February March 2018

Transcription

1 08 Apple A Day IPM Calendar IPM Institute of North America, S. Paterson St. Ste. 380, Madison WI January , 08 Sara Ecker, Ecker's Apple Farm, Trempealeau WI Run last season s pesticide records through the Pesticide Risk Tool; evaluate risks, compare to prior seasons and plan for risk reduction for the upcoming season. For more information visit: pesticiderisk.org Review pre-harvest damage assessments and harvest notes for San Jose and oystershell scale injury. Train pruning crew to recognize scale and fire blight cankers. Report and mark scale problem areas with flagging tape and target with dormant or delayed-dormant sprays in spring. Remember to monitor these areas with doublesided tape during the growing season and time insecticide applications during active crawler stage. New WPS Minnesota Apple Growers Association 85 th takes effect Annual Education and Trade Show; La Crosse WI Illinois Specialty Crops, Agritourism and Organic Conference; Springfield IL Remove fire blight cankers and powdery mildew infected shoots during winter pruning. New EPA Worker Protection Standard for Beginning in 08 additional information must be included in the WPS pesticide safety poster, as per section 70.3(a)(3) of the WPS. Worker and handler training after January 08 must include additional topics addressed in sections 70.40c and 70.50c. The creation of the Application Exclusion Zone (AEZ) will require applicators to suspend pesticide applications when anyone other than appropriately trained and equipped handler or applicator enter the AEZ. This AEZ requirement becomes effective on January, 08. For more information visit: epa.gov/pesticide-workersafety/revisions-worker-protection-standard. Taking a quick lap to inventory pruning and animal activity. Sara Ecker, Ecker's Apple Farm, Trempealeau WI Cover: A fall sunset as the apple season nears its end. Wisconsin Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Iowa Fruit and Vegetable Conference; Wisconsin Dells WI Growers Conference; Ankeny IA February 08 A gorgeous sunset to finish a full day of pruning. Jake Drefs, Apple Barn Orchard & Winery, Elkhorn WI Register for AppleTalk! For more information visit: ipminstitute.org/projects/specialty-cropgrower-services/appletalk/ 3 Update nutrient management plan based on foliar and soil-test results from the previous season. Identify pest management goals and discuss with IPM scout and consultant. Register for AppleTalk! Order IPM scouting supplies. Verify functionality of weather station and leaf wetness monitor. See December for discussion on precision pruning Ordering Scouting Supplies Codling moth: use one trap per.5 acres or one per five acres, where blocks are uniform in size, shape and topography. The long-life lures (CM L) are active for 8- weeks, the standard-lure (x) need to be replaced after three to four weeks. Apple maggot: monitor with unbaited or baited red spheres. Set three or more traps along the perimeter of each block. Use more traps per acre in small blocks and other blocks with lengthy perimeters vs. area. Obliquebanded (OBLR) and redbanded leafroller (RBLR): two traps for each OBLR and RBLR should be used in the orchard. If mating disruption is used hang one trap per block. Lures need to be replaced after three to four weeks. Lesser appleworm (LAW) and oriental fruit moth (OFM): two traps for each LAW and OFM should be hung in the orchard. Long-life (L) lures are available for OFM which also captures LAW; these will last 8- weeks. Standard lures need to be replaced after three to four weeks. Icy trees and trellis MOSES Organic Farming Conference; La Crosse WI March 08 Bob Barthel teaching pruning strategy at Eplegaarden, Fitchburg WI, during the 07 Midwest School for Beginning Apple Growers offered by the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, UW-Madison.

