development should not be considered where reduced densities and narrow allotments are not the prevailing character. Contemporary infill development generally places new dwellings behind or alongside existing structures and affects the context and setting of historic buildings. The resulting reduced allotment frontages and compromised undercover car-parking solutions, even where new structures are sympathetically designed, affects historical densities and reduces understanding of the character of the early Willunga settlement. Infill development creating Battle-axe allotments should be avoided as such reduced and irregular parcels of land were not typical of the early Willunga survey and do not contribute to a better understanding of the Township s built heritage. Deep allotments with narrow frontages should not be contemplated either, as they misrepresent the historical space between allotments in Willunga 8 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

17 3.3 Extended driveways with rear car parking provision are preferred to car parking areas in front of the building. If car parking in front of the building is necessary, bays should be landscaped, unsealed (of compacted earth, dolomite, gravel or fine screenings) and informal. Willunga s streetscapes are generally open, and heritage buildings are the main feature from the street. Car parking areas within the set back area between building and street diminish the streetscape charm. Car parking and driveway areas should be as informal as possible and not overtly apparent when not in use, retaining an understanding of Willunga as a settlement developed well before the motor-age. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 9

18 4. colours and signage 4.1 Starkly contrasting colour schemes should not be used. Limit the use of multiple colours. Use a single colour for buildings, with one or two complementary accent colours for trim elements (i.e. window frames, verandah posts, guttering etc). A preference should be give to matte finishes. Non-heritage buildings should reflect the external décor of nearby heritage structures. Continuity of colour is as significant as the consistency of building materials for gaining a better understanding of early settlements and their reliance on local, homogenous resources in construction. Vibrant corporate colour schemes conflict with the heritage character of Willunga, which has historically been characterised by, subdued, discrete and generally modestly adorned retail and commercial outlets. Willunga s early built form is not defined by elaborate colour detailing. The attraction of Willunga s heritage buildings is found in their use of local stone for walls and roofs, built in a simple form. Coatings were generally applied to protect timbers and exposed metals, not as an adornment. It is not recommended to use corporate colours on building façades. 4.2 Coordinate signage with the overall façade composition, limiting it to a surface area less than 10% of the total front façade. Furthermore: S I G N internally illuminated signage shouldn t be used lettering style and colours for signage should be appropriate Dominating signage reduces the understanding of a structure and its role in the streetscape. Generally, this problem arises when signage takes up more than 10% of the front façade. Signs should be developed and based on the primary building s character and dimensions. A sign that dominates its environment will detract from the overall streetscape appeal and heritage character. Willunga does not have an exclusively commercial precinct. Most businesses are close to residential dwellings. Dominant, illuminated signage detracts from the streetscape and misrepresents the predominantly residential Township. The lettering and colouring of a sign should be representative of the period of construction of the parent building. This provides a better understanding of the period of development for buildings and the Township as a whole. Signage on heritage buildings should be affixed using a Signs should be subordinate to the overall composition of the building and should not be internally illuminated. Freestanding signs should be concise and form a visual extension of the built form to reflect the scale and materials of the primary building. technique that promotes its reversibility. It is also important that private advertising has a relationship to signage on public land to create a sense of place and project a unified built environment. 10 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

19 chapter 2 willunga heritage precinct design guidelines for public spaces

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21 willunga heritage precinct design guidelines for public spaces 1. public realm design 1.1 Public art should reflect the period of Willunga s settlement, through locally produced artwork using traditional methods of construction. Locally produced artwork Timber and log path lead to a slate art feature Retain historic examples of murals and public art Public art that is not representative of Willunga s heritage should not be used 1.2 Gateways for the Township should be acknowledged with entry statements that are indicative of Willunga s built heritage and themes found throughout the Township, such as slate, untreated timbers, roses, almonds, large eucalypts and creeklines. W I L L U N G A Est Open space reserves should provide for some active recreational needs, which should be informal in their arrangement and incorporated amongst existing vegetation. Incorporate play areas within natural features Hard surfaced play areas amongst a natural setting Play equipment incorporating timber post construction or timber components 2. new infrastructure 2.1 Furniture in public spaces should be practical and blend into the landscape using materials such as timber and iron with matte and non-lustrous finishes. Use natural timber Permanent timber seating to accentuate existing vegetation Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 13

22 willunga heritage precinct design guidelines for public spaces 2.2 Avoid the use of prefabricated, contemporary, tubular or mesh metal styles of street furniture. 2.3 Fencing and pedestrian barriers should be constructed of appropriate materials (iron, post and rail) and adopt profiles (matte, non-lustrous finish) which best represent and accentuate Willunga s built heritage. Use iron railings and barriers Apply low profile and simple barriers. Slate fencing. 3. colours, finishes and materials 3.1 Footpaths and paved areas should meld with established private spaces to create unified streetscapes and generally use recycled bricks or crushed and compacted rubble. Match new infrastructure with old. Informal paths preferred. Recycled slate for kerb and guttering where practical. 3.2 Structural elements within public spaces should have colours, finishes and materials that are indicative of Willunga s early built form such as slate roofs and walls, exposed or whitewashed timber posts. Use whitewashed timber. Use exposed timber. Use slate roofing. 4. planting 4.1 A mixture of indigenous, native and exotic species should be utilised within the Willunga township as a means of reinforcing the unique character of the village, with the main thoroughfares emphasised as a priority. Refer to City of Onkaparinga Planting Guidelines. 4.2 Increased tree planting using a mixture of native, indigenous, and exotic species along corridors to accentuate entrances into the village and to create a visual contrast from vineyards. 14 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

