Technical Guide Oriental fruit moth control (Grapholita molesta)

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Toxicological information Exosex OFM contains 1 mg Technical Grade Pheromone per gram of food grade wax powder and poses virtually no hazard to health.

Regulatory information Based on toxicological studies in the published literature, there are no risk and safety phrases to assign to this product.

1 Toxicological information Exosex OFM contains 1 mg Technical Grade Pheromone per gram of food grade wax powder and poses virtually no hazard to health. Ecotoxicological information Not hazardous to the environment. Regulatory information Based on toxicological studies in the published literature, there are no risk and safety phrases to assign to this product. Distributor details: Technical Guide Oriental fruit moth control (Grapholita molesta) Exosect Limited 0/00 ROW Exosect Limited. Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, Hampshire, SO1 1TH. United Kingdom T + (0) 00 F + (0) 00 E info@exosect.com W

Up to 0% cost saving in labour compared to conventional Mating

strategies, including Zero residue requirements Exosex OFM provides

exceeding industry standards Active powder transfer requires less

Standalone or in IPM or organic programs with approved insecticides.

Exosex OFM is an unique and effective crop protection solution for

Exosex OFM offers an environmentally friendly means of controlling

which includes the targeted use of approved insecticides, or in

Provides antiresistance support for insecticides Using Entostat

coverage with lower temperatures at dusk or following strong winds

costs throughout the season Exosex OFM provides continuous activity,

2 Up to 0% cost saving in labour compared to conventional Mating Disruption (MD) systems Ideal for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, including Zero residue requirements Exosex OFM provides robust reliable protection against oriental fruit moth, matching or exceeding industry standards Active powder transfer requires less units per orchard than conventional MD systems Can be used as Standalone or in IPM or organic programs with approved insecticides. Able to match coverage to varietal needs Active mating disruption Exosex OFM is an unique and effective crop protection solution for conventional, organic and IPM growers. Exosex OFM offers an environmentally friendly means of controlling oriental fruit moth either as part of a Zero residue IPM approach which includes the targeted use of approved insecticides, or in lower pest pressure orchards as a standalone system. Provides antiresistance support for insecticides Using Entostat powder rather than pheromone vapour means no potential decline in coverage with lower temperatures at dusk or following strong winds Flexible use with up to 0 0 days coverage, allows grower to spread costs throughout the season Exosex OFM provides continuous activity, even during difficult weather conditions when spraying may be delayed Outers are re-useable. Savings in subsequent seasons on costs of outer and deployment

3 Active Mating Disruption Unlike conventional MD systems, Exosex OFM employs Active Mating Disruption. Using Exosect s patented Entostat powder technology, Exosex OFM uniquely produces an automatic transfer of the confusion effect in male moths. This spreads sexual confusion throughout the male moth population (Auto-ConfusionTM) thereby requiring a lower number of dispensers per orchard. Wax Palm Entostat powder EntostatTM is a food grade powder refined from a natural wax, which is harvested from a particular species of palm tree. The active ingredient is a species-specific pheromone, which is impregnated into the Entostat powder. How it works Male moths are attracted to the Exosex OFM dispenser, which contains Entostat powder formulated with synthetic female pheromone. Male moths pick up Entostat powder and female pheromone. The male s pheromone receptors become overloaded and so the male is unable to locate females. A male carrying Entostat powder will form a mobile pheromone dispenser, producing false pheromone trails, which attract additional males. Contact between the males ensures that the Entostat powder and the confusion effect is automatically passed on, this process is called Auto-Confusion. The result is a state of sexual confusion amongst the male moth population leading to effective mating disruption. The Auto-Confusion effect dramatically reduces the chances of the female moth to mate. In the unlikely event that mating does occur, delays beyond the optimum period of fertility of the female moth will reduce the number and viability of the eggs. Exosex OFM is an Active MD system using the male oriental fruit moth to distribute the pheromone impregnated Entostat powder. Entostat powder is natural technology An electrostatic charge builds up on an insect cuticle and is generated through the insect s movement (tribocharging), e.g. the insect walking on a surface or flying through the air. The charge is dependent upon the surface which can be either positive or negative. The entostat powder being bipolar will be attracted strongly to the charged insect cuticle. Antenna (before contact with Entostat powder) Antenna (after contact with Entostat powder)

Minimising insecticide treatments Pheromone products including Exosex OFM should not be treated as stand alone control treatments. They should be viewed as part of an IPM system.