2 Begin weather monitoring, check weather station weekly and record degree days and rainfall. 3 Complete tractor-ground speed, airblast and herbicide sprayer calibration. Order IPM scouting supplies if not completed in February. Improve recordkeeping by using an electronic spreadsheet offered by Penn State, extension.psu.edu/plants/treefruit/spreadsheets; or TracApple, store.ctl.cornell.edu/products/tracapple. Begin weather monitoring Predicting Fruitset Model The Predicting Fruitset Model can provide additional insight when determining utility and reapplication of thinners. The model is based on the assumption that setting fruitlets will grow faster than those that will drop as a result of chemical thinners or other factors. For more information visit: ecofruit.wisc.edu/appletalk/precision-cropload-management/. Daylight savings time Weed Management Scout weeds in tree rows. Document species, growth stage or size and location within the field. Between bloom and when terminal buds set is a critical time for weed control. As temperatures begin to increase, so too will demands for water and nutrients of established and non-bearing trees. Maintaining clean understory beneath the drip zone of the tree canopy with herbicide applications, mowing, mulching or mechanical cultivation are essential. Apply herbicides when weeds are actively growing and before they develop seed heads. If a residual herbicide is applied in late fall or early spring, it should establish good control of weeds through the end of May and into early June. Sun setting after a full day of pruning Zestars. Jake Drefs, Apple Barn Orchard & Winery, Elkhorn WI 9 th International IPM Symposium; Baltimore MD April 08 The sky clears for a sunset after a spring rain. Sara Ecker, Ecker s Apple Farm, Trempealeau WI Green tip: April 7-4, 5 DD (base 50 F) Record date of McIntosh green tip. GFW adult emergence (5 DD) Tight cluster: April 5-30, DD Check RBLR and STLM pheromone traps once per week. RBLR st flight (75 DD) STLM st flight (00 DD) GFW larvae emerge (00 DD) OBLR overwintered larvae (05 DD) Other: Check weather station weekly. Record scab infections, degree days and rainfall Deploy pheromone traps for apples: RBLR and STLM. Scout for ERM eggs near flower and leaf buds Powdery Mildew Powdery mildew (PM) has been an increasing problem the last several years. Mild winters and new varieties that have greater PM susceptibility are the likely culprits. Winter temperatures below -0 F will kill buds infected by the pathogen and reduce inoculum levels the following spring. Fungicide programs may only need to be modified to control PM if infections were found the previous season. Fungicide applications should target PM beginning at tight cluster, i.e., start of PM sporulation, and continue on a five to seven-day cycle through first cover. Apples are the most susceptible to PM infections at petal fall. Blocks with severe infections at the end of a season may experience higher levels of primary inoculum the next spring, if winter temperatures do not kill the pathogen. Common symptoms of PM include the white and leathery conidia that form on the leaf surface and/or inhibited flower bud formation. Peaches on right. Plums on the left : STLM Spotted tentiform leafminer GFW Green fruitworm OBLR Obliquebanded leafroller May 08 Zestar at sunrise. Pink: May -9, DD (50 F) Spring cankerworm larvae (50 DD) ERM hatch (60 DD) Bloom: May 0-4, DD Record date of first blossom open. Check all pheromone traps. Scout weeds in tree rows. LAW st flight (65 DD) CM st flight (80 DD) RBLR larvae (85 DD) Deploy pheromone traps for apples: CM, LAW, OBLR and OFM; and stone fruit: APB and LPTB. Scout for apple scab on the backside of the earliest leaves Petal fall: May 5-3, DD PC adult emergence (50 DD) Record date, 95% McIntosh petal fall, PC oviposition ends after 308 DD are accumulated. Check pheromone traps at least twice per week. Apples: OBLR, OFM, LAW, RBLR and STLM Other: Check weather station weekly. Record scab infections, degree days and rainfall Insect monitoring: PC, DWB, RAA, WAA, OBLR and RBLR; Disease monitoring: apple scab, fire blight and powdery Early-Season Lepidoptera Scout for small GFW & RBLR caterpillars from tight cluster through bloom feeding on terminal leaves and flower clusters. Newly hatched larvae are -3 mm in length. Continue to scout flower clusters and developing fruit for larger larvae between bloom and 30 days past petal fall. Treatment should be considered if need is indicated by block or region history of economic injury or by monitoring using pheromone traps or sampling for damage. Full bloom at Bridal Rock Orchard. Chuck Bremer, Bridal Rock Orchard, Lake City MN LAW Lesser apple worm APB American plum borer LPTB Lesser peach tree borer STLM Spotted tentiform leafminer OBLR Obliquebanded leafroller WAA Woolly apple aphid OFM Oriental fruit moth DWB Dogwood PC Plum curculio RAA Rosy apple aphid June 08 Wild bergamot in our native prairie happy pollinators!

