Soil Survey of Ashtabula County, Ohio

Transcription

1 Soil Survey of Ashtabula County, Ohio United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service In cooperation with Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; Ohio State University Extension; Ashtabula Soil and Water Conservation District; and Ashtabula County Commissioners May 2003 Interim Report

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3 3 How To Use This Soil Survey On the general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, the survey area is divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas. To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units of this survey for a general description of the soils in your area. The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas. To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet, and turn to that sheet. Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Index to Detailed Map Units of this survey, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described. The Summary of Tables shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. See Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. A State Soil Geomorphic Data Base (STATSGO) is available for the county. This data base consists of a soils map at a scale of 1:250,000 and descriptions of groups of associated soils. It replaces the general soil map published in older soil surveys. The map and the data base can be used for multicounty planning, and map output can be tailored for a specific use. More information about the State Soil Geographic Data Base for this county, or any portion of Ohio, is available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

4 4 This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in Soil names and descriptions were approved in Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University Extension, the Ashtabula Soil and Water Conservation District and the Ashtabula County Commissioners. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Ashtabula Soil and Water Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at (voice or TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC , or call (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Cover: Specialty crops such as orchards and vineyards, often grown on Platea and Darien soils, are mostly in the northern part of Ashtabula County where Lake Erie moderates the transition of seasons.

5 5 Contents Preface... 8 General Nature of the County... 9 Climate History Physiography, Relief and Drainage Mineral Resources Geology Farming How This Survey Was Made General Soil Map Units Conneaut-Painesville-Elnora Association Darien-Platea-Mill Association Canadice-Caneadea-Fitchville Association Mill Association Mill-Platea-Darien Association Chenango-Wick-Stanhope Association Venango-Mill-Cambridge Association Detailed Soil Map Units Be Beaches BkA Blakeslee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. 27 BkB Blakeslee silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. 29 BkC Blakeslee silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes30 CaB Cambridge silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes31 CaC Cambridge silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes CaD Cambridge silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes CcA Canadice silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. 35 CdA Caneadea silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes 37 CdB Caneadea silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 38 CeA Caneadea-Canadice silt loams complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes CfC2 Cardinal silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded CfD2 Cardinal silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes, eroded CfF Cardinal silt loam, 18 to 50 percent slopes 46 CgA Carlisle muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes CkA Chenango gravelly loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes CkB Chenango gravelly loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes CkC Chenango gravelly loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes CkD Chenango gravelly loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes CoB Colonie loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes CoD Colonie loamy fine sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes CpB Colonie-Urban land complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes CtA Conneaut silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes..56 CuA Conneaut-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes...57 DAM Dam...58 DeC Darien and Platea silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes...59 DeC2 Darien and Platea silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded...62 DhB Darien-Hornell silt loams complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes...65 EnB Elnora loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes...67 FcA Fitchville silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes...69 FcB Fitchville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes...70 GaF Gageville silt loam, 18 to 50 percent slopes...71 GfA Glenford silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes...73 GfB Glenford silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes...74 GfC Glenford silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes..75 GfD Glenford silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes77 HaA Harbor fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes...78 HaC Harbor fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes...79 HbB Harbor-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes...81 HmA Holly silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded...82 HoA Hornell silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes...83 HoB Hornell silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes...85 KfA Kingsville loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes...87 La Landfills...88 MhA Mill silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes...88 MtA Mitiwanga silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.89 MtB Mitiwanga silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.91 OrA Orrville silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded...92 OtA Otego silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded...94 OuC Otisville gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes...96 PaA Painesville fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes...97 PbA Painesville-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes...98 PeC2 Pierpont silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded...99 PeD Pierpont silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Pg Pits, gravel Pk Pits, quarry...102

6 6 PrA Platea-Darien silt loams complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes PrB Platea-Darien silt loams complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes PrB2 Platea-Darien silt loams complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded PtB Platea-Urban land complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes PtC Platea-Urban land complex, 6 to 12 percent slopes RhA Red Hook silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes RhB Red Hook silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Rw Riverwash SbA Sebring silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes StA Stanhope silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ToC Towerville silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes ToD Towerville silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes TyB Tyner-Otisville complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Ud Udorthents Un Urban land UrB Urban land-elnora complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes UtB Urban land-tyner-otisville complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes VeA Venango silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.127 VeB Venango silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.129 W Water WcA Wick silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded WeA Willette muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes Important Farmland Prime Farmland Unique Farmland Additional Farmland of Statewide Importance Additional Farmland of Local Importance Hydric Soils Use and Management fo the Soils Cropland Limitations and Hazards Crops and Pasture Crop Yield Index Land Capability Classification Pasture And Hayland Suitability Groups Woodland Management and Productivity Woodland Management Woodland Productivity Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings Recreational Development Wildlife Habitat Engineering Construction Materials Building Site Development Sanitary Facilities Agricultural Waste Management Water Management Soil Properties Engineering Index Properties Physical Properties Chemical Properties Water Features Soil Features Classification of the Soils Soil Series and Their Morphology Blakeslee Series Cambridge Series Canadice Series Caneadea Series Cardinal Series Carlisle Series Chenango Series Colonie Series Conneaut Series Darien Series Elnora Series Fitchville Series Gageville Series Glenford Series Harbor Series Holly Series Hornell Series Kingsville Series Mill Series Mitiwanga Series Orrville Series Otego Series Otisville Series Painesville Series Pierpont Series Platea Series Red Hook Series Sebring Series Stanhope Series Towerville Series Tyner Series Venango Series Wick Series Willette Series Formation of the Soils Parent Material Climate Living Organisms Relief Time Processes of Soil Formation References Glossary Tables...214

7 7 TABLE 1a.--TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION - Ashtabula, Ohio TABLE 1b.--TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION - Dorset, Ohio TABLE 2a.--FREEZE DATES IN SPRING AND FALL - Ashtabula, Ohio TABLE 2b.--FREEZE DATES IN SPRING AND FALL - Dorset, Ohio TABLE 3a.--GROWING SEASON - Ashtabula, Ohio TABLE 3b.--GROWING SEASON - Dorset, Ohio TABLE 4.--ACREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE MAP UNITS TABLE 5.--PRIME FARMLAND TABLE 6.--HYDRIC SOILS TABLE 7. NONHYDRIC MAP UNITS WITH HYDRIC COMPONENTS TABLE 8. CROPLAND LIMITATIONS AND HAZARDS TABLE 9.--CROP YIELD INDEX TABLE 10.--CAPABILITY CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES TABLE 11. WOODLAND MANAGEMENT TABLE 12.--WOODLAND PRODUCTIVITY TABLE 13. WOODLAND HARVESTING ACTIVITIES TABLE 14. WOODLAND REGENERATION ACTIVITIES TABLE 15.--WINDBREAKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANTINGS TABLE 16.-RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT- REC TABLE 17. RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT- REC TABLE 18.--WILDLIFE HABITAT TABLE 19. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS-ENG TABLE 20. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS-ENG TABLE 21. BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT- ENG TABLE 22. BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT- ENG TABLE 23. SANITARY FACILITIES-ENG TABLE 24. SANITARY FACILITIES-ENG TABLE 25.-AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT TABLE 26. WATER MANAGEMENT-WMS TABLE 27. WATER MANAGEMENT-WMS TABLE 28.-ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES TABLE 29. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS TABLE 30. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS TABLE 31. WATER FEATURES TABLE 32.-SOIL FEATURES TABLE 33a.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS TABLE 33b.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS TABLE 34.--INTERPRETIVE GROUPS...437

8 8 Preface This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in Ashtabula County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Ohio State University Extension.

9 9 Soil Survey of Ashtabula County, Ohio By E. Larry Milliron, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Stephen T. Prebonick and James R. Svoboda, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation Fieldwork by Floyd E. McCleary, Stephen T. Prebonick and James R. Svoboda, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; Ohio State University Extension; Ashtabula Soil and Water Conservation District; Ashtabula County Commissioners This soil survey updates and supersedes the survey of Ashtabula County published in 1973 (Reeder and others. 1973). It provides additional descriptive data, soil interpretations, and larger scale maps on a newer photographic background. This survey was made to provide updated information about the soils of Ashtabula County, Ohio. Previous work in soil survey for Ashtabula County was published in 1904, Soil Survey of the Ashtabula Area, Ohio, (Martin and Carr. 1904) and 1973, Soil Survey of Ashtabula County, Ohio (Reeder and others. 1973). Knowledge and understanding of soils increased as soil survey has progressed in Ohio. Many new soil types have been identified and defined which were not previously recognized. Also, the modern system of soil classification has been refined to provide more accurate and additional interpretations. A careful evaluation of the 1973 Soil Survey of Ashtabula County was conducted at the request of the Ashtabula County Commissioners. The evaluation revealed significant need to update the soil survey and the cooperative effort was subsequently undertaken. General Nature of the County Ashtabula County is in the far northeastern corner of Ohio with an area of 455,104 acres, or 711 square miles, including land covered by water, making it the largest county in Ohio (fig. 1). The population of the county was 101,278 in 2000 (United States Department of Commerce. Internet. Jefferson, the county seat, is located in the north central part of the county. The largest city is Ashtabula. The heaviest industry is centered in the Figure 1. Location of Ashtabula County in Ohio north, especially around the city of Ashtabula. Shipping docks are located at Ashtabula Harbor. Ashtabula County soils range widely in natural drainage, texture and other characteristics. Most coarse textured soils are found on the lake plain, in soils formed from beach deposits, and in the Pymatuning River Valley, in soils formed from outwash deposits. Finer textured soils, formed in glacial till and lacustrine sediments, account for the majority of county soils. Topography is generally nearly level or gently sloping with the greatest relief found in areas of stream dissection, on beach ridges, and the bluffs along Lake Erie. The major management concerns for cultivated crops are wetness and erosion. Most of the larger farms are found south of Interstate 90. Grain and dairy farms are important agricultural industries. Nurseries and orchards are important industries located mostly in the northern part of the county, on the post glacial beaches within the lake plain.

10 10 Interim Soil Survey Approximately 50 percent of the county is wooded (Soil Conservation Service ). This includes former croplands and pasture fields that are reverting to woodland. Areas that are difficult to drain are often left idle. More productive, better-drained fields are kept in crop production. Climate Prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center, Portland, Oregon. Climate Tables are created from climate stations Ashtabula and Dorset, Ohio. Thunderstorm days, relative humidity, percent sunshine, and wind information are estimated from First Order station Cleveland, Ohio. Tables 1a and 1b give data on temperature and precipitation for the survey area as recorded at Ashtabula and Dorset in the period 1961 to Tables 2a and 2b show probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Tables 3a and 3b provide data on the length of the growing season. In winter, the average temperature is 27.2 degrees F at Ashtabula and 24.8 degrees at Dorset. The average daily minimum temperature is 20.0 degrees at Ashtabula and 16.3 degrees at Dorset. The lowest temperature on record at Ashtabula was 26 degrees, and the lowest at Dorset was 28 degrees, both occurring on January 19, In summer, the average temperature is 69.1 degrees at Ashtabula and 67.2 degrees at Dorset. The average daily maximum temperature is 78.9 degrees at Ashtabula and 79.1 degrees at Dorset. The highest temperature on record at Ashtabula is 100 degrees on June 26, 1988, and the highest at Dorset also is 100, which occurred on July 17, also in Growing degree days are shown in Tables 1a and 1b. They are equivalent to "heat units". During the month, growing degree days accumulate by the amount that the average temperature each day exceeds a base temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly accumulation is used to schedule single or successive plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall. The average annual total precipitation is about inches at Ashtabula, and about inches at Dorset. Of these amounts, about 24 inches, or 56 to 60 percent, usually falls in May through October. The growing season for most crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record was 4.70 inches at Ashtabula on September 13, 1960, and 5.35 inches at Dorset on September 14, Thunderstorms occur on about 35 days each year, and most occur between May and August. The average seasonal snowfall is quite variable across this county, with a lake-enhanced snow zone parallel to Lake Erie, and inland some 10 to 20 miles. At Ashtabula, on the lake, the average annual snowfall is 50.4 inches, while inland at Dorset it is 70.2 inches. Some areas in the snow zone may receive even more than 70 inches. The greatest snow depth at any one time during the period of record was 35 inches at Ashtabula (on February 6, 1977), and 30 inches at Dorset on February 7, On an average, 36 days per year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground at Ashtabula, while 75 days are generally snow-covered at Dorset. The heaviest 1-day snowfalls on record were 18.0 inches at Ashtabula, recorded on November 11, 1996; and 14.0 inches at Dorset on November 22, The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is about 61 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average at dawn is about 80 percent. The sun shines 65 percent of the time in summer and 31 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south. Average wind speed is highest, around 12 miles per hour, from November to April. History The earliest known inhabitants of the county were the pre-historic mound builders. Burial mounds and other types of earthen works can still be found in Ashtabula County. Algonquin Indians are the earliest natives with whom we have historic contact (Williams ). For many years the Erie Tribe laid claim to all land south of Lake Erie. Later the Eries tried to defeat the Iroquois Nation but instead their tribe was completely decimated. In 1794, after many years of broken treaties and bloodshed, the Indians ceded all land east of the Cuyahoga River with the signing of The Treaty of Greenville. This agreement opened up vast areas of land for settlement. During colonial times European monarchs had a very limited knowledge of New World geography. Their misconceptions resulted in the same areas of land being given to different colonies (Williams ). At one time New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, and Connecticut laid claim to an area of land which included what is now Ashtabula County. All of the colonies except Connecticut relinquished their claims. Connecticut based its claim on the Connecticut Charter granted by King Charles II of England. Present day Ashtabula County was once part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. After the Revolutionary War the federal government and the State of Connecticut signed an agreement wherein the federal government gave up

11 Ashtabula County, Ohio 11 all rights to the Western Reserve land while reserving the right of jurisdiction. The State of Connecticut then sold the land to the Connecticut Land Company which conducted a land survey, issued land certificates, and then sold property to future settlers. In 1805 Trumbull County was organized. In 1811 parts of northern Trumbull County were organized into Ashtabula County. During the early years industry naturally centered around agriculture. Ship building industries developed after Ashtabula Harbor was improved. As dairy farming increased, cheese making became an important industry. As large urban areas developed, the demand for fresh milk increased, limiting the supply to cheese factories and contributing to their decline. Railroads spread through the county enabling heavy industry to grow. Ore and coal docks were established at Ashtabula Harbor. Ashtabula County was noted for its participation in the anti-slavery movement. A very efficient "underground railroad" extended from Wheeling, West Virginia on the Ohio River, to Ashtabula Harbor. Physiography, Relief and Drainage Dr. Charles Carter, Associate Professor of Geology, The University of Akron, helped prepare this section. Ashtabula County is in two contrasting major physiographic provinces. The northern part, a belt about 3½ to 5½ miles wide adjacent to Lake Erie, is in the Eastern Lake Section of the Central Lowland Province or commonly referred to as the Lake Plain. To the south of the Lake Plain is the Southern New York Section of the Appalachian Plateau Province commonly referred to as the Allegheny Plateau. The Grand River Lowland is within the plateau on the western side of the County. These two provinces are generally separated by the Portage Escarpment, sometimes referred to as the Mississippian Escarpment. The Portage Escarpment in Ashtabula County is a composite feature which averages about 1½ miles wide but in places is about 3 miles wide. The Escarpment extends from central New York westward to Cleveland and then south to Kentucky and acted as a significant hindrance to the flow of glaciers across it. The Allegheny Plateau rises gradually to the south of the Escarpment. Except for areas of stream dissection the plateau s surface is relatively flat, averaging ten to twenty feet of fall per mile. The plateau is divided into four sections: Western, West Central, Central and Southeastern. The Grand River Lowland separates the Western and West Central sections. The Lowland was the site of ancient lakes during past glaciations. Glacial erosion dramatically planed, rounded and smoothed the hills and enlarged existing valleys. Subsequent glacial depositions filled and flattened the valley floors. The relief of the county is primarily nearly level and gently undulating in the northern, western and south central parts of the county. Steep areas are along the streams. The two morainic areas and areas of Venango and Cambridge soils are more rolling than the rest of the county. Elevation above sea level ranges from 572 feet at the Lake Erie shoreline to slightly over 1,180 feet at Owens Hill in Andover. In the plateau region the dominant elevation mostly ranges from 950 to 1,100 feet. A major feature deposited by the Wisconsinan Glacier is the Defiance End Moraine (White and Totten ). This terminal moraine crosses the entire State of Ohio and was created as a ridge feature when the Wisconsinan glacier halted its southward advance. In Ashtabula County this terminal moraine extends from Wayne Township eastward to Pierpont Township. Other moraine ridge features are the Euclid, Painesville and Ashtabula moraines located on the Portage Escarpment from Harpersfield Township eastward to Conneaut Township. Drainageways are generally poorly developed on broad nearly level uplands but are better developed on marginal and steeper slopes. The better drainage of the marginal slopes of the Allegheny Plateau is suggested by the closely spaced parallel streams flowing down the slopes to major streams. These well-defined trellis-pattern drainage systems have been called the finest examples of this type in Ohio. Trellis drainage patterns are almost always the result of structural control by dipping bedrock. Trellis drainage patterns are especially well developed along the western margin of the Plateau in Colebrook, New Lime and Lenox Townships where streams flow west to Rock Creek. Parallel eastward flowing streams are on the west side of the deep Pymatuning Creek Valley and westward flowing streams on the east side of the valley. More or less parallel streams flow down the escarpment on either side of the Grand River Lowland. Roughly the southeast one-quarter of the county drains into the Ohio River through Mosquito Creek, Pymatuning Creek, and the tributaries of the Shenango River. Major streams in the county that flow into Lake Erie include Conneaut Creek, the Ashtabula River and the Grand River that dissect the Ashtabula Escarpment and drain north into Lake Erie. Bronson Creek, Center Creek, and Ashtabula Creek run parallel to the Portage Escarpment. Drainage on the lake plain is generally poor except near stream channels and on ancient beach ridges. Where north-

12 12 Interim Soil Survey flowing streams empty into Lake Erie, topographical relief is more gradual. Mineral Resources Sand and Gravel In modern times sand and gravel is a very important resource for construction and industrial uses. These resources in Ashtabula County have been used for foundry sand, building aggregate, paving materials and other uses. At first many small pits were used but now larger operations are common. The quality of rock materials of the glacial deposits varies considerably from place to place primarily due to the origin of the rock materials. Rock strength ranges from very strong in relatively unweathered igneous materials transported into Ashtabula County from Canada by the glaciers to very soft weathered shales that were ripped off the upper bedrock stratas and incorporated into till or water sorted with the igneous rock fragments as gravel outwash deposits. The range of particle or fragment size determines need for washing and screening. The material washed into beaches along ancient shorelines is used extensively as a source of aggregate in Ashtabula County. Although the quality of the material is generally poor and the recovering and processing are more difficult than elsewhere, the location and availability of beach deposits have continued to be important for aggregate materials. Bog Ores Bog ores are iron ores that were formed through precipitation. The ore was abundant enough in swampy areas of the Lake Plain that it supported the Ohio Furnace southeast of Conneaut for about 15 years from 1830 to Such bog ores commonly contained 25 to 35 percent iron. Generally metal produced was cast directly into ware such as stove plates, pots, kettles, etc. Sandstone Berea sandstone was once economically important and quarried as building stone in Windsor Township. Generally the Berea sandstone is fine in texture, argillaceous in composition, and bluish gray in color. This bedrock also serves as excellent aquifers and has been a large producer of gas and oil in eastern Ohio and in places is a producer of brines. Salt Rock salt beds belong to the Saline formation, an upper division of the Silurian system. Rock salt occurs at a depth of about 2300 feet below the surface in Harpersfield Township. Natural Gas and Oil Oil and gas reserves are recovered from drilled wells located throughout the county. Beginning as early as 1880, shallow wells were drilled in Devonian Ohio Shale that produced natural gas primarily for domestic use. As technology improved, wells were drilled deeper to tap oil and gas reserves in new formations (Oriskany Sandstone ; Clinton Sandstone ; Rose Run Sandstone ). Today the majority of the approximately 2,000 active wells in Ashtabula County are producing from the Clinton Sandstone. Many older wells are plugged and abandoned. However, exploration and drilling operations are active throughout the county. Ground Water Surface water coming from lakes and streams and water pumped from underground sources supply most of the water needs in Ashtabula County. Ground water in Ashtabula County varies considerably in quantity and quality. The two major sources of ground water are from consolidated layers of sandstone and shale and unconsolidated layers of glacial till, outwash, and lake sediments (Hartzell and Orr ). Glacial deposits hold varying quantities of water. Unconsolidated deposits from glacial times cover the county and range in thickness from about two feet to over two hundred feet. In general, outwash deposits and beach ridges offer better supplies than glacial till or lake sediments. Domestic wells in sand and gravel yield 5 to 10 gallons per minute (GPM) with up to 30 GPM reported from some wells completed in the thicker deposits located in the northern parts of the county. Wells in glacial till typically yield considerably less (less than 5 GPM). The quantity of water coming from rock formations depends on rock texture or permeability, bedding joints and planes, thickness of the formation, and type of material covering the formation (Banks and Feldman. 1970). Shale, being a very dense, fine grained rock is a poor source of water. The only practical water storage is along joints and bedding planes. Wells in shale yield less than 3 GPM or are dry. Salt water may be encountered at depths as shallow as 50 feet into the rock strata. Sandstone, with larger grains and more openings, yields better

