Optična širokopasovna omrežja

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1 Šola Optike II Ljubljana, december 04 Optična širokopasovna omrežja doc. dr. Boštjan Batagelj Laboratorij za sevanje in optiko, Katedra za telekomunikacije Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, Univerza v Ljubljani Tržaška 5, 000 Ljubljana E-pošta:bostjan.batagelj@fe.uni-lj.si Povzetek. Predavanje v uvodnem delu vsebuje tehnični pregled arhitekture optičnih širokopasovnih omrežij, ki se gradijo na dostopovnem delu v Sloveniji. Predstavljene so lastnosti zvez točka-točka in zvez točka-mnogo točk ter izvedena njihova medsebojna primerjava. Obravnavani so gradniki pasivnega optičnega omrežja in delovanje optičnega dostopovnega omrežja s časovnim multipleksiranjem. Že pri načrtovanju širokopasovnih optičnih omrežji ne smemo pozabiti na ukrepe za enostavnejše vzdrževanje in nadzor, zato so nakazana bistvena dejstva, ki jih je potrebno upoštevati pri načrtovanju fizičnega nivoja in specifične meritve na optični merilni opremi. V zaključku so predstavljene naslednje generacije optičnih dostopovnih omrežij. Ključne besede: optično dostopovno omrežje, optične komunikacije, pasivno optično omrežje, optični delilnik Boštjan Batagelj je doktoriral leta 00 na Univerzi v Ljubljani s področja optičnih tehnologij. Od leta 997 je zaposlen na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko, Katedra za telekomunikacije v Laboratoriju za sevanje in optiko. Kot docent in asistent predava ter vodi laboratorijske vaje pri nekaterih telekomunikacijskih predmetih iz fizičnega nivoja. Je avtor več kot 00 objavljenih člankov, osmih patentnih prijav in sodeluje v domačih ter mednarodnih raziskovalnih projektih s področja optičnih in radijskih komunikacij. Njegovo raziskovalno delo je povezano z optičnim dostopovnim omrežjem, optičnim transportnim omrežjem in nelinearnimi optičnimi pojavi. Literatura: knjiga Pasivno optično dostopovno omrežje s časovnim razvrščanjem, Boštjan Batagelj, Založba FE in FRI, 0 zbornik. seminar optične komunikacije, Ljubljana, februar 05, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko predstavitev Retrospektiva razvoja optičnega dostopovnega omrežja v Sloveniji, 9. seminar optične komunikacije, Ljubljana,.. februar 0, FE, LSO članek Možnosti izvedb optičnega dostopovnega omrežja z arhitekturo točka-točka, B. Batagelj, Elektrotehniški vestnik, št. 5, str , 00 članek Deployment of fiber-to-the-home in the Slovenian telecommunications market, B. Batagelj, Fiber and integrated optics, vol., str članek NG-PON: tehnološka opredelitev, uvajanje v prakso in sobivanje s sistemom GPON, V. Eržen, B. Batagelj, Elektrotehniški vestnik, št., str. 7-, 0 članek Research challenges in optical communications towards 00 and beyond, B. Batagelj at all, Informacije MIDEM, št., str , 04 lso.fe.uni-lj.si

2 Koliko pasovne širine je dovolj za končnega uporabnika? FTTx (Fiber To The x) tehnologija Slide /50 Slide 4/50 vir: S.-J. Park, C.-H. Lee, K.-T. Jeong, H.-J. Park, J.-G. Ahn in K.