3 Fruit set: June -5, DD (50 F) Deploy SJS monitoring tape. CM larvae (45 DD) OBLR st flight (490 DD) June 6-, DD Complete spray coverage analysis. Begin monitoring leaf-wetting hours for summer diseases. STLM nd flight (60 DD) Deploy DWB pheromone traps June 3-30, DD Apples: OBLR, OFM, LAW, RBLR and STLM. RBLR nd flight (780 DD) Insect monitoring: PC, DWB, RAA, WAA, OBLR and RBLR; Disease monitoring: apple scab, fire blight and powdery Begin mite sampling: ERM, TSSM, ARM and predatory mites Other: Check pheromone traps and weather station weekly. Record scab infections, degree days, leaf-wetting hours and rainfall. Insect monitoring: CM, PC, RAA, WAA, OBLR, RBLR and SJS; Disease monitoring: apple scab, fire blight and powdery Mite sampling: ERM, TSSM, ARM and predatory mites Bitter Pit Nutrient imbalances with nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and boron (B), soil moisture levels, crop load and fruit size can all influence calcium (Ca) levels within fruit and the incidence of bitter pit. The majority of Ca is taken into the fruit between petal fall and the end of July. Ca is relatively immobile within the tree and concentrations can vary between foliage, fruit and soil. Ca sprays should be applied on a two-week interval beginning seven to ten days after petal fall and continuing until harvest; six to eight applications may be necessary. Coverage is important, Ca must contact fruit to be effective. Plum curculio close up! Chris Hoerichs, Little Sioux Orchard, Milford IA Continue scouting for apple scab lesions only if lesions were found during primary scab season LAW Lesser apple worm SJS San Jose scale APB American plum borer LPTB Lesser peach tree borer STLM Spotted tentiform leafminer ARM Apple rust mite OBLR Obliquebanded leafroller TSSM Two-spotted spider mite OFM Oriental fruit moth WAA Woolly apple aphid PC Plum curculio DWB Dogwood borer RAA Rosy apple aphid July 08 A resident praying mantis is the enforcer of our IPM program. Jimmy Thelen, Brightonwoods Orchard, Burlington WI July -8, DD (50 F) AM emergence (900 DD) Change all long-life pheromone lures. July 9-5, DD Scout weeds in tree row. PC summer adults (50 DD) July 6-3, DD CM nd flight (300 DD) Insect monitoring: AM, CM, DWB, RAA, WAA, OBLR, RBLR and SJS; Disease monitoring: apple scab, fire blight, powdery mildew and black, white and bitter rot. Mite sampling: ERM, TSSM, ARM and predatory mites. Deploy AM traps July 4-3, DD Take leaf tissue and soil samples for nutrient analysis. Apples: OBLR, OFM, LAW, RBLR and STLM. STLM 3 rd flight (500 DD) Other: Check pheromone traps and weather station weekly. Record scab infections, degree days, leafwetting hours and rainfall Fruit Sunburn and Heat Injury Fruit sunburn and heat injury can occur as early as mid- July and is still a threat through harvest. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fruit becomes more susceptible to injury with increasing maturity. Very bright days, with high humidity and temperatures greater than 90 F can cause significant problems. Fruit-tissue temperatures can be more than 0 F hotter than air temperatures if it is facing into the sun. Several types of sunburn can occur when fruit-tissue temperatures are above 3 F. Growing conditions including canopy density, variety, fruit size and water stress can also be a factor. Damaged flesh is vulnerable to colonization by various fruit rots. Mitigate the impacts of injury by scheduling frequent irrigation; avoiding summer pruning before or during hot weather; protecting picked fruit from direct sunlight; improving air flow in the orchard to keep fruit cool; and applying sunburn protectants. Part