Copenhagen s Finger Plan Land Use/Transport Integration Land Use as an end Transport as a means Smart Growth Land Use Transport
Contrasting Models of Transit & Development Adaptive Cities: built forms conducive to transit riding & alternative modes Adaptive Transit: adapting transit & mobility options to the lay of the land (usually low-density, car-based development patterns) Adaptive Adaptive Cities: TOD Transit: DOT
Adaptive Transit Development Oriented Transit (DOT) Adelaide TGB/ O-Bahn Brisbane Busway Bus Transit s Flexibility Advantages Reduce the Dreaded Transfer by integrating line haul & feeder functions Residential Collection Line Haul Destination Distribution
Adaptive City COPENHAGEN From Vision to Plan to Execution Ballerup Koge
Stockholm: Necklace of Pearls Multi-family Housing Station Center Green Area Single- Family Housing Jobs-Housing- Retail balance along corridors PM Peak: 55%-45% directional splits 1930 1950 1970 1990
TOD empowered by TDM Singapore: The Constellation Plan
Concept Sub-divided into 5 main regions Inter-regional connectivity: Spokes: Connecting city centre & the outer regions Rings: Connecting different hierarchies of
Getting the Prices Right Singapore s gp Three Tier Model Fixed-Fees: Fees: vehicle taxes & surcharges: import duties; registration fee + add on; quota system; island entry/exit fee; fuel topping tax (leave > ¾ tank; return < ½ tank) Use-Related Fees: fuel taxes; parking surcharges Externality Fees: congestion tolls; annual road tax (by engine cc);
Affordability Indexes (early 2000s) Avg. Housing Price to Income Ratio Avg. Car Price to Income Ratio 2.29 3.65 90% HHs own house 35% HHs own cars
Travel & the 3Ds 5D s of the Built Environment Impacts Density Diversity Design Transit Trips /Capita VKT/Capita Distance to Transit Destination Access R. Cervero & K. Kockelman, Travel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, Design, Transportation Research, 1996.
Mixed Use Corridors & Travel Houston Curitiba
Curitiba: Cities for People LINEAL GROWTH Trinary: High Rise Mixed Use Corridors
Curitiba s Bus Rapid Transit
Dense, Mixed Use Corridors allow efficient 2-way travel flows ¼Mil Mile
Curitiba Persons/km 2 3,470 Brasíliá 3,470 420 Transit trips/ capita/year VKT/capita/ year 355 97 7,900 16,700 Brasíliá Curitiba
Curitiba Persons/km 2 3,470 Brasíliá 3,470 420 Transit trips/ capita/year VKT/capita/ year 355 97 7,900 16,700 Brasíliá Curitiba
Urban Regeneration & VMT A Recipe for more Prosperous Communities? Agglomeration & Accessibility: Studies show agglomeration spatial clustering produces knowledge spillovers that yield productivity gains elasticities in the 0.0505 to 0.0808 range: a doubling of densities lead to 5-8% increase in economic productivity. Applies mainly to service & knowledge based economies. Highway Investments & Economic Productivity: Roads enlarge Labor-sheds & Trade-sheds, allowing better matching of business, labor, factor inputs Enlargement = Sprawl?
Productivity per Worker, Bay Area, 1990 Elasticity of Labor Productivity with: Labor Accessibility = +.10 Density = +.07 Speed = +13 +.13 Productivity per Worker ($) 80000-92000 92000-96000 96000-107000 107000-119000 > 119000 0 10 20 30 Miles R. Cervero, Economic Performance and the Shape of the Metropolis, Urban Studies, 2001.
Economic Growth & Travel E N th t G C lit T t VMT d GDP h th Eco Northwest: Granger Causality Test: VMT and GDP cause each other; Highway VMT influences economic activity and GDP influences VMT (bidirectional causality)
The Case Based Approach Transport, Place-making, Economic Development Firms need Labor Access through Mobility & Proximity Livability Matters! Amenity minded, time sensitive, Millinnials/Gen Y drawn to lively, hip places ACE model of economic development: Arts, Culture, Entertainment
Urban Regeneration & BRT in Seoul, Korea M.B. Lee Before: 2003 After: 2005 Redesign of Seoul Plaza Calmed Traffic with a Pedestrian Oval Cheong Gye Cheon Freeway Removal/ Stream Restoration
SEOUL in 90 s Traffic Congestion Air pollution 24
Seoul: Freeway Removal-Stream Restoration Cheong Gye Cheon June 2003 Before Restoration June 2004 Under Restoration September 2005 After Restoration
Night View Cheong Gye Cheon
Greening of Central Seoul Thermal Intensity in CBD Average Lowering of Temperature of 2%~5%
Commercial & Residential Parcels C. Kang & R. Cervero, From Elevated Freeway to Urban Greenway: Land Value Impacts of Seoul, Korea s CGC Project, Urban Studies, 2009.
The Place Making Premium Marginal Effects** of Freeway vs Greenway on Commercial Land Price ** Effects relative to otherwise comparable site > 500m
Impact on Employment in Creative Class Sectors Distance to Ramps or Pedestrian Entrances Marginal Effects on Location Quotients C. Kang & R. Cervero, 2009, From Elevated Freeway to Urban Greenway:Land Value Impacts of Seoul, Korea s CGC Project, Urban Studies, Vol. 46, No. 13, pp. 2771-2794.
FINANCING TOD Hong Kong s R+P (Rail + Property) )Program Making $$$ off of TOD & Place making MTRC s property developments along rail line 91km, 53 stations 25 R+P Stations 25.2% of all Public Transport Trips World s Densest City (Kowloon: 55,000 persons/km 2 )
Hong Kong s Model: R+P (Rail + Property) Office Office Hotel & SA POS PTI Mall Station Parking 10% 10% Revenue Sources 52% 28% Railway (Fares) Property Development Property Investment & Management Non-fare *2001-2005 Average
High-rise residential buildings Podium Garden 5/F (Park-and-ride Facilities and Residential Parking) Station Shopping Mall PTI 4/F (Residential Parking) 3/F (Platforms of Airport Express and Tung Chung Line, Shopping Mall) 2/F (Platforms of Airport Express and Tung Chung Line, Shopping Mall) Station Facilities Shopping Residential Mall Facilities ) Recreational Facilities 1/F (Station Concourse, Shopping Mall and PTI) G/F (Loading/ Unloading, Shopping Mall, PTI and Parking)
Pre-Place-making Station Access Quarry Bay Station Causeway Bay Station
MTR s Concept of TOD
Corridor to Central Art Space Multiple Layers Well Placed Signage Pedestrian Deck Long Foot Bridge Integrated Hotel Footbridge to Harbor Public Open Space Aesthetics & Place-making Increased profits ~ 25%; Ridership Bonus ~ 20%
Extensions to China Shenzhen Shenzhen Opportunities Rapid Urbanization & Motorization Extensive railway investments Policy commitment to TOD & sustainable transport TOD in Beijing?