ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT BARTON FARM WINCHESTER HAMPSHIRE PAUL CHADWICK BA MIFA FSA & SALLY DICKS BA MIFA

Transcription

1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT BARTON FARM WINCHESTER HAMPSHIRE PAUL CHADWICK BA MIFA FSA & SALLY DICKS BA MIFA AUGUST 2000 Revised OCTOBER 2009

2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT BARTON FARM WINCHESTER HAMPSHIRE LOCAL PLANNING AUTHORITY: WINCHESTER DISTRICT COUNCIL SITE CENTRED AT: SU PAUL CHADWICK BA MIFA FSA & SALLY DICKS BA MIFA CgMs Limited AUGUST 2000 Revised OCTOBER 2009 No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent. Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however, CgMs Limited cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report. Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL

3 CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction and Scope of Study 2.0 Planning Background and Development Plan Framework 3.0 Geology and Topography 4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background, including Map Regression Exercise 5.0 Site Conditions and the Proposed Development 6.0 Summary and Conclusions Sources Consulted Appendix 1: Gazetteer of sites on or close to the study site LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location Fig. 2 Site details Fig. 3 Archaeological sites on and around the study site Fig s view of the Hessian Camp on Barton Farm Fig Isaac Taylor s Map of Hampshire Fig Thomas Milne s Hampshire Fig Ordnance Survey 1st edition 6in scale Fig Ordnance Survey 6in scale Fig. 9 Proposed development CgMs Consulting 1 SD/10297

4 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY 1.1 This revised archaeological desk-based assessment has been researched and prepared by Sally Dicks and Paul Chadwick of CgMs Consulting on behalf of CALA Homes (South) and their planning consultants, RPS Planning and Development Ltd. 1.2 This revised assessment is an update of a 2000 archaeological desk-based assessment which supported a 2004 planning application for a mixed use development. In addition to the original desk-based assessment, an air photo interpretation was undertaken for the site in 2002, which was followed by a programme of targeted geophysical survey (2002) and trial trenching (2003). 1.3 This revised assessment considers the results of nearby archaeological investigations undertaken since 2000 and details changes to the development plan framework. In addition, this assessment makes reference to the surveys undertaken within the study site between 2002 and Additionally, since 2004 the application site boundary has changed. The land to the east of the London & South Western Railway line has been excluded from the new application. Therefore, this assessment considers land approximately 93.1 hectares to the west of the railway line. 1.5 The site, also referred to as the study site, is roughly triangular in shape. It is bounded to the west by the B3240 (which follows the line of a Roman Road) from Winchester towards Andover, to the south by residential properties on the northern edge of Winchester, to the east by the London & South Western Railway line and to the north by Well House Lane and Well House Farm (see Fig. 1). 1.6 The site occupies parts of two historic parishes, Headbourne Worthy and St Bartholomew Hyde, and is centred at National Grid Reference SU within the administrative area of Winchester District (Fig. 2). 1.7 In accordance with government guidance on archaeology and planning (PPG16), and following initial discussions with the District Council s archaeological advisor, this assessment draws together the available archaeological, topographic and historic landuse information in order to clarify the archaeological potential of the site. CgMs Consulting 2 SD/10297

5 1.8 The assessment comprises an examination of evidence in the National Monuments Record (NMR), the Hampshire Archaeology and Historic Buildings Record (HA&BR), the Winchester Sites and Monuments Record (WSMR), the Winchester Urban Archaeological Database, incorporates published and unpublished material and charts historic land-use through a map regression exercise. 1.9 As a result, the assessment enables relevant parties to assess the archaeological potential of the site and to consider the need for design, civil engineering, and/or archaeological solutions to the potential identified. CgMs Consulting 3 SD/10297

6 2.0 PLANNING BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK 2.1 In November 1990 the Department of the Environment issued Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 (PPG16) Archaeology and Planning, providing guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the preservation and investigation of archaeological remains. In short: Protects Scheduled Ancient Monuments Protects the settings of these sites Protects nationally important un-scheduled ancient monuments Seeks, in appropriate circumstances, adequate information (from field evaluation) to enable informed planning decisions Provides for the excavation and investigation of sites not important enough to merit in-situ preservation. 2.2 Since the preparation of the Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment in 2000 a new planning system has been introduced and a draft Planning Policy Statement, to replace the existing PPG's 15 and 16, has been published for consultation. Further detail on the development plan framework is provided below. 2.3 On July the Departments of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) and Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) jointly published draft Planning Policy Statement 15 (PPS15) entitled "Planning for the Historic Environment". It is intended that this document will ultimately replace both PPG15 and PPG16. The draft is currently out to consultation until the end of October 2009, but in the meantime PPG16 still represents government policy and guidance. 2.4 The strategic development framework is provided by the South East Plan which contains the following policy relating to the historic environment: POLICY BE6: MANAGEMENT OF THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT WHEN DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING PLANS AND STRATEGIES, LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND OTHER BODIES WILL ADOPT POLICIES AND SUPPORT PROPOSALS WHICH PROTECT, CONSERVE AND, WHERE APPROPRIATE, ENHANCE THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE CONTRIBUTION IT MAKES TO LOCAL AND REGIONAL DISTINCTIVENESS AND SENSE OF PLACE. THE REGION'S INTERNATIONALLY AND NATIONALLY DESIGNATED HISTORIC ASSETS SHOULD RECEIVE THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF PROTECTION. PROPOSALS THAT MAKE CgMs Consulting 4 SD/10297