23 1. furniture and borders Willunga s streetscape appeal lies primarily with its heritage built form and vegetation. Furniture within public spaces should complement and accentuate these features. 1.1 Furniture within public spaces should be practical and appear incidental, to ensure that the setting, and not the seating, continues to be the main feature. The original Willunga Township features attractive spaces where seating and tables are provided to prolong enjoyment of the setting. Some seating incorporates public art from local materials. An example of permanent timber seating that accentuates existing vegetation. 1.2 Furniture styles for public spaces should promote a simple, unobtrusive, modern approach rather than imitating historic elements, and include: materials and profiles such as iron, and post and rail for fencing and pedestrian barriers tree surrounds and landscape borders which are functional yet unobtrusive and where possible, use non-lustrous iron heritage-style lighting*, and avoid the use of prefabricated, contemporary tubular or mesh metal style ensembles (modular type) that are permanent or fixed-down such as bins and seats Contemporary styles contrast with Willunga s historic built form and Township design. They reduce heritage character, aesthetic appeal, and the semi-rural and informal character of the setting. For example: Synthetic and plastic tree guards, edging, and grilles reduce the understanding of Willunga s heritage and its period of settlement Fences in public spaces, particularly along road reserves, are the foremost structures on the built landscape. Inappropriate shapes or materials misrepresent the era of Willunga s development, and reduce the understanding of the heritage built landscape Avoid the use of prefabricated styles because they introduce a modern element that dominates and contrasts sharply against the existing built character. *refer to the Heritage Adviser for examples of such lighting. Use iron railings and barriers. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 15

24 1.3 Infrastructure for contemporary needs such as bike racks, drinking fountains, security bollards, lighting, posts and street signs should be sensitively placed and uncomplicated in design to avoid cluttering public spaces, particularly footpaths. Contemporary needs and expectations for bicycle parking devices, drinking fountains, security bollards, lighting, and posts have increased the number of vertical structures within public spaces. Sensitive placement and design will avoid cluttering public spaces, particularly footpaths. 1.1 Colours for street furniture and structural elements should complement heritage buildings using: matte finishes and dark tones (dim greens and charcoal grey) on iron structures use clear, protective treatments to accentuate the grain of natural timbers for wooden furniture Willunga s early built form was constructed with local materials resulting in a limited range of muted colours visible within streetscapes. Use natural timber. 16 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines)

25 2. public art and gateways Gateways and pieces of public art have the ability to present snapshots of Willunga s rich and diverse built and social heritage. Such features should not misrepresent or diminish from Willunga s historical context. The materials and location of public art are as important as the art piece itself in correctly portraying the social development and period of settlement of Willunga. 2.1 Public art should be constructed of local materials. Willunga s distinctive heritage and construction materials should be reflected where possible through its public art. The use of local materials in art pieces should be considered as these materials represent Willunga s local resources and social dependence on slate, in particular, in the early economic development of the Township. Locally produced artwork. 2.2 Remnant public art should be restored wherever possible. Advertising on wall spaces was a feature of early suburbia and rural townships. These depictions of Australiana provide an economic and social indicator of a previous generation, and are immediately identifiable with the early 20th Century. These accepted forms of advertising are now considered public art and provide context to a main street or suburban setting. Historic examples of murals and public art. 2.3 The identity of scenic approaches should be strong and formal and clearly recognisable as pertaining to Willunga but should vary, depending on which edge of the Township is represented. Township gateways should display appropriate entry statements that: signal movement into and out of the township announce an approaching change in landscape identify Willunga as a place of historical importance They should be located on either side of a public road to signify a true gateway. Information on gateway features should cater for both the motorist and pedestrian/cyclist. They should contain detailed information about the township and encourage pedestrians and cyclists to stop and observe. Seating and pedestrian-friendly surrounds should also be considered. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 17

26 Scenic approaches should enhance the experience and anticipation of arrival into the Township. Built form located along the approaches to Willunga plays a primary role in announcing arrival. Standardised treatment of all five scenic approaches that converge onto a central focal point within the Township will not contribute to a better understanding of the various links that the Township has to other areas. A strong sense of arrival and anticipation characterises the design of a good approach, however, the role of each scenic approach is unique. Different treatments that don t detract from existing heritage streetscapes are required to Use of the type of materials typically found in Willunga. demonstrate this diversity whilst maintaining historical and unified ties with the Willunga Township. Gateways should acknowledge those entering and leaving the Township. The presence of two opposing entry statements frames vistas and creates a true sense of arrival or departure. The structural and aesthetic themes adopted for entry statements should be incorporated into other gateway structures associated with cemeteries, recreation grounds, public gardens etc. as a means of continuing a common theme throughout. 18 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines)

27 3. open space reserves Structural elements in Willunga s open space reserves, should be of an appropriate form and composition, and be located so as to complement historic built form in the vicinity. Public garden layouts should reflect Willunga s period of settlement, maintaining links to the European heritage of its built form and streetscapes. 3.1 The layout of public gardens in Willunga should be based on traditional European designs but be inclusive of water conserving local native species. Willunga s built heritage, street patterning, and streetscapes are based on European traditions. Public spaces should continue this influence through formal garden layouts but also take into consideration the need to conserve water by establishing drought resistant local native species. This helps establish and maintain visual and thematic links between built form and public spaces, providing a better understanding of the period of settlement without creating an unrealistic dependency on diminishing resources. 3.2 The composition of plant species within public reserves in the Willunga Township should complement the garden design, and primarily constitute cottage style (preferably local native) shrubs and roses, together with the maintenance and replacement of large existing eucalypts. Willunga s built heritage is distinctly European in character. Gardens within public reserves should reflect these European traditions as much as possible integrating them with existing mature eucalypts without compromising water resources. Planting within and between public and private spaces should complement the township s built heritage. It should be noted that the guidelines relating to this chapter should be read in conjunction with other sections when considering a range of works. In particular refer to the sections on furniture selection, paths and borders, and fencing and the City of Onkaparinga Planting Guidelines available on Council s website, Garden areas should be open and a logical extension of broader reserve spaces. Traditional European style gardens set within greater public reserve spaces characterise the formal settlement of Willunga within an open rural setting. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 19