-H. Song,»Fiber-to-the-Home Service Based on WDM Passive Optical Network«, JLT, Vol.., No., november 004. Trije HDTV kanali Internet Tri kvalitetne VoIP linije Omrežne video igre Videokonferenca (visoka kvaliteta) Telemetrija/daljinsko upravljanje 60 Mbit/s 0 Mbit/s 40 kbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Skupaj >75 Mbit/s ONT Z razvojem tehnologije se veča potreba po pasovni širini. Spodnje meje hitrosti prenosa podatkov je nemogoče trajno določiti. Širokopasovnost se definira s stališča uporabnikove izkušnje stalna vključenost (angl. always on) velika odzivnost pri uporabi večpredstavnostnih aplikacij (nizka zakasnitev omrežja) Active FTTH connections in Slovenia Slide 5/50 Vlakno do doma Vlakno do zgradbe Vlakno do kabine Vlakno do soseske ONT - (angl. Optical Network Terminal) optični omrežni terminal - (angl. Optical Network Unit ) optična omrežna enota Short facts about Slovenia Slide 6/50 Slovenian FTTH market is an interesting case since Slovenia has a high level of FTTH deployment, intense infrastructure competition in urban areas and regulated access to FTTH networks. Population:.006,694 Households: 8,5 Members/household:.5 Every third Slovenian household is a one-person household. Use of internet in Slovenia 76% of households use the internet accelerated deployment of the FTTH network with commercial investments 4% of households (95,47) are not yet internet users: % (,9 households) are not prepared and not interested in using the internet in any form 5% (4,000) do not have the technical feasibility for a variety of reasons 4,5% (9,049) indicate price as a reason, and those people would use it, if it were be cheaper equipping rural areas with publicprivate partnership and following the principle of open-access networks Kaj je naloga telekomunikacij? (na fizičnem sloju) Source: AKOS Report 0 Razvoj optičnih komunikacij Slide 7/50 Slide 8/50 Cilj je poslati signal najboljše kakovosti z najmanjšo porabo moči in pasovne širine s pomočjo najenostavnejše strojne opreme. Prva objava o WDM tehnologiji je bila 970. Leta 978 je bil izveden prvi laboratorijski WDM preizkus z uporabo dveh valovnih dolžin.

3 Zmogljivost vrvičnih dostopovnih zvez zmogljivost [Mbit/s] G FTTH Slide 9/50 Začetki izgradnje optičnega dostopovnega omrežja v Sloveniji Septembra 004 je Gratel začel za T- postavljati FTTH omrežje (enega prvih v Evropi). To je bil logičen korak, saj je bil do takrat T- brez lastne fizične telekomunikacijske infrastrukture. Leta 006 je bilo v izgradnjo že zajetih nekaj večjih mestih v Sloveniji. Slide 0/ VDSL ADSL+ ADSL 00M FTTH VDSL razdalja od centrale do uporabnika [m] Optična povezava je zmogljivejša in njene lastnosti se ne spreminjajo z razdaljo. Leta 006 je Telekom Slovenije začel množičen FTTH projekt, imenovan»f «. (eden od prvih telekomov v Evropi) Aprila 007 je Telekom Slovenije priklopil svojega prvega FTTH naročnika. Projekt F je imel za cilj opremiti slovenskih domov do konca leta 007. Vzpostavljena je bila konkurenca in regulator še ni reagiral. Slovenija je 008 imela zavidljivo pozicijo Slide /50 Topologija pasivne zvezde Slide /50 točka točka od 685 tisoč gospodinjstev povezava točka-točka prometno stikalo je v glavni razdelilni postaji enostavna nadgradnja sistema na višje zmogljivosti zvez popolnoma dvosmerna zveza brez deljenja pasovne širine nizke zakasnitve domet do 80 km (0 km) do končnega uporabnika peljemo dve vlakni Optično dostopovno omrežje T- Slide /50 Optično dostopovno omrežje Telekoma Slovenije Slide 4/50 Vsakemu uporabniku se nameni par enorodovnih optičnih vlaken. Vsakemu uporabniku se nameni par enorodovnih optičnih vlaken. Zveza točka-točka je izvedena poreko dveh vlaken, kjer sta ločena pritok (download) in odtok (upload) Ethernet prometa. Na obeh vlaknih se uporablja valovna dolžina 0 nm. Oddajnika uporabljata poceni Fabry Perot (FP) laserja v drugem telekomunikacijskem oknu (0 nm). 