13 Ashtabula County, Ohio 13 Figure 2. The prolific hydrophytic vegetation of swamps accumulates under ponded water and becomes parent material of Carlisle and Willette organic soils. water supplies although it is seldom very large. Wells drilled in sandstone yield from 5 to 15 GPM with some higher elevations yielding up to 15 to 20 GPM. Sandstone is encountered primarily in the southern part of the county. Sulphur components in the bedrock underlying glacial or lacustrine deposits can influence ground water quality. Oxygen in the ground water oxidizes the sulphur components in the bedrock, then the sulphur components in solution influence water quality to varying degrees. Wells drilled in glacial material must be cased and screened to the bottom of the well to prevent collapsing. Bedrock wells are usually cased to the top of the bedrock, then drilled "open hole" so water can permeate through the bedrock and flow into the well. Dug wells, cisterns, and ponds are sometimes used to solve water supply problems. Surface and ground water pollution must be controlled to assure water quality. Information concerning specific sites can be obtained from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Information on natural resources is available from The Ohio Department of Natural Resources and various local agencies within the county. Geology Glacial Geology Ashtabula County was significantly reshaped by multiple glacial advances and recessions during the Pleistocene Epoch of geologic history. The glacial ice moving from north of the Lake Erie Basin, transported a mixture of mineral material that ranges in size from large boulders to clay. This material was more or less blended with local soil materials and local surface bedrock and redeposited in various ways. When the climate warmed, the ice melted in retreat leaving behind several types of unconsolidated mineral deposits. These deposits, mostly till and outwash, have a layered sequence in which the more recent overlies older deposits to some depth where the native bedrock underlies the unconsolidated materials. These unconsolidated

14 14 Interim Soil Survey Figure 3. The large colored igneous stone is a hindrance to cultivation and represents the basis of the pioneer account of bouldery clay soils. mantle materials total in thickness from 0 to more than 200 feet. Another consequence of the glaciers as they moved into Ohio was to block the then-existing northflowing drainageways. This created extensive lakes that greatly influenced first the sediment distribution of fluvial materials transported into them from their headwaters to the south and later the melting ice waterflow which moved and distributed outwash materials. It reversed the direction of streamflow in some of the valleys and caused the streams to find new outlets in others. After the ice melted, the streams in some of the large valleys, such as the Grand River, were too small to continue the former rate of natural, or geologic, erosion and now meander back and forth across the flood plain. The retreat of the ice was erratic and halting. Where its edge remained for some time, a ridge of mineral material accumulated into a feature called an end or marginal moraine. In Ashtabula County the Defiance End Moraine is the southernmost moraine. The Euclid, Painesville and Ashtabula moraines aligned with the Portage Escarpment define the edge of the Lake Plain to the north and the ground moraines to the south. The glacial till in which the soils on till plains formed is mostly late Wisconsinan ground moraines (White and Totten ). Hiram Till overlies the somewhat older till deposits in much of the western half of the county. The soils on most till plains in the eastern part of the county formed in these older tills, named Lavery and Kent Tills. Since these tills have less clay than the Hiram Till, the soils on till plains in the eastern part of the county generally have less clay in the subsoil than those in the western part of the county. As the climate warmed and the glacier melted rapidly, a large volume of water spread over the landscape. This water carried, sorted and deposited large amounts of gravel, sand, silt and clay. Outwash sand and gravel, or glacio-fluvial deposits, occur as variably sorted and stratified deposits in the county. Much of the coarse material was later covered by finer textured loamy outwash. Chili and Chenango soils formed in glacial outwash.

15 Ashtabula County, Ohio 15 Figure 4. Relatively few farmstead rock piles remain in Ashtabula County because they provide material for construction. The essentially flat surfaces of the Lake Plain was created by ancient predecessors of Lake Erie as glacial ice melted northward. The meltwaters were trapped between the ice mass to the north, the glacial deposits left behind to the south, and the eastern Continental Divide. Sediments were sorted and deposited on the bottoms of these temporary glacial lakes. The ice retreat took place in several stages resulting in various lake levels and surface extents, with a different outlet of the lake water in each instance. Once the water drained away, the ancient smooth lake bottom was left as upland. Associated with the longer-term lake level stages are beachlines that persists today, some more distinct than others. Surficial Geology Varying thicknesses of glacial till, glacial outwash, lacustrine sediments, beach deposits, recent alluvium, accumulated organic matter, and bedrock outcrop comprise the surface geology of the county. All the surficial glacial deposits of Ashtabula County are Wisonsinan Age. Recent alluvium is Holocene in age. Adjacent to Lake Erie and south to the Portage Escarpment moraines is the lake plain consisting of wave-washed till, glacial beach deposits, and lacustrine sediments. The beaches of ancient lakes are marked by sandy and gravelly ridges running somewhat parallel to present day Lake Erie. The most prominent are North Ridge (ancient Lake Warren) and South Ridge (ancient Lake Whittlesey). Drainage on the lake plain is generally poor except near stream dissections and on ancient beach ridges. Wave action, longshore currents, and wind along with the higher water levels of the ancient lakes determined the topography of a 3½ to 5½ mile wide strip bordering the present day lake. Three prominent wave cut cliffs and terraces, each terrace having two to six beaches, delineate the limits of ancient lakes. Late-glacial and post-glacial lakes, lasting from seventy-five to three hundred or more years, left a series of sand and gravel ridges on the terraces. The most prominent beach ridges from the highest to the lowest elevation are Maumee I, II, III, Whittlesey, Arkona I, II, III, Warren I, II, III, Wayne, Grassmere, and Lundy. The last three are discontinuous and not extensive. The Whittlesey Beach, generally at 735 feet elevation, associated with the Middle (Whittlesey) Cliff, is regarded as the most prominent relict beach in northern Ohio.

16 16 Interim Soil Survey The major beach deposits of glacial lakes Warren and Whittlesey generally correspond to areas of Otisville, Chenango, Elnora, Colonie and Kingsville soils. The Conneaut, Painsville, and Harbor soils areas contain Ashtabula till, lacustrine sediments, and beach deposits of the higher stages of what is now Lake Erie. Most of the lake plain ends abruptly in cliffs from 20 to 80 feet high as it borders Lake Erie. A band of moraines, five to six mile inland, on the Portage Escarpment roughly parallels the Lake Erie shoreline. The eastern half of the moraine is capped with the youngest till in Ohio, the Ashtabula Till, which was deposited by the last ice advance. Ground moraine, also known as glacial drift and glacial till, covers most of the plateau. From the escarpment moraines south to the end moraine, the Defiance Moraine, deposits are mostly Hiram Till. In eroded areas, or areas of non-deposition of Hiram Till, Lavery Till may be at the surface. Kent Till is found at the surface in the southeastern townships bordering the Pymatuning Reservoir. Kent Till is the oldest till extensively exposed to the surface in the County. Drift thickness ranges from zero, where bedrock outcrops, to more than two hundred feet, in parts of the buried Grand River Valley. Differences in thickness are attributed to the filling of pre-glacial valleys, uneven deposition, and post-glacial erosion. Glacial till is thickest where end moraines cross buried valleys. End moraine deposits range from fifty to more than one hundred feet in thickness. A few limited exposures of older tills can be observed in stream cuts along valley walls. The Defiance Moraine is a prominent terminal moraine crossing the State of Ohio. It is comprised of glacial material deposited as the Wisconsinan Glaciation temporarily halted its southward advance. In Ashtabula County this terminal moraine lies across the southeastern corner. The valley of Pymatuning Creek, in the southeast corner of the county, contains extensive deposits of glacial outwash. Outwash sand and gravel deposits occur as irregular kame terraces along the sides of valleys. Extensive lacustrine sediments occur in the Grand River Valley. Fitchville, Sebring, Canadice and Caneadea soils formed in silty and clayey lacustrine sediments. Organic matter accumulated as trees, grasses and sedges died and settled to the bottom of shallow ponds, swamps and lakes. Carlisle and Willette soils formed in the partially decomposed remains of plants. They persist in depressions and drainageways in a few scattered areas where the water table is high enough to protect organic materials from rapid or total decomposition (fig. 2). Where the bedrock is exposed, either by glaciation, erosion, or merely never having been covered by unconsolidated material, soils are usually slower to form. Soft sandstone and shale is relatively easy to weather into parent materials. In places outcrops of shale and sandstone are exposed in low stream and river cuts and thus are the oldest bedrocks exposed to the surface. Pioneering settlers noted 'bouldery clay soils' in Ashtabula County. These rocks were dominantly igneous and mainly distributed over areas of glacial till and outwash (fig. 3). Over the years, the large rocks have been continually removed from fields committed to cultivation and the rocks were collected into rock piles (fig. 4). In the meantime, these rock piles which were significantly more conspicuous in earlier times have been utilized for farmstead improvements such as foundation stone and driveways. Bedrock Geology The upper bedrock of the county is sedimentary layers of sand silt and clay of ocean origin that have consolidated into rock. The bedrock underlying the soils of Ashtabula County is dominantly shale and sandstone of the Devonian and Mississippian systems. Most of the county is underlain by Chagrin shale of the Ohio formation of Devonian age. Outcrops of bedrock generally are on escarpments along the streams. In a few soils, a part of the substratum formed from residuum of bedrock or has been influenced by the bedrock. The substratum of the Hornell soils formed in weathered shale. Southern parts of the County have shale, siltstone and sandstone of Mississippian age as the uppermost bedrock. The moderately deep Mitawanga soils are in Windsor and Hartsgrove Townships and in the southern part of Trumbull Township. A part of their substratum has been influenced by the Berea sandstone of the lower Mississippian system. The Berea sandstone is evident in a broad belt extending across the southern part of Ashtabula County. Farming Land used for agriculture has been on a decline partly due to the depressed agricultural economy and partly due to the increasing rate of urbanization of former farmland areas. There are two distinctly different agricultural areas in Ashtabula County. The northern part of the county is generally the relict lake plain and the Portage Escarpment with its moraines. This land area borders Lake Erie and extends inland approximately four miles. The area is characterized

17 Ashtabula County, Ohio 17 Figure 5. Grapes are a specialty crop of economic importance in Ashtabula County and are mostly grown on Platea, Darien and Pierpont soils. by having a climate in which temperatures are moderated by Lake Erie, resulting in more frost free days and a longer growing season. The moderating effect of Lake Erie diminishes as distance from the lake increases. The region is especially suited for specialty crops such as grapes, fruit trees, nursery stock, and vegetables. Grape and fruit tree production are concentrated in the Geneva and Harpersfield areas (fig. 5). Much of the area suited for specialty crop production is changing over to urban land use. South of the Portage Escarpment with its moraines the climate is contrasting. The growing season is shorter than in most other parts of Ohio. Dairy farming is the predominant agricultural use, accounting for approximately 47 percent of the gross farm income in 1999 (Ohio Agricultural Statistics Service ). The main crops grown are those for dairy and other livestock feed, mainly hay, corn, and oats. Wheat, soybeans, and barley are also grown as well as some potatoes. The county has a longterm trend of cropland reverting to woodland. Presently over fifty percent of the acreage in the county is considered woodland. Except for the well drained soils on outwash kames, valley trains and beach ridges, crop production on most soils can be improved by installing drainage systems if outlet ditches are available. How This Survey Was Made This survey was made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous areas in Ashtabula County. The information includes a description of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their location and a discussion of their suitability, limitations, and management for specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity.

18 18 Interim Soil Survey The soils and miscellaneous areas in Ashtabula County are in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the landscape. Miscellaneous areas such as gravel pits, urban land and quarries are identified where naturally occurring soils have been extensively altered by human activities. These areas are identified by aerial photo interpretation. Soil scientists make field observations to confirm interpretations and adjust boundary lines. Existing soil conditions can be highly variable within and between miscellaneous delineations. Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries. Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil Taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and research. While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil. Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date. After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately. The descriptions, names and delineations of the soils in Ashtabula County do not fully agree with those of the soils as published in adjacent survey areas of Pennsylvania. These differences are acknowledged due to the better current knowledge of soils, modifications in series concepts, or variations in the extent of the soils in the survey areas. Soil Survey Procedures The general policies, standards and procedures followed in making the survey are described in the "National Soil Survey Handbook", Natural Soil Conservation Service, USDA, and the "Soil Survey Manual", U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18, and "Soil Taxonomy", U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No Other reference materials include the Soil Survey of Ashtabula County, Ohio issued 1973(Reeder and others ), archived documentary records, aerial photographs, both black and white and color infrared coverages, and relevant scientific and research reports in agronomy, engineering, geology, and soils.

19 Ashtabula County, Ohio 19 Ashtabula County is one of the first counties in Ohio to have the soil survey updated. Some soils required more field work than others to revise the database to current criteria. For example, some updates in Soil Taxonomy influenced some previous soil correlations more than others or updates in the National Soil Survey Handbook impacted some map units more than others of the 1973 survey. Field work involved activities to evaluate prior correlations and gathering documentation for a modern correlation. Patterns within the soil landscape are often complex. To provide more accurate soil maps, some areas were remapped to delineate soil types that were not recognized in the 1973 report. Documentation for the soil database includes: (1) transects to record soil profile features within soil map units; (2) detailed soil pedon descriptions for representative references and correlation; (3) soil sampling for laboratory analysis and evaluation of those analysis; and (4) redrafting soil maps to reflect new information and improve accuracy or usefulness. Soil scientists evaluated map unit designs and the soil types mapped in those units to determine if significant taxonomic or interpretative differences existed. Soils occur in an orderly pattern on the landscape that is related to geology, landforms, relief, climate, and the natural vegetation of the area. By observing the soils in the survey area and relating their attributes to specific positions or segments of the landscape, a concept or model of how the individual soils were formed is developed. This model enables the soil scientists to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil at any specific location on the landscape. Soils transition in their various features across the landscape. Some transitions are gradual and subtle and the corresponding map unit is more difficult to recognize. Others are more contrasting and abrupt and the corresponding map unit is easily associated. Consistent professional judgment is required to determine and accurately place the boundary between the critical soil conditions of the landscape. Patterns of ecological relationships associated with specific soil conditions are also helpful and used by soil scientists in identifying soil map delineations. Soil profiles are scrutinized carefully for better understanding of the soil formation processes and for proper classification. Attributes such as layer distinction, color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features enables soil scientists to identify soils. Soil profiles are then classified by the conventions of Soil Taxonomy. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. During field work, the soils were examined using hand augers and soil tubes as the soil scientists made walking transects across the land. Soils were examined to deeper depth from dug pits and samples extracted by truck mounted hydraulic probes. Opportunities to observe soils at roadcuts, construction sites and back hoe pits dug for sitespecific evaluations were maximized.

20 20 Interim Soil Survey General Soil Map Units The general soil map in this publication shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit can occur in another but in a different pattern. The general soil map can be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for planning the management of a farm or field or for selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that affect management. 1. Conneaut-Painesville-Elnora Association Very deep, nearly level and gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained and moderately well drained soils that formed in coarse to moderately fine textured glaciolacustrine sediments and the underlying till or in sandy glacial lake, eolian and deltaic sediments on the lake plain Setting Landform: Lake plain (fig. 6) Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Composition Extent of the association: 14 percent of the county Extent of the soils in the association: Conneaut soils: 23 percent Painesville soils: 11 percent Elnora soils: 7 percent Minor soils: 59 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Conneaut Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Planar or convex flats Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments, or loess underlain by till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level Painesville Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Planar or convex flats Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments and the underlying till Surface textural class: Fine sandy loam Slope: Nearly level Elnora Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Position on landform: Slight rises, summits, shoulders and backslopes Parent material: Sandy glacial lake, eolian, and deltaic sediments Surface textural class:loamy fine sand Slope: Gently sloping Udorthents Hornell Harbor Gageville Tyner Otisville Beaches Minor Soils Use and Management Major uses: Cropland, woodland, urban land Management concerns: Detrimental effects of seasonal wetness, compaction, and high potential for groundwater pollution 2. Darien-Platea-Mill Association Very deep, level to strongly sloping, somwewhat poorly and poorly drained soils that formed in medium and moderately fine textured till on glaciated uplands Setting Landform: Till plain (fig. 7) Slope range: 0 to 12 percent Composition Extent of the association: 12 percent of the county Extent of the soils in the association: Darien soils: 35 percent Platea soils: 28 percent Mill soils: 11 percent Minor soils: 26 percent

21 Ashtabula County, Ohio 21 Figure 6. Representative pattern of soils and parent materials in the Conneaut-Painesville-Elnora soils association. Soil Properties and Qualities Darien Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Planar and convex flats, summits, shoulders backslopes and footslopes Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level to strongly sloping Platea Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Micro-highs on flats summits, shoulders, backslopes and footslopes Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level to strongly sloping Mill Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Position on landform: Broad concave flats and swales Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Level and nearly level Wick Gageville Pierpont Otego Minor Soils Use and Management Major uses: Woodland, cropland, pasture Management concerns: Detrimental effects of wetness, low strength and ponding 3. Canadice-Caneadea-Fitchville Association Very deep, level and gently sloping, poorly and somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in moderately fine and fine textured sediments deposited from lakes and medium and moderately fine textured sediments deposited from streams on valley floors Setting Landform: Valley floor and stream terrace (fig. 8) Slope range: 0 to 6 percent Composition Extent of the association: 7 percent of the county Extent of the soils in the association: Canadice soils: 31 percent Caneadea soils: 19 percent Fitchville soils: 14 percent Minor soils: 36 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Canadice Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Position on landform: Broad concave flats and depressions on treads

22 22 Interim Soil Survey Figure 7. Representative pattern of soils and parent materials in the Darien-Platea-Mill soils association. Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Level and nearly level Caneadea Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Planar or convex flats, rises, summits and shoulders on treads Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level and gently sloping Fitchville Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Planar or convex flats, slight rises, summits, and shoulders on terrace treads Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level and gently sloping Sebring Wick Cardinal Stanhope Minor Soils Use and Management Major uses: Woodland, cropland, pasture Management concerns: Detrimental effects of wetness, low strength, and ponding 4. Mill Association Very deep, level and nearly level, poorly drained soils that formed in medium and moderately fine textured till on glaciated uplands Setting Landform: Ground moraine (fig. 9) Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Composition Extent of the association: 16 percent of the county Extent of the soils in the association: Mill soils: 70 percent Minor soils: 30percent Soil Properties and Qualities Mill Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Position on landform: Broad concave flats and swales Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Level and nearly level Platea Darien Wick Minor Soils Use and Management Major uses: Woodland, cropland, pasture

23 Ashtabula County, Ohio 23 Figure 8. Representative pattern of soils and parent materials in the Canadice-Caneadea-Fitchville soils association. Management concerns: Detrimental effects of wetness, low strength, and ponding 5. Mill-Platea-Darien Association Very deep, level and gently sloping, poorly and somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in medium and moderately fine textured till on glaciated uplands Setting Landform: Till plain Slope range: 0 to 12 percent Composition Extent of the association: 39 percent of the county Extent of the soils in the association: Mill soils: 40 percent Platea soils: 21 percent Darien soils: 17 percent Minor soils: 22 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Mill Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Position on landform: Broad concave flats and swales Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Level and nearly level Platea Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Micro-highs on flats, summits, shoulders, backslopes and footslopes Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level and gently sloping Darien Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Planar and convex flats, summits, shoulders and backslopes Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level and gently sloping Wick Stanhope Pierpont Minor Soils Use and Management Major uses: Woodland, cropland, pasture Management concerns: Detrimental effects of wetness, low strength and ponding 6. Chenango-Wick-Stanhope Association Very deep, level to moderately steep, very poorly to somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in