7 SENSITIVE USE OF HISTORIC ASSETS THROUGH REGENERATION, PARTICULARLY WHERE THESE BRING REDUNDANT OR UNDER-USED BUILDINGS AND AREAS INTO APPROPRIATE USE SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED. 2.5 Following the publication of The South East Plan the saved policies in the Hampshire County Structure Plan are no longer in force. 2.6 The Local Plan framework is provided by the Winchester District Local Plan (adopted 2006). The Plan contains the following three policies relating to archaeology which have been saved until the adoption of the Local Development Framework (LDF): POLICY HE.1 WHERE IMPORTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, MONUMENTS (WHETHER ABOVE OR BELOW GROUND), HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND LANDSCAPE FEATURES, AND THEIR SETTINGS (AS IDENTIFIED AND RECORDED IN THE SITES & MONUMENTS RECORD), WHETHER SCHEDULED OR NOT, ARE AFFECTED BY DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS, PERMISSION WILL NOT BE GRANTED FOR DEVELOPMENT UNLESS THE LOCAL PLANNING AUTHORITY IS SATISFIED THAT, WHERE APPROPRIATE, ADEQUATE PROVISION HAS BEEN MADE FOR THEIR PRESERVATION IN SITU AND ONGOING MANAGEMENT, CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION. WHERE SUCH PRESERVATION IS NOT POSSIBLE OR DESIRABLE, THE LOCAL PLANNING AUTHORITY WILL PERMIT DEVELOPMENT TO TAKE PLACE ONLY WHERE SATISFACTORY PROVISION HAS BEEN MADE FOR A PROGRAMME OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION, EXCAVATION AND RECORDING BEFORE, OR DURING, DEVELOPMENT AND FOR THE SUBSEQUENT PUBLICATION OF ANY FINDINGS, WHERE APPROPRIATE. POLICY HE.2 WHERE THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, MONUMENTS (WHETHER ABOVE OR BELOW GROUND), HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND LANDSCAPE FEATURES, AND THEIR SETTINGS MAY BE PRESENT ON A SITE, BUT THEIR EXTENT AND IMPORTANCE IS UNKNOWN, THE LOCAL PLANNING AUTHORITY WILL REFUSE APPLICATIONS WHICH ARE NOT SUPPORTED BY ADEQUATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT WHICH CLARIFIES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FEATURE AND DEMONSTRATES THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT. POLICY HE.3 PROPOSALS WHICH WOULD ADVERSELY AFFECT THE CHARACTER OR APPEARANCE OF A PARK, GARDEN OR BATTLEFIELD OF SPECIAL HISTORIC INTEREST OR ITS SETTING WILL NOT BE PERMITTED. 2.7 This assessment therefore seeks to establish the presence/absence, extent and significance of any archaeological remains within the study site and thus clarify the relevance of the various development plan policies to this site. CgMs Consulting 5 SD/10297

8 3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 3.1 Geology The site is shown by the Institute of Geological Sciences (1979) close to the centre of an extensive outcrop of Chalk forming the Downland landscape characteristic of central Hampshire Further detail is provided by the 1:50,000 scale Geological Survey (Sheet 299: Winchester). This indicates that the site comprises Upper Chalk supporting a loamy soil. No deposits of Clay with Flints are recorded locally A site inspection indicates that in places the soil covering the Chalk is particularly thin since ploughing is impacting the Chalk. Elsewhere within the site air photographic and other evidence suggests that deposits of hillwash will have accumulated, particularly in various dry valleys. 3.2 Topography The study site occupies undulating chalk Downland immediately north of Winchester. Levels within the site and along the western boundary of the site (the B3420) reflect this and range from a high point of 75m AOD (Above Ordnance Datum) (at approximately the mid point of the western boundary) to 55m AOD and 57m AOD within dry valleys at the northern and southern corners of this western boundary respectively The northern dry valley drains north-east (from 55m AOD) into a dry valley north of and parallel with Well House Lane at 50 43m AOD. At Headbourn Worthy (beyond the study site boundary), a number of springs emerge from this valley floor at c. 40m AOD to feed streams which, in turn, drain south-east to the River Itchen some 800m away The dry valley at the south-western corner of the site drains in a north-easterly direction before swinging to drain east at c45m AOD directly onto the Itchen floodplain As a result, within the study site, there are a series of plateau areas where slopes are minimal or very gentle, areas of moderate and in places steep slope on the valley sides and other areas of gentler slope on the valley floors. CgMs Consulting 6 SD/10297

