Invasive plants in cities: A historical perspective based on the flora of Indianapolis

Transcription

1 Invasive plants in cities: A historical perspective based on the flora of Indianapolis Rebecca W. Dolan Friesner Herbarium and Center for Urban Ecology, Butler University

2 Result of search on urban using Google Images Photo by Stefan Morrell

3 @Aditya Kok/Deamstime.com

4 @Aditya Kok/Deamstime.com

5 @Aditya Kok/Deamstime.com

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7 @Aditya Kok/Deamstime.com

8 @Aditya Kok/Deamstime.com

9 @Aditya Kok/Deamstime.com

10 6 Challenges of the Urban Environment Distinct soils Altered hydrology, impervious surfaces Heat islands Disturbance regime, perpetual disequilibrium Loss of pollinators and seed dispersers Habitat fragmentation

11 Photos by Brent Smith Tipton Till Plain Natural Region Northern 2/3 of state covered by glaciers ca. 10,000 years ago 98% forested 1820s 76% beech-maple upland forest Late 1990s 13% forested 13 th largest city in the US Population = 900,000 Density = 857/km2 Land Use: % ag % %

12 Table 1 Floristic quality data comparing historical records of Marion County, Indiana with recent inventories Historical Recent Total Species No. Native Species Percent Non-native Native Mean C Native Mean C With Non-native 3.4* 2.9* Native Mean Wetness * significantly different at p<0.01 based on non-parametric T-test using Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction. Dolan et al Documenting effects of urbanization on flora using herbarium records. Journal of Ecology 99:

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16 In Indy: 69/120 on official invasives list = 57.5% 69/700 total species = ~ 10% invasives

17 Indy Invasives Invasive Rank 1% 12% 20% 67% High Caution Medium Low

18 Indy Invasives Invasive Rank 1% Origin 6% 12% 20% 67% High Caution Medium Low 20% 12% 36% Asia Eurasia Eurasia and No. Africa Europe Other 26%

19 Indy Invasives Invasive Rank 1% Origin 6% 12% 20% 67% High Caution Medium Low 20% 12% 36% Asia Eurasia Eurasia and No. Africa Europe Other 26% Use or Cause of Introduction Accidental/unknown 4% 18% Erosion, wildlife food/cover 6% Food/Medicinal 53% 12% 7% Forage Ornamental Other

20 Indy Invasives Time First Documented 1890s 1940 later 19% 46% 35%

21 G.W. Wilson. The flora of Hamilton and Marion Counties, Indiana.

22 G.W. Wilson. The flora of Hamilton and Marion Counties, Indiana. Canada thistle Queen Anne's lace Creeping Charlie Sweet clover Bouncing bet Tree-of-heaven Periwinkle rare very common very common common common very rare becoming common

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26 53 sightings in Marion County reported to Edd-Maps since 2013

27 50+ specimens of listed invasives collected or directed by be collected by IndyParks Land Stewardship Office staff

28 Scientific Name Historical Recent Herbaceous Alliaria petiolata Garlic mustard 0 x Artemesia vulgaris Mugwort 0 x Carduus nutans Musk thistle 0 x D Centaura stoebe Spotted knapweed 0 x Cirsium arvense Canada thistle x x Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle x x Clematis terniflora Sweet autumn clematis 0 x Conium maculatum Poison hemlock 0 x D Convolvulus arvense Field bindweed x x Coronilla varia Crown vetch x x Cynanchum louiseae Black swallow-wort x x Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace x x Dioscorea polystachya Chinese jam 0 x D Dipsacus follonum Common teasel x x Dipsacus laciniatus Cut-leaved teasel x x Euphorbia escula Leafy spurge x x Glechoma hederacea Creeping Charlie x x Hesperis matronalis Dame's rocket x x Humulus japonicus Japanese hops 0 x D Hypericum perforatum St. John's wort x x Iris pseudoacorus Yellow iris 0 x D Kummerowia stipulacea Korean lespedeza 0 x D Kummerowia striata Striate lespedeza x x Lespdeza cuneata Sericea lespedeza 0 x Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife x x Melilotus officinale Sweet clover x x Microstegium vimineum Japanese stiltgrass 0 x Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian watermilfoil 0 x D Najas minor Braided naiad 0 x Pastinaca sativa Wild parsnip x x Phalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass x x Phragmites australis Common reed x x Potamogeton crispus Curly-leaved pondweed x x Ranunculus ficaria Lesser celandine 0 x Saponaria officinalis Bouncing bet x x Schedonorus arundinaceus Tall fescue x x Sorghum halepense Johnson grass x x Torilis japonica Japanese hedge parsley 0 x D Typha angustofolia Narrow-leaved cattail x x Vicia cracca Cow vetch x x