28 4. paths and paving The smooth transition between private and public spaces contributes greatly to Willunga s streetscape appeal. Pay particular attention to the colours and profile of materials used to seal footpaths and driveway crossover points to ensure that this character element continues. 4.1 The treatment of footpaths and driveway crossover areas should complement the appearance and style of nearby heritage elements. They should reflect the characteristics of prevailing historic materials such as slate, unless the use of slate presents an unsafe surface. Work undertaken in public areas should complement attractive private spaces where possible. An uninterrupted streetscape will maintain the relationship between public and private spaces typical of the early Willunga township. In circumstances where hard surfacing is necessary, draw reference from Willunga s historical application of slate to its infrastructure, where possible, perhaps as a feature. The colouring, profile, and texture of slate should be transferred to public spaces, if practical, where hard surfacing is demanded. The selection of materials for paths must have regard to public safety, asset management and relevant standards. For this reason, and the fact that it is slippery when wet, slate is not a preferred material for paving. Match new infrastructure with old. Recycled slate for kerb and guttering, where practical. 4.2 Contemporary construction methods should be modified to suit the streetscape character. Diverging construction practices create a stark separation between public and private spaces. This reduces the understanding of a heritage building s original setting, displacing it from its context. 20 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines)

29 4.3 Public paving should be softened with borders and barriers. Avoid excessive use of paving along streets and footpaths and around the curtilage of historic buildings. Expansive paved areas accentuate the dominance of both carriageway and footpath, even in situations where broad, grassed verges are provided. The texture, colour and lineal pattern of pavers tend to dominate the streetscape, particularly where private driveways are also paved and a cross-hatch occurs at the interface. This situation is particularly problematic in the historic Willunga Township, where buildings are set in close proximity to the street, thereby creating a reduced transition area between private and public space and diminishing the visual appeal of the heritage setting. Expanses of uninterrupted paving tend to create stark landscapes, which provide a limited understanding of Willunga s historic streetscape appeal. Borders and barriers, in the form of fencing and bollards, are effective means of creating separation and visual depth against the backdrop of a heritage streetscape or single building. A crushed or compacted surround best accentuates the stonework of heritage buildings. Large paved areas should be well separated from heritage buildings. Use fencing and bollards to provide further separation. Paving should not form part of the curtilage of heritage buildings. Pay careful attention to the extent of unsympathetic surface treatments. 4.4 Paths used within reserve areas of heritage precincts should be informal, avoiding paving. There is some evidence to suggest that informal paths and pedestrian networks were created over long periods of time throughout public spaces in Willunga. Such paths were delineated and developed through frequency of use as pedestrian / cycle links between home, work, church, school etc. The more prominent links became tracks, widening over the years, and melding into the grassed surrounds. The Informal paths preferred. visual appeal of public spaces can be reduced by the introduction of formalised infrastructure to informal settings and therefore an informal surface is recommended where feasible, perhaps with a timber edge for ease of maintenance. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 21

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31 chapter 3 willunga heritage precinct design guidelines for sub-precinct character

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33 chapter 3 Willunga precinct and sub-precinct character The information presented in this appendix is provided as background to the Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines that apply to the Willunga Township. Precincts and sub-precincts are areas that have a generally consistent character. An analysis of existing development characteristics (land use, residential development, broad acre land, house allotment size) and physical setting have identified four sub-precinct areas within the Willunga Township: Township core Contemporary residential Transitionary residential Continuing development Township Core Contemporary Residential Transitionary Residential Continuing Development Other The information contained in this appendix provides a reference point for guiding the design and desired character for Willunga. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 25

34 Willunga precinct character As part of the urban and rural character study prepared for the City of Onkaparinga by Taylor, Cullity and Lethlean (September 2005), the following description was prepared for Willunga: A significant heritage township, dating from the 1830s, the character of which relates to its setting at the base of Sellicks Range, the street layout that includes public spaces, and heritage aspects including land, buildings and structures, the street spaces between them, and individual places of significance. Within the town there are discernable local precincts relating to topography and period of development. It is important to retain the township setting within an attractive and unique rural landscape of carefully tended vineyards, orchards, and cultivated land within a gently undulating topography. The topographic variations and creek valley add to the character of the township. One of the key design contexts is the manner in which heritage buildings line and face the village streets. The overall character of the township should be low-key and provide good amenity rather than being overtly themed as heritage. Sub-precinct A characteristics contemporary residential Summary of Characteristics This sub-precinct is located independently from the early pattern of settlement, within the Township s plains, and generally behind the historic settlement. It is a relatively recent development, dating from around 1970 and is predominantly residential. Buildings: contemporary housing no prevailing architectural style wide variation in themes, including reproduction, Tuscan and modern forms, and materials, colours and textures an emphasis on the horizontal scale and separate allotments mainly single-storey, of brick construction, prevailing period of construction between 1970 to present majority connected to the Septic Tank Effluent Disposal Scheme, requiring some of the land to be used for waste treatment tanks approximately 50% have front fencing 26 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

35 Parking: majority have onsite and undercover car parking facilities Topography: relatively flat with no natural features of note Streets: predominantly curvilinear street pattern, characterised by culs-de-sac bituminised streets formal stormwater infrastructure underground powerlines Vegetation: landscaping generally intermittent, low growing shrubbery framing an expanse of lawn vegetation along road reserves not well-developed Private / public interface: stark delineation, particularly through substantial fencing and contemporary approaches to kerbing and footpaths Visual interest: open and contemporary feel very few vertical elements Desireable characteristics More vertical elements, preferably trees. Function - Role within the Township area (context): existing and desired Predominantly residential, accommodating the more contemporary housing in the Township. - Land use mix / dwelling types This sub-precinct is relatively insular, developed on once broadacre allotments located independent from the early pattern of settlement. Dwelling types are mainly single storey, brick construction, with the prevailing period of construction being between 1970 to present. Although inconsistent with Willunga s early built form, dwelling types are appropriate given that the pattern of development is mostly regular and buildings are shielded from main routes. - Development density Approximately 11 allotments per hectare, with an average allotment size of 900m². This is lower than the average allotment size of 1,200m² within the historic settlement, because of evolving zoning requirements and the introduction of a communal septic tank effluent disposal system for the Township which eliminated the historic need for expansive sub-surface irrigation areas for the discharge and retention of treated household waste water. - Major movement elements / linkages within and to adjoining areas Predominantly curvilinear street pattern, characterised by culs-de-sac. This differs markedly from the traditional grid street pattern of the early settlement. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 27