24 24 Interim Soil Survey Figure 9. Representative pattern of soils and parent materials in the Mill-Platea-Darien soil association. medium to coarse textured glaciofluvial deposits and moderately fine to moderately coarse alluvium along drainageways Setting Landform: Outwash plain and terrace, kame and flood plain Slope range: 0 to 18 percent Composition Extent of the association: 2 percent of the county Extent of the soils in the association: Chenango soils: 38 percent Wick soils: 19 percent Stanhope soils: 15 percent Minor soils: 28 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Chenango Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Position on landform: Outwash plains: convex flats, summits, shoulders, backslopes and footslopes; Outwash terraces: treads and risers; Kames: shoulders, backslopes and footslopes Parent material: Glaciofluvial deposits Surface textural class: Gravelly loam Slope: Nearly level to moderately steep Wick Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Very poorly drained Position on landform: Flood plain steps Parent material: Alluvium Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Level and nearly level Stanhope Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Position on landform: Flood plain steps Parent material: Alluvium Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Level and nearly level Red Hook Sebring Willette Blakeslee Minor Soils Use and Management Major uses:woodland, cropland, pasture Management concerns: Detrimental effects of wetness, low strength, flooding and slope 7. Venango-Mill-Cambridge Association Very deep, level and nearly level to moderately steep, poorly drained to moderately well drained soils that formed in medium and moderately fine textured till on glaciated uplands. Setting Landform: Till plain (fig. 10) Slope range: 0 to 18 percent Composition Extent of the association: 10 percent of the county

25 Ashtabula County, Ohio 25 Figure 10. Representative pattern of soils and parent materials in the Venango-Mill-Cambridge soils association. Extent of the soils in the association: Venango soils: 36 percent Mill soils: 33 percent Cambridge soils: 21 percent Minor soils: 10 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Venango Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Position on landform: Planar or convex flats, summits, shoulders, and backslopes Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level and gently sloping Mill Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Position on landform: Broad concave flats and swales Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Level and nearly level Cambridge Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Position on landform: Knolls, summits, shoulders, backslopes and footslopes Parent material: Till Surface textural class: Silt loam Slope: Nearly level to moderately steep Wick Chenango Gageville Minor Soils Use and Management Major uses: Woodland, cropland, and pasture Management concerns: Detrimental effects of wetness, low strength and ponding

26 26 Interim Soil Survey Detailed Soil Map Units The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in Ashtabula County. The map unit descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can be used to determine the suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan the management needed for those uses. A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils. Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant taxonomic soil or soils in the map unit, and thus they do not adversely affect use and management. These are called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified by special symbols on the maps. The most common contrasting components are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A few areas of minor components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives the principal hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for specific uses. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for the differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management, For example, Blakeslee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes is a phase of the Blakeslee series. Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. Tyner-Otisville complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes is an example. An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of them. Darien and Platea silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes is an undifferentiated group in this survey area. This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. Pits, quarry is an example. The permeability class listed under soil properties and qualities is defined for the most restrictive layer of the soil profile within 80 inches of the soil surface

27 Ashtabula County, Ohio 27 Detailed Mapunit Descriptions Be Beaches Setting Landform: Beach ridge on lakeshore on lake plain Size of areas: Up to about 35 acres Map Unit Composition Beaches and similar components: 90 percent Figure 11. Diagram showing the relationship between slope position and slope terminology. (Adapted from Wysocki and others ) or that soil material above bedrock that is within 80 inches. The most restrictive layer is commonly in the subsoil or substratum or in a fragipan for soils that have fragipans. Thus permeability is not necessarily the same throughout the soil to a depth of 80 inches. The shrink-swell class listed under soil properties and qualities likewise is defined for the most limiting layer of the soil profile and not for the whole soil profile. The detailed map unit descriptions list management statements for most major uses of the soils: cropland, pastureland, woodland, building sites, septic tank absorption fields, and local roads and streets. The management statements listed for a particular map unit address the most limiting features of that soil for a certain use. Some management statements suggest specific measures that may help alleviate the effects of these limiting soil features. The mention of such management measures is not a recommendation, especially where current laws or programs may prohibit an activity, such as installation of drainage. Even the best management practices cannot overcome some limitations of the soil. Table 4-Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Map Units gives the acreage and proportionate extent of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. Figure 11 shows the relationship between different geomorphic slope positions and slope terminology in Ashtabula County. (Wysocki and others ) These terms are applied only where slopes are more than 2 percent. More detailed definitions of these landform components are in the Glossary. Contrasting Components Tyner soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Beaches Definition: Sandy, gravelly and cobbly shores that are washed and rewashed by waves, and are subject to inundation when lake levels rise Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Beaches Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked BkA Blakeslee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Outwash plain Outwash terrace Position on the landform: Convex flat on plain; tread on terrace Size of areas: About 2 to 15 acres Map Unit Composition Blakeslee and similar components: 92 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay in the subsoil Soils with less sand and more silt in the subsoil Contrasting Components Chenango soils: 4 percent Red Hook soils: 4 percent

28 28 Interim Soil Survey Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 1 Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Blakeslee Available water capacity: About 6.8 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 28 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 3.5 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over stratified gravelly glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderate Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Extremely gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Systematic subsurface drainage will extend the period of planting and harvesting crops. Pastureland This soil is well suited to pasture. Woodland Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Blakeslee Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-1 Hydric soil: No The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings.

29 Ashtabula County, Ohio 29 BkB Blakeslee silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Outwash plain, outwash terrace Position on the landform: Slight rise and low knoll on plain; tread on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 45 acres Map Unit Composition Blakeslee and similar components: 93 percent Similar Components Soils with less sand and more silt in the subsoil Soils with less clay in the subsoil Contrasting Components Chenango soils: 3 percent Red Hook soils: 2 percent Soils with a silty lacustrine floor between 60 and 80 inches: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2e Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Blakeslee Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 28 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 3.5 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material:fine-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over stratified gravelly glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderate Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Extremely gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness.

30 30 Interim Soil Survey Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Blakeslee Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No BkC Blakeslee silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: Outwash plain, outwash terrace Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope and footslope on plain; riser on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 20 acres Map Unit Composition Blakeslee and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay in the subsoil Soils with less sand and more silt in the subsoil Contrasting Components Chenango soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Blakeslee Available water capacity: About 5.8 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 28 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 3.5 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over stratified gravelly glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderate Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Very gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion.

31 Ashtabula County, Ohio 31 Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Blakeslee Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No CaB Cambridge silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Knoll, summit, shoulder and backslope Size of areas: Up to about 335 acres Map Unit Composition Cambridge and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table from 8 to 16 inches Soils without a fragipan Soils formed in outwash parent material Contrasting Components Venango soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2e Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Cambridge Available water capacity: About 4.3 inches to a depth of 25 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 7 to 16 meq per 100 grams

32 32 Interim Soil Survey Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 20 to 30 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material:coarse-loamy till Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Burning may destroy organic matter. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Cambridge Pasture and hayland suitability group: F-3 Hydric soil: No CaC Cambridge silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Backslope, shoulder, summit, footslope Size of areas: Up to about 90 acres Map Unit Composition Cambridge and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils formed in outwash parent material

33 Ashtabula County, Ohio 33 Soils without a fragipan Soils with an argillic horizon above the fragipan Contrasting Components Venango soils: 9 percent Darien soils: 6 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Cambridge Available water capacity: About 3.8 inches to a depth of 21 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 7 to 16 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 20 to 30 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material:coarse-loamy till Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance.

34 34 Interim Soil Survey Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Cambridge Pasture and hayland suitability group: F-3 Hydric soil: No CaD Cambridge silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine, end moraine Position on the landform: Backslope, footslope Size of areas: About 2 to 20 acres Map Unit Composition Cambridge and similar components: 92 percent Similar Components Soils without a fragipan Soils with less silt and more clay above the fragipan Contrasting Components Darien soils: 4 percent Venango soils: 4 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Cambridge Available water capacity: About 4.6 inches to a depth of 25 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 7 to 16 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 20 to 30 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material: Coarse-loamy till Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated.

35 Ashtabula County, Ohio 35 Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The slope increases excavation costs, poses safety hazards, and creates a potential for erosion during construction of haul roads and log landings. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. The slope restricts the use of equipment for preparing this site for planting and seeding. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Cambridge Pasture and hayland suitability group: F-3 Hydric soil: No CcA Canadice silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Valley floor Position on the landform: Broad, concave flat and depression on tread Size of areas: Up to about 550 acres Map Unit Composition Canadice and similar components: 80 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil Contrasting Components Caneadea soils: 20 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Canadice Available water capacity: About 9.3 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 13 to 31 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep

36 36 Interim Soil Survey Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: At or near the surface Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: Brief (fig. 12) Depth of ponding: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Drainage class: Poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 11.0 percent Parent material: Silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. A combination of surface and subsurface drainage helps to remove excess water. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Ponding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites Because water tends to pond on this soil, the period when excavations can be made may be restricted and intensive construction site development and building maintenance may be needed. The soil is generally unsuited to building site development. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of ponding, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Ponding affects the ease of excavation and grading and limits the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength.

37 Ashtabula County, Ohio 37 Component Interpretive Groups Canadice Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: Yes CdA Caneadea silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Valley floor Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat on tread Size of areas: Up to about 130 acres Map Unit Composition Caneadea and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil and substratum Soils with a till substratum above 60 inches Contrasting Components Canadice soils: 12 percent Sebring soils: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Caneadea Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 14 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material:silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: High Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: The thickness of the topsoil is thicker than is defined for the series. This difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks.

38 38 Interim Soil Survey Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The stickiness of the soil reduces the efficiency of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Severe shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures generally require special design and construction techniques or intensive maintenance. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Caneadea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No CdB Caneadea silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Valley floor Position on the landform: Rise, summit and shoulder on tread Size of areas: Up to about 205 acres Map Unit Composition Caneadea and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil and substratum Soils with a till substratum above 60 inches Contrasting Components Canadice soils: 8 percent Sebring soils: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Caneadea Available water capacity: About 7.6 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 14 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: High Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Very high Wind erosion hazard: Slight

39 Ashtabula County, Ohio 39 Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The stickiness of the soil reduces the efficiency of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Severe shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures generally require special design and construction techniques or intensive maintenance. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Caneadea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2

40 40 Interim Soil Survey Hydric soil: No CeA Caneadea-Canadice silt loams complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Valley floor Position on the landform: Caneadea: Planar or convex flat on tread Canadice: Broad, concave flat and depression on tread Size of areas: About 25 to 1,425 acres Map Unit Composition Caneadea and similar components: 55 percent Canadice and similar components: 40 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil and substratum Soils with a till substratum above 60 inches Contrasting Components Willette soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Caneadea Available water capacity: About 8.3 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 14 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: High Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: The ph of caneadea soils is higher (neutral in the upper part of the argillic horizon) than is defined for the series. This difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and

41 Ashtabula County, Ohio 41 Figure 12. Beavers build dams that pond water in low areas such as this area of Canadice silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes soil. The ponded water kills the preexisting mesophytic vegetation. damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The stickiness of the soil reduces the efficiency of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Severe shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures generally require special design and construction techniques or intensive maintenance. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength.

42 42 Interim Soil Survey Component Interpretive Groups Caneadea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Canadice Available water capacity: About 9.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 13 to 31 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: At or near the surface Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: Brief Depth of ponding: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Drainage class: Poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 11.0 percent Parent material:silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: The ph of caneadea soils is higher (neutral in the upper part of the argillic horizon) than is defined for the series. This difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. A combination of surface and subsurface drainage helps to remove excess water. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Ponding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites Because water tends to pond on this soil, the period when excavations can be made may be restricted and intensive construction site development and building maintenance may be needed. The soil is generally unsuited to building site development. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of ponding, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields.

43 Ashtabula County, Ohio 43 Local Roads and Streets Ponding affects the ease of excavation and grading and limits the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Canadice Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: Yes CfC2 Cardinal silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded Setting Landform: Terrace Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope and footslope on riser Size of areas: Up to about 20 acres Map Unit Composition Cardinal and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Areas that are severely eroded Contrasting Components Fitchville soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Cardinal Available water capacity: About 8.7 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 19 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material: Silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: High Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Erosion has removed part of the surface soil, and the remaining surface soil is less productive and more difficult to manage. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion.

44 44 Interim Soil Survey Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Severe shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures generally require special design and construction techniques or intensive maintenance. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Cardinal Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-6 Hydric soil: No CfD2 Cardinal silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes, eroded Setting Landform: Terrace Position on the landform: Backslope and footslope on riser Size of areas: Up to about 40 acres Map Unit Composition Cardinal and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil and substratum Soils with a seasonal high water table starting at 24 to 42 inches Contrasting Components Caneadea soils: 7 percent Fitchville soils: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 6e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland

45 Ashtabula County, Ohio 45 Soil Properties and Qualities Cardinal Available water capacity: About 8.8 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 19 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material:silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: High Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Severe shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures generally require special design and construction techniques or intensive maintenance. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to

46 46 Interim Soil Survey prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Cardinal Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-6 Hydric soil: No CfF Cardinal silt loam, 18 to 50 percent slopes Setting Landform: Terrace Position on the landform: Backslope and footslope on riser Size of areas: Up to about 210 acres Map Unit Composition Cardinal and similar components: 88 percent Similar Components Soils that are well drained Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil and substratum Contrasting Components Well drained soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil: 8 percent Well drained soils with less clay and more sand in the subsoil: 4 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 7e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Cardinal Available water capacity: About 8.7 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 19 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material:silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: High Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Pastureland This soil is generally not recommended for pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The slope increases excavation costs, poses safety hazards, and creates a potential for erosion during construction of haul roads and log landings. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of harvesting and mechanical planting equipment. Because of the slope, use of equipment to prepare this site for planting and seeding is not practical. Because of the slope, the use of mechanical planting equipment is not practical. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is

47 Ashtabula County, Ohio 47 poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Severe shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures generally require special design and construction techniques or intensive maintenance. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Cardinal Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-3 Hydric soil: No CgA Carlisle muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine, lake plain Position on the landform: Depression Size of areas: About 3 to 80 acres Map Unit Composition Carlisle and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with less than 51 inches of organic material near edge of unit Contrasting Components Willette soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 5w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Carlisle Available water capacity: About 23.9 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 150 to 230 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: At or near the surface Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: Very long Depth of ponding: 0.0 to 2.0 feet Drainage class: Very poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 70.0 to 99.0 percent Parent material:herbaceous and woody organic material Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Not rated Surface layer texture: Muck Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Coprogenous earth commonly occurs in the lowest depths of the profile and is not defined for the series. this difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils.

48 48 Interim Soil Survey Use and Management Considerations Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. Standing water can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by restricting root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Ponding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites When drained, the organic layers in this soil subside. Subsidence leads to differential rates of settlement which may cause foundations to break. Because of the high potential for subsidence, this soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Because water tends to pond on this soil, the period when excavations can be made may be restricted and intensive construction site development and building maintenance may be needed. The soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of ponding, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Ponding affects the ease of excavation and grading and limits the bearing capacity of this soil. Subsidence of the organic material reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Component Interpretive Groups Carlisle Pasture and hayland suitability group: D-1 Hydric soil: Yes CkA Chenango gravelly loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Outwash plain Outwash terrace Position on the landform: Convex flat on plain; tread on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 150 acres Map Unit Composition Chenango and similar components: 93 percent Similar Components Soils with less gravel throughout the profile Soils with a till substratum at less than 60 inches Contrasting Components Harbor soils: 4 percent Moderately well drained soils with a till substratum above 80 inches: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2s Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Chenango Available water capacity: About 4.2 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 5 to 15 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches

49 Ashtabula County, Ohio 49 Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Loamy and gravelly glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Extremely gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Pastureland Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Rock fragments obstruct the use of mechanical planting equipment. Stones restrict the use of equipment during site preparation for planting or seeding. Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Component Interpretive Groups Chenango Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No CkB Chenango gravelly loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Outwash plain Outwash terrace Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder and backslope on plain; tread on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 135 acres Map Unit Composition Chenango and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with a till substratum at less than 60 inches Soils with less gravel throughout the profile Contrasting Components Harbor soils: 7 percent Moderately well drained soils with less gravel and more clay: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2s Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Chenango Available water capacity: About 5.7 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 5 to 15 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep

50 50 Interim Soil Survey Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Loamy and gravelly glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: The thickness of the topsoil is thicker than is defined for the series. This difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Rock fragments obstruct the use of mechanical planting equipment. Stones restrict the use of equipment during site preparation for planting or seeding. Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Component Interpretive Groups Chenango Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No CkC Chenango gravelly loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: Kame, outwash terrace, outwash plain Position on the landform: Shoulder and backslope on plain and kame; riser on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 85 acres Map Unit Composition Chenango and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with a till substratum at less than 60 inches Soils with less gravel throughout the profile Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils formed in till parent material: 9 percent Moderately well drained soils with less gravel and more clay: 6 percent

51 Ashtabula County, Ohio 51 Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Chenango Available water capacity: About 4.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 5 to 15 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Loamy and gravelly glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Extremely gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Rock fragments obstruct the use of mechanical planting equipment. Stones restrict the use of equipment during site preparation for planting or seeding. Building Sites The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Chenango Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1

52 52 Interim Soil Survey Hydric soil: No CkD Chenango gravelly loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Setting Landform: Kame, outwash plain, outwash terrace Position on the landform: Backslope and footslope on plain and kame; riser on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 30 acres Map Unit Composition Chenango and similar components: 88 percent Similar Components Soils with slightly more clay in the subsoil Soils with less gravel throughout the profile Soils on 18 to 25 percent slopes Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils with less gravel in the subsoil: 8 percent Glenford soils: 4 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Chenango Available water capacity: About 3.9 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 5 to 15 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material:loamy and gravelly glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderate or mderately rapid Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Extremely gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The slope increases excavation costs, poses safety hazards, and creates a potential for erosion during construction of haul roads and log landings. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Sandy layers in this soil increase the maintenance of haul roads and log landings. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Rock fragments obstruct the use of mechanical planting equipment. The slope restricts the use of equipment for preparing this site for planting and seeding. Stones restrict the use of equipment during site preparation for planting or seeding. Burning may destroy organic matter.

53 Ashtabula County, Ohio 53 Building Sites The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Chenango Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No CoB Colonie loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Dune on beach ridge on lake plain Position on the landform: Backslope, shoulder, summit, footslope Size of areas: Up to about 235 acres Map Unit Composition Colonie and similar components: 86 percent Similar Components Soils with a silt plus clay content greater than 10 percent between 10 and 40 inches Contrasting Components Otisville soils: 10 percent Harbor soils: 4 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2s Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Colonie Available water capacity: About 4.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 1 to 10 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 2.0 percent Parent material:aeolian sands and sandy glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy fine sand Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Loamy sand is in the lower part of the C horizon, which is coarser than is defined for the series. This difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Plant nutrients are leached at an accelerated rate because of the sandy layer.

54 54 Interim Soil Survey Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. A loss of soil productivity may occur following an episode of fire. Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets This soil is well suited to use for local roads and streets. Component Interpretive Groups Colonie Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No CoD Colonie loamy fine sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes Setting Landform: Dune on beach ridge on lake plain Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope Size of areas: Up to about 65 acres Map Unit Composition Colonie and similar components: 95 percent Similar Components Soils with a silt plus clay content greater than 10 percent between 10 and 40 inches Contrasting Components Chenango soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Colonie Available water capacity: About 4.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 1 to 10 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 2.0 percent Parent material: Aeolian sands and sandy glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy fine sand Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Sandy layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity.

55 Ashtabula County, Ohio 55 Plant nutrients are leached at an accelerated rate because of the sandy layer. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. A loss of soil productivity may occur following an episode of fire. Building Sites The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. Local Roads and Streets Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Colonie Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No CpB Colonie-Urban land complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Dune on beach ridge on lake plain Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope Size of areas: About 10 to 385 acres Map Unit Composition Colonie and similar components: 60 percent Urban land and similar components: 30 percent Similar Components Soils with a silt plus clay content greater than 10 percent between 10 and 40 inches Contrasting Components Otisville soils: 7 percent Harbor soils: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Soil Properties and Qualities Colonie Available water capacity: About 4.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 1 to 10 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 2.0 percent Parent material: Aeolian sands and sandy glaciolacustrine deposits

56 56 Interim Soil Survey Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy fine sand Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Sandy layers in colonie soils Use and Management Considerations Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets This soil is well suited to use for local roads and streets. Component Interpretive Groups Colonie Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No Urban land Definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Distinctive soil property: Sandy layers in Colonie soils Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked CtA Conneaut silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Lake plain Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat Size of areas: Up to about 3,815 acres Map Unit Composition Conneaut and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with less silt and more sand in the subsoil Soils with a surface layer texture of silty clay loam Contrasting Components Red Hook soils: 7 percent Blakeslee soils: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Conneaut Available water capacity: About 10.0 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Loess or fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits over till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Urban land

57 Ashtabula County, Ohio 57 Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Conneaut Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No CuA Conneaut-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Lake plain Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat Size of areas: About 10 to 765 acres Map Unit Composition Conneaut and similar components: 59 percent Urban land and similar components: 35 percent Similar Components Soils with less silt and more sand in the subsoil Soils with a surface layer texture of silty clay loam Contrasting Components Red Hook soils: 4 percent Blakeslee soils: 2 percent

58 58 Interim Soil Survey Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Soil Properties and Qualities Conneaut Available water capacity: About 10.0 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Loess or fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits over till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Conneaut Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No Urban land definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked DAM Dam Setting Landform: None assigned Size of areas: About 0.5 to 3 acres

59 Ashtabula County, Ohio 59 Map Unit Composition Dam and similar components: 100 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Dam definition: An earthen barrier constructed across a valley to check the flow of a stream and create a small lake or reservoir. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Dam Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked DeC Darien and Platea silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine, end moraine Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope Size of areas: Up to about 385 acres Map Unit Composition Darien and similar components: 75 percent Platea and similar components: 20 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils without a fragipan: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Darien Available water capacity: About 8.1 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 26 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment.