9 3.2.5 It is anticipated that this topography will have had a significant effect on the distribution of past settlement activity on the site and on the extent of erosion (and burial) of archaeological evidence on the site. CgMs Consulting 7 SD/10297

10 4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Including Map Regression Exercise. 4.1 Timescales used in this report. Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000-12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000-4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000-1,800 BC Bronze Age 1, BC Iron Age AD 43 Historic Roman AD Saxon/Early Medieval AD Medieval AD Post Medieval AD Modern AD Present Examination of data in the National Monuments Record (NMR), the Hampshire Sites and Monuments Record (HSMR), Winchester Urban Archaeological Database (WUAD) and various published sources, indicate that several archaeological sites, evidenced on air photographs, and a Post Medieval military campsite occur within the study site. In addition, other SMR evidence indicates that numerous archaeological sites of prehistoric, Roman and Saxon date occur within a search area of 1km of the study site Accordingly, the following section does not attempt to examine each flint flake, sherd of pottery or cropmark in the area north of Winchester, rather it aims to look at the evidence on-site and the broad patterns of evidence in the vicinity, and uses this to assess the archaeological potential of the study site Since the preparation of the 2000 Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, an Aerial Photographic Interpretation was undertaken (Air Photo Assessment: CgMs Consulting 2002), followed by a programme of targeted geophysical survey (Geophysical Survey Report: GSB 2002) and trial trenching (Archaeological Evaluation Report: Foundations Archaeology 2003). See relevant reports for further information. CgMs Consulting 8 SD/10297

11 4.2 Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic With the single exception of a poorly located (Abbotts Barton area) hand-axe (WUAD 3), the Hampshire SMR and Winchester UAD contain no evidence for this period in the immediate vicinity of the study site. Examination of regional assessments of the period (Shackley 1981 and Wessex Archaeology 1993a) suggest that the topography of the study site and the area generally is likely to have been subject to solifluction, which will have transported soil, rock and any artefactual material down slope. Therefore, the likelihood of this material occurring in in-situ contexts within the study site appears extremely low and any such artefacts would be in a derived context. Although of general interest, such artefacts would not be of particular significance. A low/no potential is therefore identified for the period. 4.3 Mesolithic and Neolithic Although relatively little Mesolithic material has been recognised from Chalk based areas in central and north-west Hampshire, the results of an increasing number of systematic fieldwalking surveys indicate that this apparent absence of Mesolithic activity on Chalk is due largely to a masking effect by vast quantities of later prehistoric flintwork rather than the absence of such material (Jacobi 1981 and Shennan 1981) The study site has not been fieldwalked, although it has been worked over on a number of occasions by metal detector users. However, gradients within parts of the site are such that any areas where Mesolithic and Neolithic occupation could occur are limited and in these areas erosion by modern ploughing is likely to be a significant factor. Additionally, the absence of a water source (a spring or stream) on the site is likely to have made other locations, for instance in the Itchen Valley, more likely to have attracted clearance, occupation and, with time, agriculture However, it is recognised that, although SMR evidence is lacking, certain parts of the site may have been cleared of their natural woodland cover in order to enhance the variety and yield of grasses and other vegetation in order to attract deer and other grazing animals. Accordingly, there is a potential for a low density of individual lithic (flint) arrowheads or similar artefacts of Neolithic date. CgMs Consulting 9 SD/10297

12 4.4 Bronze Age The Downland north of Winchester and north of the study site is noted for the occurrence of Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement, agricultural and funerary monuments. Much of this evidence comprises cropmarks recorded on air photographs which, in places, is supplemented by evidence from fieldwalking, archaeological excavation and stray finds It is clear that, during the Bronze Age, areas of woodland were cleared on an extensive scale to create an open Downland landscape. With time, and particularly from the Middle and Late Bronze Age onwards, areas of this landscape were utilised for settlement, agriculture (initially on a slash and burn subsistence pattern and later from settlement enclosures set within groups of rectangular and sub-rectangular fields), with particular parts of the landscape set aside for burial monuments The evidence for this extensive use of the landscape, involving Bronze Age round barrows (now ploughed down and recorded as ring ditches), of settlement enclosures and individual or clusters of lithic artefacts is recorded in the Hampshire A&HBR, Winchester HER and Winchester UAD. However, beyond mention of particularly significant concentrations of evidence on Worthy Down, some 2.5km north of the study site, and around Down Farm/A34 1km north of the study site, the evidence is of use to this assessment only in so far as it illustrates the general potential of Chalk Downland areas. Rather, this study must concentrate on the study site and its immediate vicinity A single ring ditch, is recorded just to the south of Upper Well House Lane c. 250m east of the study site (WSMR 6744: Fig 3 No1). This ring ditch, some c20 metres in diameter, is thought to be the surviving elements of a Bronze Age Round Barrow, now reduced to no more than sub-surface features In view of the archaeological potential of the area generally, outlined above, it would not be unexpected for individual and localised spreads of lithic material (worked and waste flint) to occur across the study site Further information relating to this period has been gathered by various recent baseline studies and are reported on in separate reports. CgMs Consulting 10 SD/10297