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30 Historical Recent Trees Acer platanoides Norway maple 0 x Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven x x Alnus glutinosa Black alder 0 x D K Morus alba White mulberry x x K Pyrus calleryana Callery pear 0 x Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 x Woody vines Ampelopsis brevipendunculata Porcelain berry 0 x Celastrus orbiculata Oriental bittersweet 0 x Hedera helix English ivy 0 x Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 0 x D Shrubs Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry x x K Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive 0 x Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive 0 x Euonymus alatus Burning bush 0 x Euonymus fortunei Winter-creeper 0 x Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed 0 x Frangula alnus Glossy buckthorn 0 x Ligustrum obtusifolium Blunt leaved privet 0 x D Ligustrum vulgare Common privet 0 x D Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle 0 x Lonicera morrowii Morrow's honeysuckle 0 x K Lonicera tatarica Tatarian honeysuckle 0 x D K Lonicera bella Bell's honeysuckle 0 x K Rhamnus cathartica Common buckthorn 0 x D K Rhodotypos scandens Jetbead 0 x Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose 0 x D K Rubus phoenicolasius Wine raspberry 0 x D Viburnum opulus var. opulus Highbush cranberry 0 x Vinca minor Periwinkle x x

31 Minutes of the Indianapolis Parks Board Kessler Plan plants

32 Plant Native Species Trees planted in Indianapolis by Keep Indianapolis Beautiful Species Common Name total % Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak Quercus bicolor Swamp white oak Cercis canadensis Redbud Amelanchier sp. Service berry Quercus rubra Red oak Quercus muehlenbergii Chinquapin oak Gymnocladus dioicus Honey locust Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Juniperus virginiana Red cedar Acer saccharum Sugar maple Ulmus americana American elm Nyssa sylvatica Black gum Acer rubrum Red maple Amelanchier sp. Service berry species Quercus sp. Oak species Dolan, R.W Two hundred years of forest change: effects of urbanization on tree species composition and structure. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 43:

33 5 Biggest Problem Species in Indy Current 1. Euonymus fortunei - Lonicera maackii, etc Alliaria petiolata 4. - Celastrus orbiculatus 5. - Euonymus alatus - Lonicera japonica - Pyrus calleryana

34 5 Biggest Problem Species in Indy Current 1. Euonymus fortunei - Lonicera maackii, etc Alliaria petiolata 4. - Celastrus orbiculatus 5. - Euonymus alatus - Lonicera japonica - Pyrus calleryana Emerging 1. - Fallopia japonica - Microstegium vimineum - Pyrus calleryana 4. - Berberis thunbergii 5. - Clematis terniflora - Euonymus alatus

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37 Asian bush honeysuckle links to ROW elements Economics negatively affected property values and economic investment; properties near Fall Creek were not benefiting from their location near this potential asset Education local neighborhood citizens were under-aware of the issues surrounding invasives and did not know how the control invasives Well-being caused safety concern due to overgrowth of shrubs that retain their leaves through a long growing season, provide potential cover for miscreants

38 Asian bush honeysuckle links to ROW elements Aesthetics- decreased natural beauty due to monoculture and blocking natural view to waterway, view-shed (opinion based- some people liked how honeysuckle looked and were upset by it being removed, assuming any green vegetation in the city was a good thing) Connectivity physically blocked people s ability to see and access the waterway and therefore the connection of the Fall Creek neighborhood to the waterway system of the city Ecology- impacted ecological form and function by reducing understory diversity, out-competing native herbaceous plants, shrubs seedlings and tree saplings, while reducing overstory productivity

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42 Outputs of 2012 LDOS Over 2,000 volunteers removed over 760 m 3 of Amur honeysuckle from 30 acres of land along Fall Creek Twelve partner organizations included private donors, corporate, city of Indianapolis, non-profit, and universities contributed over 1.1 million dollars in cash and services

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45 In urban settings, invasives, especially woody shrubs escaped from cultivation have negative impacts on cultural ecosystem services that may be greater than their ecological impacts in cities highly disturbed ecosystems

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47 In the UK: Japanese knotweed is not a health hazard but can cause extreme stress and anxiety if people are unable to secure mortgage and/or buy sell properties due to its presence. It can cause a lot of arguments and disagreements between neighbours and land owners that may result in legal action.

48 Thank you!