Steam Trap Survey. Anywhere, MI. For: ABC Corporation 7/10/07. Prepared by:

Transcription

1 Steam Trap Survey For: ABC Corporation Anywhere, MI 7/0/07 Prepared by: Armstrong International 8 Maple Street Three Rivers, MI United States

2 General Summary The General Summary reviews the Scope of Work, final reports, and steam losses associated with this steam trap survey.

3 Armstrong International Three Rivers 8 Maple Street Three Rivers, MI : 7/0/07 To: ABC Corporation Anywhere, MI Re: Steam Trap Survey Between 9//05 and 9//05 Armstrong International Three Rivers conducted a steam trap survey at your facility. 4 in service traps were tested. All failed or defective traps were tagged with a red and white tag for ease in field identification. The field investigation and computer analysis reveals that 32.% of the in-service traps were found to be defective. The failed traps wasting steam resulted in an estimated annualized loss of 4,535,0 lb of steam and a corresponding monetary loss of 4,875 USD. In addition to the traps wasting steam, 2 failed in plugged and/or flooded conditions. These traps are not losing steam, but rather causing a loss of heat, water hammer, corrosion and possibly freezing damage to heat transfer equipment. The following is a breakdown of defective traps as a percentage of the total in-service traps: Blow Thru 28.3% Leaking 0.0% Plugged 4.3% Rapid Cycling 0.0% Flooded 0.0% Total 32.% Refer to the defective trap report for a complete listing of all failed traps. We thank you for the opportunity to assist in your energy conservation efforts and steam maintenance program. If we can be of any further service, or if you wish to discuss any aspects of this report, please do not hesitate to contact us.

4 STEAM TRAP SURVEY SCPE F WRK & TECNICAL SPECIFICATINS AT TE JB SITE. All steam traps are located, identified, and tagged with a stainless steel or aluminum tag and clip. 2. Each trap is tested to determine its operating condition. The method used shall include ultrasonic listening and visual inspection where possible (the customer should supply a means to reach traps that are difficult to access, e.g. ladders, forklifts, etc.). 3. A temporary red and white paper tag is attached to each FAILED trap in addition to the stainless steel or aluminum tag. 4. Note is made of specific problems. Some examples are: water hammer, poor or improper insulation, steam leaks in piping or valves, improper installation of traps, and other steam related problems. 5. n-the-job-training is provided to those plant personnel who are helping our Technicians with the survey. ne plant maintenance person should accompany each survey team.. Trap Survey Log Sheet Data: a. Tag Number b. Location c. Elevation d. Manufacturer and Model Number e. Connection Size f. Pressure i. Pressure In (P.I) actual steam pressure leading to the trap ii. Pressure ut (P..) actual steam pressure leaving the trap g. Application (Drip, Tracer, Coil, Process, Air Vents, Liquid Drainer) h. Equipment (Unit eater, Radiator, umidifier, etc.) i. Piping (Direction, Valve-In, Strainer, Valve-ut) j. Trap Condition (perating Mode) k. Note: All personnel testing traps are certified, factory trained technicians.

5 Recommended Steam Trap Testing Procedures Armstrong International, Inc.

6 STEAM TRAP TESTING A combination of testing methods is used in accurately predicting the operating condition of a trap. We recommend the use of an ultrasonic listening device with visual observation when possible. When an atmospheric discharge is not possible, the use of the ultrasonic listening device can be used to determine the operating condition of the steam trap. Temperature measurement cannot show the operating condition of the trap. It is merely a sign of corresponding saturation steam pressure upstream of the trap and pressure on the condensate return system downstream of the trap. Determining the amount of back pressure in the condensate system helps to quantify the amount of live steam lost through a failed trap. The ultrasonic listening device gives a fairly clear understanding of how the trap is operating. A normally operating inverted bucket trap emits a definite burst of sound when the bucket sinks and opens the trap valve, thereby discharging condensate until entering steam floats the bucket and closes the valve. In the presence of extremely low loads, the bucket is heard as a continuous clattering sound. This is sometimes called a dribbling trap. This is still a normal operating steam trap with no steam loss. This could also be a sign of an oversized trap, therefore requiring a smaller or restrictive orifice. The normal operating sounds of a float and thermostatic trap are difficult to distinguish as it is a constant flow device with no cycle rate. By shutting off the inlet valve, letting condensate collect, and then releasing a large condensate load to the trap, the trap is heard opening and then modulating down the steady state flow. The thermostatic air vent in a float and thermostatic trap often opens rather infrequently to release air, making its working condition difficult to determine. A thermostatic steam trap has a cycle, but it is much more gentle in nature than the inverted bucket or disc trap. A sub cooling thermostatic steam trap is similar in operation to the float trap. It may have either a bellows or a bimetallic spring as the actuation device, opening and closing the trap according to the set temperature differential.