36 Pattern of Development - Neighbourhood type (including layout and structure, subdivision pattern of note, spaciousness versus intimacy of the area) Contemporary neighbourhood with curvilinear, bituminised streets, and formal stormwater infrastructure. The comparatively narrow allotment frontages create an intimate built form, with numerous cul-de-sac arrangements further reducing allotment frontages. - Topography and natural features The sub-precinct is characterised by a relatively flat topography with no apparent natural features of note. There are some limited and non-continuous stands of non-native vegetation. - Pattern of buildings and surrounding garden spaces Typical contemporary building pattern. Buildings are aligned to suit the curved street pattern and numerous cul-de-sac heads altering the capacity for consistent front yard landscaping. Passages between the sidewalls of buildings and boundary fencing are narrow or even non-existent. Gardens are generally low-maintenance with grassed areas and sealed driveways the predominant features. - Pattern and size of allotments Allotments are patterned on the curvilinear street arrangement, which allows for an open streetscape. Allotments range in size between 500m² and 1,300m², with an average size of 900m². - Street layout and width A curvilinear street pattern. Internal road reserves within the sub-precinct are typically 15 metres wide and are generally provided with a formal footpath along one side of the road. The carriageway proper measures 7 metres in width, allowing for safe on-street car parking on one side of the road. - Type / quality / extensiveness of landscaping Landscaping is generally intermittent, low growing shrubbery framing an expanse of lawn, with occasional examples of more formal patterns. - Age of buildings (period of construction) Dwellings were constructed between 1970 and the present with the earliest buildings located along the eastern side of Giles Road, either side of Methodist Street, and the southern side of the Victor Harbor Road. Public Realm - Type, quality and extensiveness of streetscape Vegetation along the road reserves is not well-developed. Formal kerbing and footpaths contribute to a stark delineation between private and public realms. Solid side fencing between properties generally extends to front property boundaries, interrupting views down streets. The curvilinear and cul-de-sac nature of most streets also reduces the depth of vista. 28 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

37 - Footpaths, furniture and pedestrian experience The most apparent physical feature from the street is the undergrounded powerlines, creating a distinctively contemporary feel. Limited street furniture contributes to this sense of openness. Footpaths in the sub-precinct are generally formal, sealed and provided to one side of the street. Pedestrian routes are limited by dead-ends and closed cul-de-sac heads which prevent linkages to other neighbourhoods. - Open space and plazas This sub-precinct, much like the rest of the Township, relies on regional open space reserves for recreation needs. There are no plazas or squares as such. The street pattern discourages logical communal open space. - Climate protection Trees at both street and private yard levels are not yet well developed so that vegetative canopies are scarce, with little natural protection from the elements. - Community facilities, utilities and services The predominantly residential zoning means that formal community facilities are not prevalent or anticipated in this area. - Interface between private and public domain There is a stark delineation between the two realms, which is in part, created by contemporary approaches to infrastructure (footpaths and kerbing), and landowner preferences for substantial front and side fencing. - Active frontages This heading does not apply because the predominantly residential zoning means that commercial buildings are not prevalent or anticipated in this area. Scenic Performance - Views to the area This sub-precinct is located within the Township s plains, and generally behind the historic settlement. Parts can be viewed from strategic locations along the southern, eastern, and north-eastern foothills but it is relatively unseen from the main eastern, northern, and western approaches. - Views from the area The main views from the sub-precinct are towards the Hills Face to the south and south-east. - Landmarks / vistas / features / key buildings This sub-precinct is lacking in landmarks and key buildings, which are generally associated with older parts of the Township. The sub-precinct represents a contemporary, residential environment, with few significant vistas, except for the landscaped view through Giles Road. There are few significant stands of vegetation or natural watercourses. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 29

38 Built Form - Building mass / bulk / scale The prevailing built form character is notably detached, contemporary, singlestorey dwellings with an emphasis on the horizontal scale, sited on separate allotments. - Building height Mainly single-storey buildings with ceiling heights of between 2.4 metres and 2.7 metres, with an average overall height of 5.5 metres from natural ground level. - Roof form / pitch Predominantly hipped and gable roofs angled between 12.5 and 60 (predominantly 30 ). - Building set-backs The prescriptive legislative climate operating at the time of building assessment (i.e. post 1972 town planning laws) mean that building set-backs are consistently between 5 and 6 metres, apart from buildings along the eastern side of Giles Road, which display varying set-backs of between 8 and 25 metres. Differences are more evident with side building set-backs, where buildings on the boundary are not uncommon. - Site coverage Site coverage in the sub-precinct varies between 20% and 60% (predominantly 40%). - Car parking / vehicle garaging The majority of dwellings within the sub-precinct have on-site and undercover car parking facilities, with further provision for at least one visitor space on the driveway area. Approximately 60% of dwellings have double garaging, and there is a distinct preference for under-main-roof garaging (i.e. not freestanding or lean-to carport), with roller doors a feature of the majority of garages and carports. Building Design / Character - Architectural style The style can be described as contemporary, a mix of themes rather than a prevailing architectural style. There are a wide variety of themes such as reproduction architecture (mainly Federation) inter-mingled with Tuscan and modern forms. Eaves are of limited width or non-existent in some cases. - Windows Window arrangements are mostly sliding, aluminium, colour coated, with a high window to wall ratio (i.e. large areas of glass). Some examples of timber frame windows. - Modelling and play of light and shade There are very few vertical elements (i.e. mature trees, stobie poles and associated powerlines, chimneys etc). The wider building envelopes and proximity between buildings limit the play of light and shade. The addition of more vertical elements, particularly trees, would address this. 30 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

