University of Calgary Press

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1 University of Calgary Press A CENTURY of Parks Canada edited by claire elizabeth campbell A CENTURY OF PARKS CANADA Edited by Claire Elizabeth Campbell ISBN THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission. If you want to reuse or distribute the work, you must inform its new audience of the licence terms of this work. For more information, see details of the Creative Commons licence at: UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE YOU MAY: read and store this document free of charge; distribute it for personal use free of charge; print sections of the work for personal use; read or perform parts of the work in a context where no financial transactions take place. UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE YOU MAY NOT: gain financially from the work in any way; sell the work or seek monies in relation to the distribution of the work; use the work in any commercial activity of any kind; profit a third party indirectly via use or distribution of the work; distribute in or through a commercial body (with the exception of academic usage within educational institutions such as schools and universities); reproduce, distribute, or store the cover image outside of its function as a cover of this work; alter or build on the work outside of normal academic scholarship. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy

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4 Canadian History and Environment Series Alan MacEachern, Series Editor ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) It is a great pleasure to welcome this first book in the Canadian History & Environment series, a new partnership between NiCHE and the University of Calgary Press. The series will demonstrate the value of seeing Canadian history through an environmental lens and the environment through a historical lens. Alan MacEachern, Director NiCHE: Network in Canadian History & Environment Nouvelle initiative canadienne en histoire de l environnement No. 1 A Century of Parks Canada, Edited by Claire Elizabeth Campbell

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6 2011 Claire Elizabeth Campbell University of Calgary Press 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4 LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION A century of Parks Canada, [electronic resource] / edited by Claire Elizabeth Campbell. (Canadian history and environment series (Online), ; 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. Electronic documents issued in PDF format. Also available in print and XML formats. ISBN ISBN National parks and reserves Canada History. 2. Parks Canada History. I. Campbell, Claire Elizabeth, II. Series: Canadian history and environment series (Online) ; 1 SB484.C3C b C The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Alberta Foundation for the Arts for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. This book has been published with support from NiCHE: Network in Canadian History & Environment. This book has been published with the aid of a grant from Alberta Sport, Recreation, Parks and Wildlife Foundation (Government of Alberta). This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Front cover image: Takakkaw Falls, Yoho National Park, British Columbia [ca ]. Photographer: Thomas B. Moffat S , Glenbow Museum. (Image not available for digital version.) Back cover images: Princess Victoria Mary in Banff National Park, 1901, NA , Glenbow Museum. (Image not available for digital version.) Greenwich, Prince Edward Island National Park, Photographer: Claire Elizabeth Campbell. La Mauricie National Park, Photographer: T. Grant Parks Canada: (16). Pangnirtung, Auyuittuq National Park, Photographer: M. Beedell Parks Canada: (02) Jakes Landing, Kejimkujik National Park, Photographer: Barrett & MacKay Parks Canada: (07). Fundy National Park, Photographer: C. Lund Parks Canada: (13). Maps by Marilyn Croot: pages 82, 209, 276, 279, 280 Cover design, page design and typesetting by Melina Cusano

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9 1 Table of Contents Governing a Kingdom: Parks Canada, Claire Elizabeth Campbell 1 M.B. Williams and the Early Years of Parks Canada Alan MacEachern 21 Nature s Playgrounds: The Parks Branch and Tourism Promotion in the National Parks, John Sandlos 53 A Questionable Basis for Establishing a Major Park : Politics, Roads, and the Failure of a National Park in British Columbia s Big Bend Country Ben Bradley 79 A Case of Special Privilege and Fancied Right : The Shack Tent Controversy in Prince Albert National Park Bill Waiser 103

10 Banff in the 1960s: Divergent Views of the National Park Ideal C.J. Taylor 133 Films, Tourists, and Bears in the National Parks: Managing Park Use and the Problematic Highway Bum Bear in the 1970s George Colpitts 153 Hunting, Timber Harvesting, and Precambrian Beauties: The Scientific Reinterpretation of La Mauricie National Park s Landscape History, Olivier Craig-Dupont 179 Kouchibouguac: Representations of a Park in Acadian Popular Culture Ronald Rudin 205 Kluane National Park Reserve, : Modernity and Pluralism David Neufeld 235 Negotiating a Partnership of Interests: Inuvialuit Land Claims and the Establishment of Northern Yukon (Ivvavik) National Park Brad Martin 273 viii A CENTURY OF PARKS CANADA

11 Archaeology in the Rocky Mountain National Parks: Uncovering an 11,000-Year-Long Story E. Gwyn Langemann 303 Rejuvenating Wilderness: The Challenge of Reintegrating Aboriginal Peoples into the Playground of Jasper National Park I.S. MacLaren 333 Epilogue Lyle Dick Appendix A: Canada s National Parks and National Park Reserves 385 Appendix B: National Park Zoning System, Parks Canada Agency 387 Notes on Contributors 391 Select Bibliography 395 Index 419 Table of Contents ix

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