7 STEAM TRAP TESTING (Continued) A final determination of the operation of a steam trap is visual. This test can only be done if there is an atmospheric discharge or test valve. If there is a test valve after the trap, close off the valve to condensate return and open the test valve to the atmosphere. The steam trap will now act as an atmospheric discharge trap. If there is high back pressure in the condensate return system, some generic types of steam traps operate differently when discharging to the atmosphere than to the condensate return system. Therefore it is important to know how the different generic types of traps operate under varying conditions. pening a test valve ahead of the trap can also determine if the trap is backing up condensate. The actual piping arrangement with the application can give some insight as to freezing problems, formation of vacuum, back pressure and poor piping configurations that may affect the operation of the trap. Use a systems approach when testing steam traps. There are times when, after further investigation, what seems to be a defective trap is actually a piping or application problem. Armstrong International, Inc. Three Rivers, MI Phone: + (29) Fax: + (29) Web:

8 Executive Summary Report The Executive Summary Report includes the following information: Condition Summary - a listing of steam traps by operating mode Trap Type Summary - a listing of steam traps by generic type Application Summary - a listing of steam traps by application Manufacturer Summary - a listing of steam traps by manufacturer Annualized Loss Summaries - a total breakdown of estimated steam and monetary loss

9 STEAM TRAP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABC Corporation - SAM-002 Survey : 9//05 TRAP TYPE SUMMARY TTAL ANNUALIZED SUMMARIES Generic Type Population Count % of Total Failure Count In Service Failure BI Bi-Metal 3 5.% 50.0% Steam Loss (lb) 4,535,0 DC Disc.9% 00.0% Monetary Loss (USD) 4,875 FL Float % % Repair Cost/Trap (USD) 750 IB Inverted Bucket % 8 2.7% Savings (USD) 4,25 UK Unknown.9% 00.0% Payback Period (months) 0.2 C2 Emissions (lb),9,553,7,74 Totals: 54 00% 5 32.% Fuel used to generate lost steam 4,394 Manufacturer MANUFACTURER SUMMARY Population Count % of Total Failure Count In Service Failure (lb) Condition CNDITIN SUMMARY Population Count AND Anderson 3 5.% 2.7% Blow Thru 3 24.% ARM Armstrong 3.7% 8 2.7% K Good % BES Bestobell 3 5.% 50.0% S Not in Service 8 4.8% CC Cochran.9% 0 0.0% PL Plugged 2 3.7% CE Coe.9% 0 0.0% SAR Sarco.9% 00.0% Totals: 54 00% TLV TLV 8 4.8% % UNK UNKNWN.9% 00.0% Totals: 54 00% 5 32.% % of Total Application APPLICATIN SUMMARY Population Count % of Total Failure Count In Service Failure CL Coil 9.7%.7% Drip % 2 3.4% PR Process 5 9.3% 50.0% TR Tracer 5 9.3% 20.0% Totals: 54 00% 5 32.%

10 STEAM TRAP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABC Corporation - SAM-002 Survey : 9//05 TRAP TYPE SUMMARY CNDITIN SUMMARY APPLICATIN SUMMARY Generic Type Population Count % of Total Failure Count In Service Failure Condition Population Count % of Total Application Population Count % of Total Failure Count BI Bi-Metal 3 5.% 50.0% Blow Thru 3 24.% CL Coil 9.7%.7% DC Disc.9% 00.0% K Good % Drip % 2 3.4% FL Float % % S Not in Service 8 4.8% PR Process 5 9.3% 50.0% IB Inverted Bucket % 8 2.7% PL Plugged 2 3.7% TR Tracer 5 9.3% 20.0% UK Unknown.9% 00.0% Totals: 54 00% Totals: 54 00% 5 32.% Totals: 54 00% 5 32.% In Service Failure

