Grafted Solaneceae Vegetable Seedlings. "in TURKEY"

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1 Grafted Solaneceae Vegetable Seedlings "in TURKEY" Dr. Abdullah ÜNLÜ General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies

2 Agriculture in Turkey Turkey is one of the rare countries in terms of agriculture. Quality fruits and vegetables can be grown in good conditions. Through Its suitable for the production, productive with large agricultural areas geographical position ecological differences in the various regions

3 Total Vegetable Production and Yield in the World and Turkey in 2013 year Agriculture in Turkey Production (Tonnes) Yield (Hg/Ha) Turkey World Source: FAO Stasitical Database, 2015

4 Agriculture in Turkey Other vegetables % 6 Root and tuber vegetables % 11 Vegetables cultivated for their fruits % 83 Figure: Range of vegetables according to product groups in Turkey. Source: Turkey Stasitical Database, 2015

5 Agriculture in Turkey Some Solanaceae Vegetable Crops Production in the World and Turkey in 2013 year Species World Production (tonnes) Turkey Production (tonnes) World Ranking of Turkey Tomato Pepper Eggplant Source: FAO Stasitical Database, 2015.

6 Agriculture in Turkey Turkey ranks second in Europe with hectares for the presence of greenhouse. Under protective cover production, especially in the Mediterranean coast are intensive. Vegetable production are concentrated under protected cultivation in the Antalya region in winter, in outdoor in summer in Bursa.

7 Agriculture in Turkey Most of the grown vegetable crops under protected cultivation in Turkey Approximately 45 % of the seed of hybrid varieties are foreign origin in Turkey.

8 Agriculture in Turkey Main problem in Solanaceae vegetables production areas are soil borne pathogens in Turkey Host plant Tomato Pepper Eggplant Primary pathogenes Meloidogyne spp. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici Meloidogyne spp. Phytophthora capsici Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasifenctum Meloidogyne spp. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melongenae Verticillium dahliae

9 GRAFTED SEEDLING IN TURKEY

10 Number of Nursery Grafted seedling in Turkey Commercially grafted seedling usage in Turkey has begun in Grafted seedling production increased 230-fold in between 1998 and (in 1998) ; ; 36 (in 2013) Number of grafted seedling

11 Grafted seedling in Turkey Rootstock usage first began in tomato, then watermelon, eggplant, cucumber took place and each year many commercial rootstocks are being recorded to use in these species.

12 Grafted seedling in Turkey Distribution of grafted seedling Eggplant ; Cucumber ; Melon; Pepper; Tomato; Watermelon;

13 Grafted seedling in Turkey

14 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) played major role on increasing of using grafted seedling by its international project Phase Out MeBr MeBr was one of the traditional, preferred options for controlling soilborne pathogens in horticulture. Two demonstration projects on alternatives had been undertaken with funding from the Multilateral Fund by UNIDO and the World Bank, which helped determine the alternatives most suited to Turkish conditions, an investment project Phase out of MB for soil fumigation in protected horticulture and cut flower production in Turkey carried out with UNIDO as implementing agency in between 2003 and 2007.

15 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Several study to investigate possible positive effects of grafting and use of different rootstocks on the fruit yield, characteristics and quality attributes of tomato, eggplant, pepper, watermelon and melon plants was carried out. The project has worked with model farms that agree to work with alternatives and implement them under commercial conditions.

16 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Once the model farms are having success, a larger group of growers is supported with technical assistance and necessary materials (rootstock seedlings, plastic and others) so they can also implement the technique. An even larger group is monitored and offered technical assistance, to ensure dissemination and proper adoption of the alternatives. Overall, 48 model farms have participated in the grafting seedling technique; 2270 growers were supported and more than people have been trained through the project on MB alternatives, where IPM and GAP were an essential part of training.

