Managing Nematodes in Vineyards

Transcription

1 Managing Nematodes in Vineyards Andy Walker

2 Thanks! CA Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission / CA Grape Rootstock Research Foundation CDFA NT, FT, GV Improvement Advisory Board American Vineyard Foundation CA Table Grape Commission Louis P. Martini Endowed Chair in Viticulture E&J Gallo Winery

3 Why Worry About Nematodes? Serious replant consideration Loss of nematicides and fumigants Evolution of aggressive nematode strains Specific resistance in current rootstocks Unable to rotate vineyards - although can and should rotate rootstock use Spread on root systems and equipment

4 Nematode effects on grapes Abnormal cell growth that results in characteristic swellings - galls. Disruption of the vascular tissue altering the translocation of water and nutrients to the shoots - desiccation, K and other deficiencies. Cracked galls and roots leads to root decay and loss. Vectoring of viruses - grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV).

5 Meloidogyne spp. (arenaria, incognita, javanica, chitwoodi, and??) root-knot nematodes

6 Tylenchulus semipenetrans citrus nematode

7 (sensu lato) Xiphinema americanum dagger nematode

8 Criconemoides xenoplax ring nematode - +

9 Pratylenchus vulnus root lesion nematode

10 Xiphinema index dagger nematode

11 Fanleaf Degeneration Disease complex caused by GFLV and vectored by the dagger nematode, Xiphinema index One rootstock alternative exists - O rotundifolia is the key Phylloxera, root-knot nematode and excessive vigor concerns. 89 Series and others in testing, but

12 Nematode/Grape Interactions Nematodes are spread with agriculture - soil movement, distribution of plant materials. Native vegetation sites are unlikely to harbor grape damaging nematodes. Sites previously in agriculture are more likely to harbor grape damaging nematodes. Fallow from annual agriculture can be short (roots die quickly) long term fallow needed when following trees or vines (very long lived roots). Nematodes encyst and likely to persist longer than expected.

13 60 days in the bag

14 Nematode/Grape Interactions Root-knot, lesion, and citrus nematodes are primarily found in coarse textured soils, but lots of exceptions. Association with agriculture is key factor. Ring and X. americanum on many soils. Xiphinema index was distributed to, and does well in, many soils. Fanleaf seems less severe in hot climates.

15 California Grapes: Co-distribution of Nematodes Northern Interior/Foothills Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus North Coast Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Central Coast Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Central Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Southern Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax

16 Rootstock Origin First developed to address grape phylloxera in the late 1800s The French came to the US to collect species resistant to phylloxera Took back cuttings of many, but only V. riparia and V. rupestris rooted well from dormant cuttings Later added V. berlandieri for lime tolerance

17 How to Choose a Rootstock Hard to make the perfect choice / Avoid making a bad choice Want an inverse relationship between soil (water holding capacity/depth/fertility) and rootstock vigor. Production factors include: climate and affect on fruit quality; marketing fruit or wine; tons per acre required

18 Other Rootstock Issues Replant vs. new site (grapes following grapes) Virus induced incompatibility Important/critical to use certified stock and scion Desired clones are may not be certified Availability

19 V. riparia Missouri River

20 V. rupestris Jack Fork River, MO

21 V. berlandieri Fredericksburg, TX

22 V. riparia x V. rupestris Useful on fertile, non-calcareous soils Root system spaced evenly in the soil profile Nematode resistance varies Easy to root and graft, mothervines vary some with short canes and abundant laterals, others with long canes and few laterals

23 101-14Mgt Good phylloxera resistance, good nematode resistance (root-knot and dagger) Moderate vigor, lime sensitive and not drought tolerant not adapted to deficit irrigation practices Useful on wet soils, but not on heavy cracking clays Very widely used in California - a good generalist rootstock Very easy to root and graft Mothervine with long canes and few laterals

24 Schwarzmann Good phylloxera and nematode resistance Moderate vigor, roots and grafts well, mothervine has long canes and few laterals Not widely used in California and much like Mgt in appearance - with a more puckered leaf surface Might have better nodosity resistance than

25 1616C V. solonis x V. riparia Very good nematode resistance Low vigor - nematodes and high vigor soils Good phylloxera resistance Easy to root and propagate and good mothervine growth - long canes and few laterals Judged too weak in the past; recent experience - lower pruning weights, but relatively high fruitfulness

26 V. berlandieri x V. riparia Selected for phylloxera resistance, lime tolerance and moderate vigor Generally shallow to moderate rooting depth Most derived from the Teleki hybrids - a Hungarian breeder (1880s) Many have moderate to good nematode resistance Excellent mothervines with long canes, few internodes Graft and root moderately well - 420A Mgt difficult