39 - Materials / colours / textures There are significant variations in the materials, colours, and textures applied to the built form. The impact of changing preferences over 30 years (being the prevailing period of construction within the sub-precinct) combined with innovations in building products has resulted in contrasting styles. Generally, the materials of preference are brick or masonry, concrete tile roofs, colour-coated iron sheet roofing, aluminium windows, concrete / paved driveways, timber post verandahs, metal roller/panel lift doors. The textures of choice are brick (exposed) and plaster (rendered finish) and the texturing is very structured. - Verandahs / porches / balconies (i.e. elements proud of the main envelope) These features are typically low, narrow structures, providing limited protection from the elements. - Fencing Approximately 50% of properties within the sub-precinct have front fencing. These fences vary in height and form, generally aligned in style to the main dwelling. The material of choice for transparent fencing is tubular steel (i.e. pool fencing), generally complemented by pre-cast stone pillars or as stand-alone structures. Solid fencing is mostly brush form. There are few examples of low fences (i.e. below 1.2 metres). - Visual interest There is limited visual interest from landmarks, focal points, nodes and vistas, although some individual properties generate interest through their relationship between architecture and landscaping Environmental Factors - Noise Traffic noise is reduced because of the predominance of cul-de-sacs and the residential nature of the area. - Hours of operation Not applicable as the sub-precinct is predominantly residential in nature. - Solar access The lack of vertical elements, coupled with the horizontal scale of the built form enables sufficient solar access for households, depending upon their orientation. - Hazards No hazards to report. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 31

40 Sub-precinct B characteristics township core Summary of Characteristics One of the oldest sub-precincts, this is the institutional and commercial core of the Township. It contains significant key landmarks and heritage buildings, some of which date back to the time of settlement, between the 1840s and 1860s. Inclusive of the town s main intersection, it has an open and spacious feel with uninterrupted views down the main street (High Street). Mixed use: recreational (oval) tourist (railway) commercial/retail institutional (municipal offices/australia Post) residential Buildings: majority constructed prior to 1920 prevailing historic architectural style is preserved throughout, even in more contemporary structures which are simple and of minimal scale detached, stone-fronted, single-storey on separate (relatively large) allotments commercial/retail strip (High Street) compact built form, buildings close together on narrow allotments no noticeable side fencing and approximately 10% have front fencing Parking: on-site, but not undercover heavy reliance on on-street parking Streets: traditional regular or grid pattern five-way intersection a significant physical feature footpaths generally on both sides of the street Topography: relatively flat with no natural features of note with the exception of High Street sloping gradually up toward the hills Public / private interface: smooth transition assisted by informal kerbing and footpaths 32 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

41 Vegetation: well-developed (intermittent mature trees) along road reserves non-remnant native vegetation scattered throughout more formal landscaping in the oval and surrounding land Visual interest: high level, with landmarks, focal points, nodes and vistas as well as individual properties which generate their own interest Desirable characteristics Function - Role within the Township area (context): existing and desired Mixed-use with functional and built-form cohesion. This represents the institutional and commercial core of the Township, and it is anticipated that this role will continue. - Land use mix The sub-precinct has recreational (oval), tourist (railway), commercial / retail, institutional (municipal offices / Australia Post) and residential uses. - Development density Development density is approximately 8 allotments per hectare (excluding oval and railway land). The commercial/retail strip (High Street) has a compact built form, with buildings situated closely together on narrow fronted allotments. - Major movement elements / linkages within and to adjoining areas The sub-precinct straddles the Township s main intersection. It is permeable (easily accessible) and linked well to adjoining neighbourhoods. Pattern of Development - Neighbourhood type (including layout and structure, subdivision pattern of note, spaciousness versus intimacy of the area) Based on a traditional grid street pattern and town-centre philosophy where there is a close relationship and legibility between the transport hub (former railway), open space (oval), institutional buildings and commercial strip (High Street). The diagonal alignment of High Street creates a significant vista to and from the oval and rail corridor, creating a sense of spaciousness to counter the compact built form. - Topography and natural features A relatively flat topography with no natural features of note. Non-remnant native vegetation is scattered throughout the sub-precinct, with mature gum trees dotted along High Street. - Pattern of buildings and surrounding garden spaces Regular building patterns characterise this sub-precinct, with interest generated through diverse building set-backs, particularly along High Street. The expansive Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 33

42 intersection creates a spacious environment, and the nearby oval acts as a communal garden space. - Pattern and size of allotments Allotments are patterned on a grid street arrangement. Buildings have active (inviting) frontages that address the streetscape. Allotments (excluding reserves) range in size between 900m² and 2000m², with an average size of 1,200m². - Street layout and width Streets follow a grid pattern, albeit diagonally aligned in the case of High Street. Internal road reserves are typically 20 metres wide and generally have a formal footpath along either side of the road. The carriageways proper (Aldinga Road and High Street) are 12 metres wide, allowing for safe on-street car parking on both sides. - Type / quality / extensiveness of landscaping Given the short setback distances between building facades and property boundaries, and the subsequent lack of front yard space, landscaping is generally comprised of intermittent, mature trees within the road reserve. The oval and surrounding land provide more formal landscaping, a particular example being structured rose plantings on the northern side of Aldinga Road, approaching the Township. The high quality of landscaping helps define the Township as a unique rural locality. - Age of buildings (period of construction) Construction of the buildings dates from before 1920 to the present. There are limited examples of recently constructed buildings as infill development along and behind St Peter s Terrace. The earliest buildings date back to the time of settlement between the 1840 s and 1860 s and are located along either side of High Street, the southern side of Aldinga Road, and northern side of St Peter s Terrace. Public Realm - Type, quality and extensiveness of streetscape Being one of the oldest sub-precincts, vegetation along road reserves is welldeveloped, if not dense and regular. - Footpaths, furniture and pedestrian experience Footpaths in the sub-precinct are largely informal, mainly as a result of attrition over time rather than a lack of provision. Footpaths are generally provided to both sides of the street. There is a sense of space, permeability, and legibility along the streetscape. The easily accessible environment minimises motor vehicle dependency and facilitates pedestrian linkages, an important feature of a township s commercial and civic core. The most apparent physical feature within the pedestrian realm is the five-way intersection, and there can be some confusion about negotiating its passage. Barrier fencing at this intersection may need to be upgraded in order to complement the locality and clarify movement patterns at the time of settlement. Street furniture is limited and appropriate, projecting a subdued feel that does not demand attention. The general ad-hoc nature of buildings and landscaping creates a diverse pedestrian experience. 34 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