of the roadside pollinator garden AM Apple maggot RAA Rosy apple aphid APB American plum borer LAW Lesser apple worm ARM Apple rust mite LPTB Lesser peach tree borer SJS San Jose scale OBLR Obliquebanded leafroller STLM Spotted tentiform leafminer OFM Oriental fruit moth TSSM Two-spotted spider mite DWB Dogwood borer PC Plum curculio WAA Woolly apple aphid August 08 Gala apples on a warm, late-summer afternoon. August -8, DD (50 F) OBLR nd flight (550 DD) 3 4 August 9-5, DD RBLR 3 rd flight (950 DD) August 6-3, DD August 4-3, DD Complete pre-harvest damage assessment. Continue to maintain AM traps to catch any lateseason activity. Growers have experienced severe crop losses from late-season AM when the right conditions occur to favor it. Insect monitoring: AM, CM, DWB, RAA, WAA, OBLR, RBLR and SJS; Disease monitoring: apple scab, fire blight, powdery mildew, black, white and bitter rot. Mite sampling: ERM, TSSM, ARM and predatory mites Other: Check pheromone traps and weather station weekly. Record scab infections, degree days, leafwetting hours and rainfall. Harvest Preparation: Listeria Do not harvest apples that have fallen on the ground. Orchards applying manure should only apply wellcomposted manure. Use potable water for irrigating and applying pesticides. Avoid transporting harvest containers through central sorting and packing area; restrict harvest containers to a portion of facility. Clean and sanitize containers frequently and any containers that are contaminated with soil before moving into storage or packinghouse. Inspect containers for damage during cleaning. Reduce the amount of standing water and condensation present in storage and packinghouse. Condensation is common when bringing fruit out of coolers. Covering apples until they come up to room temperature will prevent condensation from settling on fruit. Drains can harbor Listeria. Probiotics, rather than sanitizers, can be added to drains to outcompete the pathogen. Solid plastic and brush conveyors are the easiest to sanitize. Growers with foam and wood conveyors need to take extra precautions when cleaning and sanitizing. Washing fruit with only water will not impact Listeria. Many small retailers choose to keep fruit dry by dry polishing rather than rinsing or washing. The next generation of Wisconsin apple growers. Insect monitoring: AM, CM, OBLR and RBLR; Disease monitoring: apple scab, sooty blotch, fly speck, black, white and bitter rot AM Apple maggot RAA Rosy apple aphid APB American plum borer LAW Lesser apple worm ARM Apple rust mite LPTB Lesser peach tree borer SJS San Jose scale OBLR Obliquebanded leafroller STLM Spotted tentiform leafminer OFM Oriental fruit moth TSSM Two-spotted spider mite DWB Dogwood borer PC Plum curculio WAA Woolly apple aphid September 08 Brightly colored Ambrosia apples on a sunny fall day. Todd Hanson, Apple Blossom Orchard and Market, Black Creek WI 3

4 September -8, DD (50 F) Complete the pre-harvest damage assessment. Check all pheromone traps. Continue to maintain AM traps through September to catch any late-season activity. Growers have experienced severe crop losses from late-season AM when the right conditions occur to favor it Insect monitoring: AM, CM, OBLR and RBLR; Disease monitoring: apple scab, sooty blotch, fly speck, and black, white and bitter rots Promoting Winter Hardiness Keep soils adequately hydrated throughout entire growing season, to help regulate soil temperatures and reduce tree stress. Monitor nutrient status by reviewing leaf and soil analysis to determine if nutrient applications need to be completed after harvest to help correct deficiencies. Newly