INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT UPDATE. Room December
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1 INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT UPDATE Room December
2 AGENDA Bob Curtis, Almond Board of California, moderator David Haviland, UCCE, Kern County Jhalendra Rijal, UCCE, IPM Advisor Emily Symmes, UCCE, IPM Advisor 2
3 INSECT MANAGEMENT SESSION Emily Symmes David Haviland Jhalendra Rijal University of California Cooperative Extension and UC Statewide IPM Program
4 Navel Orangeworm Sanitation Insecticides Mating disruption Spider Mites Use of thresholds Biological control Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
5 NOW in 2017 Sanitation Issues
6 NOW in 2017 Sanitation Issues
7 Fundamentals of NOW Management Sanitation Minimize damage from other sources Timely harvest Insecticides
8 Fundamentals of NOW Management Build your foundation SANITATION!!! No amount of sprays can make up for a shaky foundation
9 Sanitation Two-Fold Benefit 1. Direct reduction of overwintering populations 2. Minimize oviposition and development sites of early generations
10 Sanitation Research & Guidelines UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines 2017 Higbee & Siegel, Cal Ag 2009
11 NOW Predictor almonds.com/pests/now-predictor
12 NOW Predictor almonds.com/pests/now-predictor
13 CURRENT MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Winter sanitation Mummies per tree Early/Timely harvest Insecticides 1-2 insecticide sprays Intrepid, Altacor, pyrethroids Resistance to pyrethroids No new products coming down the pipe Mating Disruption
14 MATING DISRUPTION Use synthetically-produced pheromone to disrupt mating Pheromone is placed in aerosol cans inside cabinets Dispensers emit female pheromone when mating occurs Males struggle to find females Mating is delayed or reduced Egg deposition reduced
15 NOW Mating Disruption History 1980 s Trap suppression documented by Landolt, Curtis et al s Shorey showed trap shut-down with puffers in 40 ac perimeters Higbee and Burks demonstrated impact on damage reduction in 20 and 40 ac almond plots Puffers in grids most effective 2005 Commercial product available USDA NOW Areawide Project showed value of NOW mating disruption on commercial scale with, or in place of, traditional insecticides
16 PRODUCT COMPARISONS Puffer NOW (Suterra) Semios NOW (Semios) Isomate NOW (Pacific Biocontrol) Cidetrak NOW? (Trécé) (Not Registered)
17 Puffer NOW (Suterra) Semios NOW (Semios) Isomate NOW (Pacific Biocontrol) Cidetrak NOW? (Trécé) Registered Not Registered Type Aerosolized canister Aerosolized canister Aerosolized canister Passive dispenser Density per acre Release rate Static Variable Static Static Installation Provided Growersupplied Growersupplied Grower-supplied Organic No No No Yes Add-ons No Yes* No No Price Approx. $110-$120/acre, Semios has additional costs for add-ons *1 weather station, pheromone-based camera traps, temp/humidity sensors in all cabinets, alternaria model, NOW degree-day models, chill monitoring, irrigation monitoring, login-based computer interface 17
18 DESIGN 4 Treatments plus Check 40-acre plots (4,000 trees) Replicated in 3 orchards Entire orchards treated with 1-2 insecticides at hull split Weekly NOW trap counts 4 harvest samples at the core of each plot for each variety
19 PHEROMONE TRAP CAPTURES WASCO Cum. Apr-Sept % Reduction C 300 Su PB Se Tr Avg. 89%
20 PHEROMONE TRAP CAPTURES MARICOPA Cum. Apr-Sept % Reduction C 645 Su PB Se Tr Avg. 95%
21 PHEROMONE TRAP CAPTURES BUTTONWILLOW Cum. Apr- Sept % Reduction C 133 Su 3 97 PB Se Tr Avg. 91%
22 HARVEST Damage Reductions Wasco 62% Maricopa 45% Buttonwillow 20% Average 46%
23 Economics Assumptions 3000 lb/ac for each variety 50% NP, 25% Mont. 25% Fritz $2.50/lb for NP, $2.25 for pollinizers $0.0 to $0.16 premium sliding scale for low Nonpareil damage based on Blue Diamond Crop Quality Schedule $0.0 to $0.09 premium for pollinators Premiums for in-shell nuts are not included Assume half of damaged kernels blown out at harvest or removed through the shelling process Per/acre returns $ difference/ac No MD $7,275 Suterra $7,400 +$125 Semios $7,385 +$110 Pac. Bio. $7,385 +$110 Trécé $7,381 +$106 23