13 4.5 Iron Age As in earlier periods, Iron Age settlement across the Downland landscape, in instances in so called banjo enclosures, whilst serving to confirm that the fertile soils of the Chalk supported a good density of settlement from which a range of arable and pastoral farming occurred, does little to clarify the potential of the study site. Instead, this study has examines the air photographic and SMR evidence for the study site in order to clarify its potential Particularly, aerial photographs (see sources consulted) show two small rectangular cropmark enclosures with a possible trackway (WSMR 7872, HA&HBR SU43SE 194 and Fig. 3 No. 2) set within a pattern of larger enclosures or fields (BKS Surveys June 1996). Although direct dating evidence for this complex of sites is not yet available, similar evidence in the area around Winchester and elsewhere in Wessex suggests a Late Iron Age date. At Barton Farm, this pre-roman date is further suggested since the fields are subrectangular, but irregular in planform and are not aligned on either of the Roman roads passing the site The cropmarks are recorded on a number of air photographs taken at different seasons in different years, thus their presence and approximate extent is not in doubt. However, their precise positioning, within a large undulating field with few landmarks (such as junctions of field boundaries) and interpretation must be provisional. Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that settlement activity is focused on the two small enclosures (approx. 1 hectare in extent) set within a larger area (of about 25 hectares) straddled by a dry valley draining north towards Well House Farm Further evidence for Iron Age settlement comes from immediately across the Andover Road at a site known as Old Dairy Cottage/Bereweeke Fields. Here, archaeological investigations in advance of residential development (WUAD 942, WSMR 7481/7484, HA&HBR SU 43SE 111; Fig. 3 No. 3) located a small rural farmstead within a ditched enclosure. A large number of pits, some of Early or Late Iron Age date and most belonging to the Middle Iron Age were investigated and are thought to represent grain storage pits within the enclosure. Nearby a complex of ditches are thought to represent enclosed paddocks and fields. Archaeological investigations in 1997 on the site of the Old Dairy itself recorded 2 Romano-British burials with a group of Anglo Saxon burials of 9th-10th century date (WA 2007). CgMs Consulting 11 SD/10297

14 4.5.5 More recently, excavations have been carried out to the south of the Old Dairy Cottage/Bereweeke Fields site, on land adjacent to Andover Road (TVAS 2007). The excavations revealed the continuation of Iron Age settlement previously identified during excavations to the north. Features included a large enclosure ditch, pits, post-holes and minor ditches. The post-excavation assessment identified settlement at the site from the latter part of the Middle Iron Age, into the Late Iron Age and Early Roman periods. Three Romano-British burials were also recorded Since the preparation of the 2000 Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, an aerial photographic interpretation report and a programme of targeted geophysical survey and trial trenching have been undertaken on the site. These baseline surveys provide further evidence of the presence of a possible Late Iron Age/Early Romano-British settlement focus and field system. See relevant for further detail. CgMs Consulting 12 SD/10297

15 4.6 Roman Early in the Roman period, Winchester (Venta Belgarum) developed into a major centre of settlement and administration. From the town roads radiated to the north-east to Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), near Basingstoke and north-west to Mildenhall (Cunetio) near Marlborough. At the junction of these roads immediately north of the Roman town a large Roman cemetery is known at Lankhills (WUAD 652, HA&HBR SU43SE 44). The road to Silchester (Margary 1967, Route 42a) now forms the B3047 along the eastern boundary of the study site and that to Mildenhall (WUAD 594 and 931, WSMR 6740 and 7480; Margary 1967, Route 43) is the B3420 Andover Road along the western study site boundary Although it might be anticipated that the arrival of Roman government and administration may have resulted in a radical reordering of land ownership and the organisation of the countryside, this appears at least in the Winchester area to be only partially the case. Therefore, whilst the Roman road towards Mildenhall ignores the layout of the (presumed Iron Age) field system and presumably severed it, the continued occupation of the Old Dairy Cottage/Bereweeke Fields site into the Early Roman period (WUAD 94, WSMR 7484, HA&HBR SU43SE 112; Fig 3 No. 4) and the absence of evidence for either the abandonment or realignment of the field system on the study site suggest that many aspects of everyday life went unaltered The discovery of a Roman coin near Barton Court Farm (HA&HBR SU43SE 156; Fig 3 No 7) along with other finds of coins and brooches in the neighbourhood (eg. WUAD 1006, 1693, 1806, HA&HBR SU43 SE 154, and SU43SE46; Not shown on Fig 3) provides evidence of a background noise of Roman activity in the area, although is not particularly helpful in further defining the archaeological potential of the study site Accordingly, whilst the settlement site to the west of the Andover Road may extend into the study site on present evidence this seems unlikely. Equally, it should be anticipated that occupation and use of the Iron Age enclosures and fields (Fig 3. No 2) would have continued in use into the Roman period. Therefore, in localised areas, a moderate to high potential is identified. CgMs Consulting 13 SD/10297

