CODATU XIII «Corridor» designs in town planning : Sustainable planning for large cities in developed countries Challenges of implementation in booming cities in emerging and developing countries Lyon Town Planning Agency 1l
Coordinate town planning and transportation Transportation influence the shape of cities ( pedestrian, tram, car, motorbike...) Lines of mass transportation influence the shape of the city The shape of our car cities is non adapted to mass transit urban sprawl decreasing densities.. to limitate urban sprawl and optimize public transport efficiency. develop the town planning of corridors ( linear high density mixed development associated with mass transit ) 2
The corridor, a major tool Corridor design : thinking or rethinking the composition of a city around main lines of mass transportation (high frequency) Mass transportation can take several forms : Street level systems : Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) tramway, dedicated bus lane Elevated systems : overhead metro, Light Rail Transit (LRT) Underground systems : metro NB : Strong differences in terms of integration (into the public open spaces ) and investment and running costs. VAL of Taipei: SYSTRA/J-C Hugonnard Tramway in Lyon Pune
Corridor designs in France and other developed countries 4
Territories looking for a channelling of its future urban development Railway Stations Railway network Areas under 5 km from a station Greater Lyon Source : CopenhagenFingerplan 2007 How to fight against urban sprawl? Priority to urban development and densification in areas near commuter train stations : Lyon; String of pearls pattern in Copenhagen 5
Experiences in America North America : Transit Oriented Development (TOD) : Praised by proponents of New Urbanism : ally quality train systems, new urban design, and alternative modes of transportations (walk, cycles ) South America : Bus rapid transit (BRT) Example of Curitiba : channel urban expansion along five major corridors (80km), each of the structural axes is developed as a trinary system comprising three roads. Curitiba-Brazil Corridor design Source : IPPUC, Rabinovitch and Hoehn, 1993 and Creating a Linear City with a Surface Metro, R. Cervero, UC Berkeley, 1995) 6
Experiences in Japan Elevated rail systems in Tokyo : subways and commuter trains on viaducts Source : Jacek Wesołowski Source : Jacek Wesołowski
To what extent can corridor urbanisation be implemented in booming cities of emerging and developing countries? 8
Current particularities of these booming cities Fast demographic and spatial growth Planning and land policy More difficulties to plan and implement in a context of booming cities informal settlements, hazardous densification,developments, and sprawling Transport infrastructures Lack or absence of railway hub and spoke system Lack or absence of motorways in the fringe of the cities Weak density of major roadway system Difficulties to get right of ways Modal share Big increase of motorization rate Weak form of public mass transportation, but highly active owner operator transport market Capacities Lack of financial and human resources 9
Growing congested informal corridors Tentacle pattern expansion along major radial roads Informal congested corridors : all traffic condensed on few very attractive axis (individual, public, freight...), encroached by commercial activities and market places In this disorganised corridors, how to promote dedicated lanes for mass transit? Source : Mutations, harvard project on the city, Rem Koolhaas
Conditions for corridors implementation and efficiency in fast growing cities 11
4 short and long term actions to develop corridors Structure plan 1 Control of car use Development of mass transit corridor 3 Control of car parking Improve pedestrian public spaces 2 Goods transport control 4
Coordinate land use planning and mass transportation planning Strongly coordinate structure plan and transport master plan Develop Twin teams : planners and professionnals of public transport Develop a basic shared vision notably based on a backbone of major development axis ( the corridors ) Identify major present and future corridors (notably the way out roads linking the core city to the subcenters and to the future strategic development sites (Re-use under-used existing rail tracks for corridors of commuting) Locate public major facilities along corridors and orientate investors ( offices and commercial, tall buidings..) to invest along corridors Use corridors to develop new centers in the periphery to decongest the core city and promote a multicenter city (reduce need for travel)