11 MANUFACTURER SUMMARY ABC Corporation - SAM-002 Survey : 9//05 MANUFACTURER SUMMARY MANUFACTURER SUMMARY Manufacturer Population Count % of Total Failure In Service Failure Count AND Anderson 3 5.% 2.7% ARM Armstrong 3.7% 8 2.7% BES Bestobell 3 5.% 50.0% CC Cochran.9% 0 0.0% CE Coe.9% 0 0.0% SAR Sarco.9% 00.0% TLV TLV 8 4.8% % UNK UNKNWN.9% 00.0% Totals: 54 00% 5 32.%

12 Defective Trap Report The Defective Trap Report includes the following information: Blow Through, Leaking and Rapid Cycling Traps - a listing of defective traps wasting steam with a condition of, LK or RC Plugged and Flooded Traps - a listing of defective traps not wasting steam but backing up condensate due to a failed closed (PL) or flooded (FL) condition

13 DEFECTIVE TRAP REPRT SAM-002 Technician Page 7/0/07 3 Customer Location ABC Corporation Drip 2 Coil Tracer 2 Process 2 Applic ation Equip MFR Model PM Conn Size Line Sz In ut Condensate Lift Load Pressure In ut Insulati on Direction Piping Strainer Valve In Steam Valve ut Supply Discharge Condition Tag# 00 utside X Location Elevation 2 ft NRT SIDE F BILER BLWDWN dup? TR Installed SAR 00 psig TD52 /2" Check Valve x /2" /2",000 lb/hr 0 psig V 0 PL Tag# 00 utside X Location Elevation 7 ft Bldg. right outside dock area to left U Installed UNK UNK 3/4" 9.2 Conn Type ANSI Flanged 300# 5//02 Check Valve 3/4" 3/4" 2,000 lb/hr psig 0 C M 2' X 2' CIL Tag# 00 utside 2.50 USD Location Elevation 3 ft SW Corner in marble cutting room 3,33,79 lb/yr 39,5 USD Eq Installed ARM 5 psig 983 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 2,000 lb/hr psig ARM 8 3/4" 250# rifice comments here Tag# 007 utside Location Elevation 2 ft Equip. storage room south side 74,735 lb/yr 5.50 USD 4 USD CL U Installed ARM 20 psig 880 /2" 9 Conn Type NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig Recommendat 2' x 2' Coil Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft Cell Room #4 South Cell vhd 8,447 lb/yr 37 USD Installed ARM 250 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig ole in pipe - '"

14 DEFECTIVE TRAP REPRT SAM-002 Technician Page 7/0/ Customer Location ABC Corporation Drip 2 Coil Tracer 2 Process 2 Applic ation Equip MFR Model PM Conn Size Line Sz In ut Condensate Lift Load Pressure In ut Insulati on Direction Piping Strainer Valve In Steam Valve ut Supply Discharge Condition Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft n catwalk by west wall PC-82 8,447 lb/yr 37 USD Installed ARM 250 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve " " 0 0 C 0 psig Tag# utside 024 Location Elevation 8 ft Catwalk on 2nd floor in process area Installed BES 200 psig " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 5 psig Dripping BC-32 Vacuum Jets Tag# utside 03 Location Elevation 8 ft Lvl ' West of BC-52 E Installed TLV 200 psig J5N- " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig PL 3/4 Bushed to /2 before PRV-Main steam header Tag# utside Location Elevation 8 ft 2nd Level W Wall ,888 lb/yr 5.50 USD 24 USD E Installed ARM 250 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig Recommendat Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft at BC-2 Vacuum pump 20,747 lb/yr 4 USD Installed TLV J3N 2 5// psig " Conn Type NTP Threaded Check Valve 0 psig