0 nm ima manjše krivinsko slabljenje kot 550 nm. Ker ni deljenja optičnega signala, so omrežja energetsko zelo učinkovita. Omrežje je enostavno za nadzor in vzdrževanje. Storitev trojček (angl. triple-play): podatki, VoIP, IPTV Eno vlakno: duplex Fast Ethernet dostop do interneta in drugih IP storitev (VoIP, IPTV), Da se odtočni in dotočnim promet ne motita, je uporabljena WDM tehnologija: Za podatke od uporabnika (odtok) 0 nm (poceni FP laser pri uporabniku). Za podatke k uporabniku (dotok) 550 nm. Drugo vlakno: radio-frequency (RF) video broadcast s sodostopom na več nosilnikih (angl. subcarrier multiple access SCMA). Za video signal se zahteva dobro razmerje S/N. Ker je problem interferometerski šum, se na drugem vlaknu uporabljajo postrani brušeni konektorji (angl. angled physical contact APC). Za enosmerno distribucijo videa se uporablja 550 nm (EDFA, deljenje). Točka mnogo točk arhitektura

4 Namestitev razcepnika Slide 5/50 Prelomno leto 009 Slide 6/50 Razcepnik v video oddajnik Σ laser Razcepnik bliže video oddajnik Σ laser razcepnik :64 EDFA +6dBm +4dBm +4dBm EDFA +dbm vlakno razcepnik : vlakno sprejemnik LO sprejemnik LO Zaradi ekonomske krize se popolnoma ustavi gradnja FTTH pri T-. Tudi Telekom Slovenije ustavi gradnjo FTTH. Na trg vstopi regulacija (tudi optičnega) dostopovnega omrežja eden od prvih primerov v Evropi. Regulacija prizadene zgolj Telekom Slovenije, saj jemlje dostopovno omrežje kot celoto. T- s 6% in Telemach s % tržnim deležem aktivnih povezav nista vključena v uredbo. Nekateri za zamrznitev gradnje FTTH krivijo APEK (današnji AKOS). Mislijo, da predpisi za trg ovirajo naložbe. Vendar iz zaporedja dogodkov vemo, da to ni res, saj se je gradnja ustavila že preden je na trg vstopila regulacija v prvi polovici leta 0. Januarja 0 Slovenija ponovno pridobi svetovno pozornost zaradi tehnologije FTTH. Tokrat zaradi prevelikega zadolževanja (800 milijonov evrov). Italijanski časnik L'Espresso razgalil propadle finančne posle mariborske nadškofije. Rast po letu 009 Slide 7/50 Načrtovanje kabelskega omrežja Slide 8/50 Rast v številu aktivnih optičnih priključkov po letu 009 lahko pripišemo: Investicijam kabelskih operaterjev v večstanovanjskih zgradbah v mestih. Razvezavi optične zanke zaradi regulatornih predpisov. Investicijam v javno zasebnih partnerstvih za opremljanje podeželja. Razlogi za nadgradnjo KKS v hibridno optično/koaksialno omrežje: odpravljanje kaskade velikega števila električnih ojačevalnikov, zamenjava enosmernih ojačevalnikov za dvosmerni promet, razdelitev investicijskih stroškov na več uporabnikov, pomenljivo varčnejše vzdrževanje vlakenskih povezav. hrbtenična povezava vozlišče soseske glavna distribucija ojačevalniki Topologija pasivnega drevesa Slide 9/50 Prvi zapis o PON tehnologiji Slide 0/50 točka mnogo točk J. R. Stern, et. al. (British Telecom), PASSIVE OPTICAL LOCAL NETWORKS FOR TELEPHONY APPLICATIONS AND BEYOND, Electronics Letters, november 987 zahteva manjšo količino položenega vlakna zahteva manj prostora v centrali manjša poraba električne energije v centrali porazdelitev stroškov izgradnje in obratovanja med več uporabnikov do končnega uporabnika peljemo eno vlakno (GPON v standardu predvideva eno ali dve vlakni)