16 4.7 Undated Other cropmarks are recorded within the study site but appear to be unconnected with the Iron Age/Romano-British site south of Well House Farm. Immediately east of the railway line (HA&HBR SU43SE 186; Fig 3 No 8) two roughly parallel cropmark ditches are recorded. These lie roughly at right angles to a modern field boundary and so may well be of Post-Medieval or modern date Similarly, in the north-east corner of the study site, several short lengths of linear ditch are recorded (HA&HBR SU43SE 201; Fig 3 No 9). Again, several of these are parallel with modern field boundaries and a recent date is suspected Of greater archaeological potential is a possible pit alignment crossing the eastern part of the study site. This feature (not recorded in the WSMR or HA&HBR, but noted on air photographs) is potentially of prehistoric date although pit alignments of post-roman date are also known (Fig. 3 No. 10). 4.8 Saxon Early Medieval The origins, pattern and density of settlement in the Post-Roman period is generally poorly understood both regionally and nationally. However, locally although archaeological sites and finds of this period remain relatively rare, a recent study (Klingelhofer 1990) has provided an insight into the early Saxon occupation of the landscape in the Itchen Valley based upon Saxon Charter evidence Archaeological evidence is confined to a Saxon inhumation cemetery (WSMR 7484, HA&HBR SU43SE 115; Fig 3 No 11) to the west of the Andover Road and a small number of metal detecting or other stray finds (eg. a Saxon stirrup mount from the water meadows at Headbourne Worthy HA&HBR SU43SE 152 and 2 Saxon brooches from Pudding House Farm; Not shown on Fig. 3). Although only tentatively suggested, it is possible that this evidence forms part of an emerging pattern of settlement on or close the spring lines in the Itchen valley, with cemeteries placed on higher ground at the junction of territories and overlooking the settled valleys below. Certainly, by the late Saxon period a small settlement is evidenced at Headbourne Worthy (HA&HBR SU43SE 147). Within this emerging pattern of landscape exploitation. It is possible to identify a probable Saxon estate boundary, now marked in part by a hedgerow across the study site (Fig. 3 No 13), CgMs Consulting 14 SD/10297

17 forming an historic boundary between an estate centred on Winchester and its neighbouring estate in Headbourne Worthy Documentary evidence for the manor/estates in this section of the Itchen valley suggests that by about 700AD, the entire upper Itchen valley was a single territorial unit called Itchen. Within this territory, settlement was generally dispersed, but there would have been a central place for religious, political and economic activities. The central place locally was, according to Klingelhofer (1990), at Worthy with a royal tun at Kings Worthy The place-name Worthy, recorded as Wordige in c854, has been interpreted variously as meaning enclosure, so in this context a royal compound or early Saxon military stronghold is suggested (Klingelhofer 1990 p38) or farmstead estate (Grover, unpub). This estate took in the various places along the west/north bank of the Itchen, now identified by villages with Worthy in their name and it is possible to suggest a landscape farmed from a small number of isolated farmstead dispersed along the Itchen valley all with a family and political link to the centre at Kings Worthy By the 9 th century, settlement had begun to become more nucleated and around the same time these large estates were, in several instances, subdivided into smaller manors. In short, Klingelhofer and others (eg. Coates 1989 and Grover unpub) see the period from the 500 s AD as one of incoming immigrants gradually establishing a territory or tribal area in the upper Itchen which, over the 600 years to 1100AD, was divided and redivided into a manorial system under lord and manor which characterised the medieval period The precise relationship, through time, of Headbourne Worthy, originally Hydebourne to the central estate is unclear. The Manor was given to St Swithuns Winchester by King Egbert ( ) and it may be to this period that the land division (Fig 3 No 13) belongs. In 854AD the stream entering the Itchen was known as hydiburnan, stream of the hides (with a hide measuring c acres, an area capable of supporting one household). The northern half of the study site may well therefore have formed part of a single farming unit worked from one of two or three farms near the spring line in Headbourne Worthy. South of this historic boundary the parish of St Bartholomew Hyde formed part of the landholding of Hyde Abbey (Coates 1989). CgMs Consulting 15 SD/10297