planted trees are more sensitive to cold temperatures and extreme temperature fluctuations. Mulching and adequate water can help reduce stress going into dormancy. Mulching with hardwood mulch has not been found to promote rodent injury. Terminal buds should be set one month ahead of the first frost. Apogee (45 day pre-harvest interval) can be applied in late August/ early September to halt vegetative growth. Effects of Apogee should be visible within a week following application. Our harvest crew takes a break for a group photo AM Apple maggot OBLR Obliquebanded leafroller October 08 The last pick-your-own tractor ride of the season. Moriah Cowles, Shelburne Orchards, Shelburne VT Remove monitoring traps from the orchard. Store reusable traps indoors until next season Scout weeds in tree rows. Document species, growth stage or size and location in the block. Herbicide applications should have an intended target and be made only if need is indicated by weed scouting Use the following reference for Identification of Common Wisconsin Weeds, ipcm.wisc.edu/download/pubspm/cropscouting WeedGuide DRAFT.pdf Rodent Management Mow grass between rows to remove shelter for voles and mice. Paint tree trunks with undiluted white latex paint or install tree guards. Painting trunks with white latex paint has also been found to prevent dogwood borer infestation and reduce winter sunscald. Deploy rodenticides in bait stations when groundcover undergoes senescence. Avoid broadcasting grain-based rodenticides to reduce risks to non-targets including birds. Vole damage occurs when ground cover is dormant. Tree injury does not typically occur when groundcover is actively growing. Monitoring protocol for voles: extension.missouri.edu/p/g9445. Waking from a well-deserved afternoon cat nap following harvest. Scott Kee, Sacia Orchards, Galesville WI November 08 First big snowfall of the year creates a beautiful morning scenery. Scout for rodent activity and/or damage. 3 Chop leaf debris prior to green tip with a flail or rotary mower Daylight savings time Apple Scab Management Make an early season application of urea prior to green tip or in fall during leaf drop. Include application rates in total planned nitrogen and base on foliar and nutrient analysis results. Spraying the surface of the leaves on the ground with urea may reduce spores by about 66%. Use feed-grade urea (46-0-0) and mix a 5% solution in water. A 5% solution would be 44 lb. of urea per 00 gallons of water. Feed-grade urea dissolves in water much easier than granular (fertilizer-grade) urea. It is best to use an herbicide sprayer with a boom, but an airblast sprayer with only the lower nozzle(s) turned on, may also be used. If an herbicide sprayer is used thoroughly clean before applying urea; for a comprehensive cleaning checklist visit: sprayers0.com/cleaning-your-sprayer/. Make spring applications approximately two to four weeks before bud break, with a longer interval being more effective. A 5% urea solution supplies about 0 lbs. of actual nitrogen (N) per acre which should be counted towards meeting any nitrogen needed. Note: do not apply to highly vigorous growing trees or trees with history of fire blight. Ashmead's Kernel: A bushel of burnished gold December 08 Fresh snow covers the orchard. Chuck Bremer, Bridal Rock Orchard, Lake City MN 4