5 Tehnike razvrščanja v PON Data (up) 0 nm Video 550 nm Data (down) 490 nm Slide /50 odtočni in dotočnim promet na istem vlaknu se ne smeta motiti valovnodolžinsko razvrščanje: Za distribucijo videa se uporablja 550 nm (EDFA, S/N, deljenje) Za podatke k uporabniku (dotok) se uporablja 490 nm (laser z veliko močjo) Za podatke od uporabnika (odtok) se uporablja 00 nm (poceni FP laser) časovno razvrščanje: upravljanje z dotočnim (angl. downstream) prometom upravljanje z odtočnim (angl. upstream) prometom Upravljanje z dotočnim (angl. downstream) prometom valovna dolžina 550 nm ali 490 nm majhna zaloga moči zaradi deljenja Optična omrežna enota sprejme vse pakete in izloči samo tistega, ki je namenjen pripadajočemu uporabniku. -> prisluškovanje Optična omrežna enota deluje na maksimalni prenosni hitrosti. optični delilnik Slide /50 uporabnik uporabnik uporabnik Upravljanje z odtočnim (angl. upstream) prometom Slide /50 valovna dolžina 0 nm preprečiti je potrebno kolizije med paketi ko ena izmed optičnih omrežnih enot govori, so ostale izključene (časovno razvrščanje) zahteva po komunikacijskem protokolu nevarnost pred neposlušnostjo uporabnika optični delilnik uporabnik uporabnik uporabnik Neposlušnost uporabnika Tri možnosti motenja omrežja (angl. jamming): /T neprekinjeno odpošilja pakete /T ne ugasne laserja po končani oddaji (CW motnja 0 nm) Uporabnik priključi napačno napravo (Ethernet stikalo za 0 nm) Posledice za ostale uporabnike PON-a: povečan BER prekinitev delovanja zvez Slide 4/50 Optično dostopovno omrežje kabelskega operaterja (Telemach) Slide 5/50 hibridno optično/koaksialno (angl. hybrid fiber-coaxial HFC) omrežje se je v dostopu nadgradilo z GPON tehnologijo. Izkaže se, da ima GPON pol manj intervencijskih posegov kot HFC. Zaradi nizkih izgub v optičnem vlaknu se tudi privarčuje precej energije. Politični zagon po letu 009 Leta 009 se začne gradnja odprtega širokopasovnega omrežja za opremljanje belih lis (podeželja). Slide 6/50 Digitalna Agenda - strateški dokument evropske komisije izdan 00 By 00, all Europeans should have access to internet of above 0 Megabits per second (Mbps) and 50% or more of European households have subscriptions above 00Mbps 4

6 Vahta solution for rural areas Slide Slide 7/50 Top 5 European countries FTTH/B penetration rates 8/50 Source: FTTH Council Europe, December 0 European Ranking This year Slovenia was ranked in 7 th place, with more than % of all households connected to an optical access line. Unlike many other countries, in Slovenia the fiber infrastructure is being installed all the way to the residential customers locations, as a final solution in broadband access technologies. FTTH subscribers FTTB+LAN subscribers Optično razdelilno omrežje (angl. Optical Distribution Network) Slide SNI CO RN ODN Slide 9/50 Operaterji želijo čim večjo transparentnost omrežja, ki jim omogoča uporabo omrežja na dolgi rok. Transparentnost optičnega razdelilnega omrežja je odvisna od dveh gradnikov: transparentnost optičnega vlakna, transparentnost razcepnika. xdsl ONT NT NT UNI HN HN HN Izboljšave standardnega enorodovnega vlakna G.65 slabljenje [db/km] Odstranitev vodnega vrha pri 400 nm ter dolgoročna stabilizacija vlakna v smislu OH absorpcije - ITU G.65C in G.65D. 0,6 0, 0 O E G.65C in G.65D G.65 S C L λ 0 [nm] 0, db/km pri 0 nm (za najslabši primer 0,5 db/km) 0, db/km pri 490 nm (za najslabši primer 0,7 db/km) 0,9 db/km pri 550 nm (za najslabši primer 0,5 db/km) 0/50 Izvedbe optičnega razdelilnega omrežja Slide /50 PON razcepnik Slide /50 Optično razdelilno omrežje z razcepom na dveh ravneh skupno vlakno prvi razcep prvi razcep /T razdelilno vlakno Optično razdelilno omrežje v obliki vodila (razcepniki