15 DEFECTIVE TRAP REPRT SAM-002 Technician Page 7/0/ Customer Location ABC Corporation Drip 2 Coil Tracer 2 Process 2 Applic ation Equip MFR Model PM Conn Size Line Sz In ut Condensate Lift Load Pressure In ut Insulati on Direction Piping Strainer Valve In Steam Valve ut Supply Discharge Condition Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft Btw Tank 2 & 3 on N wall 55,00 lb/yr 853 USD Installed ARM 20 psig 880 /2" NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 0 C 0 psig Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft South of tank BC-3 05,78 lb/yr 582 USD Installed ARM 25 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 22,230 lb/yr,442 USD PR AV Installed AND 5 psig 05T -/4" 8 Conn Type Socket-Weld Check Valve 0 psig 0 C Tag# utside 2 Location Elevation 0 ft Bldg. right out of dock door to left 3rd bay 5,88 lb/yr 5.50 USD 285 USD AV Installed ARM 25 psig /2" 2 ft 0 C FM 880 /2" 3/8" 0 psig M NTP Threaded /5/04 Check Valve Recommendat comments. Tag# utside dfdf sdf 5.50 USD Location sdf Elevation 2 ft 550,84 lb/yr 3,029 USD ST Installed AND 5 psig 05T -/4" Check Valve x,000 lb/hr 0 psig C

16 Trap s Report The Trap s Report is a complete listing of all failed traps and suggested methods of repair.

17 Trap s Report SAM-002 Technician Page 7/0/07 3 Customer Location ABC Corporation Drip 2 Coil Tracer 2 Process 2 Applic ation Equip MFR Model PM Conn Size Line Sz In ut Condensate Lift Load Pressure In ut Insulati on Direction Piping Strainer Valve In Steam Valve ut Supply Discharge Condition Tag# 00 utside X Location Elevation 2 ft NRT SIDE F BILER BLWDWN dup? TR Installed SAR 00 psig TD52 /2" Check Valve x /2" /2",000 lb/hr 0 psig V 0 PL Tag# 00 utside X Location Elevation 7 ft Bldg. right outside dock area to left U Installed UNK UNK 3/4" 9.2 Conn Type ANSI Flanged 300# 5//02 Check Valve 3/4" 3/4" 2,000 lb/hr psig 0 C M 2' X 2' CIL Tag# 00 utside 2.50 USD Location Elevation 3 ft SW Corner in marble cutting room 3,33,79 lb/yr 39,5 USD Eq Installed ARM 5 psig 983 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 2,000 lb/hr psig ARM 8 3/4" 250# rifice comments here Tag# 007 utside Location Elevation 2 ft Equip. storage room south side 74,735 lb/yr 5.50 USD 4 USD CL U Installed ARM 20 psig 880 /2" 9 Conn Type NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig Recommendat 2' x 2' Coil Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft Cell Room #4 South Cell vhd 8,447 lb/yr 37 USD Installed ARM 250 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig ole in pipe - '"

18 Trap s Report SAM-002 Technician Page 7/0/ Customer Location ABC Corporation Drip 2 Coil Tracer 2 Process 2 Applic ation Equip MFR Model PM Conn Size Line Sz In ut Condensate Lift Load Pressure In ut Insulati on Direction Piping Strainer Valve In Steam Valve ut Supply Discharge Condition Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft n catwalk by west wall PC-82 8,447 lb/yr 37 USD Installed ARM 250 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve " " 0 0 C 0 psig Tag# utside 024 Location Elevation 8 ft Catwalk on 2nd floor in process area Installed BES 200 psig " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 5 psig Dripping BC-32 Vacuum Jets Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft 2nd Level W Wall 43,888 lb/yr 24 USD E Installed ARM 250 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig Tag# utside Location Elevation 8 ft at BC-2 Vacuum pump ,747 lb/yr 5.50 USD 4 USD Installed TLV 284 psig J3N " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig Recommendat Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft Btw Tank 2 & 3 on N wall 55,00 lb/yr 853 USD Installed ARM 20 psig 880 /2" NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 psig