60 60 Interim Soil Survey The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Darien Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Platea Available water capacity: About 3.7 inches to a depth of 18 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 14 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action.

61 Ashtabula County, Ohio 61 Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Platea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No

62 62 Interim Soil Survey DeC2 Darien and Platea silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope Size of areas: Up to about 155 acres Map Unit Composition Darien and similar components: 75 percent Platea and similar components: 20 percent Similar Components Areas with slight erosion Areas with severe erosion Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils without a fragipan: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Darien Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 21 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.2 to 0.6 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Erosion has removed part of the surface soil, and the remaining surface soil is less productive and more difficult to manage. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks.

63 Ashtabula County, Ohio 63 The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Darien Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Platea Available water capacity: About 3.7 inches to a depth of 18 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 17 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 14 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Erosion has removed part of the surface soil, and the remaining surface soil is less productive and more difficult to manage. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration.

64 64 Interim Soil Survey The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Platea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No

65 Ashtabula County, Ohio 65 DhB Darien-Hornell silt loams complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope Size of areas: Up to about 120 acres Map Unit Composition Darien and similar components: 48 percent Hornell and similar components: 42 percent Similar Components Soils with bedrock within 60 to 80 inches similar to Darien soils Soils with less clay in the subsoil similar to Hornell soils Contrasting Components Mill soils: 5 percent Soils with bedrock within 10 to 20 inches: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Darien Available water capacity: About 7.9 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 26 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material:fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness.

66 66 Interim Soil Survey Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Darien Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Hornell Available water capacity: About 4.7 inches to a depth of 33 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 12 to 27 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Shallow and moderately deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Bedrock (lithic): 20 to 40 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material:silty and clayey till over acid shale or siltstone residuum Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted.

67 Ashtabula County, Ohio 67 The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Bedrock may interfere with the construction of haul roads and log landing sites. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. The stickiness of the soil reduces the efficiency of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The depth to bedrock and hardness of the bedrock greatly reduce the ease of excavation and increase the difficulty in constructing foundations and installing utilities. The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of the limited depth to bedrock, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets The depth to bedrock and hardness of the bedrock reduce the ease of excavation and increase the difficulty of constructing roads. Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Hornell Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No EnB Elnora loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes Setting Landform: Delta on lake plain, longshore bar (relict) on lake plain, beach ridge on lake plain Position on the landform: Slight rise, summit, shoulder and backslope Size of areas: Up to about 350 acres Map Unit Composition Elnora and similar components: 91 percent

68 68 Interim Soil Survey Similar Components Soils that are well drained Soils with layers of very fine sandy loam to sand below 40 inches Soils with layers having 15 to 60 percent gravel below 40 inches Contrasting Components Red Hook soils: 6 percent Soils with a silty substratum starting between 60 and 80 inches: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Elnora Available water capacity: About 3.8 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 3 to 11 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Sandy aeolian, deltaic, and glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy fine sand Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Sandy layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The effectiveness of subsurface drains may be reduced because the drains can become filled with sand. Plant nutrients are leached at an accelerated rate because of the sandy layer. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Burning may destroy organic matter. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field.

69 Ashtabula County, Ohio 69 The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Elnora Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No FcA Fitchville silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Stream terrace Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat on tread Size of areas: Up to about 310 acres Map Unit Composition Fitchville and similar components: 92 percent Similar Components Soils that are moderately well drained Soils with thin layers of coarser textured material Soils with less silt and more clay in the subsoil Contrasting Components Sebring soils: 7 percent Canadice soils: 1 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Fitchville Available water capacity: About 10.2 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 14 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks.

70 70 Interim Soil Survey Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Fitchville Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No FcB Fitchville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Stream terrace Position on the landform: Slight rise, summit and shoulder on tread Size of areas: Up to about 175 acres Map Unit Composition Fitchville and similar components: 95 percent Similar Components Soils that are moderately well drained Soils with thin layers of coarser textured material Soils with less silt and more clay in the subsoil Contrasting Components Sebring soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2e Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Fitchville Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 14 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight

71 Ashtabula County, Ohio 71 Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Fitchville Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No GaF Gageville silt loam, 18 to 50 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Footslope, backslope Size of areas: Up to about 210 acres Map Unit Composition Gageville and similar components: 95 percent

72 72 Interim Soil Survey Similar Components Soils that are well drained Soils with a seasonal high water table starting at 12 to 18 inches Contrasting Components Well drained soils formed in glacio-fluvial parent material: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 7e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Gageville Available water capacity: About 10.1 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 6 to 15 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 3.5 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Very high Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Pastureland This soil is generally not recommended for pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The slope increases excavation costs, poses safety hazards, and creates a potential for erosion during construction of haul roads and log landings. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of harvesting and mechanical planting equipment. Because of the slope, use of equipment to prepare this site for planting and seeding is not practical. Because of the slope, the use of mechanical planting equipment is not practical. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field.

73 Ashtabula County, Ohio 73 Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Gageville Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-3 Hydric soil: No GfA Glenford silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Stream terrace Position on the landform: Convex flat on tread Size of areas: Up to about 55 acres Map Unit Composition Glenford and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with thin layers of coarser textured material Soils with a seasonal high water table starting below 24 inches Contrasting Components Fitchville soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 1 Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Glenford Available water capacity: About 9.6 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 18 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Systematic subsurface drainage will extend the period of planting and harvesting crops. Pastureland The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks.

74 74 Interim Soil Survey Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Glenford Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-6 Hydric soil: No GfB Glenford silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Stream terrace Position on the landform: Slight rise, summit and shoulder on tread Size of areas: Up to about 35 acres Map Unit Composition Glenford and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table starting below 24 inches Soils with thin layers of coarser textured material Contrasting Components Fitchville soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2e Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Glenford Available water capacity: About 9.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 18 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight

75 Ashtabula County, Ohio 75 Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Glenford Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-6 Hydric soil: No GfC Glenford silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: Stream terrace Position on the landform: Shoulder and backslope on riser Size of areas: Up to about 15 acres

76 76 Interim Soil Survey Map Unit Composition Glenford and similar components: 95 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table starting below 24 inches Contrasting Components Fitchville soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Glenford Available water capacity: About 9.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 18 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material:fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance.

77 Ashtabula County, Ohio 77 Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Glenford Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-6 Hydric soil: No GfD Glenford silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Setting Landform: Stream terrace Position on the landform: Backslope and footslope on riser Size of areas: Up to about 10 acres Map Unit Composition Glenford and similar components: 100 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table starting below 24 inches Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Glenford Available water capacity: About 9.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 18 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion.

78 78 Interim Soil Survey Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The slope increases excavation costs, poses safety hazards, and creates a potential for erosion during construction of haul roads and log landings. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. The slope restricts the use of equipment for preparing this site for planting and seeding. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Glenford Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-6 Hydric soil: No HaA Harbor fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Setting Landform: Longshore bar (relict) on lake plain, beach ridge on lake plain, delta on lake plain Position on the landform: Convex flat, slight rise, knoll, summit and shoulder Size of areas: Up to about 90 acres Map Unit Composition Harbor and similar components: 87 percent Similar Components Soils with depth to till between 40 and 60 inches Soils with silty lacustrine sediments in the substratum Soils with loamy fine sand or loam texture in the surface layer

79 Ashtabula County, Ohio 79 Contrasting Components Painesville soils: 10 percent Conneaut soils: 3 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2s Prime farmland: All areas are prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Harbor Available water capacity: About 7.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Coarse-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Moderate Use and Management Considerations Cropland Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland This soil is well suited to pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Harbor Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-1 Hydric soil: No HaC Harbor fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: Beach ridge on lake plain

80 80 Interim Soil Survey Position on the landform: Footslope, backslope, shoulder Size of areas: About 2 to 25 acres Map Unit Composition Harbor and similar components: 75 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table starting at 12 to 18 inches Contrasting Components Elnora soils: 11 percent Painesville soils: 7 percent Tyner soils: 7 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Harbor Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material:coarse-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Moderate Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems.

81 Ashtabula County, Ohio 81 The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Harbor Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-1 Hydric soil: No HbB Harbor-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Beach ridge on lake plain, delta on lake plain Position on the landform: Convex flat, slight rise, knoll, summit and shoulder Size of areas: About 2 to 885 acres Map Unit Composition Harbor and similar components: 61 percent Urban land and similar components: 30 percent Similar Components Soils with loamy fine sand or loam texture in the surface layer Soils with silty lacustrine sediments in the substratum Soils with depth to till between 40 and 60 inches Contrasting Components Painesville soils: 7 percent Conneaut soils: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Soil Properties and Qualities Harbor Available water capacity: About 7.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Coarse-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Moderate Use and Management Considerations Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems.

82 82 Interim Soil Survey The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Harbor Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No Urban land definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked HmA Holly silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded Setting Landform: Flood plain Position on the landform: Flood plain steps Size of areas: About 3 to 85 acres Map Unit Composition Holly and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with more than 25 percent rock fragments in the substratum Contrasting Components Orrville soils: 10 percent Wick soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained and either protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season Soil Properties and Qualities Holly Available water capacity: About 10.2 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 9 to 19 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Poorly drained Flooding: Frequent Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy alluvium Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Winter grain crops are commonly not grown because of frequent flooding.

83 Ashtabula County, Ohio 83 Measures that protect the soil from scouring and minimize the loss of crop residue by floodwaters are needed. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Forage production can be improved by seeding grass-legume mixtures that are tolerant of flooding. Sediment left on forage plants after a flood event may reduce palatability and forage intake by the grazing animal. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. Standing water can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by restricting root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Flooding may result in damage to haul roads and increased maintenance costs. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Flooding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The frequent flooding in areas of this soil greatly increases the risk of damage associated with floodwaters. Because of the flooding, this soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields This soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption fields. The flooding in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Rapidly moving floodwaters may damage some components of septic systems. Because of the seasonal high water table, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and bridges is needed to prevent the damage caused by flooding. Component Interpretive Groups Holly Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-3 Hydric soil: Yes HoA Hornell silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Till plain, lake plain Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat Size of areas: Up to about 1,010 acres Map Unit Composition Hornell and similar components: 95 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay in the subsoil Soils with bedrock starting at 40 to 60 inches Contrasting Components Soils with bedrock starting at 10 to 20 inches: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained

84 84 Interim Soil Survey Soil Properties and Qualities Hornell Available water capacity: About 3.9 inches to a depth of 28 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 12 to 27 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Shallow and moderately deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Bedrock (paralithic): 20 to 40 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material:silty and clayey till over acid shale or siltstone residuum Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Bedrock may interfere with the construction of haul roads and log landing sites. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The stickiness of the soil reduces the efficiency of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. The nature and depth of the soft bedrock in this soil reduces the ease of excavation and increases the difficulty in constructing foundations and installing utilities.

85 Ashtabula County, Ohio 85 In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of the limited depth to bedrock, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Hornell Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No HoB Hornell silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Lake plain, till plain Position on the landform: Slight rise, summit, shoulder and backslope Size of areas: Up to about 40 acres Map Unit Composition Hornell and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with bedrock starting at 40 to 60 inches Soils with less clay in the subsoil Contrasting Components Soils with bedrock starting at 10 to 20 inches: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Hornell Available water capacity: About 4.4 inches to a depth of 31 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 12 to 27 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Bedrock (paralithic): 20 to 40 inches; Bedrock (lithic): 61 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material: Silty and clayey till over acid shale or siltstone residuum Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination.

86 86 Interim Soil Survey Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The rooting depth of crops may be restricted by the high clay content. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Including deep-rooted cover crops in the rotation is important for improving soil structure and providing pathways in the clayey subsoil to facilitate the movement of water into subsurface drains. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Bedrock may interfere with the construction of haul roads and log landing sites. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. The stickiness of the soil reduces the efficiency of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. The nature and depth of the soft bedrock in this soil reduces the ease of excavation and increases the difficulty in constructing foundations and installing utilities. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The limited depth to bedrock reduces the filtering capacity of the soil and greatly increases the difficulty of proper installation of the effluent distribution lines. Because of the limited depth to bedrock, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture.

87 Ashtabula County, Ohio 87 The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Hornell Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No KfA Kingsville loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Delta on lake plain, longshore bar (relict) on lake plain Position on the landform: Concave flat and depression Size of areas: Up to about 205 acres Map Unit Composition Kingsville and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with gravelly layers more than 4 inches thick in the solum Soils with a dark colored surface layer more than 9 inches thick Contrasting Components Soils averaging more than 35 percent gravel in the subsoil and substratum: 15 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 5w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Kingsville Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 18 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: At or near the surface Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: Brief Depth of ponding: 0.0 to 2.0 feet Drainage class: Very poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material:sandy glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Rapid Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy fine sand Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Sandy layers Use and Management Considerations Pastureland Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Ponding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Burning may destroy organic matter. Building Sites Because water tends to pond on this soil, the period when excavations can be made may be restricted and intensive construction site development and building maintenance may be needed. The soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving.

88 88 Interim Soil Survey Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of ponding, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Ponding affects the ease of excavation and grading and limits the bearing capacity of this soil. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Component Interpretive Groups Kingsville Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: Yes La Landfills Setting Landform: End moraine Size of areas: About 105 acres Map Unit Composition Landfills and similar components: 95 percent Contrasting Components Areas covered by overburden: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Landfills definition: Landfills are areas where the natural soils are currently being disturbed by man's activities to dispose of solid wastes by burying and/or mounding. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Landfills Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked MhA Mill silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine, end moraine Position on the landform: Broad, concave flat, depression and swale Size of areas: Up to about 14,225 acres Map Unit Composition Mill and similar components: 86 percent Similar Components Soils with less sand and more silt in the subsoil Soils that are somewhat poorly drained Contrasting Components Somewhat poorly drained soils with a fragipan: 7 percent Poorly drained soils with a fragipan: 5 percent Fitchville soils with a till substratum: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Mill Available water capacity: About 8.3 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 15 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: Brief Depth of ponding: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Drainage class: Poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight

89 Ashtabula County, Ohio 89 Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. A combination of surface and subsurface drainage helps to remove excess water. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Ponding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites Because water tends to pond on this soil, the period when excavations can be made may be restricted and intensive construction site development and building maintenance may be needed. The soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of ponding, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Ponding affects the ease of excavation and grading and limits the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Mill Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: Yes MtA Mitiwanga silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat Size of areas: About 2 to 320 acres Map Unit Composition Mitiwanga and similar components: 84 percent Similar Components Soils with bedrock starting between 10 and 20 inches Moderately well drained soils Soils with bedrock starting between 40 and 60 inches Contrasting Components Darien soils: 8 percent Poorly drained soils with bedrock starting at 40 to 60 inches: 8 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Mitiwanga Available water capacity: About 4.9 inches to a depth of 30 inches

90 90 Interim Soil Survey Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Shallow and moderately deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Bedrock (lithic): 20 to 40 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material:fine-loamy till over sandstone residuum Permeability: Moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Bedrock may interfere with the construction of haul roads and log landing sites. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The depth to bedrock and hardness of the bedrock greatly reduce the ease of excavation and increase the difficulty in constructing foundations and installing utilities. The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of the limited depth to bedrock, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly

91 Ashtabula County, Ohio 91 measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets The depth to bedrock and hardness of the bedrock reduce the ease of excavation and increase the difficulty of constructing roads. Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Mitiwanga Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No MtB Mitiwanga silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine Position on the landform: Slight rise, summit, shoulder and backslope Size of areas: Up to about 120 acres Map Unit Composition Mitiwanga and similar components: 80 percent Similar Components Moderately well drained soils Soils with bedrock starting between 40 and 60 inches Contrasting Components Well drained soils: 9 percent Moderately well drained soils with bedrock starting at 40 to 60 inches on 2 to 12 percent slopes: 6 percent Poorly drained soils with bedrock starting at 40 to 60 inches: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2e Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Mitiwanga Available water capacity: About 5.2 inches to a depth of 31 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Shallow and moderately deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Bedrock (lithic): 20 to 40 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material:fine-loamy till over sandstone residuum Permeability: Moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table.

92 92 Interim Soil Survey Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Bedrock may interfere with the construction of haul roads and log landing sites. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The depth to bedrock and hardness of the bedrock greatly reduce the ease of excavation and increase the difficulty in constructing foundations and installing utilities. The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of the limited depth to bedrock, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets The depth to bedrock and hardness of the bedrock reduce the ease of excavation and increase the difficulty of constructing roads. Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Mitiwanga Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No OrA Orrville silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded Setting Landform: Flood plain Position on the landform: Flood plain steps Size of areas: Up to about 115 acres Map Unit Composition Orrville and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with thin layers having more than 15 percent gravel Contrasting Components Well drained soils with less than 18 percent clay in the subsoil: 9 percent Holly soils: 6 percent

93 Ashtabula County, Ohio 93 Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained and either protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season Soil Properties and Qualities Orrville Available water capacity: About 9.3 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 18 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: Frequent Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material:fine-loamy alluvium Permeability: Moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Winter grain crops are commonly not grown because of frequent flooding. Measures that protect the soil from scouring and minimize the loss of crop residue by floodwaters are needed. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Forage production can be improved by seeding grass-legume mixtures that are tolerant of flooding. Sediment left on forage plants after a flood event may reduce palatability and forage intake by the grazing animal. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Flooding may result in damage to haul roads and increased maintenance costs. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Flooding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The frequent flooding in areas of this soil greatly increases the risk of damage associated with floodwaters. Because of the flooding, this soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields This soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption fields. The flooding in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems.

94 94 Interim Soil Survey Rapidly moving floodwaters may damage some components of septic systems. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and bridges is needed to prevent the damage caused by flooding. Component Interpretive Groups Orrville Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-3 Hydric soil: No OtA Otego silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded Setting Landform: Flood plain Position on the landform: Flood plain steps Size of areas: Up to about 235 acres Map Unit Composition Otego and similar components: 95 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table deeper than 24 inches Soils with less silt and more clay in the subsoil Soils with less silt and more sand in the subsoil Contrasting Components Somewhat poorly drained soils with less silt and more clay in the subsoil: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season Soil Properties and Qualities Otego Available water capacity: About 11.0 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 4 to 13 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.3 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: Frequent Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Coarse-silty alluvium Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Winter grain crops are commonly not grown because of frequent flooding. Measures that protect the soil from scouring and minimize the loss of crop residue by floodwaters are needed. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Forage production can be improved by seeding grass-legume mixtures that are tolerant of flooding. Sediment left on forage plants after a flood event may reduce palatability and forage intake by the grazing animal. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action.

95 Ashtabula County, Ohio 95 Figure 13. This young woodland on Otego silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded is temporarily under floodwater in the spring. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Flooding may result in damage to haul roads and increased maintenance costs. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Flooding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. (fig. 13) Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The frequent flooding in areas of this soil greatly increases the risk of damage associated with floodwaters. Because of the flooding, this soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Septic Tank Absorption Fields This soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption fields. The flooding in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Rapidly moving floodwaters may damage some components of septic systems.

96 96 Interim Soil Survey Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and bridges is needed to prevent the damage caused by flooding. Component Interpretive Groups Otego Pasture and hayland suitability group: A-5 Hydric soil: No OuC Otisville gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: Beach ridge on lake plain Position on the landform: Backslope, shoulder, footslope Size of areas: About 2 to 45 acres Map Unit Composition Otisville and similar components: 95 percent Similar Components Soils with layers having less sand and more gravel in the substratum Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4s Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Otisville Available water capacity: About 2.7 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 2 to 9 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Outwash reworked as gravelly beach deposits Permeability: Rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Moderate Distinctive soil property: The topsoil is slightly thicker, the upper part of the subsoil is slightly finer in texture and slightly stronger in structure, and subhorizons of the C horizon have fewer rock fragments than is defined for the series. These differences, however, do not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Plant nutrients are leached at an accelerated rate because of the sandy layer. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion.