z neenakim delilnim razmerjem) drugi razcep /T drugi razcep tretji razcep /T /T /T Svetlobni razcepnik je vlakenski element, ki spaja eno optično vlakno na mnogo ločenih vlaken. Optični signal, ki prihaja na vhod razcepnika, se pojavi na vseh izhodih. Moč signala se razdeli med vse izhode. V primeru enakomernega deljenje moči je izhodna moč zmanjšana za faktor delilnega razmerja število izhodov (N). P vh : 4 delilnik moči 4 P/4 P/4 P/4 P/4 Svetlobni razcepnik je linearen in recipročen element. P izh = Pvh N delilno razmerje[db] = 0log N 5

7 Delilna razmerja Slide /50 Tehnologija razcepnikov Slide 4/50 : db :4 6 db :8 9 db :6 db : 5 db :64 8 db :8 db delilno razmerje[db] = 0log N po G.98 po G.984 vhod FBT - Fused Biconical Taper vlakenski razcepnik sklopna dolžina r PLC - Planar Lightwave Circuits planarni razcepnik Meritve na PON Slide 5/50 Faza izgradnje omrežja: priporočljivo je testiranje posameznih odsekov med izgradnjo kasneje to ni mogoče zaradi zvarov dvosmerno testiranje vstavitvenega slabljenja (angl. Inserton Loss IL) meritev odbojnosti (angl. Optical Return Loss ORL) pomembno za prenos analognih video signalov CATV na 550 nm Faza zagona omrežja: meritve s selektivnim merilnikom moči na strani ONT/U Dvosmerna meritev vstavitvenega slabljenja PON Loss measurement acc. IEC 874-, method 6 Zahteva po meritvah na 0 nm, 490 nm in 550 nm Zahteva po dvosmerni meritvi vstavitvenega slabljenja Zahteva po meritvi odbojnosti Slide 6/50 Faza obratovanja omrežja: detektiranje napak (nadzor) avtomatska zaščita omrežja Odpravljanje napak na omrežju: selektivni merilnik moči OTDR meritve do 0 km Če je vstavitveno slabljenje nizko, je potrebna OTDR meritev. Navidezna ojačitev spoja zahteva dvosmerno meritev Slide 7/50 Navidezno ojačanje spoja se pojavi, ko se spajajo: različni tipi optičnega vlakna za primer mnogorodovnih vlaken, vlakna z različnim koeficientom ujetja svetlobe nazaj v jedro vlakna (angl. backscattering coefficient). OTDR meritev po odsekih merjenje posameznih odsekov brez optičnega razdelilnika : Slide 8/50 :4 do 0 km -> Ka < Kb -> Izgubo spoja se izračuna kot povprečno vrednost. S + S S = Ka > Kb Prednost: Zaradi majhnega vstavitvenega slabljenja samega vlakna brez razcepnika je dovolj OTDR z 0 db dinamičnega področja. (cenejši OTDR) Slabost: Merilne točke so težko dostopne, ker so uporabljeni zvari zaradi nižjega slabljenja. Optični razcepniki s konektorji imajo večje vstavitveno slabljenje in so dražji. Metoda je primerna za prve faze izgradnje optičnega razdelilnega omrežja. 6

8 OTDR meritev skozi razdelilnik iz Slide 9/50 Rezultati OTDR meritev skozi razdelilnik iz Slide 40/50 : :8 :4 do 0 km do 0 km Prednost: Dostop v je enostaven. Slabost: Zaradi visokega vstavitvenega slabljenja razcepnikov mora imeti OTDR vsaj 5 db dinamičnega področja (dražji OTDR). Slabost: Težko je detektirati posamezne veje, če se njihove dolžne ne razlikujejo za vsaj 5 m. Slabost: Meritev ni uporabna kot referenca za primer prekinitve na posameznih vejah. Slabost: Zaradi večkratnega Rayleigh-ovega sipanja v posameznih vejah ne moremo ovrednotiti slabljenja vlakna na razdaljo. : db :4 6 db :8 9 db :6 db : 5 db :64 8 db :8 db 9 db Rezultati OTDR meritev skozi razdelilnik iz Slide Slide 4/50 OTDR meritev skozi razdelilnik iz 4/50 : Zoom do 0 km :4 Splitter OTDR Trace Example with splitter /8 Possible event Leg ends Prednost: Dostop samo iz (ni vedno enostaven). Slabost: Zaradi visokega vstavitvenega slabljenja razcepnikov