18 4.8.7 In short, although the study site lies in an area that has attracted much attention from scholars analysing Saxon and later documentary evidence, this evidence points to the study site being peripheral to the important centres of power in Winchester and Kings Worthy. Although the boundary crossing the site is of potential importance, the site otherwise has a low potential for this period. CgMs Consulting 16 SD/10297

19 4.9 Medieval Documentary, archaeological and historic building evidence in the HA&HBR and WSMR indicate that the settlement focus established in the late Saxon period around the spring line in Headbourne Worthy developed into the core of a small Medieval village (HA&HBR SU43SE 106). Later documents refer to various open field systems, such as West Field and Upper Field, and it appears likely that the study site fell within one of these open fields and was ploughed and cropped on a regular basis Metal detecting of the area has produced numerous stray finds, but these appear to be little more than casual losses and are not thought to be indicators of settlement or other sites Accordingly, other than evidence of Medieval ploughing, a low/no potential is identified Post Medieval In this period our understanding of the landscape and the archaeological potential of the study site is enhanced by a variety of cartographic and documentary sources A document of 1639 (HRO 35M48/16/209, Chapman and Seeliger 1997) refers to West Field, Middle Field and other open field names in Headbourne Worthy. Thus although piecemeal enclosure would have occurred by this date in and around the village centre, it is suggested that the study site would have remained within open fields or common. The village itself appears, on the basis of an analysis of the 1665 Hearth Tax returns (Hughes and White 1991), to suggest that the settlement comprised about 25 households. Later map evidence suggests that Well House Lane (formerly known as Wilden s Drove) provided a route linking the higher Downs where stock grazing predominated with the Itchen Valley Throughout the majority of this period the study site was in agricultural use. However, there is evidence to indicate that part of the site was occupied for a short period in the 1750 s by a Hessian Camp (Fig 3 No 14 and Fig 4). The Camp at Barton Farm was established following the outbreak of the Seven Years War in 1756, when a treaty with the German State of Hesse resulted in the arrival of a Hessian Army. In 1756 this Army camped to the north of Winchester between the Andover and Worthy roads and following their departure, the site was reoccupied by English militia in CgMs Consulting 17 SD/10297

20 The illustration (Fig. 4) of the Hessian Camp shows a tented encampment with no permanent structures, and although the Andover and Basingstoke roads and various hedges are shown, is difficult to locate the Camp precisely within the study site or its neighbourhood. On topographic grounds it appears sensible to site the Camp towards the southern part of the study site, however until the results of various metal detector searches of the site become available, this remains speculation. It is understood (Simon Thorpe, pers. comm.) that metal detecting of the site on a number of occasions in recent years has yielded items such as bullets, buckles and coins however whilst their finds are of intrinsic interest, there archaeological value is compromised by an apparent lack of locational information One of the earliest maps of the site at a useful scale is that by Isaac Taylor of 1759 (Fig 5). The map marks the site of the Hessian Camp and implies that the area generally was open Downland. Additionally, the map shows the study site crossed by trackways, one linking the Andover road to Well House Lane with a branch down to the Basingstoke road between Headbourne and Hide (sic), this latter track is recorded in the WSMR (WSMR 6762) Commons and open fields in Headbourne Worthy were inclosed by Act of Parliament in 1788, although this is not particularly apparent on a map of Hampshire by Thomas Milne of 1814 (Fig 6). However, the inclosure of the area was the first of several developments that were to radically change the face of the landscape on and around the study site over the next 200 years or so The Tithe Map for Headbourne Worthy of shows the enclosed agricultural landscape with the alignment of the proposed London to Winchester and Southampton Railway marked. Construction of the Railway took place during 1839 and, with the completion of this section from Basingstoke to Winchester in 1840, the through route from London to Southampton was completed (Sands 1971 and White 1992) Figure 7 shows the study site in Barton Farm is shown on the Andover Road and Well House farm on Wildens Drove. Notably, the tracks linking the Andover Road with Headbourne Worthy and Hide shown in 1814 have, with the enclosure of land in St Bartholomew Hyde and the construction of the Railway, been removed. Between 1869 and 1897 (basemap for Fig 3) the ecclesiastical parish of St Bartholomew Hyde is reduced and the southern part of the study site now falls within Abbott s Barton. The period also sees CgMs Consulting 18 SD/10297

21 the northward expansion of Winchester, with villas being constructed in the area south of the newly built Park Road, whilst nearer to a house and gardens are laid out at Barton Marks Between 1897 and 1910 (Fig 8) little changes on or around the study site. However, in the subsequent 90 years, and particularly in the 50 years since the Second World War, the growth of suburb of Harestock to the west of Andover Road and the steady growth of Headbourne Worthy and Abbott s Barton have resulted in the study site being bordered on two sides by built development (Fig 2) Since the preparation of the 2000 archaeological desk-based assessment a geophysical survey recorded a series of anomalies which were thought to be evidence of the military encampment. Following the geophysical survey, a programme of targeted trenching revealed the remains of stake holes and dumped burnt material containing 18th and 19th century artefactual material. The features are therefore contemporary with the period of military occupation and are considered to be evidence of an encampment. Further detail on the results of the geophysical survey and trial trenching can be found in the relevant reports. CgMs Consulting 19 SD/10297