43 - Open space and plazas The regional open space reserve (oval) is the principal location for recreation needs. The street pattern converges and encourages visual recognition of communal open space surrounding the oval. The redevelopment of the historical rose plantings complements this visual focal point. The Willunga Town Square Project has created a space within Willunga for events and community use adjacent to Kell Street, Hill Street and Main Road using products and materials that reflect the historic character of the area. It shifts the focus from the landscaped area in front of the Post Office, which has represented a quasi-plaza but lacked the functional attributes to qualify as a strategic gathering point. - Climate protection Intermittent mature trees at both street and private space levels provide noncontinuous vegetative canopies. Similarly, the verandahs over the footpath along High Street shop-fronts are not continuous and provide pedestrians with little protection from the elements. - Community facilities, utilities and services The sub-precinct represents the recreational and institutional core of the Township, with the oval, civic building and Post Office within close proximity. The Show Hall and Community Centre (7 Main Road) is an important and continuing institutional building. - Interface between private and public domain The delineation between the two realms is not starkly defined, despite the proximity of buildings to the street. Even the newer structures (shopping complex on corner of Aldinga Road and St Andrew s Terrace) are not isolated from the public space. The use of vegetation and informal placement of infrastructure (kerbing and footpaths) assists to blend the private and public environments in an appealing manner. - Active frontage Office and retail buildings located within the sub-precinct exhibit an active and open feel. A combination of short setback distances, and attractive heritage buildings with separate, narrow frontages, assist in this regard. Scenic Performance - Views to the area This sub-precinct is exposed and highly visible: located at the Township s hub and visible from all approaches to the settlement. - Views from the area The main views radiate in alignment with the five main traffic routes diverging from its core. In many respects, the sub-precinct represents a lookout, despite it not being elevated. - Landmarks / vistas / features / key buildings An absence of noticeable side fencing between properties generally provides uninterrupted views particularly down High Street. The regular or grid nature of most streets also facilitates a depth of vista common to traditional, straight and Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 35

44 continuous routes. There are many landmarks and key buildings as generally anticipated in a township s core: the Railway Water Tower is the most obvious due to its height, unique form, isolation, and proximity to Aldinga Road from a commuter s perspective, the Post Office building, associated garden and the civic building are the most noticeable landmark structures of particular significance are the two-storey stone building located at 15 Aldinga Road, and the dwelling at 19 Aldinga Road, an impressive stone structure located hard against the street the Alma Hotel at 10 Hill Street represents another landmark building, but its off-set location relative to the main intersection lessens its visual impact Built Form - Building mass / bulk / scale The prevailing built form character is notably detached, stone-fronted, singlestorey buildings, sited on separate allotments. Although closely spaced and located in close proximity to the street, the buildings do not dominate the streetscape. Their bulk and scale is appropriate relative to their close grouping. - Building height Mainly single-storey buildings with ceiling heights of between 3.0 metres and 3.6 metres, with an average overall height of 9 metres from natural ground level. - Roof form / pitch Predominantly gable roofs angled between 40 and Building set-backs Building setbacks mainly between 0 and 2 metres (particularly along High Street). Side building setbacks vary, neighbouring buildings often closely located (reflective of a period of construction where driveways and carports were not considered in the design of buildings). - Site coverage Site coverage in the sub-precinct varies between 20% and 40% (predominantly 30%). The relatively large allotment sizes (compared with the Township as a whole), coupled with compact building envelopes, decrease overall site coverage. The low site coverage is also a legacy of historic requirements to provide sub-surface irrigation areas for complete on-site waste reception and treatment. - Car parking / vehicle garaging The majority of properties have on-site, but not necessarily undercover, car parking facilities, usually by way of existing rear-of-property access. There is also a high reliance on on-street car parking. Building Design / Character - Architectural style There is a prevailing architectural style and noticeable homogeneity to the 36 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

45 historic built form (symmetrical, gable roof, stone-fronted etc.). The more contemporary structures (Post Office, civic building, shopping centre etc.) are in keeping with the prevailing theme, being simple structures of minimal scale. - Windows Older buildings have double-hung, timber-frame windows, with small panes. - Modelling and play of light and shade Vertical elements are provided by the proximity of buildings to the street, which accentuates light and shade on the footpath. Occasional mature trees, stobie poles and associated powerlines, chimneys etc. contribute to the noticeable vertical phrasing and light distribution. The Railway Water Tower is significant, with its cylindrical form projecting a long shadow and offering interesting reflections of light. - Materials / colours / textures There are limited variations in the materials, colours, and textures applied to the built form. This is the legacy of a historical reliance on local materials (slate, stone), and the exclusive use of short-sheet corrugated iron. Textures are brick (exposed red) and exposed stone and the texturing is reflective of the ad hoc application of materials. - Verandahs / porches / balconies (i.e. elements proud of the main envelope) Such features are prevalent and serve a practical role (typically broad, high structures, providing maximum protection from the elements). - Fencing Approximately 10% of properties within the sub-precinct have front fencing. This low rate is reflective of a commercial land use focus, and an already close proximity of buildings to the street. Fencing exists to guide pedestrians at the main intersection. Other fencing examples are associated with older buildings and consistent with a historical approach (i.e. below 1.2 metres in height, picket, post and rail, or looped wire profile). Such fences invite a recollection of a time when access to properties was not restricted. - Visual interest There is a high degree of visual interest, which is provided by many aspects of the built environment including landmarks (Water Tower et al.), focal points (oval), nodes (five-way intersection), vistas (through High Street) and individual properties. Environmental Factors - Noise The combined traffic passing through the five-way intersection is the most noticeable generator of noise. After-hours uses of the Alma Hotel and shopping centre project minimal residual noise. - Hours of operation Normal trading hours (Alma Hotel has prolonged hours). - Solar access Dependent upon orientation, there is sufficient solar access despite the prevalence of vertical elements. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 37

