Native Seedings to Resist Canada Thistle Invasion
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1 Native Seedings to Resist Canada Thistle Invasion Roger Becker, Lee Klossner and Milt Haar University of Minnesota Rosemount, Lamberton MN
2 Functional Groups Research
3 Resistance to Invasive Canada thistle PROBLEM: Poor stand establishment leaves sites open to invasive weeds Establishment is the critical weak link in restoring or reestablishing prairie OBJECTIVE: Develop management practices to encourage the development of resilient prairie ecosystems able to resist Canada thistle and other invasive weeds
4 Treatments Time of planting: (Main plots) 1. Fall frost seeding ~ October 20, 2004 and Spring seeding ~ May 5, 2006 and Summer seeding ~ June 20, 2005 and 2006 Seed mix and thistle management (subplots) 1. Plateau (Imazapic) preemergence, mow if needed U3 2. Mow (clip) U3 3. Transline (clopyralid) post emergence September U3 4. Untreated control U3 5. Cool season plants only 6. Warm season plants only
5 Methods and Materials Former corn and soybean field Seeded into smooth brome fall treated with glyphosate + 2,4-D Prairie seed drilled and packed Plateau: applied post plant/premergence Transline: Fall applied Data collected: - Canada thistle stand count in May and August Species presence /absence Visual biomass % Study on-going
6 Native only, cool only 15 lb/a PLS % of mix Wild-rye, Canadian Elymus canadensis 30 Wheat-grass, slender Elymus trachycaulus 30 Wheat-grass, western Elytrigia smithii 20 Needle grass, green Stipa viridula 19 Milkvetch, Canada Astragalus canadensis 0.4 Penstemon, showy Penstemon grandiflorum 0.4 Alexanders, golden Zizia aurea 0.2
7 Mixture U3 (Native SW MN Mesic Tall-grass Prairie) Seeded at 15 lbs PLS /A Common Name Botanical Name % of Mix Common Name Botanical Name % of Mix Avena sativa or Astragalus Oats or winter wheat* Triticum aestivum 32 Milkvetch, Canada canadensis 0.4 Wild-rye, Canadian Elymus canadensis 6 Penstemon, showy Penstemon grandiflorum 0.2 Wheat-grass, slender Elymus trachycaulus 6 Alexanders, golden Zizia aurea 0.4 Wheat-grass, western Elytrigia smithii 4 Milkweed, butterfly Asclepias tuberosa 0.4 Rye-grass, annual Lolium italicum 8 Aster, smooth-blue Aster laevis 0.2 Chamaecrista Needle grass, green Stipa viridula 4 Partridge pea fasiculata 0.4 Bluestem, big Andropogon gerardi 6 Prairie clover, white Dalea candidum 0.2 Grama, sideoats Bouteloua curtipendula 6 Prairie clover, purple Dalea purpureum 0.4 Switch grass Panicum virgatum 1 Tick-trefoil. showy Desmodium canadense 0.4 Bluestem, little Schizachyrium scoparium 10 Coneflower, narrowleaved Echinacea angustifolia 0.4 Indian grass Sorghastrum nutans 10 Sunflower, early Heliopsis helianthoides 0.4 Dropseed, tall Sporobolus asper 1 Blazingstar, rough Liatris aspera 0.2 Blazingstar, tall Liatris pycnostachya 0.2 Bergamot, wild Monarda fistulosa 0.2 Coneflower, columnar Ratibida columnifera 0.2 Coneflower, grey-headed Ratibida pinnata 0.4 Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta 0.4 Goldenrod, stiff Solidago rigida 0.2 Vervain, blue Verbena hastata 0.2 Vervain, hoary Verbena stricta 0.2
8 Native only, warm only 15 lb/a PLS % of mix Bluestem, big Andropogon gerardi 24 Switch grass Panicum virgatum 5 Bluestem, little Schizachyrium scoparium 35 Indian grass Sorghastrum nutans 35 Coneflower, grey-headed Ratibida pinnata 0.4 Goldenrod, stiff Solidago rigida 0.4 Vervain, hoary Verbena stricta 0.2