22 4.11 Summary This desk based assessment, in drawing together the available archaeological evidence for the study site, recognises the general archaeological richness of Chalk Downland landscapes and, with the exception of metal detecting, the initial absence of field survey in the area The topographic configuration of parts of the site are such that settlement in prehistory or more recent times is unlikely due to the gradients of slopes. However, whilst the site is recognised as having some limited potential for artefactual evidence of Neolithic date, air photographic evidence indicates the presence in the north-western part of the site of an area of later prehistoric (Iron Age) and Romano-British fields. Within this area of fields, an area (approx. 1 hectare in extent) containing two smaller enclosures is thought to represent a focus for settlement In the historic period settlement shifts into the Itchen valley and develops at Headbourne Worthy. The study site was in agricultural use with Wildens Drove (now Well House Lane) indicating that the higher Downs were grazed by stock Between 1756 and 1761 a military encampment occupied part of the study site, although its location cannot be identified with certainty from historic sources, recent survey work has suggested the location of parts of this Camp within the study site Since the preparation of the 2000 Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, an aerial photographic interpretation report and a programme of targeted geophysical survey and trial trenching have been undertaken on the site. These baseline surveys confirmed that the site contains evidence for a Late Iron Age/Early Bronze Age settlement focus and field system, and an 18th century military encampment. CgMs Consulting 20 SD/10297

23 5.0 SITE CONDITIONS AND THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Site Conditions Site inspections (4th and 20 th July 2000) indicate that the study site is, with the exception of areas around Barton Farm, in arable agricultural use The site is characterised by large fields, with surviving hedgerows dating to the later part of the Inclosure movement. An exception to this, is the hedgerow (Fig. 3 No 13) marking the current parish boundary between Headbourne Worthy and Abbott s Barton (formerly St Bartholomew Hyde). This hedgerow may have its origins in the Saxon period It can be anticipated that regular ploughing (air photos indicate that much of the study site has been ploughed regularly since the 1940 s) will have damaged and destroyed archaeological evidence on the site. Certainly, no earthwork features were noted during the site inspections and air photos similarly suggest that only sub-surface features now survive. 5.2 The Proposed Development The proposed development is shown on Figure 9 and comprises a mixed use development. It is evident that any development on the site will result in the removal of top and subsoils and the grading of the Chalk to enable development. Clearly these operations will impact any archaeological deposits which survive on the site Since the preparation of the 2000 Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Since the preparation of the 2000 Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, an aerial photographic interpretation report and a programme of targeted geophysical survey and trial trenching has been undertaken on the site. These baseline surveys confirmed that the site contains evidence for a Late Iron Age/Early Bronze Age settlement focus and field system, and an 18th century military encampment. These archaeological resources will be assessed in an Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed development. CgMs Consulting 21 SD/10297

24 6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Land approximately 93.1 hectares in extent at Barton Farm, to the north of Winchester, Hampshire is currently being promoted for a mixed development. 6.2 This archaeological assessment has established that the site contains localised areas of cropmarks suggesting possible features of a Late Iron Age/Early Roman settlement and field system, and an 18th century military camp. 6.3 The plough damaged condition of these sites is likely to be such that they are unlikely to be of sufficient importance to merit a presumption in favour of their physical preservation. CgMs Consulting 22 SD/10297

25 SOURCES CONSULTED General Tracey Mathews Winchester Museum Service National Monument Record Hampshire Archaeology and Historic Buildings Record (HA&HBR) Winchester Urban Archaeological Database (WUAD) Bibliographic Chapman, J & 1997 A Guide to Enclosure in Hampshire Selliger, S Hughes, M & White, P 1991 The Hampshire Hearth Tax Assessment 1665 Coates, R 1987 The Place Names of Hampshire 1971 The Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway Grover ND Hampshire Place Names Vols 1 & 2 (MES in HRO) VCH 1973 Hampshire Vol. II VCH 1911 Hampshire Vol. IV Klingelhofter, E 1990 Anglo-Saxon Manors of the Upper Itchen Valley. Proc Hamp Field Club Arch Society 46 p31-39 Margary I D 1967 Roman Roads in Britain CgMs Consulting 23 SD/10297