24 PEST MANAGEMENT ALLIANCE GRANT Demonstration project Funded by DPR Partnership between DPR, UC, Almond Board, Growers, PCAs Side by side comparisons Objective is to improve IPM NOW goal- demonstrate MD - In addition to a spray program - Or in exchange for a spray program Spider mites- demonstrate threshold-based decision-making - Impacts on biocontrol - Documentation of role of sixspotted thrips in biocontrol - Demonstrate ability to reduce miticide use
25 DEMONSTRATION PLOTS- WASCO Conventional Program - Hull split spray $60 - Post-hull split spray $60 PMA Program - Mating disruption $120 Results - Low NOW pressure % reduction in moth captures - 73% reduction in damage - $33.50 increase in crop value - Spray and MD costs offset - $33.50 increase in profit
26 DEMONSTRATION PLOTS- MARICOPA Conventional Program - Hull split spray $60 PMA Program - Hull split spray $60 - Mating disruption $120 Results - Moderate NOW pressure % reduction in moth captures - 5% reduction in damage - $39.22 increase in crop value - $120 cost for MD - $80.78 net loss
27 DEMONSTRATION PLOTS- BUTTONWILLOW Conventional Program - Hull split spray $60 PMA Program - Hull split spray $60 - Mating disruption $120 Results - Moderate NOW pressure % reduction in moth captures - 79% reduction in damage - $ increase in crop value - $120 cost for MD - $ net benefit
28 Economic and other values for MD Increases in crop value *(Avg. $143) offset costs for MD (Appx. $120) Reduction of aflatoxins Value of being sustainable when marketing Reduced risk of NOW resistance to limited insecticide tools (Intrepid, Altacor, pyrethroids) Benefit likely increased in larger plots Year over year benefit (post-harvest mating disruption) Setup and takedown occur when labor is available No treatment timings, PHIs, REIs or residues Cost-benefit ratios would be higher in higherpressure orchard situations 28
29 MAXIMIZING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FOR SPIDER MITES IN ALMONDS
30 IPM IN ALMONDS Navel orangeworm Azinphos-methyl 15 years ago current Methoxyfenozide, Chlorantraniliprole San Jose scale Methamidiphos, other OPs Aphytis, Encarsia, IGRs Fire ants Chlorpyrifos Ant baits Leaffooted bug Chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin Abamectin Peach twig borer Pyrethroids, OPs, Oil Biocontrol, various Spider mites Propargite Many options
31 SPIDER MITE BIOCONTROL- SIXSPOTTED THRIPS Entire life cycle passed on the host Facultatively arrhenotokous Mating, but if not mated males only Food- almost exclusively spider mites 49.7 (86F) to 20.7 (68F) mite eggs per day Also eat other stages of mites Cannibalistic if food is scarce Population doubling time 8.7 (68 F) to 2.7 (86 F) days Thigmotaxis evident on all stages They love to get inside of webbing Gilstrap and Oatman, 1976; Coville and Allen, 1977
32 MONITORING FOR SIXSPOTTED THRIPS -Evaluated 7 card types at two locations -Cut them all to the same size -Averaged 3 to 475 thrips/week -Yellow strip, small yellow and green cards caught the most -Green is hard to use -Yellow strip is the cheapest
33 MONITORING- CARD SIZE RESULTS - For trials we now use yellow strip traps -3 x 5 -Case of 1000 for $260 -Great Lakes IPM -Hang from tree using binder clop and large uncoiled paper clip
34 SIXSPOTTED THRIPS ACTIVE MID-APRIL TO MID-MAY Sixspotted thrips/card/week Traditional preventative spray timing Miticides should never be used in May without monitoring for spider mites and thrips Don t starve sixspotted thrips If thrips are present, avoid use of pyrethroids and abamectin
35 MITE BIOCONTROL Sixspotted thrips present in all three locations Approximate 2-week delay between exponential mite increases and exponential thrips response Sixspotted thrips populations doubled every 2.4, 2.7, and 3.6 days (Avg. 2.9) Predatory beetles present at all sites Using thresholds and thrips we reduced mite sprays by 1-2 per season Mites Thrips Beetles Wasco Maricopa Buttonwillow
36 Population Doubling Time Year Location Doubling time in days Pacific Spider Mite Sixspotted thrips 2016 Shafter McFarland Shafter Maricopa Buttonwillow Average
37 CONCLUSIONS Sixspotted thrips is a formidable predator Don t treat for mites without monitoring mites and sixspotted thrips Can be monitored with sticky cards Shows up naturally, highly mobile Excellent population doubling times Excellent predator characteristics -Thigmotactic, high preference for spider mites, cannibalistic when food is scarce Don t starve them, use thresholds Don t kill them with insecticides