27 Teleki 5C / SO4 Moderate vigor Moderate nematode resistance 5C does not respond well to deficit irrigation, less experience with SO4 Graft unions show scion overgrowth Very similar in appearance and growth habit Almost all of UCD source SO4 was 5C before 1992 Use declining in California

28 Kober 5BB Relatively high vigor and deepest roots in this group Better nematode resistance - root-knot and dagger No fanleaf degeneration tolerance Graft over growth may be as pronounced as 5C Very intolerant of viruses that cause graft failure Very similar in appearance to 5C, but female, leaf edges turn up and red T

29 Börner V. cinerea x V. riparia produced by Börner and Becker Very good nematode and phylloxera resistance; fanleaf testing underway Relatively hard to root and graft Field performance has been inconsistent - on some sites growth is very weak and on others very strong

30 V. berlandieri x V. rupestris This group was developed for drought and lime tolerance in warmer, drier parts of Europe Have deeper root systems to avoid drought Limited nematode resistance, good phylloxera resistance Most are shrubby mothervines and produce short canes and many laterals Some are more difficult to root and graft

31 1103P Relatively high vigor; >110R and <140Ru Moderate nematode resistance, good salt tolerance Widely used in California because it roots and grafts well, and produces more graftable canes Adaptable, but better on low vigor sites or large canopy trellis and spacing systems

32 V. champinii - Based Rootstocks A natural hybrid of V. candicans x V. rupestris champinioid Very vigorous Drought tolerant due to deep root system Broad nematode resistance; do not tolerate fanleaf degeneration Often more difficult to propagate

33 Ramsey (Salt Creek) Selected by T.V. Munson. Salt Creek is V. doaniana. Very good nematode, moderate phylloxera resistance, induces very high vigor in scions Good for sandy low vigor soils; rotate to other nematode resistant rootstocks Good salt tolerance, widely used in droughty, saline, shallow soils in Australia Dog Ridge is more vigorous (V. candicans x V. berlandieri?)

34 Freedom & Harmony Freedom has greater vigor and easily propagated, high K uptake Not phylloxera resistant - have vinifera in their parentage; aggressive root-knot nematode strains exist Good for sandy low vigor soils; rotate to other nematode resistant rootstocks Freedom is very intolerant of viruses that induce graft failure

35 VR O39-16 & O43-43 V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia siblings Only sources of tolerance to fanleaf degeneration O43-43 susceptible to phylloxera, O39-16 susceptible to root-knot nematodes May act as natural nematicides High vigor, respond well to deficit irrigation and cover crops; poor growth on limestone soils Hard to propagate

36 Evan Goldman Xi /Xa Population Sampling

37 Evan Goldman Xi / Xa Population Sampling

38 Nematode Resistant Rootstocks Dog Ridge, Ramsey (Salt Creek) Freedom, Harmony O39-16*, 1103P 5BBB, Schwarzmann,101-14Mgt, Börner?, 5C, SO4, 1616C italics = moderate resistance * = not root-knot resistant

39 RS-3 & RS-9 (Ramsey x Schwarzmann) Bred by David Ramming, selected by Mike McKenry; released in 2003 limited trial data RS-3 (1103P+) is more vigorous than RS-9 (101-14Mgt) Good nematode resistance RKN and X. index Designed to have better nematode and phylloxera resistance than Freedom/Harmony, but less vigor than Ramsey/Dog Ridge

40 Peter Cousins USDA Rootstocks Released in 2010 as alternatives to Freedom Matador and Minotaur siblings from a cross of Mgt x 3-1A (candicans x rupestris) Kingfisher 4-12A (Dog Ridge x rufotomentosa) x V. riparia Resistant to Harmony and Freedom strains of root-knot nematode Field testing at UC Kearney Station

41 Rootstock Breeding Genetic mapping to allow MAS and stacking / combining traits Add salt and drought resistance to the GRN rootstocks Add ring resistance from rotundifolia Add vigor control and virus tolerance Campus rootstock trials with and 1103P standards Field trials (in collaboration with farm advisors/growers) and pre-release to FPS

42 GRN Parentages GRN-1 = rupestris x rotundifolia Cowart GRN-2 = (rufotomentosa x (Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x Riparia Gloire GRN-3 = (rufotomentosa x (Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x champinii c9038 GRN-4 = (rufotomentosa x (Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x champinii c9038 GRN-5 = (Ramsey x Riparia Gloire) x champinii c9021

43 GRN-1 thru GRN-5 Resist 3 strains of root-knot including two that feed on Harmony and Freedom, and Xiphinema index. Resist all the above in one inoculum Resist all the above at high soil temperatures And

44 New Rootstock Summary Citrus Nematode Ring Nematode Lesion Nematode Pin Nematode Phylloxera Nodosities GRN-1 R R MR MR HR GRN-2 MS MS MR MR HR GRN-3 MR MR MR MR R GRN-4 MR MR MR MS R GRN-5 MR R MR MR MS They all resist all 3 strains of root-knot, X. index, these combined, and at high temperatures