26 Cartographic 1788 Headbourne Worthy Inclosure (14075) Q23/2/66 (1971) 1850 St Bartholomew Hyde, Tithe M Headbourne Worthy Tithe F7/112/ Ordnance Survey 6in scale Sheet 41 1 st edition (Surveyed 1869) 1897 Ordnance Survey 6in scale Sheet 41NW and SW 2 nd edition (Surveyed/Revised ) 1910 Ordnance Survey 6in scale Sheet 41NW and SW (Revised 1908) Issac Taylor Map of Hampshire 1814 Thomas Milne, Hampshire 1826 C&J Greenwood Mapo of the County of Southampton Air Photographs 1947 Ordnance Survey by RAF (September 1947) 41/43 SE MRO 134 M87/167 National Archaeological Record (Air Photo Collection) SU 4731/1/ SU 4732/1/ SU 4831/2/ SU 4831/ SU 4832/ Hampshire County Council Collection 1971 (Run 28) :10, (Run 21) :10, Meridian (Run 22) :10, Meridian 1991 (Run 21) :10, Geonex 1996 (Run 10) :20,000 Sept 96 BKS CgMs Consulting 24 SD/10297

27 APPENDIX 1 Gazetteer of sites on or close to the study site CgMs Consulting 25 SD/10297

28 Reference on Fig 3 Description Sources 1 Cropmark ring ditch (Bronze Age date assumed) 2 Cropmark enclosures and fields (Iron Age/Romano-British date assumed) WSMR 6744 WSMR 7272 HSMR SU 43 SE Iron Age Settlement (excavated) HSMR SU 43 SE 111 WSMR 7481/ Roman settlement (excavated) HSMR SU 43 SE 112 WSMR Roman Road 6. Roman Road 7. Roman Coin (House of Constantine) HSMR SU 43 SE 156 Winchester Museum Acc C Two roughly parallel cropmark linear ditches HSMR SU 43 SE 186 Air Photo: HCC (22) Several short lengths of cropmark linear ditches HSMR SU 43 SE 201 Air Photo 4831/2/ Cropmark pit alignment NMR Air Photo: SU 4831/4 SU 4832/6 11. Saxon Inhumation Ceremony HSMR SU 43 SE Saxon Settlement HSMR SU 43 SE Possible Saxon Estate boundary 14. Hessian Army Camp CgMs Consulting 26 SD/10297

29 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester N mingham London Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Site location London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Project title: Date printed: Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings 09 Oct 08 Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: KB Checked by: Figure 1: Site location

30 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Site Boundary N Project title: Date printed: Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: KB Checked by: London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Figure 2: Site Details

31 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Site Boundary N Project title: Date printed: Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: KB Checked by: London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Figure 3: Archaeological sites on and around the study site

32 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester Additional information: Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Project title: N London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Date printed: 09 Oct 08 Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: RL Checked by: Figure 4: 1750 s View of the Hessian Camp on Barton Farm

33 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Site Boundary N Project title: Date printed: Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: KB Checked by: London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Figure 5: 1759 Issac Taylor s Map of Hampshire

34 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Site Boundary N Project title: Date printed: Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: KB Checked by: London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Figure 6: 1814 Thomas Milne s Hampshire

35 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Site Boundary N Project title: Date printed: Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: KB Checked by: London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Figure 7: 1869 Ordnance Survey, 1st edition

36 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \10297-Bartons Farm, Winchester Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL Site Boundary N Project title: Date printed: Not to scale Illustrative only Drawn by: KB Checked by: London Cheltenham Kettering Newark Birmingham Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Figure 8: 1910 Ordnance Survey

37 G:\Project Graphics\Active Jobs\ \ Bartons Farm, Winchester\all 'G' 10297\Working N Project title: Not to Scale Planning & Development Archaeology & Historic Buildings Date printed: Drawn by:sd Checked by PRC Figure 9: Proposed development

38 APPENDIX 1 Gazetteer of sites on or close to the study site CgMs Consulting 26 SD/10297

39 Reference on Fig 3 Description Sources 1 Cropmark ring ditch (Bronze Age date assumed) 2 Cropmark enclosures and fields (Iron Age/Romano-British date assumed) WSMR 6744 WSMR 7272 HSMR SU 43 SE Iron Age Settlement (excavated) HSMR SU 43 SE 111 WSMR 7481/ Roman settlement (excavated) HSMR SU 43 SE 112 WSMR Roman Road 6. Roman Road 7. Roman Coin (House of Constantine) HSMR SU 43 SE 156 Winchester Museum Acc C Two roughly parallel cropmark linear ditches HSMR SU 43 SE 186 Air Photo: HCC (22) Several short lengths of cropmark linear ditches HSMR SU 43 SE 201 Air Photo 4831/2/ Cropmark pit alignment NMR Air Photo: SU 4831/4 SU 4832/6 11. Saxon Inhumation Ceremony HSMR SU 43 SE Saxon Settlement HSMR SU 43 SE Possible Saxon Estate boundary 14. Hessian Army Camp CgMs Consulting 27 SD/10297

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