38 THIS RESEARCH WAS FUNDED BY THE ALMOND BOARD OF CALIFORNIA CA DEPT. OF PESTICIDE REGULATION WITH IN-KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SUTERRA, SEMIOS, PACIFIC BIOCONTROL, AND TRÉCÉ Thank you Grower and PCA Cooperators Field assistance- Stephanie Rill, Dan Rivers, Chelsea Gordon, Joseph Aguilar, Laurren Heppner, Mackenzie Zeimet, Eryn McKinney, Daniel Green and Emily Buerer
39 NAVEL ORANGEWORM AND MITES: NORTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY PERSPECTIVE Jhalendra Rijal IPM Farm Advisor, Northern SJV UC Cooperative Extension- Stanislaus, Modesto, CA
40 PMA project sites (Northen San Joaquin Valley) 1. Navel orangeworm 2. Spider mites 3. Leaffooted bug 4. Ant 5. Peach twig borer 6. San Jose scale 3 sites Escalon Turlock Ballico Conv. 3 sites Kern Co. IPM
41 Ballico site, Merced Co. Variety: NP/Monterey/Fritz Age: 5 th leaf Practice Conv. IPM Winter sanitation Yes Yes Conventional, 120 ac. NOW mating disruption May worm spray May mite spray (Abamectin) No Yes (pyrethroid) Yes Yes No Yes IPM, 73 ac. Hull-split worm (Intrepid) Yes Yes Hull-split mite (Fujimite) Yes Yes 41
42 Ballico site, Spider mites 2.0 Average spider mite and six-spotted thrips population (no./leaf) in Ballico site 0.20 Mites/leaf Conv mites Conv thrips May 2-Jun 23-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 18-Jul 24-Jul 1-Aug 7-Aug 25-Aug 11-Sep 22-Sep 13-Oct IPM mites IPM thrips Thrips/leaf
43 Ballico site, Navel Orangeworm % NOW Damage-Ballico Site No MD Mating disruption Nonpareil Monterey Fritz
44 Turlock site, Stanislaus Co. Variety: NP/Carmel/Monterey Age: th leaf Practice Conv. IPM Conventional 38 ac. Winter sanitation Yes Yes NOW mating disruption No Yes May worm spray No No May mite spray (Abamectin) No No June LFB spray Yes Yes IPM 40 ac. Hull-split worm (Intrepid) Yes Yes Hull-split mite Yes Yes 44
45 Turlock site, Spider mites 10.0 Average spider mite and six-spotted thrips population (no./leaf) in Turlock site 0.25 Mites/leaf Conv mites Conv thrips IPM mites May 1-Jun 19-Jun 24-Jun 3-Jul 10-Jul 17-Jul 24-Jul 5-Aug 29-Aug 23-Sep 7-Oct IPM thrips Thrips/leaf
46 Turlock site, Navel Orangworm % NOW Damage-Turlock Site damage reduction =64% No MD damage reduction =20% Mating disruption Nonpareil Carmel Monterey damage reduction =88% Overall damage reduction =57.3%
47 Escalon site, San Joaquin Co. Variety: NP/Aldrich/Woodcolony Age: 4 th leaf Practice Conv IPM Conventional, 70 ac. Winter sanitation NOW mating disruption No No No Yes IPM, 60 ac. May worm/mite spray No No Hull-split worm spray Yes (Intrepid+py rethroid Yes (Intre pid) Hull-split mite (Abamectin) Yes Yes 47
48 Escalon site, Navel Orangeworm % NOW Damage-Escalon Site No MD damage reduction =80% damage reduction =72% Mating disruption Nonpareil Aldrich W. colony damage reduction =57% Overall damage reduction = 70%
49 CONSIDERATIONS WHILE USING MATING DISRUPTION Area/block size under mating disruption
50 CONSIDERATIONS WHILE USING MATING DISRUPTION Topography of the land
51 CONSIDERATIONS WHILE USING MATING DISRUPTION Wind direction/edge effect Wind direction MD dispenser Source: Suterra.com
52 % NOW damage (Center vs. Edge) Escalon site Conventional (70 ac.) Conventional site: Avg % damage (edge)= 5.5 Avg % damage (center)= 6.6 IPM site: Avg % damage (edge)= 3.8 Avg % damage (center)= IPM (60 acres) 0.8
53 Turlock site Conventional site: Avg % damage (edge)= 1.35 Avg % damage (center)= 1.40 IPM site: Avg % damage (edge)= 1.1 Avg % damage (center)= 0.5 % NOW damage (Center vs. Edge)
54 Navel orangeworm (NOW) egg trap and degree days (Modesto area) (avg. of total 12 traps in 3 orchards) Egg biofix: 19 April 100 DD: 2 May 1200 DD: 8 July Avg. trap counts/trap/night biofix Mar 28-Mar 4-Apr 12-Apr 19-Apr 25-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 31-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 19-Jun 5-Jul 11-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 28-Aug 12-Sep 20-Sep 26-Sep 3-Oct 10-Oct Egg Degree days Degree Days
55 Conclusion: IPM Approach for mite and NOW management 1. Mites: Monitor mites and predator population Threshold-based treatment Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides and prophylactic miticide application 2. Navel orangeworm Monitoring/DD (egg traps, adult traps) Winter sanitation Use of mating disruption (an excellent candidate for IPM) Insecticide (based on DD and crop phenology) Synergy between insecticide and mating disruption Reducing high pest pressure Targeted application in the orchard such as edge, bottom of the hills etc.