9 4 replicates of each treatment Randomized split plot experimental design Summer Seeded 2005 Transline POST Clip as needed Cool Only Control Warm Only Control Plateau PRE Control Clip as needed Clip as needed U3 Mix U3 Mix U3 Mix U3 Mix Plot size 20 ft by 20 ft (6.1 m by 6.1 M) Over seeded 10 Canada thistle Per square ft (108/m2) in center 5 ft2 (0.46 m2) Lightly rake in before seeding
10 4 replicates of each treatment Randomized split plot experimental design 3 Planting periods - Fall dormant - Spring - Summer 6 functional group treatments U3 Mix U3 Mix U3 Mix Summer Seeded 2005 Transline POST Clip as needed Cool Only Control Warm Only Control Plateau PRE Control Clip as needed Clip as needed U3 Mix Plot size 20 ft by 20 ft (6.1 m by 6.1 M) Seeded 10 Canada thistle/ft 2 (108/m 2 ) in center 5 ft 2 (0.46 m 2 ), lightly raked in
11
12 Functional Groups Research
13 Effect of Time of Planting (first count after Transline application) Season and year Thistle shoots/m 2 Fall 2004 Summer 2005 Spring a 12.2 b 11.5 bc Summer cd Fall d Spring e
14 Effect of Management strategies (first count after fall clopyralid application) Treatment Thistle shoots/m 2 Warm season only 20.8 a Mix Control 12.9 ab Mix Plateau 11.0 b Mix Clip 9.1 b Cool season only 8.4 b Mix Transline 2.5 c
15 Interaction between management strategies and time of establishment (first count after fall clopyralid application) Thistle shoots/m 2 Treatment F04 Su05 F05 Sp06 Su06 Sp07 Warm 99.8 a 29.9 a 10.4 a 6.5 a 7.4 ab 47.6 a Mix Control 61.7 a 10.8 a 6.1 a 5.9 ab 6.9 ab 25.4 a Mix Plateau 60.6 a 10.8 a 4.5 a 5.4 ab 3.7 ab 24.0 a Mix Clip 60.2 a 15.8 a 9.2 a 1.0 bc 14.9 a 23.6 a Cool 42.2 ab 12.0 a 3.7 a 0.3 c 8.9 ab 3.8 b Mix Transline 21.9 b 4.6 a 2.6 a 0.0 c 1.0 b 0.0 c
16 Est. Fall 2004 Canada thistle (shoots/m 2 ) Trt. 8/05 5/06 8/06 5/07 8/07 5/08 Mix Clip a 64.6 abc 61.4 ab 53.8 a 28.5 a 40.4 a Cool 88.8 a 50.6 bc 52.2 ab 46.3 a 32.8 a 36.6 a Mix Plateau a 63.5 abc 47.9 ab 41.4 a 33.9 a 35.0 a Mix Trans a 24.8 c 28.0 b 30.7 a 22.6 a 20.4 a Warm a a 72.7 a 64.1 a 34.4 a 31.2 a Mix Control a 82.8 ab 54.9 ab 50.6 a 38.2 a 35.0 a
17 % COVER Results
18 Warm season only est. summer U3 Mix Clopyralid est. summer 2005 Cool season only est. summer 2005 U3 Mix Control est. summer 2005
19 Warm season only est. summer Clopyralid est. summer 2005 Cool season only est. summer 2005 Untreated Control est. summer 2005
20 U3 Mix Imazapic Summer Rep 3 U3 Mix Clip Summer 2005
21 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN Cycle. % Visual Cover June 2, 2006 Seeded Summer 05 U3 Transline trts. Just applied n = 4.
22 Succession Observations
23 Control est. Spring 2006 Control est. Spring Control est. Summer 2005 Control est. Summer 2006
24 Control est. Fall Control est. Fall 2005
25 Control est. Spring 2006 Control est. Spring Control est. Summer 2005 Control est. Summer 2006
26 Control est. Fall Control est. Fall 2005 Check 04 and 05 - earlier slide too -are t
27 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Canth Shoot Cnts.. Over Time C Thistle Shoots / sq. yd. n = 48.
28 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Canth Shoot Cnts.. Over Time C Thistle Shoots / sq. yd. n = 48
29 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Canth Shoot Cnts.. Over Time C Thistle Shoots / sq. yd. n = 48.