97 Ashtabula County, Ohio 97 The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Rock fragments obstruct the use of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. Local Roads and Streets Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Otisville Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No PaA Painesville fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Lake plain Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat Size of areas: Up to about 1,040 acres Similar Components Soils with less sand and more silt in the subsoil Moderately well drained soils Soils with a loam or sandy loam texture in the surface layer Poorly drained soils Contrasting Components Kingsville soils: 8 percent Elnora soils: 4 percent Darien soils: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 2w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Painesville Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 3 to 15 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Coarse-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over till Permeability: Slow or moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Moderate Use and Management Considerations Cropland Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Map Unit Composition Painesville and similar components: 86 percent

98 98 Interim Soil Survey Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Painesville Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No PbA Painesville-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Lake plain Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat Size of areas: About 15 to 120 acres Map Unit Composition Painesville and similar components: 52 percent Urban land and similar components: 40 percent Similar Components Soils with less sand and more silt in the subsoil Moderately well drained soils Poorly drained soils Contrasting Components Kingsville soils: 5 percent Elnora soils: 2 percent Darien soils: 1 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Soil Properties and Qualities Painesville Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 3 to 15 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material:coarse-loamy glaciolacustrine deposits over till Permeability: Slow or moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Moderate

99 Ashtabula County, Ohio 99 Use and Management Considerations Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Painesville Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No Urban land definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked PeC2 Pierpont silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded Setting Landform: Ground moraine, end moraine Position on the landform: Footslope, backslope, shoulder Size of areas: Up to about 70 acres Map Unit Composition Pierpont and similar components: 75 percent Similar Components Soils with layers of outwash in the substratum Soils with a seasonal high water table starting at 24 to 42 inches Contrasting Components Soils without a fragipan that have less silt and more sand in the subsoil: 20 percent Darien soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Pierpont Available water capacity: About 3.8 inches to a depth of 24 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 18 to 30 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material:fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight

100 100 Interim Soil Survey Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Erosion has removed part of the surface soil, and the remaining surface soil is less productive and more difficult to manage. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil.

101 Ashtabula County, Ohio 101 Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Pierpont Pasture and hayland suitability group: F-3 Hydric soil: No PeD Pierpont silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope, footslope Size of areas: Up to about 90 acres Map Unit Composition Pierpont and similar components: 75 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table starting at 24 to 42 inches Soils with more clay in the subsoil Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil Contrasting Components Soils without a fragipan that have less silt and more sand in the subsoil: 17 percent Well drained soils without a fragipan that have more sand and gravel in the subsoil: 7 percent Darien soils: 1 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Pierpont Available water capacity: About 4.1 inches to a depth of 25 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 18 to 30 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 5.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion.

102 102 Interim Soil Survey The slope increases excavation costs, poses safety hazards, and creates a potential for erosion during construction of haul roads and log landings. A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. The slope restricts the use of equipment for preparing this site for planting and seeding. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Pierpont Pasture and hayland suitability group: F-3 Hydric soil: No Pg Pits, gravel Setting Landform: Beach plain on lake plain, beach ridge on lake plain, outwash plain, outwash terrace Size of areas: Up to about 155 acres Map Unit Composition Pits, gravel and similar components: 100 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Pits, gravel definition: Open excavations from which soil, sand or gravel are being removed, exposing the underlying substratum material. Also includes closed pits that are not reclaimed, which could be re-opened in the future. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Pits, gravel Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked Pk Pits, quarry Setting Landform: Ground moraine Size of areas: About 2 to 8 acres

103 Ashtabula County, Ohio 103 Map Unit Composition Pits, quarries and similar components: 100 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Pits, quarries definition: Open excavations from which soil and underlying sandstone has been removed; vertical high walls Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Pits, quarries Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked PrA Platea-Darien silt loams complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine Position on the landform: Darien: Planar or convex flat Platea: Micro-high on flat Size of areas: Up to about 190 acres Map Unit Composition Platea and similar components: 50 percent Darien and similar components: 39 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil similar to Darien Soils with clay accumulation in the horizon above the fragipan Contrasting Components Mill soils: 6 percent Moderately well drained soils without a fragipan that have less silt and more sand in the subsoil: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Platea Available water capacity: About 4.2 inches to a depth of 21 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 14 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: The BC horizon in these Darien soils has more than normal content of rock fragments, and the C horizon is slightly more acid than is defined for the series. These differences, however, do not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. (fig. 14) Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity.

104 104 Interim Soil Survey Figure 14. Platea-Darien silt loams complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes is commonly cropped to general field crops of corn and soybeans. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field.

105 Ashtabula County, Ohio 105 Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Platea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Darien Available water capacity: About 8.3 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 26 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: The BC horizon in these Darien soils has more than normal content of rock fragments, and the C horizon is slightly more acid than is defined for the series. These differences, however, do not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly

106 106 Interim Soil Survey measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Darien Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No PrB Platea-Darien silt loams complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Darien: Summit, shoulder and backslope Platea: Micro-high on summit Size of areas: Up to about 1,735 acres Map Unit Composition Platea and similar components: 50 percent Darien and similar components: 39 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil similar to Darien Soils with clay accumulation in the horizon above the fragipan Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils without a fragipan that have less silt and more sand in the subsoil: 6 percent Mill soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Platea Available water capacity: About 3.3 inches to a depth of 16 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 22 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 14 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material:fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated.

107 Ashtabula County, Ohio 107 Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Platea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Darien Available water capacity: About 8.1 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 26 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material:fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action.

108 108 Interim Soil Survey Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Darien Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No PrB2 Platea-Darien silt loams complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Darien: Summit, shoulder and backslope Platea: Micro-high on summit Size of areas: About 2 to 630 acres Map Unit Composition Platea and similar components: 50 percent Darien and similar components: 35 percent Similar Components Soils with less clay and more silt in the subsoil similar to Darien Soils with clay accumulation in the horizon above the fragipan Contrasting Components Soils buried under eroded topsoil at the base of slopes: 8 percent Eroded soils on 6 to 12 percent slopes: 7 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland

109 Ashtabula County, Ohio 109 Soil Properties and Qualities Platea Available water capacity: About 3.3 inches to a depth of 16 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 17 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 14 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Erosion has removed part of the surface soil, and the remaining surface soil is less productive and more difficult to manage. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems.

110 110 Interim Soil Survey The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Platea Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-2 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Darien Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 21 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.2 to 0.6 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Erosion has removed part of the surface soil, and the remaining surface soil is less productive and more difficult to manage. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks.

111 Ashtabula County, Ohio 111 Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Moderate shrinking and swelling of the soil may crack foundations and basement walls. Foundations and other structures may require some special design and construction techniques or maintenance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Darien Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No PtB Platea-Urban land complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope Size of areas: About 2 to 115 acres Map Unit Composition Platea and similar components: 60 percent Urban land and similar components: 30 percent Similar Components Soils with clay accumulation in the horizon above the fragipan Contrasting Components Darien soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Soil Properties and Qualities Platea Available water capacity: About 3.3 inches to a depth of 16 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 17 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 14 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: High Wind erosion hazard: Slight

112 112 Interim Soil Survey Use and Management Considerations Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Platea Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No Urban land Definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked PtC Platea-Urban land complex, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope, footslope Size of areas: About 35 to 70 acres Map Unit Composition Platea and similar components: 60 percent Urban land and similar components: 30 percent Similar Components Soils with clay accumulation in the horizon above the fragipan Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils with no fragipan: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Soil Properties and Qualities Platea Available water capacity: About 3.7 inches to a depth of 18 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 17 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 14 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 1.0 to 3.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty till Permeability: Very slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam

113 Ashtabula County, Ohio 113 Potential for surface runoff: Very high Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Platea Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No Urban land definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked RhA Red Hook silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Outwash terrace, outwash plain Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat on plain; tread on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 240 acres Map Unit Composition Red Hook and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with less sand and more silt or clay in the subsoil Soils with more than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil Contrasting Components Poorly drained soils with more clay in the subsoil: 10 percent Darien soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Red Hook Available water capacity: About 6.3 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 7 to 17 meq per 100 grams

114 114 Interim Soil Survey Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material: Coarse-loamy glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Very gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Red Hook Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No RhB Red Hook silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Outwash plain, outwash terrace Position on the landform: Rise on plain; tread on terrace Size of areas: Up to about 185 acres Map Unit Composition Red Hook and similar components: 85 percent

115 Ashtabula County, Ohio 115 Similar Components Soils with more than 35 percent rock fragments in the subsoil Soils with less sand and more silt or clay in the subsoil Soils with less rock fragments in some part of the profile Contrasting Components Poorly drained soils with more clay in the subsoil: 10 percent Chenango soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Red Hook Available water capacity: About 6.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 7 to 17 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 12.0 percent Parent material: Coarse-loamy glaciofluvial deposits Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Very gravelly layers Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture.

116 116 Interim Soil Survey The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Red Hook Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No Rw Riverwash Setting Landform: Drainageways on flood plains Size of areas: Up to about 85 acres Map Unit Composition Riverwash and similar components: 90 percent Contrasting Components Areas with large amounts of fine earth material between rocks: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Riverwash Definition: Extremely cobbly or stony areas in the channels of major creeks and rivers that are frequently flooded, washed and reworked Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Riverwash Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked SbA Sebring silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Stream terrace Position on the landform: Broad, concave flat and depression on tread Size of areas: Up to about 1,055 acres Map Unit Composition Sebring and similar components: 78 percent Similar Components Soils that are slightly better drained Contrasting Components Fitchville soils: 18 percent Canadice soils: 2 percent Caneadea soils: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Sebring Available water capacity: About 9.7 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 15 to 27 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: Brief Depth of ponding: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Drainage class: Poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: This soil is a taxadjunct to the Sebring series due to having an insufficient amount of translocated clay in the subsoil to qualify as an argillic horizon. This difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action.

117 Ashtabula County, Ohio 117 Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. A combination of surface and subsurface drainage helps to remove excess water. Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Ponding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites Because water tends to pond on this soil, the period when excavations can be made may be restricted and intensive construction site development and building maintenance may be needed. The soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of ponding, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Ponding affects the ease of excavation and grading and limits the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Sebring Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: Yes StA Stanhope silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded Setting Landform: Flood plain Position on the landform: Flood plain steps Size of areas: Up to about 1,090 acres Map Unit Composition Stanhope and similar components: 98 percent Similar Components Soils with less silt and more sand in the subsoil Wick soils Contrasting Components Moderately well drained soils: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained and either protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season Soil Properties and Qualities Stanhope Available water capacity: About 12.1 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 8 to 20 meq per 100 grams

118 118 Interim Soil Survey Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.0 to 0.5 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Poorly drained Flooding: Frequent Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 7.0 percent Parent material: Fine-silty alluvium Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Winter grain crops are commonly not grown because of frequent flooding. Measures that protect the soil from scouring and minimize the loss of crop residue by floodwaters are needed. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Forage production can be improved by seeding grass-legume mixtures that are tolerant of flooding. Sediment left on forage plants after a flood event may reduce palatability and forage intake by the grazing animal. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Flooding may result in damage to haul roads and increased maintenance costs. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Flooding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Building Sites The frequent flooding in areas of this soil greatly increases the risk of damage associated with floodwaters. Because of the flooding, this soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Septic Tank Absorption Fields This soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption fields. The flooding in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Rapidly moving floodwaters may damage some components of septic systems. Because of the seasonal high water table, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Because of shrinking and swelling, this soil may not be suitable for use as base material for local roads and streets. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Special design of roads and bridges is needed to prevent the damage caused by flooding.

119 Ashtabula County, Ohio 119 Component Interpretive Groups Stanhope Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-3 Hydric soil: Yes ToC Towerville silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine, End moraine Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope, footslope Size of areas: Up to about 20 acres Map Unit Composition Towerville and similar components: 90 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table deeper than 2 feet Contrasting Components Hornell soils: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Towerville Available water capacity: About 4.9 inches to a depth of 34 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 20 to 30 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Shallow and moderately deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Bedrock (paralithic): 20 to 40 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till over shale and siltstone residuum Permeability: Slow or moderately slow Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: There are fewer rock fragments in the A and Bw1 horizons than is defined for the series. This difference, however, does not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Bedrock may interfere with the construction of haul roads and log landing sites.

120 120 Interim Soil Survey Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The nature and depth of the soft bedrock in this soil reduces the ease of excavation and increases the difficulty in constructing foundations and installing utilities. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs may be required to ensure satisfactory performance. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of the limited depth to bedrock, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines and seepage of poorly treated effluent is a concern. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Towerville Pasture and hayland suitability group: F-1 Hydric soil: No ToD Towerville silt loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Setting Landform: End moraine, ground moraine Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope, footslope Size of areas: About 2 to 15 acres Map Unit Composition Towerville and similar components: 100 percent Similar Components Soils with a seasonal high water table deeper than 2 feet Soils with bedrock within 40 to 60 inches Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Towerville Available water capacity: About 4.7 inches to a depth of 32 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 20 to 30 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Shallow and moderately deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Bedrock (paralithic): 20 to 40 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till over shale and siltstone residuum Permeability: Slow or moderately slow

121 Ashtabula County, Ohio 121 Potential frost action: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Avoiding overgrazing can reduce the hazard of erosion. Maintaining healthy plants and vegetative cover can reduce the hazard of erosion. Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland If the soil is disturbed, the slope increases the hazard of erosion. The slope increases excavation costs, poses safety hazards, and creates a potential for erosion during construction of haul roads and log landings. A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Bedrock may interfere with the construction of haul roads and log landing sites. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. The slope creates unsafe operating conditions and reduces the operating efficiency of log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. The slope restricts the use of equipment for preparing this site for planting and seeding. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. The slope influences the use of machinery and the amount of excavation required. Special building practices and designs are required to ensure satisfactory performance. The nature and depth of the soft bedrock in this soil reduces the ease of excavation and increases the difficulty in constructing foundations and installing utilities. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of the limited depth to bedrock, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Because of the slope, special design and installation techniques are needed for the effluent distribution lines. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field.

122 122 Interim Soil Survey Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. Special design of roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Because of the slope, designing local roads and streets is difficult. Component Interpretive Groups Towerville Pasture and hayland suitability group: F-1 Hydric soil: No TyB Tyner-Otisville complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Longshore bar (relict) on lake plain, beach plain on lake plain, beach ridge on lake plain Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope, footslope, summit Size of areas: Up to about 945 acres Map Unit Composition Tyner and similar components: 46 percent Otisville and similar components: 31 percent Similar Components Soils with less silt and more sand in the subsoil similar to Tyner Soils with less rock fragments in the subsoil similar to Otisville Contrasting Components Chenango soils: 14 percent Well drained soils with 10 to 18 percent clay in the subsoil: 9 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3s Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Tyner Available water capacity: About 5.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 1 to 6 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 0.5 to 1.0 percent Parent material:beach deposits or sandy outwash Permeability: Rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy sand Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Severe Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. Plant nutrients are leached at an accelerated rate because of the sandy layer. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture.

123 Ashtabula County, Ohio 123 Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. A loss of soil productivity may occur following an episode of fire. Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets This soil is well suited to use for local roads and streets. Component Interpretive Groups Tyner Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Otisville Available water capacity: About 2.8 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 2 to 9 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Outwash reworked as gravelly beach deposits Permeability: Rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Very gravelly sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Moderate Distinctive soil property: The upper part of the subsoil in the Otisville soils is slightly finer in texture and has slightly stronger structure than is defined for the series. These differences, however, do not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Maintaining vegetative cover and establishing windbreaks reduce the hazard of wind erosion. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Plant nutrients are leached at an accelerated rate because of the sandy layer. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Woodland The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The slope may restrict the use of some mechanical planting equipment. Rock fragments obstruct the use of mechanical planting equipment. Stones restrict the use of equipment during site preparation for planting or seeding.

124 124 Interim Soil Survey Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets This soil is well suited to use for local roads and streets. Component Interpretive Groups Otisville Pasture and hayland suitability group: B-1 Hydric soil: No Ud Udorthents Setting Landform: Lake plain, till plain Size of areas: Up to about 1,910 acres Map Unit Composition Udorthents and similar components: 90 percent Contrasting Components Overburden and mined materials not removed from the site: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Land capability classification: None assigned Udorthents Definition: The landscape has been altered by construction activities, major highway right-of-ways, borrow pits, or areas of commercial development, resulting in random soil mixing. Also included are rail yards in rural areas, and landfills and gravel pits that have been reclaimed and are closed. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Udorthents Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked Un Urban land Setting Landform: Lake plain, till plain Size of areas: About 7 to 185 acres Map Unit Composition Urban land and similar components: 90 percent Contrasting Components Areas of natural undisturbed soil material: 10 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Urban land Definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked

125 Ashtabula County, Ohio 125 UrB Urban land-elnora complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes Setting Landform: Beach ridge on lake plain, delta on lake plain Position on the landform: Slight rise, summit, shoulder and backslope Size of areas: About 6 to 645 acres Map Unit Composition Urban land and similar components: 70 percent Elnora and similar components: 27 percent Similar Components Soils that are well drained Soils with layers having 15 to 60 percent gravel below 40 inches Soils with layers of very fine sandy loam to sand below 40 inches Contrasting Components Red Hook soils: 2 percent Soils with a silty substratum starting between 60 and 80 inches: 1 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Urban land Definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked Soil Properties and Qualities Elnora Available water capacity: About 3.8 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 3 to 11 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.0 feet Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Moderately well drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 6.0 percent Parent material: Sandy aeolian, deltaic, and glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderately rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy fine sand Potential for surface runoff: Very low Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Sandy layers in Elnora soils Use and Management Considerations Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field.

126 126 Interim Soil Survey Local Roads and Streets The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Elnora Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No UtB Urban land-tyner-otisville complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Beach ridge on lake plain, beach plain on lake plain Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope Size of areas: About 5 to 315 acres Map Unit Composition Urban land and similar components: 45 percent Tyner and similar components: 25 percent Otisville and similar components: 17 percent Similar Components Soils with less rock fragments in the subsoil similar to Otisville Soils with less silt and more sand in the subsoil similar to Tyner Contrasting Components Chenango soils: 8 percent Well drained soils with 10 to 18 percent clay in the subsoil: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not rated Urban land Definition: Urban land is a miscellaneous area where the original soils have been removed or altered during excavation and construction activities, often resulting in random soil mixing. The soil surface is largely covered by streets, structures and other engineered installations. Generally the infiltration of precipitation on urban land is very limited. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Urban land Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: Unranked Soil Properties and Qualities Tyner Available water capacity: About 5.4 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 1 to 6 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 0.5 to 1.0 percent Parent material: Glaciolacustrine beach deposits or sandy outwash Permeability: Rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Loamy sand Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Severe Use and Management Considerations Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field.

127 Ashtabula County, Ohio 127 Local Roads and Streets This soil is well suited to use for local roads and streets. Component Interpretive Groups Tyner Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No Soil Properties and Qualities Otisville Available water capacity: About 2.8 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 2 to 9 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: Greater than 6 feet Ponding: None Drainage class: Excessively drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Gravelly glaciolacustrine beach deposits or outwash Permeability: Rapid Potential frost action: Low Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Very gravelly sandy loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Moderate Distinctive soil property: The upper part of the subsoil in the Otisville soils is slightly finer in texture and has slightly stronger structure than is defined for the series. These differences, however, do not affect the use or management of the soils. Use and Management Considerations Building Sites Because of the high content of sand or gravel in the soil, the resistance to sloughing is reduced in shallow excavations and cutbanks are susceptible to caving. This soil is well suited to use as building sites. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The excessive permeability limits the proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems in areas of this soil. The poorly treated effluent may pollute the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets This soil is well suited to use for local roads and streets. Component Interpretive Groups Otisville Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No VeA Venango silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine Position on the landform: Planar or convex flat Size of areas: Up to about 55 acres Map Unit Composition Venango and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with less sand and more silt above the fragipan Contrasting Components Darien soils: 10 percent Mill soils: 5 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Venango Available water capacity: About 3.8 inches to a depth of 21 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 18 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

128 128 Interim Soil Survey Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Low Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Field examinations indicate that the fragipan development is generally weaker and considerably more erratic than in the Cambridge soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. (fig. 15) The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Venango Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No

129 Ashtabula County, Ohio 129 VeB Venango silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Setting Landform: Ground moraine, end moraine Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope Size of areas: Up to about 420 acres Map Unit Composition Venango and similar components: 90 percent Contrasting Components Darien soils: 5 percent Cambridge soils: 4 percent Red Hook soils: 1 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 3w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained Soil Properties and Qualities Venango Available water capacity: About 4.0 inches to a depth of 22 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 10 to 20 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Fragipan: 18 to 26 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: 0.5 to 1.0 feet Water table kind: Perched Ponding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 2.0 to 4.0 percent Parent material: Fine-loamy till Permeability: Very slow or slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Medium Wind erosion hazard: Slight Distinctive soil property: Field examinations indicate that the fragipan development is generally weaker and considerably more erratic than in the Cambridge soils. Use and Management Considerations Cropland Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce erosion. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Incorporating crop residue or other organic matter into the surface layer increases the capacity of the soil to hold and retain moisture. Plants may suffer from moisture stress because of the limited available water capacity. The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Maintaining or increasing the content of organic matter in the soil helps to prevent crusting, improves tilth, and increases the rate of water infiltration. The movement of water into subsurface drains is restricted. Drainage guides can be used to determine tile spacing requirements. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. The rooting depth of crops is restricted by dense soil material. Pastureland Erosion control is needed when pastures are renovated. Plants may suffer moisture stress during the drier summer months because of the limited available water capacity. Using a system of conservation tillage when pastures are renovated conserves soil moisture. This soil provides poor summer pasture. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration.

