BRITISH BIOMEDICAL BULLETIN

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1 Journal Home Page BRITISH BIOMEDICAL BULLETIN Original Discussion on Relationship between Traditional Chinese medicinal material Resources and Ecological Garden Construction Yan Zheng 1,2 * & Jie Gong 1 College of Life Sciences/ Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China 2 Anhui Daily Chemicals Engineering Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese medicines, Wuhu, Anhui, China A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Received 22 July 2013 Received in revised form 5 Aug 2013 Accepted 10 Aug 2013 Keywords: Ecological garden; Medicinal plants and animals; Traditional Chinese medicine Corresponding author: College of Life Sciences/ Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China address: zhengy@mail.ahnu.edu.cn Traditional Chinese medicine has been followed increasingly with interest in the worldwide by the introduction of acupuncture to America and European countries in 1970s. Now medicinal plants and animals which being the main resources of traditional Chinese medicine have been widely used. In ancient China, medicinal plants and animals were utilized perfectly in garden construction. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, the major active ingredients especially volatile ones in medicinal plants and animals would do well for human health. The gardens get more and more perfect by using suitable animals and plants in landscape design. In this paper, many kinds of resources of traditional Chinese medicinal materials together with medicinal plants and animals configuration in garden design were discussed and some successful cases, such as Urban Agricultural Landscape and the Yongnin Park in Taizhou, were also given and analyzed. Accordingly, it drew good experience from those cases and the role of resources of traditional Chinese medicinal materials which bringing beautiful and green life, preventing diseases and taking care of health should be thought highly on the construction of ecological garden. This is why the praiseworthy value of classical Chinese garden lies in the vitality begins to show not at the initial construction stage but with time goes on British Biomedical Bulletin. All rights reserved

2 Introduction People who have been to Suzhou in China would deeply impressed by the garden there. In Suzhou, running creek under the bridge and swallows flying in the sky or roof form the landscape characteristics. In fact, praiseworthy for Chinese gardens' excellent conduct lies in that the vitality begins to show not at the initial construction stage but with time goes on, the gardens get more and more perfect by use suitable animals and plants in landscape design. These plants and animals are mostly medicinal materials 1. Being an important part of natural resources, traditional Chinese medicinal materials include all medicinal plants, animals, minerals and the total amount of them guided by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. In a broad sense, they also include mineral drugs, cultivated plants and breeding animals being used in medicine, and individual organisms, active substances from biotechnology. Resources of medicinal plants and animals are the main important source of TCM. Eighty-seven percent of the resources are from medicinal plants and nearly twelve percent are from medicinal animals 2-4. On the base of t succeeding and developing traditional gardens, ecological gardens which pursuing the perfect combination of ecology, science, culture and art, is an ecological community with many kinds of gradation, structure and functions. Ecological gardens are endowed with a high level and profound meaning of maintaining the balance of city ecosystem, biodiversity conservation and natural reproduction 5. As an important component of ecological garden, the beautiful, sanitary and comfortable environment made by medicinal plants and animals not only shows the vigorous life-force, particular intellectuality and interest of garden landscape but also improves the people s health, prevent and cure sicknesses by some salutary exudates from the plant and animal. The application of resources of traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials in design of ecological gardens just derive from the profound history and culture relationship between the medicinal plants and animals and gardens virescence 6,7. The common species of plants and animals in design of ecological gardens and their configuration The key to construct ecological gardens is how to choice and arrange plants and animals scientifically. With the idea of ecological gardens win support among the people, those medicinal plants and animals with a high ecological, ornamental and economy value acquire more and more garden designers favor and attention. Ordinary species It is well- known that peony is blossoming in spring and water lily in summer, sweet-scented osmanthus in autumn and plums in winner. There are flowers blooming in four seasons all the year round. No matter what season it is, the medicinal plants always dress up the world with their charming and colorful postures. And the existence of animals activates can greatly add the ecological gardens flexibility and dynamics. These can be proved by some poetry in ancient China, such as Orioles singing in the willows etc. Table 1 gives a list of some common species of medicinal plants and animals for referring when the ecological gardens are constructed 8. Configuration Principles Even in developed countries, the ratio of non-consumptive use value of resources mainly including ornamental wildlife is very high. So it is a better way by using medicinal animals and plants to build some particular garden types, such as the sightseeing