30 Resistance to Invasion Summary Season of planting effects variable Environment key - year to year variation in establishment of Canada thistle and natives Sub-treatment effects Clopyralid most effective 2 o management treatment Plateau not an effective treatment Scout early to determine if herbicide intervention warranted Clipping helps depending on environment Functional Groups Matter Important to include cool and warm season season grasses and forbs in seed mixes Warm season only worst treatment Cool season only effective especially in Spring plantings
31 Summary Planting season did not effect resistance Year to year variation in establishment of Canada thistle great Clopyralid most effective management treatment Warm season only worst treatment Cool season only effective especially in Spring plantings
32 Summary Plateau not an effective treatment Important to include cool season grasses and forbs in seed mixes Clopyralid best management option Multiple treatments necessary
33 Canth Shoot Counts
34 Canada Thistle Shoots / sq ft. Aug 8, 2006 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN Cycle. Frost Seeded Oct 2004 Summer Seeded June 23, 2005 Spring Seeded May 2006 * n = 4. * Transline not applied yet to Spring Seeded 2006 planting.
35 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
36 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
37 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Avg.. Across Seeding Dates June Ratings % Visual Cover n = 8.
38 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Avg.. Across Funct.. Groups June Ratings % Visual Cover n = 8.
39 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Frost Seeded 2004 Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
40 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Summer Seeded 2005 Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
41 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Fall Seeded 2005 Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
42 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Spring Seeded 2006 Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
43 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Summer Seeded 2006 Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
44 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN. Fall Seeded 2007 Sept 17, 2009 Ratings % Visual Cover n = 24.
45 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Lamberton, MN Cycle. % Visual Cover June 2, 2006 Seeded Summer 05 U3 Transline trts. Just applied n = 4.
46 Rosemount Trial Location by 2005
47 Right to the line. Rosemount Canth/Native Est Trial 2004 Canth Seedlings to Perenniated by Summer 2005
48 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Rosemount, MN. Summer seeded 2004 Rated 9/15/05 % Visual Cover n = 3
49 Functional Group x Canada Thistle Est. Rosemount, MN. Summer seeded 2004 Rated 9/15/05 Avg. No. Thistle Shoots / sq. yd. or Plot Note: Bull thistle huge, large biomass contribution where occur n = 6, 6 sq. yd. total n = 6, 6 sq. yd. total n = 3, whole 900 sq. ft plot
50 Put it in the bank - Best time to seed? - It depends! - Best functional mix? - It depends!
51 THANK YOU! Special thanks to: MnDNR: Luke Skinner Initial Funding Talcot Lake DNR Mark Gulick, Judy Markl Equipment loan
52 Virtual Tour for the Functional Group Field Day Site September 15th, 2010 Rep 3 and Rep 5 on plot handout
53 Fall Seeded 2004
54 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Transline 16 oz/a (0.375 lb. a.e.) POST fall of Yr 1
55 U3 Mix, Plant and walk away (not clipped, no herbicide)
56 Cool Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
57 Warm Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
58 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Plateau 3 oz/a (0.047 lb a.i.) PRE at planting
59 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1
60 Spring Seeded 2006
61 U3 Mix, Plant and walk away (not clipped, no herbicide)
62 Cool Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
63 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Transline 16 oz/a (0.375 lb. a.e.) POST fall of Yr 1
64 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Plateau 3 oz/a (0.047 lb a.i.) PRE at planting
65 Warm Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
66 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1
67 Summer Seeded 2005
68 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Plateau 3 oz/a (0.047 lb a.i.) PRE at planting
69 Warm Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
70 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1
71 Cool Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
72 U3 Mix, Plant and walk away (not clipped, no herbicide)
73 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Transline 16 oz/a (0.375 lb. a.e.) POST fall of Yr 1
74 Summer Seeded 2006
75 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1
76 Cool Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
77 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Transline 16 oz/a (0.375 lb. a.e.) POST fall of Yr 1
78 U3 Mix, Plant and walk away (not clipped, no herbicide)
79 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Plateau 3 oz/a (0.047 lb a.i.) PRE at planting
80 Warm Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
81 Fall Seeded 2005
82 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1
83 U3 Mix, Plant and walk away (not clipped, no herbicide)
84 Warm Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
85 Cool Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
86 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Transline 16 oz/a (0.375 lb. a.e.) POST fall of Yr 1
87 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Plateau 3 oz/a (0.047 lb a.i.) PRE at planting
88 Spring Seeded 2007
89 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Plateau 3 oz/a (0.047 lb a.i.) PRE at planting
90 Cool Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
91 U3 Mix, Plant and walk away (not clipped, no herbicide)
92 Warm Season Only, Clipped Yr. 1
93 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1, Transline 16 oz/a (0.375 lb. a.e.) POST fall of Yr 1
94 U3 Mix, Clipped Yr. 1
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