mora imeti OTDR vsaj 5 db dinamičnega področja (dražji OTDR). Prednost: Zlahka detektiramo konec vlakna za razdelilnikom, ker je samo eden. Prednost: Meritev je uporabna kot referenca za primer prekinitve. Modulacija v optičnem dostopovnem omrežju uporablja se dvonivojski prenos brez povratka na ničlo (angl. Non Return to Zero NRZ) Slide 4/50 t Meritve v fazi zagona omrežja Slide 44/50 merjenje nivojev moči na in strani standardni merilnik moči ni primeren 0 nm je prisotna samo, če je prisotna 490 nm (merilnik mora prepuščati promet) omogočati mora sočasno meritev na vseh valovnih dolžinah na 550 nm mora omogočati meritve visokih moči (+6 dbm) potrebujemo selektivni merilnik moči s tremi valovnimi dolžinami merjenje odtočnega prometa na 0 nm in pritočnega prometa na 490 nm in 550 nm vgrajeni optični sklopniki omogočajo meritev signala na 0 nm merjenje optične moči rafalnega prometa na 0 nm pri uporabniku (/ONT) je zaradi zniževanja stroškov dovoljena zgolj direktna modulacija v centrali () se lahko uporablja tudi zunanji modulator GPON standard je odprt glede uporabe tipa laserja in zunanje ali direktne modulacije 490 / 550nm 0nm maksimum povprečje Meter Meter Meter 490 / 550nm 0nm 0nm 490nm 550nm 7

9 Naslednje generacije optičnega dostopovnega omrežja Slide 45/50 Podaljšanje dosega Slide 46/50 Operaterji bi v nekaterih primerih želeli preko 0 km. Potreba po zmogljivosti zveze pri uporabniku narašča. Operaterji želijo, da bo njihov sistem nadgradljiv. Zahtevni uporabniki poleg zmogljive zveze želijo tudi nizke zakasnitve (angl. latency). zmogljivost 0 Gbit/s 0G PON GPON Gbit/s EPON WDM+TDM WDM 00 Mbit/s 0 Mbit/s P P število uporabljenih valovnih dolžin Uvajanje XG-PON Slide 47/50 Primernost PON za zahtevne uporabnike Slide 48/50 Zahtevni uporabniki poleg zmogljive zveze želijo tudi nizke zakasnitve (angl. latency). Standardiziran je optičen filter za, ki preprečuje motnje iz drugih frekvenčnih pasov, ki nastanejo pri kasnejši nadgradnji omrežja z novimi valovnimi dolžinami. Dolžina dostopovnega omrežja je maksimalno 0 km. Hitrost razširjanja svetlobnega signala je 0 8 m/s. Zakasnitev signala v eni smeri je 0, ms. Zakasnitev signala v obe smeri je 0, ms. Pri TDM PON je dotok sestavljen iz okvirjev, ki trajajo 0,5 ms. Dinamično dodeljevanje pasovne širine (angl. Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation) ima odzivnost dveh ciklov, kar je 0,50 ms. GPON tehnologija je časovno potratna in neprimerna za zahtevne uporabnike. Nadgradnja PON z WDM tehnologijo Omrežje z razpršenim oddajanjem in izbiranjem matrika laserjev M U X D M U X matrika detektorjev λ, λ, λ 8 λ 9, λ 0, λ 6 x 8 delilnik moči λ, λ, λ 8 λ, λ, λ 8 λ 9 λ 6 λ laser λ 9 λ 8 laser λ 6 Slide 49/50 Moč oddajnika se deli. zaradi optičnega filtra ne sprejema prometa ostalih, ima sprejemnik realne bitne hitrosti. Potreba po nastavljivih laserjih ali brezbarvnih -jih. WDM PON omrežje z usmerjanjem valovne dolžine matrika laserjev M U X D M U X matrika detektorjev λ, λ, λ 8 λ 9, λ 0, λ 6 x 8 usmerjevalnik λ λ 9 λ 6 usmerjevalnik ima vstavitveno slabljenje ( 5 db) funkcija filtriranja je prestavljena od uporabnika v omrežje laserji uporabnikov so na različnih λ λ 8 laser λ 9 8 laser λ 6 S.S.Wagner, et. al. (Bell Communications Research), EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF A PASSIVE OPTICAL SUBSCRIBER LOOP ARCHITECTURE, Electronics Letters, March 988 Slide 50/50 8

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