17 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM ROOTSTOCKS USED IN TRAILS Crops Rootstocks Tomato He-man F1 Vigomax F1 Spirit F1 Rootex F1 Beaufort F1 Maxifort F1 Pepper Atlanta F1 AR-90 F1 Tresor F1 Snooker F1 BATEM F1 BATEM 2 Eggplant S. torvum Balaurio F1 BATEM S. torvum Melon Maximus F1 Strongtosa F1 Nun-9075 F1 Obez F1 RS-841 Watemelon Maximus F1 Strongtosa F1 Nun-9075 F1 Obez F1 RS-841

18 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM ADOPTION OF SEEDLING GRAFTING TECHNIQUE IN TOMATO ROOTSTOCKS First Flowering Date (day) Plant Length (cm) Fruit Weight (gr) Shelf Life (day) Early Yield (kg/da) Total Yield (kg/da) Spirit F1+İkram F1 16 a 121,5 b b 5.332,6 ab a Rootex F1+İkram F1 21 c 117,3 b c 4.615,7 c bc He-Man F1+İkram F1 18 b 119,8 b c 5.061,5 bc ab Beaufort F1+İkram F1 18 b 116,3 b c 4.888,2 bc ab Maxifort F1+İkram F1 21 c 120,1 b c 4.742,1 c b Vigomax F1+İkram F1 18 b 116,9 b a 4.751,6 c bc Non-Grafted İkram F1 16 a 128,7 a d 5.660,8 a c Probability 0,001 0,001 NS 0,001 0,001 0,01

19 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Vigomax F1 +Astona F1 Heman F1 +Astona F1V Beaufort F1 +Astona F1V Spirit F1 +Astona F1 Regular Astona F1 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici Rootex F1 +Astona F1V

20 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Beaufort F1+Astona F1 Spirit F1+Astona F1 Shelf life

21 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM YIELD AND SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS IN BATEM S PEPPER MODEL GREENHOUSE ROOTSTOCKS Plant Length (cm) Fruit Weight (gr) Early Yield (kg/da) Total Yield (kg/da) 69,90 a 39 ab 572,86 a 4.970,15 ab Non grafted Kuşak F1 Snooker F1+Kuşak F1 69,82 a 42 ab 339,53 b 4.649,9 ab BATEM 1+Kuşak F1 63,39 b 39 ab 339,29 b 4.283,23 c Atlanta F1+Kuşak F1 70,87 a 39 ab 245,01 bc 5.182,46 a Arg 6023 F1+Kuşak F1 71,32 a 37 b 198,58 cd 4.862,52 bc Troser F1+Kuşak F1 73,50 a 43 a 142,15 d 4.515,88 bc Probability 0,001 0,01 0,001 0,001

22 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM

23 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM YIELD AND SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS IN EGGPLANT MODEL GREENHOUSE ROOTSTOCKS First Flowering Date (day) Plant Length (cm) Fruit Weight (gr) Early Yield (kg/da) Total Yield (kg/da) S. torvum-i+phaselis F1 29,0 117,0 ab 168,3 a 630 b ,5 d S. torvum-b+phaselis F1 28,6 113,5 bc 168,0 a 777 b ,0 b AGR 703 F1+Phaselis F1 28,8 120,3 a 164,3 a 693 b ,0 a Non grafted Phaselis F1 28,6 111,5 c 157,0b a ,0 c Probability NS 0,05 0,05 0,

24 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM S. torvum -ITALY +Phaselis F1 S. torvum-batem +Phaselis F1 Regular Phaselis F1 AGR 703 F1 +Phaselis F1 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melongenae

25 Colour Shape

26 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Yields in grafted eggplants increased by 25-30% in comparison to nongrafted plants. Notably the quality of the fruits in grafted plants was much higher than the quality of the fruits in non-grafted plants and they achieved better prices on market. The planting density (16,000-25,000 plants/ Ha) does not vary significantly due to the particular structure of the plant; however, some growers are finding it possible to leave grafted plants in production for several years. Losses from diseases and nematodes are minimum (Yilmaz et al., 2007). Yields increased from two to 3.5 times according to the rootstock used, mainly as a result of disease control (namely Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum, which affected between 10 and 30% of the non-grafted plants) and increased fruit weight and number (Yilmaz et al., 2006, 2007).