When required, it should be supported by appropriate, well timed, approved insecticide treatments targeted at the correct growth stage of the insect and applied according to

Some treatments such as virus or IGR products targeted at extended egg lays, may require multiple applications.

This ensures proper deployment, avoids loss during pruning and assists with environmental audits When Exosex OFM is used over a number of years the population of codling moth can be

Monitoring pest management Spray thresholds Crop assessment is essential Oriental fruit moth monitoring traps should be placed with a minimum of 1 per acre.

In an Exosex OFM treated orchard the monitoring traps provide an indication of the number of moths visiting the Exosex OFM dispensers and this can be used to roughly estimate the

If an average of or more male moths are caught over a week period in a monitoring trap, the crop should be treated with an appropriate insecticide applied according to the manufacturer

Inspect a minimum of trees per block of - acres of the same variety. In addition, a routine weekly check for egg deposits and young larvae on/in the fruits should be carried out.

vehicle headlights, elevated areas, borders with untreated or infested orchards.

4 Minimising insecticide treatments Pheromone products including Exosex OFM should not be treated as stand alone control treatments. They should be viewed as part of an IPM system. Under the IPM approach, Exosex OFM should be deployed at the first moth catch to form the basis of the control programme throughout the season. When required, it should be supported by appropriate, well timed, approved insecticide treatments targeted at the correct growth stage of the insect and applied according to manufacturers No harvest intervals or restrictions on orchard entry recommendations. Some treatments such as virus or IGR products targeted at extended egg lays, may require multiple applications. The use of Exosex OFM helps to reduce late season insecticide treatments which could leave residues in the crop. Dispensers are highly visible and easy to locate in the orchard. This ensures proper deployment, avoids loss during pruning and assists with environmental audits When Exosex OFM is used over a number of years the population of codling moth can be successfully reduced to very low levels and may no longer need supplementary insecticide treatments. Monitoring pest management Spray thresholds Crop assessment is essential Oriental fruit moth monitoring traps should be placed with a minimum of 1 per acre. Traps should be visited at least weekly. In an Exosex OFM treated orchard the monitoring traps provide an indication of the number of moths visiting the Exosex OFM dispensers and this can be used to roughly estimate the oriental fruit moth population pressure and the likely degree of control. Unlike conventional MD systems Trap shutdown does not necessarily occur with Exosex OFM. If an average of or more male moths are caught over a week period in a monitoring trap, the crop should be treated with an appropriate insecticide applied according to the manufacturer s recommendations. Crops should be monitored for shoot strikes from between 0000 degree days after the first trap catch for the second and subsequent generations. Inspect a minimum of trees per block of - acres of the same variety. In addition, a routine weekly check for egg deposits and young larvae on/in the fruits should be carried out. Assess up to 00 fruits or more, especially from hot spots such as areas around fruit boxes and pack houses, areas exposed to the longest periods of daylight or lit by streetlights or vehicle headlights, elevated areas, borders with untreated or infested orchards. Tray replacement In addition, check directly above Exosex OFM dispensers and high canopy areas centred between any four dispensers. If an area shows an average of more than shoot strikes per tree or, if larvae are found in the fruit, then the subsequent generation should be treated with an approved insecticide. Crops should be monitored until after the crop is harvested to detect late season peaks or migration from other orchards. Anti-resistance strategy for valuable insecticides as moth life cycle is disrupted prior to egg laying Trays should be replaced to match the flight of the next generation of moths, with a maximum of 0 to 0 days after setting out the previous tray. This ensures that maximum activity is available when moths are flying. Naturally occurring, solvent and propellant free, Entostat powder is safe to the public and the environment

Exosex OFM product and assembly Exosex OFM dispenser basic orchard layout Dispensers should be set out uniformly in a grid formation of /ha (/acre).

Pheromones are most effective when used in orchards of ha ( acres) and above.