19 Trap s Report SAM-002 Technician Page 7/0/ Customer Location ABC Corporation Drip 2 Coil Tracer 2 Process 2 Applic ation Equip MFR Model PM Conn Size Line Sz In ut Condensate Lift Load Pressure In ut Insulati on Direction Piping Strainer Valve In Steam Valve ut Supply Discharge Condition Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 8 ft South of tank BC-3 05,78 lb/yr 582 USD Installed ARM 25 psig 88 " NTP Threaded 5//02 Check Valve 0 0 C 0 psig Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 22,230 lb/yr,442 USD PR AV Installed AND 5 psig 05T -/4" 8 Conn Type Socket-Weld Check Valve 0 psig 0 C Tag# utside USD Location Elevation 0 ft Bldg. right out of dock door to left 3rd bay 5,88 lb/yr 285 USD AV Installed ARM 25 psig 880 /2" NTP Threaded /5/04 Check Valve /2" 2 ft 3/8" FM 0 psig 0 M C comments. Tag# utside Location Elevation 2 ft dfdf sdf sdf 550,84 lb/yr 5.50 USD 3,029 USD ST Installed AND 5 psig 05T -/4" Check Valve x,000 lb/hr 0 psig C Recommendat Tag# utside Location Elevation Installed Conn Type NPT Pipe Thread Check Valve

20 Appendix The Appendix includes the following reference information: Terminology a glossary of terms used on survey reports. Trap Condition Reference descriptions for each trap condition reported.

21 TERMINLGY TERMS DESCRIPTIN DEFINITIN TAG NUMBER Trap identification no. A sequence of up to 5 alphanumeric characters. LCATIN Trap location General description of the trap location, i.e. Building, Floor, Room, etc. INSIDE/UTSIDE Whether the trap is located within a protective structure or is exposed to the elements. I=Inside, =utside ELEVATIN Elevation of the trap eight above/below the floor/ground surface MFG Trap manufacturer A three character designation of the trap manufacturer (e.g. ARM=Armstrong) MDEL Trap model number The model number designated by the trap manufacturer. TYPE Generic type of trap Type designated by single letter, e.g. IB=Inverted Bucket. CNN SIZE Connection size Connection size of the trap (not necessarily the same as the pipe size). INSPECTIN FREQUENCY Trap inspection schedule Recommended number of times the trap should be tested in months, (e.g. every months).

22 TERMINLGY (Continued) TERMS DESCRIPTIN DEFINITIN EQUIPMENT Equipment being serviced Actual equipment being serviced by the steam trap, e.g. Unit eater. P I Pressure In The gauge pressure or nominal pressure on the inlet side of the trap. P Pressure ut The gauge pressure or nominal pressure on the outlet side of the trap (also called Back Pressure) SUP Supply side of trap Supply side pressure in terms of C=Constant Supply Pressure; M=Modulating Supply Pressure RETURN Discharge side of trap Discharge side of trap is either C=Closed or =pen to atmosphere APP Application Application serviced by trap, e.g. =Drip Trap, etc. TIME IN SERVICE Amount of annual use The number of hours the trap is under load, expressed in months per year (e.g. 2,0 hours = 3 months). PIPING Direction of piping =orizontal, V=Vertical, etc. V I Valve In Type of valve on inlet side of trap (0=None, =on/off, 2=2 or 3 way valve) V Valve ut Type of valve on outlet side of trap (0=None, =on/off, 2=2 or 3 way valve) STR Strainer Type of strainer ahead of trap, 0=None; =Inline; 2=Inline w/blowdown valve CND. Condensate Load Actual load of condensate at the trap. LAD CND. LIFT Condensate Lift Actual height condensate must be lifted to overhead return.