3 agriculture, ecological benefits, knowledge of popular science, health care function, etc 9. When constructing characteristic landscape, we should not only understand the medicinal and healthy function of animals and plants, but also pay attention to the mutually beneficial and unsuccessful factors among the different medicinal resources. We should try our best to make the stereoscopic planting and breeding model which shows the thorough complex benefits of ecological gardens by combing the plants with animals and dynamic with static. Principles of serving for common peoples to construct ecological gardens, adjusting measures in accordance with local conditions and focusing on practicality and emphasizing particularity should be firmly grasped. Combined with the ecological habits and living environment of medicinal animal and plant, flowers in spring, shade in summer, fruits in fall, and the green in winter should be considered to meet the need in four-season landscapes of and to create natural ecology model. Selecting medicinal plants and animals concisely and bringing them together to build the better garden with suitable colors and sharp image is always the pursuit of human beings. It is unignored that the function of medicinal plants and animals should be developed fully to highlight the features in viewing. The grasses are planted on the ground, the trees can make shades, vines together with flowers and shrubs are adorned rightly. Green frame, green fence and ground cover plants should be rational allocated during making gardens virescence in space. To do a good job of vertical greening space should take advantage of wall, balcony, windowsill, roof and canopy for planting the climbing medicine plants. Leaves oval, pinnately lobed; sporophyll green, sori hemispheroid makes ferns an exotic flower in the garden plants. Their application in landscaping is wide. In brief, using single, group and mixed planting flexibly to realize the plastic and natural configuration and pursuit maximally the harmony between human being and nature 10,11. Some successful reference case The following cases, such as environmental greening of Central Park waterfowl lake in Jiangsu Province wild zoo, wetland landscape in West Lake Scenic area of Hangzhou West Lake, red ribbon in Greenwood of Tanghe Park in Qinhuangdao, the landscape design for economical functional dwelling quarters-exemplified by the Project (Phase 1) of Sheshanxingcheng Residential Quarter in Nanjing city, urban agriculture landscape in Shenyang Architecture University campus and even Hani terraced field, are successful ones which applied traditional Chinese medicine resources to the construction of ecological gardens. We d like to give a brief description about this organic union by using the Yongnin Park in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province as an example. The park is a successful case of river ecological restoration and reconstruction which take flood as friends and highlight the beauty of weeds The Yongnin Park which opened in May 2003 is the first wetland park in Taizhou city, Zhejiang Province. It applied the modern eco-design idea to a natural and tameless background and basing on this background, a cultural and exquisite picture was drown to aim at rehabilitating and reconstructing a hardened river way on flood control for a single purpose into an active recreational area which being the vitality of the modern ecological and cultural recreation place. After opening, the park thus realizes its design ideas and basic goals at the beginning with the help of many local medicinal plants, such as ginkgo, camphor, eucommia, laurel, yacca tree and so on. The Ecological Service Function of Yongnin Park mainly embodies in the processes of protect and restoration of

4 nature, in the protection and improvement of living things and in providing a special recreational environment for the city residents. The remote mountains are put into the arms of park art gallery; the history and story of Huangyan are passed on casually in the park. Native weeds which never noticed suddenly show an attractive charm. A feeling of home belonging and the sense of identity arise spontaneously. The harmony among nature, environment and human relations moisturize people s hearts in a gentle and mild way. People are always happy to enjoy the beauty of the park and the gift from nature either in the riverside full of Chinese silvergrass, or across the river wetland in Zhanqiao, or in the landscape with wild weeds. Yongnin Park has improved and promoted its ecological service function of nature system at the same time and making city dwellers enjoy the ecological service of nature system fully through designing infrastructures in key spot. Prospect Ecological garden is the specific embodiment of the perfect combination of garden horticultural therapy and animals and plants medicinal value. Perfectly using medicinal plants and animals resources in ecological garden design, it will not only protect the native medicinal resources and embody their medicinal values, but also push the sustainable development of planting and breeding agriculture "in the green with green". With the deterioration of the environment, biodiversity losing and human disease spectrum change, new ecological garden design ideas which "Forest medicine or flower medicine combined with the landscape and garden construction" are becoming more and more popular when the traditional garden changing to ecological landscape today China was once regarded as Mother of Gardens 20. In Chinese culture, many medicinal plants and animals have different implied meanings, such as peach and plum implies have good students all over the world ; laurel and chrysanthemum growing in front yard means gold and jade fill the hall -- abundant wealth or many children in the family ; pine and crane signifies long life etc. It will be the highest realm that folk and traditional culture merges skillfully into the characteristic ecological gardens which takes the white wall as paper, stones, plants and animals as painting How to dig the depth of cultural connotation of traditional Chinese medicinal resources in the garden design is an important study work that deserves thorough research. Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No ), Natural Scientific Foundation of Anhui Province of China (No M94), and the provincial research project of natural science of the universities of Anhui Province of China (No.KJ2010A135). References 1. JIN Xue-zhi. (2000). China Garden Aesthetics. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. 2. ZHOU Rong-han. (1993). Resources Science of Chinese Medicinal Materials. Beijing: China Medicinal Technology Publishing House. 3. SUN Hong-lie. (2000). China Encyclopedia of Resources Science. Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, University of Petroleum Press. 4. ZHENG Yan. (2010). Education on Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials. Beijing: Science Press. 5. HU Yun-hua. (2010). Application and achievements of ecological garden in Shanghai Urban afforesting and greening.