Exosex OFM is supplied in boxes containing either outers or trays: Trays: Box contains foil sachets each containing x trays to treat acres.

m Open outer and where possible fit both plastic ties in holes at the top of the dispenser to provide greater stability and security in areas exposed to

Attach the outer to a horizontal branch or support wire using the cable ties ensuring that the ties are pulled tight.

Gently tap the lid to free any trapped powder as you remove it, ensuring that it is the correct way up beforehand.

Re-inforcement dispensers m m Tree spacing Outers: 0 x outer dispensers + 0 x cable ties to treat acres.

should be placed 0 m apart throughout the orchard. Start at the corner of the orchard with the first dispenser m in from that corner.

Additional dispensers should be placed in areas likely to experience higher pest pressure - see page.

5 Exosex OFM product and assembly Exosex OFM dispenser basic orchard layout Dispensers should be set out uniformly in a grid formation of /ha (/acre). See illustration below: Exosex OFM consists of a protective outer and a replaceable tray containing Entostat powder and oriental fruit moth pheromone. Pheromones are most effective when used in orchards of ha ( acres) and above. If the orchard is less than ha ( acres), guard barriers should be put in place e.g. add a second row of dispensers on the external perimeter. Exosex OFM is supplied in boxes containing either outers or trays: Trays: Box contains foil sachets each containing x trays to treat acres. Also included are instructions for use and a spacing calculator. m Open outer and where possible fit both plastic ties in holes at the top of the dispenser to provide greater stability and security in areas exposed to strong winds. Push one end of outer up into position. Attach the outer to a horizontal branch or support wire using the cable ties ensuring that the ties are pulled tight. Align the dispenser along the rows at a right angle to the airblast from sprayers. Open the foil sachet and remove one of the trays with the lid uppermost. Gently tap the lid to free any trapped powder as you remove it, ensuring that it is the correct way up beforehand. Fit the tray ensuring it is fully inserted into the outer. Clip the lower ends of the outer in place to secure the tray in position. Re-inforcement dispensers m m Tree spacing Outers: 0 x outer dispensers + 0 x cable ties to treat acres. Basic grid layout dispensers Where circumstances demand, an extra row of reinforcement dispensers should be placed in the outside row Dispensers should be placed 0 m apart throughout the orchard. Start at the corner of the orchard with the first dispenser m in from that corner. Alternatively, where the setting out of the dispensers is mechanised the spacing calculators can be used. Additional dispensers should be placed in areas likely to experience higher pest pressure - see page. 1 Rows The outer is made from UV resistant polypropylene material and is designed to last for at least seasons. Held securely in place by ties, it has been shown to withstand winds in excess of 0 mph Row spacing in metres. Entostat powder is unaffected by rainfall Entostat powder is unaffected by high winds. Even where powder is lost from the tray, most is retained within the outer Place the first dispenser at half the number of trees and then each subsequent dispenser at the number of trees indicated below Tree spacing within rows in metres Place dispensers in every th row Place dispensers in every th row Place dispensers in every th row Place dispensers in every th row

Optimising Exosex OFM performance Place high in the tree canopy Oriental fruit moth activity and mating are concentrated in the top third of the tree canopy, so dispensers should be placed in the

Dispenser placement Trials have shown the optimum number of dispensers to be /acre. Dispensers should be placed uniformly throughout the treated orchard (see suggested placement grid over leaf).

Orchard size Pheromones are most effective when used in orchards of acres and above. If the orchard is between acres and acres, guard barriers should be put in place e.g. add a second row of dispensers on the external perimeter.

It is / Local conditions will affect the distribution of oriental fruit moth, hence the density of oriental fruit moth throughout the crop will vary and may necessitate reinforcement of areas of high

/ Untreated orchard less than 00 feet away Do not handle other types of insect lures or pheromone products before or after placement of product without thoroughly washing hands.