23 TERMINLGY (Continued) TERMS DESCRIPTIN DEFINITIN INSUL Insulation Type Actual type of insulation surrounding pipes and traps, e.g. Asbestos, Calcium Silicate, etc. CNN. TYPE Connection Type Actual trap connection, e.g. SCR=Screwed, FLG=Flanged, etc. SUPEREAT present Indicates whether superheat is present at the trap. SD Shutdown required Indicates that system or plant shutdown must be initiated to repair the failed trap. LINE SIZE IN Line size in Nominal size of the inlet line/pipe LINE SIZE UT Line size out Nominal size of the outlet line/pipe

24 TRAP CNDITIN ABBREVIATIN DESCRIPTIN DEFINITIN K Good Trap Trap in normal operating mode. Blow Through Trap has failed in an open mode with maximum steam loss. Trap should be repaired or replaced. LK Leaking Trap has failed in a partially open mode with a steam loss of approximately 25% of maximum. Trap should be repaired or replaced. RC Rapid Cycling Disc trap going into failure mode. PL Plugged Trap has failed in a closed position and is backing up condensate. Trap should be repaired or replaced. FL Flooded Trap is assumed to be undersized and unable to handle the condensate load. Trap should be replaced with proper size. S ut of Service The steam supply line is off and the trap is not in service. NT Not Tested Trap in service but not tested due to inaccessibility, unable to reach, too high, etc.

25 ARMSTRNG TERETICAL STEAM LSS CALCULATINS (IP UNITS) The basic formulas used to estimate the live steam loss of defective traps are as follows: MASNEILAN S FRMULA ( o 2. )( C V) P( Pi + P ) = Blow Through Where: C V = Flow Coefficient P = P i P o P i = Inlet Pressure (psia) P o = utlet Pressure (psia) NAPIER S FRMULA ( 5. 43)( Pi )( A0) Where: A 0 = Area of rifice These are general formulas used in determining steam loss through and orifice. Based on data compiled in the field as well as actual test data from our lab in Michigan, certain changes have been made to these formulas. In addition to inlet pressure, back pressure, and orifice size, piping configurations, severity of feailure, and condensate load influence the quantity of steam loss through a trap. Consequently, service and very light condensate loads as found in drip and tracer service and the much higher condensate loads associated with coil and process applications. Back pressure, service time and modulating conditions are incorporated in the calculations. Naturally, some information such as how many months a trap operates per year is determined by data supplied by plant personnel.

26 ARMSTRNG ADJUSTED STEAM LSS CALCULATINS (IP UNITS) Given from trap survey log sheet: P.I. = Inlet pressure (psig) P.. = utlet pressure (psig) Step : Convert pressures to psia: P.I = P i, actual inlet pressure (psia) P = P o, actual outlet pressure (psia) Step 2: Determine P o, outlet pressure(psia) to be used in calculations: If P o 0.5 P i, then use P o If P0 < 0.5 P i, then use 0.5 P i Step 3: Determine P using P i and P o found in step 2: P = P i P o Step 4: Calculate steam flow or blow through (lb/hr): W = ( 0. 9)( CV) P( Pi + Po) for coil & process applications W = (. 4)( CV) P( Pi + Po) for tracer & drip applications Where: W = Steam flow or blow through (lb/hr) C V = Flow coefficient P i = Inlet pressure (psia) P o = utlet pressure (psia) P = P i P o

27 STEAM LSS CALCULATIN EXAMPLES (IP UNITS) A. Coil Application Given: P.I = 00 psig P.. = 0 psig C V = 32. Step : P i = = 4.7 P o = = Step 2: = 0. 3 < 0.5, therefore 4. 7 P o = (0.5)(Pi) = (0.5)(4.7) = Step 3: P = P i P o = = Step 4: W = ( 0. 9)( 32. ) ( ) = 2, 89 lb/hr B. Drip Application Given: P.I = 00 psig P.. = 0 psig C V = 32. Step : P i = = 4.7 P o = = Step 2: = , therefore 4. 7 P o = Step 3: P = P i P o = = 40 Step 4: W = (. 4)( 32. ) 40( ) = 3, 92 lb/hr

28 STEAM LSS CALCULATIN EXAMPLES (IP UNITS) (Continued) C. Tracer Application Given: P.I = 00 psig P.. = 45 psig C V = 32. Step : P i = = 4.7 P o = = Step 2: = , therefore 4. 7 P o = 59.7 Step 3: P = P i P o = = 55 Step 4: W = (. 4)( 32. ) 55( ) = 4, 40 lb/hr