56 NEW PEST UPDATE: BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG (BMSB) Jhalendra Rijal IPM Farm Advisor, Northern SJV UC Cooperative Extension- Stanislaus, Modesto, CA
57 BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG Invasive stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) First detection in PA around late-1990s In 2010, significant economic loss in Mid-Atlatitc States ( $ 37 million only in apple) ~5/8 inch long, marble brown Photo: Doug Pfeiffer, Virginia Tech
58 BMSB DISTRIBUTION IN THE US: 43 STATES Established in 9 Counties Detected in >19 Counties
59 HOW DIFFERENT BMSB FROM OTHER STINK BUGS Rough Stink Bug, Brochymena quadripustulata Consperse Stink Bug Euschistus conpersus Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys
60 LIFE STAGES OF BMSB Eggs/1 st instar nymphs
61 SEASONAL PHENOLOGY Winter/late Fall
62 2015-BMSB IN MODESTO (NEAR HIGHWAY-99)
63 2016-BMSB FINDING IN A PEACH ORCHARD Almonds Cherries Almonds Walnuts Seasonal total BMSB adults/4 traps (July-Oct) Peaches Peaches Walnuts 7 5 Walnuts 0 Trece Alpha Scents
64 2017 BMSB MONITORING Pyramid Trap Sticky Panel Trap 4 ft tall Photo: T. Leskey Trécé dual lure (murgantiol & MDT) 4 Pyramid traps 4 Sticky panel traps 4 ft tall
65 2017-BMSB TRAPPING IN PEACH ORCHARD Weekly BMSB adults/4 traps Pyramid Sticky Panel 0 14-Mar 20-Mar 28-Mar 4-Apr 12-Apr 19-Apr 26-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 16-Jun 20-Jun 28-Jun 5-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul
66 BMSB PHENOLOGY IN MODESTO AREA (2017-NSJV) 2.5 Avg. weekly BMSB adults per trap (pyramid trap) Adult Nymph
67 2017-BMSB TRAPPING IN ALMOND ORCHARD 5.0 Weekly BMSB adults/4 traps 4.0 Pyramid Sticky Panel Nymph (pyramid) May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep 19-Sep 26-Sep 3-Oct 10-Oct
68 BMSB IN ALMONDS (June-2017)
69 BMSB IN ALMONDS Excessive gumming, 2 orchards, maybe contributed by other bugs as well % gumming nuts (N = 16-92) Row 1 Row 2 Row Gumming nuts: 8 58%
70 BMSB IN ALMONDS: JUNE FINDING Presence of necrotic spots (internally)
71 DAMAGE EVALUATION AT HARVEST
72 SIMILAR TYPE OF DAMAGE OBSERVED IN FEW OTHER ORCHARDS We found PCA found Photo: T. Miller
73 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR BMSB MONITORING BMSB spreading to agricultural areas BMSB can potentially cause damage to almonds Be vigilant about BMSB infestation in peach/almond orchards Conduct visual observation Inspect the fruits for damage (April-May) Use sticky panel traps with BMSB lure early in the season to detect BMSB presence in the orchard
74 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to: Cooperator Growers, Pest Control Advisers Farm Advisors Help from: Daniel Green, Daniel Rivers, Raquel Gomez, Emily Buerer, USDA-NIFA SCRI
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