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6 Table 1. Reference list of medicinal plants and animals using for ecological garden design Species Paeonia suffruticosa Platycladus rientalis Ginkgo biloba Chinese name Mu dan Ce bai Yin xing Ornamental features deciduous shrub, big flower and bright color evergreen tree, of the tree is full of grace deciduous big tall tree, of the tree is full of grace Medicinal parts root bark shoots and leaf, seed kernel seed, leaf Salix babylonica Chui liu deciduous tree branch, leaf, stem and root bark Polygonum multiflorum He shou wu perennial herb or vine root tuber, stem Portulaca oleracea Ma chi xian Annual succulent herb whole herb Nelumbo nucifera Lian perennial aquatic plant seed, lotus heart(green germ), leaf, rhizome section, leafstalk and pedicel Magnolia officinalis Hou pu deciduous tree, well-rounded stem or root or branch bark Chimonanthus praecox La mei deciduous shrub flower bud Sedum sarmentosum Chui pen cao perennial succulent herb whole herb Liquidambar deciduous big tall tree, wellrounded Feng xiang formosana gum, fruit Eucommia ulmoides Du zhong deciduous tall tree, well-rounded bark Platanus orientalis Fa guo wu deciduous big tall tree, wellrounded tong fruit Rosa rugosa Mei gui deciduous erect shrub, grow lushly flower Chaenomeles sinensis Mu gua deciduous shrub or small tree fruit Sophora japonica Guo huai deciduous tree, well-rounded flower, flower bud and fruit Albizzia julibrissin He huan deciduous tree, well-rounded bark and flower Wisteria sinensis Zi teng deciduous big shrub, Climbing and Stem bark, flower and twining seed Fortunella margarita Jin jv evergreen shrubor small tree fruit Vitis vinifera Pu tao deciduous woody climbing shrub fruit Hibiscus mutabilis Mu fu rong deciduous shrub or small tree Leaf and flower Hibiscus syriacus Mu jin deciduous shrub or small tree flower and fruit Camellia sinensis Cha evergreen shrubor small tree leaflet

7 Hypericum chinense Jin si tao evergreen subshrub root Punica granatum Shi liu deciduous shrub or small tree peel Fatsia japonica Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis Ba jiao jin pan Chang chun teng evergreen shrubor small tree evergreen clinbing shrub Root bark Whole plant Osmanthus fragrans Gui hua evergreen shrubor small tree flower Ligustrum lucidum Nv zhen evergreen shrub or small tree, wellrounded fruit Nerium indicum Jia zhu tao evergreen big shrub Leaf and bark Pharbitis nil Qian niu annual climbing shrub seed Salvia miltiorrhiza Dan shen perennial herb, flower for appreciating Root and rhizome Lycium chinense Gou qi deciduous shrub Fruit and root bark Gardenia jasminoides Zhi zi evergreen shrub Fruit Lonicera japonica Jin yin hua semi- evergreen twining woody vine Dendranthema morifolium Lilium brownii var. viridulium flower bud, Stem and branch Jv hua perennial herb capitulum Bai he perennial bulbous herb Bulb Ophiopogon japonicus Mai dong perennial evergreen herb root tuber Iris tectorum Yuan wei perennial erect herb rhizome Bletilla striata Bai ji perennial herb stem tuber Drynaria forrunei Hu jue leaves oval, pinnately lobed; sporophyll green; sporangium round rhizome Cyprinus carpio Trionyx sinensis Li yu Bie beautiful, black back, whitish or grayish abdomen and under the lateral line and near the fish end is golden body oval or nearly circular, pointedhead and long snout, dorsal hump grey brown or dark green and ventral gray Whole body without internal organs turtle shell

8 Chinemys reevesii Wu gui body is oblate. There are hard nails in dorsal and abdominal body. Head s slightly square. Body is viewed. Tortoise plastron Columba livia Ge elegant body egg Gallus domesticus Wu ji well-developed body Cervus nippon Mei hua lu short tail, rump has obvious white. Abdominal hair white, the four limbs hair color is light and dark brown streaks exist in back. The whole body is for viewing Whole body without internal organs Young pilose antler; buckhorn; blood; placenta