6 Optimising Exosex OFM performance Place high in the tree canopy Oriental fruit moth activity and mating are concentrated in the top third of the tree canopy, so dispensers should be placed in the middle of the top third of the tree canopy, at or above the level of any fruit and not at the outer edge of the canopy. Dispenser placement Trials have shown the optimum number of dispensers to be /acre. Dispensers should be placed uniformly throughout the treated orchard (see suggested placement grid over leaf). Where there are gaps or areas with young small trees present, extra dispensers should be placed in the surrounding higher trees. Orchard size Pheromones are most effective when used in orchards of acres and above. If the orchard is between acres and acres, guard barriers should be put in place e.g. add a second row of dispensers on the external perimeter. Early deployment is essential The Exosex OFM dispensers must be in place in the orchard before oriental fruit moth flight occurs (biofix). It is / Local conditions will affect the distribution of oriental fruit moth, hence the density of oriental fruit moth throughout the crop will vary and may necessitate reinforcement of areas of high activity with additional dispensers. / Untreated orchard less than 00 feet away Do not handle other types of insect lures or pheromone products before or after placement of product without thoroughly washing hands. Maintaining product integrity Product stored continuously below C from receipt of delivery from Exosect may be used up to months from date of manufacture. Product stored above C but below 0 C should be used within months of date of manufacture. Adjacent untreated orchards Areas adjacent to infested orchards even up to 00 feet away where oriental fruit moth is not controlled are likely to suffer from a higher infestation level. Prevailing wind at dusk Orchard boundaries exposed to prevailing wind at dusk will suffer high pressure and may need reinforcement. Trays should be replaced after 0-0 days to match moth generations. Local environmental factors that influence dispenser placement 1 Avoid product contamination better to place the dispensers weeks too early than 1 day too late. Local advisory services should be able to provide information on the expected date of biofix. Q. Is the system expensive compared to insecticides? A. Mating disruption is very effective against oriental fruit moth, especially against the first to third generations. Under low to moderate pest pressure you may not need to use supplementary insecticide treatments. Under high pressure, the system will need the support of a spray program, but will greatly assist the sprays in their control, as long as resistance has not built up to the sprays, and spray application timing is correct. Q. Why do conventional MD systems use many more dispensers per unit area than Exosex OFM? A. Exosex OFM is an Active Mating Disruption system; the pheromone in the Entostat powder is carried around the orchard by the male oriental fruit moth itself, therefore in practice there are a very high number of dispensers. Each male moth is potentially an extra dispenser. Q. Is Exosex OFM affected by high winds? Q. Is Exosex OFM affected by rain landing in the trays? A. Due to the unique design of the tray and outer, even when Entostat powder is dislodged from the tray, most is retained within the outer. Wind tunnel experiments have shown that even at 0mph, only % of powder was removed from the tray. However, to minimise any loss, the dispenser should be aligned along the rows, sideways to the air blast from sprayers and positioned on the downwind side of trees in exposed areas. A. Entostat powder does not absorb water and will return to its normal state as soon as any surface water has evaporated. Simulated laboratory studies of heavy rain have shown that the powder returns to its original state in under hrs. Q. Why does the tray only last 0-0 days when some varieties may mature beyond days? releases the optimum amount of pheromone for 0-0 days. After this point, the tray must be replaced to maintain the correct level of control, even if there is plenty of powder left in the tray. Consult the product label for your country to see the stated number of days the tray should be deployed before tray replacement is recommended for your market conditions. If in doubt please contact Exosect directly. Q. Why does the operator need to wear a dust mask and eye protection if the product is so safe? A. Any dust can cause harm if ingested or cause eye irritation after direct contact with the eye. Prevailing wind at dusk Q. What should I be aware of when using Exosex OFM in an orchard with a history of high oriental fruit moth pressure? Sunset Fruit boxes and pack houses Higher ground Higher land Lighting Oriental fruit moths tend to orientate to higher ground, so orchards on sloping land will see a gradient of infestation level from low ground to high ground. Orchards adjacent to street lighting or even busy roads with constant lighting from vehicle headlights can experience significantly higher and prolonged oriental fruit moth pressure. Daylight exposure Boundaries of orchards exposed to the longest period of daylight tend to get a higher infestation level. This is the section of the orchard that faces the sunset. Lower ground Fruit boxes and pack houses Areas close to where fruit has been previously stored or dumped will attract higher moth pressure. A. As with any Mating Disruption system, Exosex OFM is not designed as a standalone product in orchards with high pest pressure. In situations of high pest pressure, it is essential to have good monitoring discipline and to treat with appropriate insecticides when thresholds are exceeded. Q. Why can t the system be used for areas of less than acres? A. As with all Mating Disruption systems, Exosex OFM requires a minimum surface area to be effective. Too large a border area, compared to total surface area, could easily allow female moths to enter and lay eggs when they have already mated in the surrounding blocks. A larger surface area compared to border size reduces this risk. Q. Why could I find hot spots of oriental fruit moth damage despite measures to combat the effects of slopes, neighbouring orchards and wind direction? A. Some varieties are more susceptible to oriental fruit moth than others, which can lead to hotspots. This can occur with any control program. Using monitoring trap data and damage assessments throughout the season as well as past experience should help to identify hotspots that may require targeted spot sprays. A. After 0-0 days the tray should be replaced. Designing the system in this way means that tray changes can be timed to suit different varieties within one orchard, enabling the grower to take account of varieties that mature at different times throughout the season. Q. Do I need to change the tray even if there is still powder present? A. Pheromone needs to be released at an optimal level to attract male oriental fruit moths. Too much, or too little pheromone can detrimentally affect the performance of any pheromone system. The Exosex OFM tray Q. Why is the outer part of the dispenser always white? A. The outer part of the dispenser is white to reflect light and heat. The Exosex OFM dispenser has UV stabilisers built in, to ensure it can last to seasons without needing to be replaced. This means the cost per acre is reduced to the grower in subsequent years as they need only purchase replacement trays.