130 130 Interim Soil Survey The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The seasonal high water table may restrict the period when excavations can be made and may require a higher degree of construction site development and building maintenance. It is poorly suited to building site development and structures may need special design to avoid damage from wetness. Septic Tank Absorption Fields The restricted permeability of this soil limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. The seasonal high water table in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Costly measures may be needed to lower the water table in the area of the absorption field. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Component Interpretive Groups Venango Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-1 Hydric soil: No W Water Setting Landform: None assigned Size of areas: Up to about 3,250 acres Map Unit Composition Water and similar components: 100 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: None assigned Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Water Definition: Water includes creeks, rivers, lakes, and ponds that are covered with water in most years at least during the period warm enough for plants to grow; most areas are covered throughout the year. Use and Management Considerations Onsite investigation is needed to determine the suitability for specific uses. Component Interpretive Groups Water Pasture and hayland suitability group: Not rated Hydric soil: No WcA Wick silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded Setting Landform: Flood plain Position on the landform: Flood plain steps Size of areas: Up to about 1,360 acres Map Unit Composition Wick and similar components: 89 percent Similar Components Soils with less silt and more sand in the subsoil Contrasting Components Somewhat poorly drained soils: 5 percent Willette soils: 4 percent Carlisle soils: 2 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4w Prime farmland: Prime farmland if drained and either protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season Soil Properties and Qualities Wick Available water capacity: About 10.2 inches to a depth of 60 inches

131 Ashtabula County, Ohio 131 Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 9 to 23 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: At or near the surface Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: None Drainage class: Very poorly drained Flooding: Frequent Organic matter content in the surface layer: 3.0 to 8.5 percent Parent material: Fine-silty alluvium Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Surface layer texture: Silt loam Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Slight Use and Management Considerations Cropland The root system of winter grain crops may be damaged by frost action. Careful selection and application of chemicals and fertilizers help to minimize the possibility of groundwater contamination. Controlling traffic can minimize soil compaction. Winter grain crops are commonly not grown because of frequent flooding. Measures that protect the soil from scouring and minimize the loss of crop residue by floodwaters are needed. Subsurface drainage helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Pastureland Forage production can be improved by seeding grass-legume mixtures that are tolerant of flooding. Sediment left on forage plants after a flood event may reduce palatability and forage intake by the grazing animal. Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize compaction. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. Standing water can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by restricting root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Flooding may result in damage to haul roads and increased maintenance costs. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Flooding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. Building Sites The frequent flooding in areas of this soil greatly increases the risk of damage associated with floodwaters. Because of the flooding, this soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Septic Tank Absorption Fields This soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption fields. The flooding in areas of this soil greatly limits the absorption and proper treatment of the effluent from septic systems. Rapidly moving floodwaters may damage some components of septic systems. Because of the seasonal high water table, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The seasonal high water table affects the ease of excavation and grading and reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to

132 132 Interim Soil Survey prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Special design of roads and bridges is needed to prevent the damage caused by flooding. Component Interpretive Groups Wick Pasture and hayland suitability group: C-3 Hydric soil: Yes WeA Willette muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes Setting Landform: Till plain, lake plain Position on the landform: Depression Size of areas: About 2 to 80 acres Map Unit Composition Willette and similar components: 85 percent Similar Components Soils with an organic layer less than 19 inches thick Contrasting Components Organic soils underlain by coarser textured mineral layers: 15 percent Map Unit Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 5w Prime farmland: Not prime farmland Soil Properties and Qualities Willette Available water capacity: About 14.1 inches to a depth of 60 inches Cation-exchange capacity of the surface layer: 120 to 180 meq per 100 grams Depth class: Very deep Depth to root restrictive feature: Greater than 80 inches Depth to the top of the seasonal high water table: At or near the surface Water table kind: Apparent Ponding: Very long Depth of ponding: 0.0 to 2.0 feet Drainage class: Very poorly drained Flooding: None Organic matter content in the surface layer: 60.0 to 99.0 percent Parent material: Herbaceous organic material over silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits Permeability: Slow Potential frost action: High Shrink-swell potential: High Surface layer texture: Muck Potential for surface runoff: Negligible Wind erosion hazard: Severe Distinctive soil property: Layers of organic material Use and Management Considerations Pastureland Excess water should be removed, or grass or legume species that are adapted to wet soil conditions should be planted. The root systems of plants may be damaged by frost action. Woodland A seasonal high water table can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by reducing root respiration. Standing water can inhibit the growth of some species of seedlings by restricting root respiration. The low strength of the soil may cause the formation of ruts, which can result in unsafe conditions and damage to equipment. The low strength of the soil increases the cost of constructing haul roads and log landings. Sandy layers in this soil increase the maintenance of haul roads and log landings. Soil wetness may limit the use of this soil by log trucks. Ponding restricts the safe use of roads by log trucks. Because of low soil strength, harvesting equipment may be difficult to operate and damage may result. The low strength of the soil may create unsafe conditions for log trucks. The sandiness of the soil may reduce the traction of wheeled harvest equipment and log trucks. Sandy layers may slough, thus reducing the efficiency of mechanical planting equipment. Building Sites When drained, the organic layers in this soil subside. Subsidence leads to differential rates of settlement which may cause foundations to break. Because of the high potential for

133 Ashtabula County, Ohio 133 subsidence, this soil is generally unsuited to building site development. Because water tends to pond on this soil, the period when excavations can be made may be restricted and intensive construction site development and building maintenance may be needed. The soil is generally unsuited to building site development. In some areas the high content of clay in the subsurface layer increases the difficulty of digging, filling, and compacting the soil material in shallow excavations. Septic Tank Absorption Fields Because of ponding, this soil is generally unsuited to use as a site for septic tank absorption fields. Local Roads and Streets Ponding affects the ease of excavation and grading and limits the bearing capacity of this soil. Subsidence of the organic material reduces the bearing capacity of this soil. Local roads and streets may be damaged by frost action, which is caused by the freezing and thawing of soil moisture. The low bearing strength of this soil is generally unfavorable for supporting heavy loads. Special design of local roads and streets is needed to prevent the structural damage caused by low soil strength. Component Interpretive Groups Willette Pasture and hayland suitability group: D-1 Hydric soil: Yes

134 134 Interim Soil Survey Important Farmland Prime Farmland Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the Nation's short- and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible levels of government, as well as individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation's prime farmland (fig. 16). Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, pastureland, woodland, or other land, but it is not urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are those needed for the soil to economically produce sustained high yields of crops when proper management, including water management, and acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, and few or no rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or saturated with water for long periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during the growing season or is protected from flooding. Slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed information about the criteria for prime farmland is available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. About 233,000 acres in the county, or about 51 percent of the total acreage in the county, meets the soils requirements for prime farmland as defined by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Most of the prime farmland in the county is used as cropland. Urbanization in and around cities and along interstate corridors account for the majority of prime farmland lost to agricultural uses. A recent trend in land use in some parts of Ashtabula County has been the loss of some prime farmland to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. The map units in Ashtabula County that are considered prime farmland are listed in table 5-Prime Farmland and table 34-Interpretative Groups. These lists do not constitute a recommendation for a particular land use. On some soils included in the lists, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective measures. The extent of each listed map unit is shown in Table 4-Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Map Units. The location is shown on the detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use and management are described under the heading "Detailed Soil Map Units." Unique Farmland Unique farmland is land other than prime farmland that is used for the production of specific high-value food and fiber crops. It has the special combination of soil qualities, location, growing season, and moisture supply needed for the economic production of sustained high yields of a specific high- quality crop when treated and managed by acceptable farming methods. Examples of such crops are tree fruits, berries, and vegetables. Unique farmland has an adequate supply of available moisture for the specific crops for which it is used because of stored moisture, precipitation, or irrigation and has a combination of soil qualities, growing season, temperature, humidity, air drainage, elevation, aspect, and other factors, such as nearness to markets, that favors the production of a specific food or fiber crop. Lists of unique farmland are developed as needed in cooperation with conservation districts and others. Additional Farmland of Statewide Importance Some areas other than areas of prime farmland and unique farmland are of statewide importance in the production of food, feed, fiber, forage, and oilseed crops. The criteria used in defining and delineating these areas are determined by the appropriate state agency or agencies. Generally, additional farmland of statewide importance includes areas that nearly meet the criteria for prime farmland and that economically produce high yields of crops when treated and managed by acceptable farming methods. Some areas can produce as high a yield as areas of prime farmland if conditions are favorable. In some states additional farmland of statewide importance may

135 Ashtabula County, Ohio 135 Figure 16. The Mill silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes in the cultivated field is prime farmland if drained. include tracts of land that have been designated for agriculture by state law. Additional Farmland of Local Importance This land consists of areas that are of local importance in the production of food, feed, fiber, forage, and oilseed crops and are not identified as having national or statewide importance. Where appropriate, this land is identified by local agencies. It may include tracts of land that have been designated for agriculture by local ordinance. Lists of this land are developed as needed in cooperation with conservation districts and others.

136 136 Interim Soil Survey Hydric Soils In this section, hydric soils are defined and described. The hydric soils in Ashtabula County are listed in table 6-Hydric Soils. The nonhydric soils with hydric components are listed in table 7- Nonhydric Map Units with Hydric Components. (fig. 17) The three essential characteristics of wetlands are hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology (Cowardin and others, 1979; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1987; National Research Council, 1995). Criteria for each of the characteristics must be met for areas to be identified as wetlands. Undrained hydric soils that have natural vegetation should support a dominant population of ecological wetland plant species. Hydric soils that have been converted to other uses should be capable of being restored to wetlands. Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as soils that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). These soils are either saturated or inundated long enough during the growing season to support the growth and reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation. The NTCHS definition identifies general soil properties that are associated with wetness. In order to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or nonhydric soil, however, more specific information, such as information about the depth and duration of the water table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify those estimated soil properties unique to hydric soils have been established (Federal Register, 1995). These criteria are used to identify a phase of a soil series that normally is associated with wetlands. The criteria used are selected estimated soil properties that are described in "Soil Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and "Keys to Soil Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 1998) and in the "Soil Survey Manual" (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). If soils are wet enough for a long enough period to be considered hydric, they should exhibit certain properties that can be easily observed in the field. These visible properties are indicators of hydric soils. The indicators used to make onsite determinations of Figure 17. The hydric soil inclusions in nonhydirc soil map units such as this Fitchville silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes may be generally identified by ponding of water in the lowest depressions and swales in early spring.

137 Ashtabula County, Ohio 137 hydric soils in Ashtabula County are specified in "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States" (Hurt and others, 1998). Hydric soils are identified by examining and describing the soil to a depth of about 20 inches. This depth may be greater if determination of an appropriate indicator so requires. It is always recommended that soils be excavated and described to the depth necessary for an understanding of the redoximorphic processes. Then, using the completed soil descriptions, soil scientists can compare the soil features required by each indicator and specify which indicators have been matched with the conditions observed in the soil. The soil can be identified as a hydric soil if at least one of the approved indicators is present. The map units in table 6 meet the definition of hydric soils and, in addition, have at least one of the hydric soil indicators. This list can help in planning land uses; however, onsite investigation is recommended to determine the hydric soils on a specific site (National Research Council, 1995; Hurt and others, 1998). Map units that are dominantly hydric soils may have small areas, or inclusions, of nonhydric soils in the higher positions on the landform, and map units dominantly nonhydric soils may have inclusions of hydric soils in the lower positions on the landform. The map units listed in table 7- Nonhydric Map Units with Hydric Components, do not meet the definition of hydric soils because they do not have one of the hydric soil indicators. A minor portion of these map units, however, may be hydric soils. Onsite investigation is necessary to determine whether or not hydric soils occur and if so the location and extent of the included hydric soils.

138 138 Interim Soil Survey Use and Management fo the Soils This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the soils in Ashtabula County. It can be used to adjust land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural resources and the environment. Also, it can help to prevent soil-related failures in land uses. In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, conservationists, engineers, and others collect extensive field data about the nature and behavioral characteristics of the soils. They collect data on erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that affect various soil uses and management. Field experience and collected data on soil properties and performance are used as a basis in predicting soil behavior. Information in this section can be used to plan the use and management of soils for crops and pasture (fig. 18); as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation systems, and parks and other recreational facilities; for agricultural waste management; and as wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent construction failures caused by unfavorable soil properties. Planners and others using soil survey information can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on productivity and on the environment in all or part of the survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain or create a land use pattern in harmony with the natural soil. Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and others may also find this survey useful. The survey can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. Interpretive Ratings The interpretive tables in this survey rate the soils in Ashtabula County for various uses. Many of the tables identify the limitations that affect specified uses and indicate the severity of those limitations. The ratings in these tables are both verbal and numerical. Rating Class Terms Rating classes are expressed in the tables in terms that indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect a specified use or in terms that indicate the suitability of the soils for the use. Thus, the tables may show limitation classes or suitability classes. Terms for the limitation classes are not limited, somewhat limited, and very limited. The suitability ratings are expressed as well suited, moderately suited, poorly suited, and unsuited or as good, fair, and poor. Numerical Ratings Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the relative severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.00 to They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the use and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation. The limitations appear in order from the most limiting to the least limiting. Thus, if more than one limitation is identified, the most severe limitation is listed first and the least severe one is listed last. Cropland Limitations and Hazards The management concerns affecting the use of the detailed map units in the survey area for crops are shown in table 8-Cropland Limitations and Hazards. The main concerns in managing nonirrigated cropland are controlling flooding and water erosion, preventing ground-water pollution, removing excess water, reducing surface crusting, reducing compaction, and maintaining soil tilth, organic matter, and fertility. Generally, a combination of several practices is needed to control water erosion. Conservation tillage, stripcropping, contour farming, conservation cropping systems, crop residue management, diversions, and grassed waterways help to prevent excessive soil loss. Surface and/or subsurface drainage is used to remove excess water, lower seasonal high water tables, and to reduce ponding. A surface crust forms in tilled areas after hard rains and may inhibit seedling emergence. Regular additions of crop residue, manure, or other organic materials help to improve soil structure and minimize crusting.

139 Ashtabula County, Ohio 139 Tilling within the proper range in moisture content minimizes compaction. Measures that are effective in maintaining soil tilth, organic matter, and fertility include applying fertilizer, both organic and inorganic, including manure; incorporating crop residue or green manure crops into the soil; and using proper crop rotations. Controlling erosion helps to prevent the loss of organic matter and plant nutrients and thus helps to maintain productivity, although the level of fertility can be reduced even in areas where erosion is controlled. All soils used for nonirrigated crops respond well to applications of fertilizer. Some of the limitations and hazards shown in the table cannot be easily overcome. These are flooding, ponding, slope, limited organic matter content, and depth to bedrock. Flooding.--Flooding can damage winter grain and forage crops. A tillage method that partly covers crop residue and leaves a rough or ridged surface helps to prevent removal of crop residue by floodwater. Tilling and planting should be delayed in the spring until flooding is no longer a hazard. Ponding.--Surface drains helps to remove excess surface water and reduce damage from ponding. Slope.--Where the slope is more than 25 percent, water erosion is excessive. The selection of crops and use of equipment is limited. Cultivation may be restricted. Limited organic matter content.--many soils that have a light colored surface layer have a low or moderately low organic matter content and weak or moderate structure. Regularly adding crop residue, manure, and other organic matter materials to the soil maintains or improves the organic matter content and the soil structure. Depth to bedrock.--rooting depth and available moisture may be limited by bedrock within a depth of 40 inches. Additional limitations and hazards are as follows: Potential for ground-water pollution.--this is a hazard in soils with excessive permeability, moderately deep or shallow bedrock, or a water table within the profile. Limited available water capacity, poor tilth, restricted permeability, and surface crusting.--these limitations can be overcome by incorporating green manure crops, manure, or crop residue into the soil; applying a system of conservation tillage; and using conservation cropping systems. Frost action.--frost action can damage deep rooted legumes and some small grains. Sandy layers.--deep leaching of nutrients and pesticides may result from sandy layers. Crops generally respond better to smaller, more frequent applications of fertilizer and lime than to one large application. Clodding. --Clods may inhibit germination, reduce water infiltration and increase runoff. Subsidence of the muck. --Subsidence or shrinking occurs as a result of oxidation in the muck after the soil is drained. Control of the water table by subirrigation through subsurface drain lines reduces the hazards of subsidence, burning, and soil blowing. High clay content.--the high clay content in the soil reduces rooting depth and water movement. Root restrictive layers. --Root restrictive layers limit root growth and water movement. Excessive alkalinity.--high ph in the upper part of the soil may inhibit plant growth and reduce availability of potassium and micronutrients. Excessive acidity.--low ph in the upper part of the soil may increase concentrations of aluminum and manganese and may injure plants. Gravelly surface. --This limitation causes rapid wear of tillage equipment. It cannot be easily overcome. Stony surface.--stones or boulders on the surface can hinder normal tillage unless they are removed. Following is an explanation of the criteria used to determine the limitations or hazards for cropland. Areas of rock outcrop.--rock outcrop is a named component of the map unit. Areas of rubble land.--rubble land is a named component of the map unit. Areas of slick spots.--slick spots are a named component of the map unit. Channeled.--The word "channeled" is included in the name of the map unit. Easily eroded.--the surface K factor multiplied by the relative value of the slope is more than 2 (same as prime farmland criteria). Erosion hazard.--the relative value of the slope is greater than 2. Frequent flooding.--the component of the map unit is frequently flooded. Occasional flooding.--the component of the map unit is occasionally flooded. Gullied.--The word "gullied" is included in the name of the map unit.

140 140 Interim Soil Survey Figure 18. The soil survey provides information necessary to plan the optimum use and management of soils such as this Venango silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes soil being cropped to soybeans. Lime content.--the component is assigned to wind erodibility group 4L or has more than 5 percent lime in the upper 10 inches. Limited available water capacity.--the available water capacity calculated to a depth of 60 inches or to a root-limiting layer is 6 inches or less. Ponding.--Ponding duration is assigned to the component of the map unit. Ponded for extended periods.--very long ponding duration is assigned to the component of the map unit. Gravelly surface. --The surface texture has flaggy, very flaggy, extremely flaggy, very gravelly, extremely gravelly, or very channery modifier. Stony surface.--the surface texture has bouldery, very bouldery, extremely bouldery, stony, very stony, extremely stony, cobbly, very cobbly, or extremely cobbly modifier. Sandy layers.--the family particle size is sandy, sandy or sandy-skeletal, sandy over loamy, sandy over clayey, sandy-skeletal, sandy-skeletal over clayey, or sandy-skeletal over loamy; or the subgroup is Arenic or Psammentic; or the suborder is Psamments. Depth to bedrock.--bedrock is at a depth of less than 40 inches. High potential for ground water pollution.--the soil has hard bedrock within the profile, or permeability is more than 6 inches per hour within the soil. Moderate potential for ground water pollution.--the soil has an apparent water table within a depth of 4 feet or moderately rapid permeability between 24 and 60 inches. Poor tilth. --The component of the map unit is severely eroded, has less than 1 percent organic matter in the surface layer, or 35 percent or more clay in the surface layer. Fair tilth.--the component of the map unit has ##a silty clay loam or clay loam surface layer and less than 35 percent clay or moderately eroded and a silt loam or loam surface texture##. Excessive acidity.--the upper range of the soil ph is less than 4.5 within 40 inches.