5 Review pre-harvest damage assessment to evaluate performance of IPM program and plan for next year. Monitor fruit in storage for post-harvest diseases and disorders. Precision Pruning Precision pruning uses the latest science to help growers confidently prune high-density blocks to achieve a target-crop load. Pruning high-density trees requires more than several thinning and heading cuts to open up a canopy and remove old wood. To get the greatest yield return, modern orchards need to be pruned to a target-bud load.. These targets are unique for each block and will complement the thinning program. Unknown variables including weather, labor and biennial bearing cultivars can radically influence results. Precision pruning offers a science-based alternative to reduce flower buds, improve light distribution and control tree size. This approach minimizes the guess work and will help to mitigate the influence of external variables. Learn how other growers are using this to achieve their goals, goodfruit.com/achieving-the-optimal-crop-load/. A Northern Spy gets its yearly haircut Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo; Grand Rapids MI Preferred Pesticides for Advanced Tree Fruit IPM Disease Management Insect/Mite Management Weed Management Trade Name Active Ingredient EPA Reg No REI Trade Name Active Ingredient EPA Reg No REI Trade Name Active Ingredient EPA Reg No REI Actigard 50WG acibenzolar-s-methyl 00-9 Acramite 50 WS bifenazate ,4-D,4-D Agri-Mycin 7 streptomycin sulfate Actara thiamethoxam Aim EC carfentrazone-ethyl Aprovia benzovindiflupyr Admire Pro imidacloprid Alion indaziflam Badge SC copper hydroxide, Alias 4F imidacloprid Chateau WDG flumioxazin copper oxychloride Altacor chlorantraniliprole Blossom Protect Aureobasidium Credit 4 Extra glyphosate Assail 30 SG acetamiprid pullulans Avaunt indoxacarb Fusilade DX fluazifop-p-butyl Captan 80 WDG captan Aza-Direct azadirachtin Gramoxone paraquat dichloride Champ WG copper hydroxide Inteon Belay clothianidin C-O-C-S WDG copper oxychloride, Makaze glyphosate Beleaf 50 SG flonicamid 75-0 copper sulfate Matrix SG rimsulfuron Centaur WDG buprofezin 77- Cueva copper octanoate CheckMate -dodecanol, Poast Herbicide sethoxydim Cuprofix Ultra 40 copper sulfate CM-XL 000 tetradecanol Princep simazine Disperss CYD-X Cydia pomonella Prowl HO pendimethalin Double Nickel 55 Bacillus granulovirus Rely 80 glufosinate-ammonium amyloliquefaciens Damoil mineral oil Roundup glyphosate Flint trifloxystrobin Delegate WG spinetoram Sandea halosulfuron-methyl Fontelis penthiopyrad Deliver Bacillus Scythe pelargonic acid Indar F fenbuconazole thuringiensis Inspire Super cyprodinil, Select Max clethodim Dipel DF Bacillus difenoconazole Simazine 4L simazine thuringiensis Kasumin L kasugamycin Sinbar WDG terbacil Entrust spinosad Kocide 3000 copper hydroxide Envidor SC spirodiclofen Stinger clopyralid Luna Sensation fluopyram, trifloxystrobin Esteem 35 WP pyriproxyfen Other Manzate Pro-Stick mancozeb Exirel cyantraniliprole Amid-Thin W -naphthaleneacetamide Merivon fluxapyroxad, FujiMite 5EC fenpyroximate 77-9 Apogee prohexadione calcium pyraclostrobin Grandevo Chromobacterium Blush prohydrojasmon Penncozeb 75 DF mancozeb subtsugae Phostrol phosphorus acid Ethephon ethephon Intrepid F methoxyfenozide Polyram 80 DF metiram Fruitone L -naphthaleneacetic acid Kanemite 5 SC acequinocyl Pristine boscalid, pyraclostrobin Lorsban 75 WG* chlorpyrifos MaxCel 6-benzyladenine Procure 480 SC triflumizole Montana imidacloprid Promalin 6-benzyladenine, ProPhyt potassium phosphite Movento spirotetramat gibberellins A4A7 Rally 40 WSP myclobutanil Nealta cyflumetofen Sevin XLR Plus carbaryl Regalia Reynoutria PFR-97 Isaria fumosorosea sachalinensis PyGanic EC pyrethrins 0-77 Lime-Sulfur Solution calcium polysulfide Sivanto 00 SL flupyradifurone Scholar SC fludioxonil EPA Reg No EPA registration number Surround WP kaolin Serenade MAX Bacillus subtilis REI Restricted-entry interval (hours) Venerate XC Burkholderia spp PHI Pre-harvest interval (days) Sovran kresoxim-methyl Wrangler imidacloprid Syllit FL dodine Zeal etoxazole *Recommended as a trunk spray for trunk borers only. To avoid Flowable Sulfur sulfur contact with fruit, apply when fruit are not present. If fruit are Topguard Specialty flutriafol IMPORTANT: All of the above products may not be present, use a hand wand, shielded sprayer or other method to Topsin M WSB thiophanate-methyl registered in every state. Please confirm the product is avoid spray drift. Vangard WG cyprodinil labeled for use in your state. Vintage SC fenarimol Pesticide EPA registration numbers may vary by manufacture, use product label to verify. Date Block Applicator Pesticide Recordkeeping Spreadsheet Growth REI PHI Acres Target Pest Trade Name Active Ingredient EPA Reg No Rate Unit Stage (hours) (days) Treated Note: You can print this template to use as a wall calendar. You can also copy the slide for any month to add to your own presentation. 08 Apple A Day IPM Calendar Use the following formula to calculate degree days for codling Sprayer and Tractor Calibration: An Easy Way To Save moth development Over the course of ten pesticide applications, just a two gallon per acre (GPA) high temperature + low temperature discrepancy at 50 GPA can result in an additional 800 gallons of water and pesticide 50 degree days on 40 acres. At $50 - $60 per acre in pesticide costs, you will spend an additional $800 to $000 that could be saved through proper calibration. The upper and lower developmental parameters for CM are 86 and 50 F. If The example below shows how this two GPA difference can happen with only a the daily high/low temperature is warmer or cooler than the upper or lower slight change in your tractor s ground speed. The savings are real. Call Peter Werts limits use the upper or lower developmental parameters (86 or 50 F) at today to set up a sprayer calibration appointment for spring 08. instead of the daily high/low temperature. Note: You can print this template to use as a wall calendar. You can also copy the slide for any month to add to your own presentation. Example : May, high 56, low 4 F F 50 3 DD Example : July 7, high 93, low 7 F F 50 9 DD Example 3: August 8, high 78, low 5 F F 50 5 DD Foliar Calcium Rates for Commercial Products Ideally apply 6-8 applications per season (4- lb. actual calcium/acre). Rate per 00 Actual lb. Ca Product* % Ca gallons/ acre applied Calcium chloride (CaCl ) 8% 4 lb./ 00. Calcium nitrate [Ca(NO 3) ] 0% 7 lb./ 00.4 Nutri-Cal 8% gal./ Pit-Cal % gal./ 00.4 Stopit % gal./ 00.3 *Always read and follow product label instructions. Adapted from M. Stasiak, Researcher, Peninsular Agriculture Research Station, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Nutrient Guidelines for Wisconsin Apple and Cherry Orchards (00). Tractor Ground Speed Calibration Holland TN95F Tractor model: New Date: 3/9/08 Displayed Speed Calibrated Speed Difference Distance Speed Speed Ground Tractor 4. mph Average displayed v. one two speed actual speed GPS 4. mph 450 ft. 78 sec. 78 sec. 78 sec. 3.9 mph 5% Calibrated Ground Speed Distance (ft.) X X 3.9 MPH Time (sec.) Airblast Sprayer Calibration and Impact from 5% Change in Speed Gallons Per Acre Tractor/GPS Speed, 0 ft. Row Center, 4. mph Total GPM x x GPA mph x row space (ft.) 4. x 0 8 Gallons Per Acre Calibrated Speed, 0 ft. Row Center, 3.9 mph Total GPM X x GPA mph x row space (ft.) 3.9 x 0 78 IPM Institute of North America S. Paterson St. Ste. 380, Madison WI , pwerts@ipminstitute.org, tbernard@ipminstitute.org ipminstitute.org/specialtycrops, ipminstitute.org/appletalk 5