Exosex OFM treatment significantly reduced fruit damage at harvest Tests in apple and peach orchards in Green Forest, Arkansas, USA

deep entries % Fruit damage 0 0. at harvest 1 1.

matched grower s standard spray programme Exosex OFM can match spray programmes Crop: Pears cv Abate, Fetel, Borgo Faina Itlay 00

May % Entries Exosex OFM 0. 0. 0. 1. Grower Standard Chemical 0. 0. 0.0 0. Untreated 0. 1... % Fruit damage 0 at harvest 0. % Stings 1.

0 Standard National Apple Experiment Station, Korea, 00 Exosex OFM Labour cost comparison Exosex OFM /ac 00 /ac - Orchard set up 0.

hrs/ac Estimated placement cost ($/ac).0.

& PTB % Fruit damage at harvest Exosex (Aug ) 0 1 Conventional MD Chemical Crop: Apples, Cornell University, New York State, USA, 00

7 Exosex OFM treatment significantly reduced fruit damage at harvest Tests in apple and peach orchards in Green Forest, Arkansas, USA achieved near total trap shutdown and no larvae found in,000 fruit sampled % Fruit with living larvae % Total fruit damage % Fruit with deep entries % Fruit damage 0 0. at harvest Exosex OFM has been shown to be at least as good as the market leading MD system for fruit quality Untreated Exosex OFM Exosex OFM matched grower s standard spray programme Exosex OFM can match spray programmes Crop: Pears cv Abate, Fetel, Borgo Faina Itlay 00 Treatment Moderate to high pressure orchard, OFM & PTB % Fruit Damage % Fruit Damage % Fruit Damage % Fruit Damage 1 July Aug 1 Oct 0 May % Entries Exosex OFM Grower Standard Chemical Untreated % Fruit damage 0 at harvest 0. % Stings Exosex OFM can offer a safe alternative to broad spectrum insecticides.0 Standard National Apple Experiment Station, Korea, 00 Exosex OFM Labour cost comparison Exosex OFM /ac 00 /ac - Orchard set up 0. hrs/ac 1. hrs/ac - Replacement of trays 0. hrs/ac - - Total hours 0. hrs/ac* 1. hrs/ac.0 hrs/ac Estimated placement cost ($/ac).0. ** Dispensers/ties Exosex OFM matched Conventional MD for fruit damage in peaches and nectarines Moderate to high pressure orchard, OFM & PTB % Fruit damage at harvest Exosex (Aug ) 0 1 Conventional MD Chemical Crop: Apples, Cornell University, New York State, USA, 00 Exosex OFM matched Conventional MD for OFM control Early picked varieties of stone fruit * Only two trays required. ** applications. Exosex OFM Independent trials in New Zealand and Netherlands 00 Estimated labour cost./hr. Spray application cost.0/ac Conventional MD % Fruit damage at harvest, OFM & PTB Conventional MD (Aug ) Guirierra Tardibelle In conventional orchards Exosex OFM will out perform where insecticide resistance has built-up Beartrice Orecchiuti Monia Intrachem Bio, Faenza, Italy 00. Four varieties In conventional orchards Exosex OFM has matched the performance of insecticide programs and exceeded them in difficult spray seasons Intrachem Bio, Osteria di Ravenna, Italy, 00