141 Ashtabula County, Ohio 141 Excessive alkalinity.--the lower range of the soil ph is more than 7.4 within 40 inches. Restricted permeability.--permeability is 0.2 inches per hour or less within the soil profile and a seasonal high water table is within 18 inches. Seasonal high water table.--the lower water table depth is less than 1.5 feet. Salt content.--the component of the map unit has an electrical conductivity of more than 4 in the surface layer or more than 8 within a depth of 30 inches. Short frost-free season.--the map unit has a growing season of less than 90 frost-free days. Excessive slope.--the upper slope range of the component of the map unit is more than 25 percent. Sodium content.--the sodium adsorption ratio of the component of the map unit is more than 13 within a depth of 30 inches. Soil blowing.--the wind erodibility index multiplied by the selected high C factor for the survey area and then divided by the T factor is more than 8 for the component of the map unit. Surface crusting.--the organic matter content of the surface layer is less than or equal to 3 percent and the texture is silt loam or silty clay loam loam. Surface compaction. --The component of the map unit has a silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay surface layer. Frost action.--the component of the map unit has a high potential frost action. Part of surface removed.--the surface layer of the component of the map unit is moderately eroded. Most of surface removed.--the surface layer of the component of the map unit is severely eroded. Subsidence of the muck. --The organic matter content of the surface layer of the component of the map unit is greater than or equal to 20 percent. Wind erosion.--the upper range of the slope is less than or equal to 25 percent and the wind erodibility group is 1, 2, or 3. Clodding. --The relative value of the total clay in the surface layer is greater than 32 percent. Root restrictive layer.--fragipan or dense material within 40 inches. High clay content.--a layer within 40 inches of the surface has clay content that averages between 40 and 60 percent. Very high clay content. --A layer within 40 inches of the surface has clay content that averages more than 60 percent. Crops and Pasture Al Bonnis, District Conservationist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. General management needed for crops and pasture is suggested in this section. The yield index of the main crops are listed in table 9-Crop Yield Index, the system of land capability classification used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained. In 2000, 75,200 acres of cropland planted to corn for grain, soybeans, wheat and hay were harvested, which is about 17 percent of the total acreage in the county. Harvested cropland is fairly evenly divided between grain crops and hay. Many soil attributes and management factors influence crop productivity and therefore are important to optimum planning and management for efficiency. It is important to recognize and minimize soil related limitations for cropping. The main limitations of the soils in Ashtabula County for crop production include wetness, erosion, steepness, low fertility, and droughtiness. Many soils have more than one limitation for crops and pasture management. Soil wetness is the major land use limitation for farmers in the county. Poorly drained soils such as Sebring and Mill are so naturally wet that field crops could not be grown in most years without drainage improvements. Somewhat poorly drained soils, such as Darien and Fitchville are wet enough in most years so that crops would suffer stress and yield reduction due to excessive wetness. Planting and harvesting would often be delayed without drainage improvements. Ditches are used to drain surface water and as outlets for subsurface drainage systems. Drainage improvement is difficult in areas where natural outlets are not available. Pump drainage is an alternative in areas where gravity outlets can not be obtained. Soil permeability affects the functioning of subsurface tile lines and the recommended spacings for the map units of this survey. Generally, the less permeable soils require closer spacing of tile lines. The presence of a fragipan in the subsoil limits the depths at which subsurface tile lines should be installed. Water erosion of soils can be severe on sloping soils if crops are grown without proper application of conservation practices. Surface texture, vegetation, management practices, steepness of slope, and length of slope influence soil erosion risks. On-site detrimental effects of soil erosion include: 1)loss of the organic enriched topsoil with its soil nutrients, i.e. fertility, 2)thinning of the original topsoil

142 142 Interim Soil Survey so that subsoil is progressively incorporated into the plow layer, 3)the soils become more droughty as their water holding capacities decrease, 4)reduces soil infiltration rates of water and increases water runoff. Off-site detrimental effects of erosion include: 1)soil particles become non-point water pollutants, 2)soil sediments fill ditches, bury vegetation, and plug engineered structures such as pipes. Plant residue left on the surface reduces rain drop impact, slows runoff, and increases infiltration rates. No-till and minimum till farming practices are designed to retard soil erosion. Minimum till practices require at least 30 percent of the soil surface be covered with residue to protect the soil from excessive erosion. Engineered practices can be installed also to help minimize water erosion. Specific information concerning the design of erosion control measures can be obtained from the county office of the Soil and Water Conservation District. Soil tilth refers to the physical condition of friability and structure. Crop production potentials are directly related to soil tilth. Tilth affects water infiltration rates and seedling emergence. Soils with a high percentage of clay in the plow layer have a narrow range of ideal moisture content for tilling and become cloddy if tilled when wet. After an intense rain loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam textured surfaces with low organic content often crust when dry, limiting seedling emergence and water infiltration rates. Soil tilth of the plow layer is deteriorated as topsoil erodes and subsoil is incorporated into the plow layer. Tilth can be improved by controling erosion and incorporating manure, crop residue or other organic matter into the plow layer. Nearly level fields that have high clay content surfaces can be fall plowed so that frost and thaw cycles over winter improve tilth for spring planting. Soil amendments can increase yields substantially. Soil tests are needed to determine the proper amount of lime and fertilizer required for efficient crop production. Soils in the county vary widely in ph values in the plow layer but are generally acidic. Applications of lime will raise ph values. Higher levels of aluminum in the subsoil of some soils increase the amount of lime needed to raise ph values. Soil fertility is naturally low in the sandier textured soils. The county has sufficient dairy operations to rank as the 9th highest county in Ohio for number of milk cows. Livestock farms, particularly dairy farms, have manure as a byproduct that can be utilized as a nutrient and organic matter resource to be recycled into soil as an amendment. Dairy farmers commonly pasture livestock and plant hay crops in the crop rotation. This is beneficial for overall quality improvement to the soil resource. Common hay seedings are trefoil and timothy, alfalfa and timothy, red clover, ladino clover, and orchardgrass. Soil related concerns for pasture management include wetness, erosion, and compaction. Damage due to compaction is a hazard with most soils if grazed when wet. Soils with low available water capacities are droughty during drier periods of the year. Overgrazing on sloping ground will promote soil erosion. Pasture renovation using no-till equipment to seed grasses and legumes is needed in some areas. Lime and fertilizer should be applied according to soil test recommendations. Flood plain soils are sometimes pastured. Flooding is not as detrimental to pasture crops as to field crops. Fencing along stream banks and watering livestock with installed facilities reduce stream bank erosion and improve stream water quality. Some woodlots are used for pasture, however, forage usually is sparse and of low quality. Some woodland plants can be toxic to livestock and livestock activity reduces timber quality. Specialty crops account for about 17% of agricultural income in the county. They require more intensive management than row crops but have a much higher return per acre. The moderating affect of Lake Erie on northern Ashtabula County is one of the most important reasons for the success of specialty crops. Freezing weather is delayed in the fall while cooler winds in the spring delay bud break, lessoning the chance of early frost damage. With the variety of soil types, specialty crop growers can farm soils suited to their management plans. Orchard crops grown include apple, peach, pear, and plum trees. Orchard crops do well on better drained soils with loamier textures. A small percentage of the produce is sold locally through roadside markets with the majority of the crop being trucked out. Vineyards are mostly located in the north in order to take advantage of the moderating affect of Lake Erie. Grapes do well on the more acidic soils such as Platea. The grape crop is used for food and wine products. Most nursery operators locate near the lake. Growers market a variety of landscape and garden plants. There is potential for more nursery stock production if drainage improvements can be applied more extensively to the soils on the lake plain. Good highways and being located near large metropolitan areas help in marketing nursery products. Deep, well drained soils such as Chenango, Tyner, and Otisville are preferred by nursery operators. Irrigation is used on some specialty crops. Slope, water holding capacity, infiltration rates, and rooting

143 Ashtabula County, Ohio 143 Figure 19. Grass-legume hay yields are given as indexes in Table 9 Crop Yield Index. The soils in this hay field are mostly Platea. depths are important considerations when planning irrigation practices. A slope of no more than six percent is recommended. Well and moderately well drained soils with loam or sandy textures, such as the Harbor soils respond best to irrigation. Most irrigation water is obtained from wells and ponds. Drip irrigation systems are often used because they reduce runoff, use less water, and are generally more efficient. Planners of agricultural management systems can find the specific information given in the detailed soil map descriptions and the interpretation tables helpful. Planners of management systems for individual fields or farms should consider the detailed information given in the description of each soil under the heading "Detailed Soil Map Units." Specific information can be obtained from the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Ohio State University Extension. Crop Yield Index Table 9 is the Crop Yield Index for Ashtabula County (fig. 19). The yield index reflects the yield potential of a soil in relation to other soils in the county. It is based on the most productive soil, GfA - Glenford silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes receiving a rating of 100, and other soils are ranked against this standard. The yields used to calculate the index values are based on using good management practices. GfA - Glenford silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes average yields per acre are approximately 115 bushels for corn, 4 tons for grass-legume hay, 80 bushels for oats, 45 bushels for soybeans and 50 bushels for wheat. To calculate estimated yields, for other soils using the table, use the yield index number as a percentage, and multiply it by the crop yield in the table header. For example, to calculate estimated corn yield for BkA - Blakeslee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, multiply 0.96 by the corn yield in the header, which is x 0.96 = bushels of corn estimated for BkA - Blakeslee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. To use this yield index in the future to calculate estimated yields, use current yield data. Additional information on calculating estimated yields can be obtained from the local office of the

144 144 Interim Soil Survey Figure 20. Carlisle muck is a capability class 5w soil that supports good wetland wildlife habitat. Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Ohio State Extension. Land Capability Classification Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Crops that require special management are excluded. The soils are grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for interpretations designed to show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for woodland, or for engineering purposes. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels capability class, subclass, and unit. Capability classes, the broadest groups, are designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numbers indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for practical use. The classes are defined as follows: Class 1 soils have slight limitations that restrict their use. Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require moderate conservation practices. Class 3 soils have severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require special conservation practices, or both. Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require very careful management, or both. Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but have other limitations, impractical to remove, that restrict their use mainly to pasture, woodland, or

145 Ashtabula County, Ohio 145 wildlife habitat.(fig. 20) Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to pasture, woodland, or wildlife habitat. Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to grazing, woodland, or wildlife habitat. Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that preclude commercial plant production and that restrict their use to recreational purposes, wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic purposes. Capability subclasses are soil groups within one class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of the United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. In class 1 there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few limitations. Class 5 contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the soils in class 5 are subject to little or no erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. The acreage of soils in each capability class or subclass is shown in table 10-Capability Classes and Subclasses. The capability classification of map units in this survey area is given in the section "Detailed Soil Map Units" and in table 34-Interpretative Groups. Pasture And Hayland Suitability Groups The pasture and hayland suitability group symbol for each soil is listed in each map unit description under the "Component interpretative groups" heading and in table 34-Interpretative Groups. Soils assigned the same suitability group symbol require the same general management and have about the same potential productivity. The pasture and hayland suitability groups are organized by soil characteristics and limitations. Group A soils have few limitations affecting the management and growth of climatically adapted plants. Group A-1 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained soils. The available water capacity ranges from moderate to very high. Slopes range from 0 to 18 percent. Plants on these soils respond well to additions of lime. Frequent applications may be needed to maintain an adequate ph level. A low ph level in the subsoil shortens the life of some deep-rooted legumes. Group A-2 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained soils. Available water capacity ranges from moderate to very high. Plants on these soils respond well to additions of lime. Frequent applications may be needed to maintain an adequate ph level. A low ph level in the subsoil shortens the life of some deep-rooted legumes. Slopes range from 18 to 25 percent. They may interfere with clipping, mowing, and spraying for weed control. The slopes increase the risk of erosion if the pasture is overgrazed or cultivated for reseeding. These soils are suited to no-till reseeding and interseeding. Group A-3 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained soils. Available water capacity ranges from moderate to very high. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. These soils are not suited to pasture or hay, but some grass pasture is produced. Group A-4 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained soils that have stones or boulders on the surface that are extensive enough to preclude the use of hay making equipment. Slopes range from 0 to 40 percent. Group A-5 consists of well and moderately well drained soils that are subject to flooding. Grazing is limited during periods of stream overflow. The floodwater deposits sediments that lower the quality of the forage. The available water capacity ranges from moderate to very high. Slopes range from 0 to 18 percent. Group A-6 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained soils that are subject to frost action, which can damage legumes. Mixing fibrous-rooted grasses with the legumes and applying good grazing management minimize the damage caused by frost action. The available water capacity ranges from moderate to very high. Slopes range from 0 to 18 percent. Group B soils are limited because of droughtiness. Group B-1 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained soils. The available water capacity is low or very low and limits forage growth and production. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Group B-2 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained soils. The available water capacity is low or very low and limits forage

146 146 Interim Soil Survey growth and production. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. Group B-3 consists of somewhat poorly drained to well drained soils that are subject to flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Group B-4 consists of deep and very deep, well and moderately well drained reclaimed mine soils. The available water capacity is low or very low. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. The substratum contains a high percentage of rock fragments. The rooting zone is 20 to 30 inches deep. Group C soils are wet because of a seasonal high water. Group C-1 consists of deep and very deep somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained soils. These soils normally respond well to subsurface drainage. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Group C-2 consists of deep and very deep somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained soils. The seasonal high water table limits the rooting depth of deep-rooted forage plants. Shallow-rooted species grow best on these soils. Subsurface drains are used to lower the seasonal high water table. The effectiveness of subsurface drainage is usually limited by permeability of the subsoil, high amounts of clay in the subsoil, or a fragipan. Because of the limited root zone, these soils are better suited to forage species that do not have a taproot than to other species. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Group C-3 consists of somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained soils that are subject to flooding. Grazing is limited during periods of stream overflow. The available water capacity ranges from moderate to very high. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. The seasonal high water table limits the rooting depth of forage plants. Shallowrooted species grow best on these soils. Group D soils have a high organic matter content. Group D-1 consists of soils formed entirely or partially in organic material. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. Group E consists of shallow soils in which the root zone is less than 20 inches deep. Group E-1 consists of soils that are shallow or very shallow. The available water capacity is low or very low. It restricts forage production. These soils are well suited to native warm-season grasses. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Group E-2 consists of soils that have are shallow and very shallow or have a high bulk density and cobbles and stones in the upper part. The available water capacity is low or very low. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. Shallow-rooted species should be selected for planting. Group E-3 soils have a high bulk density and cobbles and stones in the upper part. The available water capacity is low or very low. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. The soils in group F have a root zone that is extends to a depth of 20 to 40 inches. These soils are better suited to forage species that do not have a taproot than to other species. Group F-1 consists of moderately deep, well and moderately well drained soils. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Group F-2 consists of moderately deep, well and moderately well drained soils. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. This group generally is not suited to hay. Group F-3 consists of well and moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Group F-4 consists of well and moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. Group F-5 consists of well and moderately well drained soils with a high bulk density or a high clay content in the subsoil that restrict rooting depth. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Group F-6 consists of well and moderately well drained soils with a high bulk density or a high clay content in the subsoil that restrict rooting depth. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. Group F-7 consists of somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained soils with a high clay content and very slow permeability in the subsoil that restrict rooting depth. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Group G soils have chemical properties that are unfavorable for many climatically adapted plants. Group G-1 consists of well and moderately well drained soils that are shallow or moderately deep to toxic spoil from surface mine operations. Available water capacity is low or very low in the root zone. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Group G-2 consists of well and moderately well drained soils that are shallow or moderately deep to toxic spoil from surface mine operations. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. Group H soils are toxic or too steep for forage production. Group H-1 consists of soils toxic materials from surface mining operation or on slopes greater than or equal to 40 percent. These soils generally are unsuited to pasture and hay. Woodland Management and Productivity Mark Popichak, service forester, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, helped prepare this section. The tables in this section can help woodland owners or managers plan the use of soils for wood crops. They show the potential productivity of the

147 Ashtabula County, Ohio 147 Figure 21. This young woodland is maturing on Mill silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes soil. This area had previously been cleared of timber and used for cropland. soils for wood crops and rate the soils according to the limitations that affect various aspects of woodland management. Before the arrival of settlers, Ashtabula County was largely covered by virgin hardwood forest (Gordon ). Most of this forest was cleared so the land could be put in crop production or used for pasture. A significant percentage of the county acreage is again in woodlands, particularly in the northern parts of the county where idle and abandoned fields are reverting to trees (fig. 21). Most woodlots have been harvested several times and have been pastured at some time. The condition of existing woodlands varies depending on past management, species composition, age of stand, soil types, and previous logging practices. Soils differ greatly in their productivity. Factors that influence tree growth are similar to those that influence the production of crops and pasture. Soil reaction and fertility influence tree growth and the suitability of the soils for different tree species. Trees grow more slowly on all less fertile soils, but fertility has a major effect on their production only in areas where critical nutrients are deficient. Soil properties influence forest management practices, survival rates, species selection, equipment limitations, windthrow hazard, and erosion potential (fig. 22). Soil water holding capacity, internal drainage, and slope gradients affect plant competition and seedling mortality. Surface texture, amount of soil organic matter, slope, and drainage influence logging schedules, equipment limitations, and damage sustained to the forest environment during logging operations. Root development and depth are limited by high water tables, fragipans, bedrock, or other restrictive layers. Restricted root growth increases windthrow hazard and lowers site productivity. Internal soil drainage is an important consideration when selecting which species to plant. Soils that are subject to ponding and wetness commonly support stands of soft maple, bur oak, swamp white oak, and pin oak. Somewhat poorly drained soils are best suited to wet site species including soft maple, swamp white oak, bur oak, american elm, and pin oak. Moderately well drained and well drained soils support a greater variety of species. Associated species are red oak, white oak, ash, hickory, basswood, walnut, yellow poplar, sugar maple, beech, and cherry. Income from the sale of timber is lower than that of other farm products. However, if properly managed, woodlands have the potential to provide per acre income similar to other agricultural products through the periodic sale of timber (fig. 23). Woodlands also provide wildlife habitat, protect soils from erosion, maintain or improve water quality, serve as windbreaks, and offer aesthetic and recreational values. Woodlands are also a source of edible nuts and fuel wood. Former crop fields in the county are being left to naturally succeed to woodlands. Land owners could increase future incomes by planting site specific species that have a greater potential market value. Woodland Management In tables 11 through 14, interpretive ratings are given for various aspects of woodland management. The ratings are stated with descriptive terms and numerical values. Some rating class terms indicate the degree to which the soils are suited to a specified woodland management practice. Well suited indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified practice and has no limitations. Good performance

148 148 Interim Soil Survey Figure 22. The water in the foreground collected in shallow depressions made by former tree windthrows in this Mill silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. Micro-ridges were formed on the leeward side as the uprooted soil was redeposited upon deterioration of the root mass. can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. Moderately suited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified practice. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. Poorly suited indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for the specified practice. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration. Unsuited indicates that the expected performance of the soil is unacceptable for the specified practice or that extreme measures are needed to overcome the undesirable soil properties. Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the specified woodland management practice (1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00). Rating class terms for fire damage and seedling mortality are low, moderate, and high. Where these terms are used, the numerical ratings indicate gradations between the point at which the potential for erosion damage or seedling mortality is highest (1.00) and the point at which the potential is lowest (0.00). The paragraphs that follow indicate the soil properties considered in rating the soils for woodland management practices. More detailed information about the criteria used in the ratings is available in the "National Forestry Manual," which is available in local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or on the Internet ( Ratings in the column erosion hazard are based on slope and on soil erodibility factor K. The soil loss is caused by sheet or rill erosion in off-road or off-trail areas where 50 to 75 percent of the surface has been exposed by logging, grazing, mining, or other kinds of disturbance. The hazard is described as slight, moderate, severe, or very severe. A rating of slight indicates that erosion is unlikely under ordinary climatic conditions; moderate indicates that some erosion is likely and that erosion-control measures may be needed; severe indicates that erosion is very likely and that erosion-control measures, including revegetation of bare areas, are advised; and very severe indicates that significant erosion is expected, loss of soil productivity and off-site damage are likely, and erosion-control measures are costly and generally impractical. Ratings in the column seedling mortality are based on flooding, ponding, depth to a water table, content of lime, reaction, salinity, available water capacity, soil moisture regime, soil temperature regime, aspect, and slope. The soils are described as having a low, moderate, or high potential for seedling mortality. Ratings in the column soil rutting hazard are based on depth to a water table, rock fragments on or below the surface, the Unified classification, depth to a restrictive layer, and slope. Ruts form as a result of the operation of woodland equipment. The hazard is described as slight, moderate, or severe. A rating of slight indicates that the soil is subject to little or no rutting, moderate indicates that rutting is likely, and severe indicates that ruts form readily. For limitations affecting construction of haul roads and log landings, the ratings are based on slope, flooding, permafrost, plasticity index, the hazard of soil slippage, content of sand, the Unified classification, rock fragments on or below the

149 Ashtabula County, Ohio 149 Figure 23. Timber products, sawn on site, from trees grown on Chenango gravelly loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes soil. surface, depth to a restrictive layer that is indurated, depth to a water table, and ponding. The limitations are described as slight, moderate, or severe. A rating of slight indicates that no significant limitations affect construction activities, moderate indicates that one or more limitations can cause some difficulty in construction, and severe indicates that one or more limitations can make construction very difficult or very costly. Ratings in the column suitability for roads (natural surface) are based on slope, rock fragments on the surface, plasticity index, content of sand, the Unified classification, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, and the hazard of soil slippage. The ratings indicate the suitability for using the natural surface of the soil for roads. The soils are described as well suited, moderately suited, or poorly suited to this use. Ratings in the column harvest equipment operability are based on slope, rock fragments on the surface, plasticity index, content of sand, the Unified classification, depth to a water table, and ponding. The soils are described as well suited, moderately suited, or poorly suited to this use. Ratings in the column suitability for mechanical planting are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer, content of sand, plasticity index, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a water table, and ponding. The soils are described as well suited, moderately suited, poorly suited, or unsuited to these methods of planting. It is assumed that necessary site preparation is completed before seedlings are planted. Ratings in the column suitability for site preparation are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer, plasticity index, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a water table, and ponding. The soils are described as well suited, poorly suited, or unsuited to this management activity. The part of the soil from the surface to a depth of about 1 foot is considered in the ratings. Ratings in the column potential for damage to soil by fire are based on texture of the surface layer, content of rock fragments and organic matter in the surface layer, thickness of the surface layer, and slope. The soils are described as having a low, moderate, or high potential for this kind of damage. The ratings indicate an evaluation of the potential impact of prescribed fires or wildfires that are intense enough to remove the duff layer and consume organic matter in the surface layer.