46 - Hazards No natural hazards. However, negotiating the five-way intersection presents safety hazards, particularly from a pedestrian perspective. Sub-precinct C characteristics transitionary residential Summary of characteristics This is the most noticeable sub-precinct from the south-eastern approach. The Hills Face Zone (foothills component) forms an integral part. Predominantly residential with some institutional and commercial representation, and a wide range of building age and style. It includes quality landmarks and key buildings including several churches dating from early settlement. Infill development is a particular feature. Garden city feel with high quality landscaping and a sense of spaciousness. Buildings: diversity of age mix of buildings from different periods no distinct association between geography and building age (transitionary streetscape) prevailing form detached, single-storey on separate allotments some variation in the materials, colours and textures, but not enough to detract from overall built character approximately 60% have front fencing Parking: majority is on-site and undercover some on-street often straddles carriageway and roadside verge Topography: relatively flat landscape with a gradually ascending topography heading towards south-east fringes Streets: traditional grid pattern wide, straight streets tiered network, distinct separation between collector and local streets informal or non-existent footpaths Vegetation: mature, well developed tree-lined streets high quality public and private landscaping 38 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

47 Public / private interface: no strong delineation; smooth blending assisted by use of vegetation and non-precise placement of infrastructure (kerbing and footpaths) Visual interest: high degree, landmarks (churches) and vistas particular features Desirable characteristics Maintenance of residential land use Function substantial volume of vertical elements - Role within the Township area (context): existing and desired A transitionary sub-precinct, with a varied built form representing a range of construction periods. It has a predominantly residential land use character, which should be maintained, and includes a substantial volume of infill development. - Land use mix Predominantly residential, with some institutional and commercial representation. - Development density Density is approximately 7 allotments per hectare (excluding church sites). The average allotment size within the sub-precinct is 1,400m², which is higher than the average 1,200m² allotment within the historic settlement. - Major movement elements / linkages within and to adjoining areas There is a predominantly regular or grid street pattern, linking seamlessly with the older sub-precinct to the north-west and offering a degree of permeability. Pattern of Development - Neighbourhood type (including layout and structure, subdivision pattern of note, spaciousness versus intimacy of the area) The traditional grid street pattern, linked to the town-centre proper, offers legibility and creates a sense of spaciousness through wide, straight streets. Large allotment sizes and deeper building setbacks (relative to the Township s core) accentuate spaciousness. - Topography and natural features The sub-precinct of which the Hills Face Zone (foothills component) forms an integral part, is mostly characterised by a relatively flat landscape with a gradually ascending topography heading toward its south-east fringes. There are two tributaries that flow north-west and a significant and continuous stand of planted, mature native vegetation that follows the course of the main tributary. - Pattern of buildings and surrounding garden spaces The regular pattern of built form generates interest through expansive front gardens encouraged by generous building setbacks. Interspacing of buildings is generally uniform, with setback distances varying slightly according to the period of construction (shorter setbacks for older buildings). Wide, informal verges create a garden city feel, which compensates for the lack of large, communal open space areas. Open spaces surrounding the churches in the sub-precinct are indicative of a period when these institutions acted as gathering points for Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 39

48 communities before and after services. These spaces contribute in a positive way to the spaciousness of the sub-precinct. - Pattern and size of allotments Allotments are patterned on a grid street arrangement, ranging in size between 800m² and 2,500m² (excluding church sites), with an average size of 1,400m². - Street layout and width The tiered street network displays distinctive separation between collector roads (through traffic) and local roads (local traffic). Streets follow a grid pattern, although diagonally aligned in the case of High Street, St Luke s Street, and Bishop Street. Internal road reserves are typically 20 metres wide for collector roads and 12 metres wide for local roads. Informal footpathing (i.e. no sealed sections) prevails throughout. - Type / quality / extensiveness of landscaping Landscaping is generally mature and well developed consistent with the age of development and deep setback distances between buildings and property boundaries. Although the church sites present less landscaped environments, these are well compensated by the volume of tree-lined streets in close proximity. The quality of landscaping (private and public) is high and; the leafy quality of the sub-precinct is most evident when the Township is viewed from elevated vantage points. - Age of buildings (period of construction) Buildings display a diversity of age and each period of construction is well represented. There is no distinct association between geography and the age of buildings. In other words, streetscapes offer a mix of buildings from different periods (the line of dwellings at 48 to 60 High Street provide an example of this, see Figure 11). Infill development is also a particular feature of the sub-precinct. Public Realm - Type, quality and extensiveness of streetscape Vegetation along road reserves is well developed, dense, and regular. Setback depths between buildings and the street, combined with informal kerbing and footpaths, along with quality landscaping, produces an appealing streetscape quality. Side fencing is noticeably absent between properties, allowing uninterrupted views down High Street in particular. The regular and continuous nature of most streets also facilitates a wide and open streetscape. - Footpaths, furniture and pedestrian experience Footpaths are generally non-existent or at the very least informal. Pedestrians experience a sense of space, the semi-rural feel of frequently needing to walk on the road and the openness and accessibility of the street network. This encourages walking and reduces motor vehicle dependency. Street furniture is limited in this sub-precinct. - Open space and plazas Merged areas between expansive road reserves and deep front gardens create substantial open space. There are no plazas or squares, but church grounds used as community gathering areas by previous generations, could be reactivated in a modern context. The reserve on St. Jude s Street, where the 40 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