45 GRN Trial at Gallo Lodi Malbec; Wye Rootstock trellis; quads, 5x11 spacing Yield (kg), 29Sep14 Cluster number, 29Sep14 Pruning Wts. (kg), 8Feb15 Adjusted Prn Wts (lbs) RS a a 3.06 a RS ab ab ab GRN ab bcd bcd GRN ab de de St. Geo 15.5 ab abcd abcd GRN b cde cde b ab 3.42 ab O b abc 3.74 abc Harmony 16.4 b abc abc GRN b e e 1103P 16.6 b bcd bcd 3309C 17.2 b abc abc GRN b cde cde Fanleaf, root-knot, ring, X. americanum

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47 Resistance of D1 group rootstock selections (GRN-3 x X. index and PD resistance) HarmA & C root-knot nematodes Genotype Egg masses/g root Genotype Egg masses/g root D R D MS D R D MS D R D MS D R D MS D R D S D R D S D MR St. George 38.5 S D MR D S MR Harmony 52.5 S D MR D S D MS D S D MS D S D MS Colombard S D MS D S

48 Resistance of D group rootstock selections ( x GRN-2; x GRN-4; C x rot. Trayshed) to Harm A&C and X. index Root knot Dagger Root knot Dagger Genotype Galls/g Galls/g Galls/g Galls/g Genotype root root root root D R 0.0 R J R 0.3 R D R 0.0 R D R 0.0 R D R 0.0 R D R 4.4 MR D R 0.0 R J R 1.4 MR D R 0.0 R D R 6.6 MS D R 0.0 R D R 0.0 R E R 0.0 R D MR 2.4 MS E R 0.0 R D MR 3.6 MS D R 0.6 R D MR 0.0 R D R 0.7 R D MR 0.0 R D R 1.8 MR G MR 0.0 R D R 9.9 MS J MR 0.0 R J R 0.3 R MR 0.0 R D R 0.0 R J MS 0.0 R D R 4.4 MR D MS 0.0 R

49 Resistance of grape rootstock selection series ( x rot. Trayshed) to Ring Nematode (C. xenoplax, Fresno population) Genotype Nematodes/g root Genotype Nematodes/g root R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R MR R MR R MR O R MR R MR R MR R MS R St. George S R Colombard S R Harmony S R

50 Genotype Galls/g Root X. index HarmonyA&C Ring Resist Egg mass/g Root Resist Nemas/g Root Resist UCD GRN1 0.0 R 0.0 R 29.3 R E R 0.0 R MR E R 0.0 R MR E R 0.0 R MR E R 0.0 R MS E R 0.0 R MS E R 0.0 R MS E R 0.0 R S E R 0.3 MR MS E R 0.8 MR S E R 1.5 MR MS E R 5.2 MR S Harmony 0.0 R 17.0 S S E MR 0.0 R MS E MR 0.0 R MS E MR 25.2 S S E MR 0.0 R S E MR 10.7 MS S E MR 0.0 R MR Genotype Galls/g Root X. index HarmonyA&C Ring Resist Egg mass/g Root Resist Nemas/ g Root Resist E MR 0.0 R MS E MR 0.0 R MR E MR 0.0 R MR E MR 1.3 MR S E MR 3.1 MR S E MR 0.0 R MS E MR 14.6 MS S E MS 4.5 MR S E MS 11.8 MS S E MS 20.5 S S E MS 5.4 MR MS E MS 50.2 S MR E MS 0.9 MR S E MS 0.0 R MS E MS 0.0 R MR E MS 0.0 R MS Colomb S 59.3 S S St. George 56.7 S 22.9 S S E Series Selections

51 Root-knot Ring Genotype Egg masses/g root Nematodes/g root E R 1 R E R 7 R GRN1 0 R 7 R E R 24 R E R 53 R E23-36* 0 R 80 R E R 132 MR E R 198 MR E R 301 MR E R 331 MR E R 345 MR E R 373 MR E R 393 MR E R 409 MR E R 414 MR E R 494 MR E R 533 MS E R 545 MS E R 573 MS E R 574 MS E R 604 MS E R 613 MS E R 648 MS E R 696 MS Root-knot Ring Genotype Egg masses/g root Nematodes/g root E R 706 MS R 731 MS E R 753 MS E R 880 MS E R 1063 S E R 1262 S E R 1363 S E R 1403 S E R 1427 S E R 1468 S E R 1507 S E R 1544 S E R 1639 S E R 1760 S E R 2286 S E R 2443 S E R E R E R E MR 2123 S E MR 271 MR E MR 942 MS * Ramsey x (8909 & GRN4)

52 Thanks!