Coordinate land use planning and mass transportation planning Addis-Ababa : revision of master plan and the transport master plan purposely coordinated 2 major corridors to develop in the long term (2 stages ) East west axis North south axis majors hubs Addis Ababa-Ethiopia Revised Master Plan (2002) 14
Coordinate urban planning and mass transportation planning Addis-Ababa : revision of master plan (2002) and the transport master plan (2005) purposely coordinated 2 major corridors to develop in the long term : East west axis North south axis majors hubs Addis Ababa-Ethiopia Revised Master Plan (2002) 15
Addis Ababa : East West axis feasibility study of a bus corridor Busway project Current situation Egis rail -illex 16
Coordinate land use planning and mass transportation planning Addis Ababa Densification promoted along two major axis
Coordonnate land use planning and mass transport planning Which vision of the organisation and development of the city? How to locate all centers, subcenters and new towns along further PTcorridors? 18
Coordonnate land use planning and mass transportation planning Ho Chi Minh City : A vision of major urban corridors with mass transit ( underground in the core and elevated systems in the suburbs (under study) ) Hô Chi Minh-City Vietnam Revision of the Master Plan (2008) 19
Urban land use along corridors Promote densification (offices, commerces and services) along major axis of mass transportation and around hubs Nikken Sekkei
Green corridors (ecological corridor) along residential areas (nature, parks and leisure facilities, flood management, urban agriculture Urban land use along corridors
Coordinate land use planning and mass transportation planning Conceptual corridors development scheme : PT Urban corridors Green corridors expressways 22
Coordinate land policy and mass transportation planning for a better integration and efficiency of mass transport corridors Develop at least 2 Way out roads on each direction An urban boulevard with MRT or BRT (express and omnibus) an expressway connected to the ring road for heavy and fast traffic Addis Ababa-Ethiopia Revised Master Plan (Draft, 2000)
Boulevard Style : Optimize urban quality of corridors : Two different styles of urban corridors Highway style : -2x1 lane dedicated to buses -Pedestrian crossings at fire lights -30 to 40 meters wide -2x2 lanes dedicated to buses -Road crossing through tunnels or foot bridges -50 to 60 meters wide
Coordinate land policy and mass transportation planning Anticipate corridor design to orientate development and to limitate further evictions.. Locate the rights of ways ( rough geometric definition ) in the core city and in the extension areas IN THE CITY CENTRE : land clearance is a difficult process (public acceptability and social, relocation (next to the spot ) and compensation policies to clear up) but it can be a tool for renewal of urban district and secure the land property
Coordonate land policy and mass transportation planning IN THE OUTSKIRTS : easier (current agricultural land clearance) Locate the usefull rights of ways along existing or future radial way out roads (30 to 60 meters or more (200m) in case of lateral development projects... Preserve these right-of-ways from squattering before development of mass transport : Develop a right-of-way engineering through PPP (investors (development projects),local communities (peri urban agriculture) non asphalted roads, green areas, rows of trees )
Conditions for restricting the use of cars and motorbikes for commuting Development of a viable alternative by public transportation network : Complete coverage of the city by 2 complementary systems : bus corridors and owner operators (buses, minibuses, taxis, moto-taxis) Priority given to public transport over car (dedicated lanes, priority at crossroads) Develop sidewalks and comfort in public space for pedestrians Develop a restrictive parking policy for offices in the core city
integrate corridors into a complete PT network Corridors must be part of a network, with connections in hubs, rather than one heavy or medium infrastructure Curitiba : Beside 80kms of corridors, 350km of feeder bus lines, and 200km of interdistricts bus routes The Curitiba bus network in 2006 28
Conclusion Strongly coordinate land use planning and mass transportation planning to shape the future city along MRT corridors (surface or elevated) In a context of restricted financial capacities and booming growth and dificult planning and implementation.. Focus on the backbone of the future city, Notably corridors design the future corridors of the city on the land...before providing it later with mass transport Identify and protect the necessary right-of-ways for the future a short term action for the future.
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