49 historic gum tree and bell are located, provides the most notable and generous public open space. - Climate protection Continuous stands of mature trees along most streets and within private spaces provide attractive and functional vegetative canopies. - Community facilities, utilities and services The sub-precinct is predominantly residential with no major community facilities, utilities and services of note. The churches have a limited role as community facilities. - Interface between private and public domain A smooth delineation between the two realms is assisted by deep building setbacks, expansive and informal verges and mature vegetation. Infill structures within the sub-precinct continue these characteristics, as does the use of vegetation and non-precise placement of infrastructure (kerbing and footpaths). - Active frontages In a predominantly residential sub-precinct, the churches, by virtue of contrast and design, provide inviting and noteable active frontages. Scenic Performance - Views to the area Partly located in the foothills portion of the Township, this is the most visible subprecinct from the main south-eastern approach. Elevated sections are most noticeable from the Township s core (five-way intersection), particularly the view up High Street. - Views from the area Main views are from the elevated south-eastern section back towards the Township s core. - Landmarks / vistas / features / key buildings Quality landmarks and key buildings include: Built Form St Stephen s Church (St Andrew s Terrace) remains an impressive landmark building, despite the loss of its original steeple section the Willunga Uniting Church and St. Joseph s Church (both on St Jude s Street) represent equally significant landmarks and key buildings the isolated gum tree and bell on St. Jude s Street provides a unique natural landmark a feature is the topography and the way in which development gradually slopes towards the south-eastern foothills. the most impressive vista is that of High Street viewed in either direction - Building mass / bulk / scale The prevailing built form character is notably detached, single-storey buildings, Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 41

50 sited on separate allotments. Buildings are generally well setback from the street, and spaced well apart. The bulk and scale of structures is subdued, which is assisted by screening provided by mature vegetation. - Building height Excluding church buildings, there are mainly single-storey buildings with ceiling heights of between 3.0 metres and 3.6 metres, and an average overall height of 9 metres from natural ground level. - Roof form / pitch Excluding churches, roof forms are mostly gabled and angled between 40 and 70 (predominantly 45 ). - Building set-backs Building setbacks are mainly between 5 and 12 metres (although some examples of shorter setbacks are evident along High Street and St Andrew s Terrace). Neighbouring buildings are often located closer together which is reflective of a period of construction where driveways and carports were not considered in the design of buildings. - Site coverage Site coverage in the sub-precinct varies between 20% and 40% (predominantly 40%). - Car parking / vehicle garaging The majority of properties have on-site, undercover car parking facilities, although there is some reliance on on-street car parking. The narrow width of carriageways, typically 6 metres for local streets, combined with the absence of kerbing, means that on-street car parking often straddles the road and the roadside verge. This very often also provides shady car parks on tree-lined streets. Building Design / Character - Architectural style There is a prevailing architectural style and noticeable homogeneity to the historic built form (symmetrical, gable roof, stone-fronted etc). Other themes introduced by more contemporary structures (infill development) are muted through landscape screening and subdued choice in the colour of building materials. - Windows Older buildings have double hung timber frame windows, with small panes. Newer structures have aluminium frame windows, but maintain a low window-towall ratio. - Modelling and play of light and shade A substantial volume of vertical elements is predominantly achieved through mature roadside vegetation, which accentuates light and shade on road reserves. Churches also offer significant vertical elements that project deep shadows and deflect light in interesting ways. 42 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines

51 - Materials / colours / textures There is some variation in materials, colours and textures applied to built form in the sub-precinct, but not enough to detract from its overall character. Textures are brick (exposed red) and exposed stone, slate and iron roofing. - Verandahs / porches / balconies (i.e. elements proud of the main envelope) Such features are prevalent and offer outdoor living with protection from the elements. - Fencing Approximately 60% of properties have front fencing. Fencing of preference is generally below 1.2 metres in height, picket, post and rail, looped wire, or hedge and usually forms an integral part of the landscape. - Visual interest There is a high degree of visual interest created by many environmental factors including landmarks (churches), vistas (mainly through High Street) and focal points evident at the end of most streets. Environmental Factors - Noise Noise is not an issue. Church services and the gathering of congregations may be audible to immediate adjoining neighbours. - Hours of operation The churches have activities outside business hours. - Solar access Dependent upon orientation, there is sufficient solar access despite the prevalence of vertical elements. Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines 43

52 Sub-precinct D characteristics continuing development Summary of characteristics The location and design of this subprecinct contribute to a sense of it as a gated community, with few direct linkages to neighbouring areas. Land use is substantially residential and partly rural/residential, with a significant amount of private broadacre land reserved for potential development. Noise is an issue, mainly from farm machinery and audible bird deterrents. Buildings: post-war contemporary style, constructed mainly between 1960 and the present prevailing form detached, single and two-storey buildings on separate allotments wide variety of materials, colours and textures interspacing not uniform preference for allotments with side fencing and only 10% front fencing Parking: mainly on-site and undercover some on-street Topography: relatively flat landscape with no significant natural features of note Streets: grid pattern mainly narrow local streets Vegetation: limited and inconsistent roadside planting private front gardens well-developed and maintained Public / private interface: stark delineation due to contrast between kerbed, un-landscaped verges and well-landscaped private front yards Visual interest: moderate, limited by lack of vista Function - Role within the Township area (context): existing and desired This sub-precinct is very close in character to a gated community, quite insular by virtue of its location and design. It has a substantially residential and partly 44 Willunga Heritage Precinct Design Guidelines