27 Training and Extension Studies Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Method Target Mass Quantity Workshops 1. Growers, consultants, technical personnel and others 80x6 480 Seminar and 1. Project staff 35x10 Meetings 2. Technical staff in Province 287 directories 3. Pesticide and Fertilizer retailer Cut flower growers Vegetable growers Private sector Civilian people organisation Trainings in abroad 26 Total 2612 Radio and TV Programes Writing Press And other parts related to this subject in society And other parts related to this subject in people 19 12

28 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Publication Studies Method Target mass Subject Quantity Books Growers, consultants and other related sides Tomato, pepper, cucurbits, eggplant, carnation, Rose gerbera, soilless culture Documentary Growers, consultants and other related sides Tomato, pepper, cucurbits, eggplant, carnation, Rose gerbera, soilless culture 2 hours Hand Brochure Growers 23 different subject Poster Related parts in society 3 different subject Reports UNIDO, UN Ozone Office Project Progress Report 9 Sticker Growers 6 different MeBr Alternatives 1800

29 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM THE EFECTS OF USING SOME ROOTSTOCK ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN EGGPLANT (Solanum melongenae L.) The effects of using some rootstocks on yield and yield components in eggplant investigated in this study. S. torvum, Yedi F1 and Kemerit F1 were used as rootstocks and grafted to Nilo F1. According to the findings; the difference between rootstocks was statistically important in I., II., III. class and total fruit number with I., II., III. class and total fruit weight, fruit length.

30 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM a b c Figure 1. Rootstocks used in the study a: Kemerit F1, b:yedi F1, c: S. torvum

31 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Applications Early Yield (kg/parcel) Fruit width (cm) Fruit length (cm) Kemerit F1+Nilo F b 4.9 ab 30.4 a S. torvum+nilo F a 4.8 ab 26.3 ab Nilo F ab 4.6 b 24.5 b Yedi F1+Nilo F b 5.2 a 30.3 a α = 0,05 t= 2,44691

32 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Applications Kemerit F1+Nilo F1 S. torvum+nilo F1 First class fruit number (number/parcel) Second class fruit number (number/parcel) Third class fruit number (number/parcel) Total fruit number (number/parcel) a ab a a b b b b Nilo F c b a b Yedi F1+Nilo F ab a a a α = 0,05 t= 2,44691

33 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM Uygulamalar Kemerit F1+Nilo F1 S. torvum+nilo F1 First class fruit weight (kg/parcel) Second class fruit weight (kg/parcel) Third class fruit weight (kg/parcel) Total fruit weight (kg/parcel) a 9.90 b 6.00 a a a 9.45 b 4.56 b b Nilo F b 7.12 c 5.63 a c Yedi F1+Nilo F a a 5.78 a a α = 0,05 t= 2,44691

34 Projects on Grafted Plants of BATEM The best results were obtained from Kemerit F1 rootstock. a b c d Figure 2. Fruits of grafted and non grafted eggplant plants; a: Yedi F1+ Nilo F1, b:, Kemerit F1+ Nilo F1, c: S. torvum +Nilo F1, d: Nilo F1

35 BATI AKDENİZ AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

36 Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Vegetable Breeding Activities Tomato, Eggplant, Pepper, Cucumber, Melon Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors

37 Tomato Beef, cherry and cluster types Developing resistant and tolerant varieties and lines for - Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici - Clavibacter michiganensis - Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Improvement of half-way tomato materials carring Mi Gene for nematode resistance Salinity

38 Pepper Long type, charliston, capia (conical) and bell pepper type Phytophthora capsici Tomato Mosaic Virus (TMV), Potato Y Virus (PVY), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Salt stress

39 Eggplant Developing eggplant varieties for market demands such as different type, color and shape Developing lines and varieties to disease resistance and tolerance - (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongena) - (Verticillium dahliae) Parthenocarpic tendency Cold resistance Salinity

40 Cucumber Developing cucumber varieties for greenhouse cultivation Developing resistant lines to Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) Developing tolerant lines for cold stress

41 Melon M D D D D D H H C. melo var. inodorus, C. melo var. reticulatus C. melo var. cantalupensis Developing resistant lines and varieties to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (race 0, 1, 2 and 1-2) Developing resistant lines and varieties to Podosphaera xantii

42 General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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