1 1 Effectiveness Employs Active Mating Disruption, causing male moths to distribute the product around the orchard Control targets

climatic conditions Moths act as mobile pheromone dispensers providing huge increase of free dispensers and creating an Auto-Confusion

the orchard No risk of loss of persistence from undetected damage to dispenser during application.

focussed on the development and sales of Intelligent Pest Management solutions.

Our goal is to assist growers achieve zero residues in their crops and produce high quality food for the consumer.

Independent trials prove up to 0% reduction in labour costs Savings in labour and costs in subsequent seasons For more information on

com Trays are specifically designed to provide up to 0 0 days coverage Can be matched to pest life cycle allowing grower to spread

anti-resistance measure for insecticides Species specific Assists biodiversity and supports natural predators Entostat powder is

intervals Protection provided right up to harvest with no residues No restrictions on orchard entry Orchard operations unaffected, no

during difficult weather Accepted by Assured Crops Schemes, IFOAM affiliated Organic Certification Associations including OMRI

8 1 1 Effectiveness Employs Active Mating Disruption, causing male moths to distribute the product around the orchard Control targets the mating process prior to egg laying Pest specific Robust design enhances reliability Proven in over 0 countries under wide ranging climatic conditions Moths act as mobile pheromone dispensers providing huge increase of free dispensers and creating an Auto-Confusion effect amongst the oriental fruit moth population No risk of resistance developing Does not affect activity of beneficial insects in the orchard No risk of loss of persistence from undetected damage to dispenser during application. Activity is unaffected by wind or rainfall Provides confidence to grower that Exosex OFM will perform well Exosect is actively focussed on the development and sales of Intelligent Pest Management solutions. Our innovative and cost-effective products help growers, food producers and processors actively reduce their use of insecticides. Our goal is to assist growers achieve zero residues in their crops and produce high quality food for the consumer. Our products are used globally in a wide range of sectors including crop protection, (agriculture, horticulture and stored products), apiculture, amenity and public health. Cost saving Active system allows less units per orchard to be deployed than conventional MD systems Dispenser outers are re-useable Independent trials prove up to 0% reduction in labour costs Savings in labour and costs in subsequent seasons For more information on Exosect and its products visit: Trays are specifically designed to provide up to 0 0 days coverage Can be matched to pest life cycle allowing grower to spread costs throughout the season Environmental benefits Pest life cycle disrupted prior to egg laying Ideal for IPM programs provides anti-resistance measure for insecticides Species specific Assists biodiversity and supports natural predators Entostat powder is naturally occurring, solvent and propellant free Can be safely used close to homes, schools, hospitals and water courses No harvest intervals Protection provided right up to harvest with no residues No restrictions on orchard entry Orchard operations unaffected, no restrictions on public rights of way Convenience Exosex OFM provides continuous activity Avoids problems of maintaining spray timings during difficult weather Accepted by Assured Crops Schemes, IFOAM affiliated Organic Certification Associations including OMRI Dispensers visible, easily located in the orchard Product stored continuously below C can be used the following season, above C and below 0 C can be stored for up to months Avoids loss of dispenser during pruning. Provides visual reassurance to grower that dispenser has been deployed correctly and the tray has been removed at the end of the season Ease of storage and stocking also reduces costs USA South America Europe Middle East Far East South Africa Australia New Zealand

User s Guide to Mating Disruption and Attract & Kill Formulations

User s Guide to Mating Disruption and Attract & Kill Formulations Updated 12/21/2011 PART ONE: INSECT PHEROMONE THEORY INSECT PHEROMONES Semiochemicals, such as sex pheromones, are chemical signals that