150 150 Interim Soil Survey Information on woodland management is available from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, the Ohio State University Extension, Farm Services Agency, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Woodland Productivity In Table 12 Woodland Productivity the potential productivity of merchantable or common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index and as a volume number. The site index is the average height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of a given species attain in a specified number of years. The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those that woodland managers generally favor in intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. More detailed information regarding site index is available in the "National Forestry Manual," which is available in local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or on the Internet. The volume of wood fiber, a number, is the yield likely to be produced by the most important tree species. This number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year and calculated at the age of culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI), indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. Trees to manage are those that are preferred for planting, seeding, or natural regeneration and those that remain in the stand after thinning or partial harvest. Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings Farm and homestead windbreaks are rows of trees or shrubs established adjacent to farm buildings, feedlots, and homes. These windbreaks are usually planted perpendicular to the prevailing winter wind. Planting multiple rows of various species provides the best protection from winds and results in more varied wildlife habitat. Field windbreaks are narrow plantings made at right angles to the prevailing wind and at specific intervals across the field. The interval depends on the erodibility of the soil. Environmental plantings help to beautify and screen houses and other buildings and to abate noise. The plants, mostly evergreen shrubs and trees, are closely spaced. To ensure plant survival, a healthy planting stock of suitable species should be planted properly on a well prepared site and maintained in good condition. Table 15-Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings, shows the height that locally grown trees and shrubs are expected to reach in 20 years on various soils. The estimates in table 15 are based on measurements and observation of established plantings that have been given adequate care. They can be used as a guide in planning windbreaks and screens. Additional information on planning windbreaks and screens and planting and caring for trees and shrubs can be obtained from the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, or of the Ohio State University Extension or from a commercial nursery. Recreational Development Ashtabula County has many recreational areas open to the public. Scouting organizations own camps and reservations in the county, the largest being the Beaumont Scout Reservation operated by the Boy Scouts of America in Morgan Township. Geneva State Park, on the shores of Lake Erie, and Pymatuning State Park, bordering Pymatuning Reservoir, offer public hunting, fishing, boating and camping. Conservation areas in Orwell and New Lyme Townships are open for public use. Other recreational areas include township parks, golf courses, metro parks, city parks, and private campgrounds. The soils of Ashtabula County are rated in table 16-Recreational Development-REC-1, and table 17- Recreational Development-REC-2, according to limitations that affect their suitability for recreation. The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect the recreational uses. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected. Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the

151 Ashtabula County, Ohio 151 use (1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00). The ratings in the tables are based on restrictive soil features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Not considered in the ratings, but important in evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent and the ability of the soil to support vegetation also are important. Soils that are subject to flooding are limited for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is essential. The information in tables 16-Recreational Development-REC-1 and 17-Recreational Development-REC-2 can be supplemented by other information in this survey, for example, interpretations for building site development, construction materials, sanitary facilities, and water management. Camp areas require site preparation, such as shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of developing camp areas and the performance of the areas after development. Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan are the main concerns affecting the development of camp areas. The soil properties that affect the performance of the areas after development are those that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation, especially in heavily used areas. For good trafficability, the surface of camp areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry. The soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, permeability, and large stones. The soil properties that affect the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and toxic substances in the soil. Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking areas. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of developing picnic areas and that influence trafficability and the growth of vegetation after development. Slope and stoniness are the main concerns affecting the development of picnic areas. For good trafficability, the surface of picnic areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry. The soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, permeability, and large stones. The soil properties that affect the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and toxic substances in the soil. Playgrounds require soils that are nearly level, are free of stones, and can withstand intensive foot traffic. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of developing playgrounds and that influence trafficability and the growth of vegetation after development. Slope and stoniness are the main concerns affecting the development of playgrounds. For good trafficability, the surface of the playgrounds should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry. The soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, permeability, and large stones. The soil properties that affect the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and toxic substances in the soil. Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding should require little or no slope modification through cutting and filling. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect trafficability and erodibility. These properties are stoniness, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, slope, and texture of the surface layer. Off-road motorcycle trails require little or no site preparation. They are not covered with surfacing material or vegetation. Considerable compaction of the soil material is likely. The ratings are based on the soil properties that influence erodibility, trafficability, dustiness, and the ease of revegetation. These properties are stoniness, slope, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, and texture of the surface layer. Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be required. Irrigation is not considered in the ratings. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect plant growth and trafficability after vegetation is established. The properties that affect plant growth are reaction; depth to a water table; ponding; depth to bedrock or a cemented pan; the available water capacity in the upper 40 inches; the content of salts, sodium, or calcium carbonate; and sulfidic materials. The properties that affect trafficability are flooding, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface layer. The suitability of the soil for traps, tees, roughs, and greens is not considered in the ratings.

152 152 Interim Soil Survey Wildlife Habitat Jim Hill, biologist, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, and Nathan Paskey, District Program Administrator, Ashtabula Soil and Water Conservation District, helped prepare this section. Ashtabula County has several public and privately managed wildlife areas. Public lands include Geneva State Park, Pymatuning State Park, New Lyme State Wildlife Area, and the Orwell State Wildlife Area. The Beaumont Scout Reservation is owned by the Boy Scouts of America. Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also affect the distribution of shallow surface water and the construction of water impoundments. The kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Ashtabula County has a variety of wildlife supported by several habitat types including woodland, wetland, grassland, edge areas, cropland, shallow water areas, and deep open-water areas. The wide variety of habitat types is due largely to differences in soil types. Success in maintaining, improving, or creating wildlife habitat is dependent on the soil types present and their limitations. Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation available for food and cover, and particular soil characteristics are needed for the successful construction of water impoundments and wetlands. A variety of wetland wildlife habitats can be found throughout the County. Suitable wetland habitat exists along most of the major rivers, tributaries, and creeks. Ashtabula County is currently a focus area of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan due to quality and quantity of wetlands found here and in adjacent counties. Mallards, wood ducks and Canada geese are primary nesters. Hooded mergansers, black ducks, blue-winged teal, prothonatary warblers, woodcock and snipe are other species of migratory waterfowl that take advantage of the wetland complexes. River otters have expanded into the wetlands after reintroduction into the state in the mid-1980's. Muskrats, mink and beavers are more common mammals found in the wetlands of the county. State-endangered trumpeter swans have recently been reported on wetlands after their recent release in Trumbull County. However, the major benefit of the wetlands in the County may be for the enormous number of migratory species that travel through the County and take advantage of the wetland to rest and feed to restore energy levels needed to make their annual journeys. Ashtabula County has the largest and best examples of hemlock-hardwood swamp remaining in Ohio. This rare plant community is often found within other wet forest complexes, but is unique due to the dominance of hemlock and red maple in a hummock and hollow topography. It is found on flats such as river terraces or lake plains in association with seeps at the bases of beach ridges. This plant community is home to many state endangered plant species. It is important habitat for several wildlife species not found in other parts of the state such as the mountain dusky salamander. These swamps are the focus of snowshoe hare reintroduction in Ohio and support some of the only nesting sites of birds such as sawwhet owls, yellowbellied sapsuckers and northern waterthrush. A wide variety of upland wildlife habitats also exist in Ashtabula County. Much of it is in close proximity to waterways, lakes, and ponds. White-tailed deer and wild turkeys are very plentiful across the county. Squirrels, crows, bluejays, raccoons, opossums, skunks and chipmunks are commonly sighted while traversing the woodlands. The state-endangered black bear has recently been expanding its range into Ohio from Pennsylvania. Besides woodland, other common upland habitat types include cropland, grassland and old field that are reverting to woodland. Cottontail rabbits, woodchucks, red-tailed hawks and meadowlarks utilize these areas. Common soils in these areas include Darien, Cambridge, and Venango. Loss of habitat is the main reason for population declines among wildlife species. Food, water, and cover (nesting and weather protection) are essential for restoring, maintaining, and increasing wildlife numbers and species. Soil qualities and limitations affect wildlife management decisions. Information contained in this report should be used when establishing, improving, or maintaining wildlife areas. On-site investigations are sometimes needed to determine specific soil characteristics In table 18-Wildlife Habitat, the soils in the survey area are rated according to their potential for providing habitat for various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils that are suitable for establishing, improving, or maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in determining the intensity of management needed for each element of the habitat. The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element or kind of habitat is easily established,

153 Ashtabula County, Ohio 153 improved, or maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be established, improved, or maintained in most places. Moderately intensive management is required for satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that limitations are severe for the designated element or kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or maintained in most places, but management is difficult and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is impractical or impossible. The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the following paragraphs. Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seedproducing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, soybeans, and barley. Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of grasses and legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover, and alfalfa. Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of these plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of wild herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod, beggarweed, manna grass, and ferns. Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, raspberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated good are arrow-wood, elderberry, and crabapple. Coniferous plants furnish browse, seeds and cover. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth of the root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds. Shallow water areas have an average depth of less than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are created by dams, levees, or other water-control structures. Soil properties and features affecting shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding areas, and oxbows. The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described in the following paragraphs. Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, pasture, meadows, and areas that are dominated by grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include pheasant, meadowlark, field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of deciduous and/or coniferous plants and associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, and deer. Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, shore birds, muskrat, mink, beaver and amphibians. For additional information on the development of wildlife habitat contact Ohio Department of Natural

154 154 Interim Soil Survey Figure 24. Soil-water relationships such as the depth to the water table or likelihood of flooding is critical for many engineering considerations. This area of Stanhope silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded is covered by spring flood water. Resources, Division of Wildlife, the Soil and Water Conservation District, or the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Engineering This section provides information for planning land uses related to urban development and to water management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given for building site development, sanitary facilities, construction materials, and water management. The ratings are based on observed performance of the soils and on the data in the tables described under the heading "Soil Properties." Information in this section is intended for land use planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for planning site investigations prior to design and construction. The information, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data generally apply only to that part of the soil between the surface and a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils may be included within the mapped areas of a specific soil. The information is not site specific and does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the design and construction of engineering works. Government ordinances and regulations that restrict certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were not considered in preparing the information in this section. Local ordinances and regulations should be considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. Soil properties, site features, and observed performance were considered in determining the ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey, determinations were made about particlesize distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 to 7 feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure aggregation, and soil density (fig. 24). Data were collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt

155 Ashtabula County, Ohio 155 fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting engineering uses. This information can be used to evaluate the potential of areas for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary estimates of construction conditions; evaluate alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and water conservation; and predict performance of proposed small structures and pavements by comparing the performance of existing similar structures on the same or similar soils. The information in the tables, along with the soil maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in this survey, can be used to make additional interpretations. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a special meaning in soil science and are defined in the Glossary. Construction Materials Tables 19-Construction Materials-ENG-1 and 20-Construction Materials-ENG-2, give information about the soils as potential sources of gravel, sand, reclamation material, roadfill and topsoil. Normal compaction, minor processing, and other standard construction practices are assumed. Gravel and sand are natural aggregates suitable for commercial use with a minimum of processing. They are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications for each use vary widely. In table 19 ENG-1, only the likelihood of finding material in suitable quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material. The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as indicated by the Unified classification of the soil), the thickness of suitable material, and the content of rock fragments. If the bottom layer of the soil contains sand or gravel, the soil is considered a likely source regardless of thickness. The assumption is that the sand or gravel layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness. The soils are rated good, fair, or poor as potential sources of gravel and sand. A rating of good or fair means that the source material is likely to be in or below the soil. The bottom layer and the thickest layer of the soils are assigned numerical ratings. These ratings indicate the likelihood that the layer is a source of sand or gravel. The number 0.00 indicates that the layer is a poor source. The number 1.00 indicates that the layer is a good source. A number between 0.00 and 1.00 indicates the degree to which the layer is a likely source. The soils are rated good, fair, or poor as potential sources of reclamation material, roadfill and topsoil. The features that limit the soils as sources of these materials are specified in the tables. The numerical ratings given after the specified features indicate the degree to which the features limit the soils as sources of topsoil, reclamation material, or roadfill. The lower the number, the greater the limitation. Reclamation material is used in areas that have been drastically disturbed by surface mining or similar activities. When these areas are reclaimed, layers of soil material or unconsolidated geological material, or both, are replaced in a vertical sequence. The reconstructed soil favors plant growth. The ratings in the table do not apply to quarries and other mined areas that require an offsite source of reconstruction material. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect erosion and stability of the surface and the productive potential of the reconstructed soil. These properties include the content of sodium, salts, and calcium carbonate; reaction; available water capacity; erodibility; texture; content of rock fragments; and content of organic matter and other features that affect fertility. Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place and used in road embankments in another place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less exacting in design than higher embankments. The ratings are for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be mixed when the soil material is excavated and spread. The ratings are based on the amount of suitable material and on soil properties that affect the ease of excavation and the performance of the material after it is in place. The thickness of the suitable material is a major consideration. The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, depth to a water table, and slope. How well the soil performs in place after it has been compacted and drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from the AASHTO classification of the soil) and linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential). Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation can be established and maintained. The

156 156 Interim Soil Survey upper 40 inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow area. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect plant growth; the ease of excavating, loading, and spreading the material; and reclamation of the borrow area. Toxic substances, soil reaction, and the properties that are inferred from soil texture, such as available water capacity and fertility, affect plant growth. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, depth to a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by slope, depth to a water table, rock fragments, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and toxic material. The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter content. Organic matter greatly increases the absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for plant growth. Building Site Development Soil properties influence the development of building sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance after construction, and maintenance. Tables 21- Building Site Development-ENG-3, and 22-Building Site Development-ENG-4, show the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect dwellings with and without basements, small commercial buildings, local roads and streets, shallow excavations, and lawns and landscaping. The ratings in the tables are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect building site development. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected. Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the use (1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00). Dwellings are single-family houses of three stories or less. For dwellings without basements, the foundation is assumed to consist of spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper. For dwellings with basements, the foundation is assumed to consist of spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of about 7 feet. The ratings for dwellings are based on the soil properties that affect the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and on the properties that affect excavation and construction costs. The properties that affect the load-supporting capacity include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), and compressibility. Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification. The properties that affect the ease and amount of excavation include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments. Small commercial buildings are structures that are less than three stories high and do not have basements. The foundation is assumed to consist of spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and on the properties that affect excavation and construction costs. The properties that affect the load-supporting capacity include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), and compressibility (which is inferred from the Unified classification). The properties that affect the ease and amount of excavation include flooding, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments. Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base of gravel, crushed rock, or soil material stabilized by lime or cement; and a surface of flexible material (asphalt), rigid material (concrete), or gravel with a binder. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting capacity. The properties that affect the ease of excavation and grading are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a

157 Ashtabula County, Ohio 157 water table, ponding, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope. The properties that affect the traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength (as inferred from the AASHTO group index number), subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), the potential for frost action, depth to a water table, and ponding. Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for graves, utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. The ratings are based on the soil properties that influence the ease of digging and the resistance to sloughing. Depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, the amount of large stones, and dense layers influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting. Depth to the seasonal high water table, flooding, and ponding may restrict the period when excavations can be made. Slope influences the ease of using machinery. Soil texture, depth to the water table, and linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential) influence the resistance to sloughing. Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established and maintained. Irrigation is not considered in the ratings. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect plant growth and trafficability after vegetation is established. The properties that affect plant growth are reaction; depth to a water table; ponding; depth to bedrock or a cemented pan; the available water capacity in the upper 40 inches; the content of salts, sodium, or calcium carbonate; and sulfidic materials. The properties that affect trafficability are flooding, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface layer. Sanitary Facilities Tables 23-Sanitary Facilities-ENG-5 and 24- Sanitary Facilities-ENG-6 show the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, sanitary landfills, and daily cover for landfill. The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected. Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the use (1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00). Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soil between depths of 24 and 60 inches is evaluated. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorption of the effluent, construction and maintenance of the system, and public health. Permeability, depth to a water table, ponding, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Stones and boulders, ice, and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance. Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in downslope areas. Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth of less than 4 feet below the distribution lines. In these soils the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new. As a result, the ground water may become contaminated. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Nearly impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize seepage and contamination of ground water. Considered in the ratings are slope, permeability, depth to a water table, ponding, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter. Soil permeability is a critical property affecting the suitability for sewage lagoons. Most porous soils eventually become sealed when they are used as sites for sewage lagoons. Until sealing occurs, however, the hazard of pollution is severe. Soils that have a permeability rate of more than 2 inches per hour are too porous for the proper functioning of sewage lagoons. In these soils, seepage of the effluent can result in contamination of the ground water. Ground-water contamination is also a hazard if fractured bedrock is within a depth of 40 inches, if the water table is high enough to raise the level of

158 158 Interim Soil Survey sewage in the lagoon, or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause construction problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. If the lagoon is to be uniformly deep throughout, the slope must be gentle enough and the soil material must be thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to make land smoothing practical. A trench sanitary landfill is an area where solid waste is placed in successive layers in an excavated trench. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill. The ratings in the table are based on the soil properties that affect the risk of pollution, the ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation. These properties include permeability, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, flooding, texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, onsite investigation may be needed. Hard, nonrippable bedrock, creviced bedrock, or highly permeable strata in or directly below the proposed trench bottom can affect the ease of excavation and the hazard of ground-water pollution. Slope affects construction of the trenches and the movement of surface water around the landfill. It also affects the construction and performance of roads in areas of the landfill. Soil texture and consistence affect the ease with which the trench is dug and the ease with which the soil can be used as daily or final cover. They determine the workability of the soil when dry and when wet. Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and are difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse. The soil material used as the final cover for a trench landfill should be suitable for plants. It should not have excess sodium or salts and should not be too acid. The surface layer generally has the best workability, the highest content of organic matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the final cover. In an area sanitary landfill, solid waste is placed in successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. A final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the completed landfill. The ratings in the table are based on the soil properties that affect trafficability and the risk of pollution. These properties include flooding, permeability, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan. Flooding is a serious problem because it can result in pollution in areas downstream from the landfill. If permeability is too rapid or if fractured bedrock, or the water table is close to the surface, the leachate can contaminate the water supply. Slope is a consideration because of the extra grading required to maintain roads in the steeper areas of the landfill. Also, leachate may flow along the surface of the soils in the steeper areas and cause difficult seepage problems. Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used to cover compacted solid waste in an area sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. The ratings in the table also apply to the final cover for a landfill. They are based on the soil properties that affect workability, the ease of digging, and the ease of moving and spreading the material over the refuse daily during wet and dry periods. These properties include soil texture, depth to a water table, ponding, rock fragments, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, reaction, and content of salts, sodium, or lime. Loamy or silty soils that are free of large stones and excess gravel are the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils may be sticky and difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to wind erosion. Slope affects the ease of excavation and of moving the cover material. Also, it can influence runoff, erosion, and reclamation of the borrow area. After soil material has been removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. It should not have excess sodium, salts, or lime and should not be too acid. Agricultural Waste Management Soil properties are important considerations in areas where soils are used as sites for the treatment and disposal of organic waste and wastewater. Selection of soils with properties that favor waste management can help to prevent environmental damage. Table 25-Agricultural Waste Management, shows the degree and kind of soil limitations affecting the treatment of agricultural waste, including municipal and food-processing wastewater and effluent from

159 Ashtabula County, Ohio 159 lagoons or storage ponds. Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality. It contains domestic waste and may contain industrial waste. It may have received primary or secondary treatment. It is rarely untreated sewage. Food-processing wastewater results from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption. In places it is high in content of sodium and chloride. In the context of this table, the effluent in lagoons and storage ponds is from facilities used to treat or store food-processing wastewater or domestic or animal waste. Domestic and foodprocessing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from the facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in content of carbonaceous and nitrogenous material; the content of nitrogen commonly ranges from 10 to 30 milligrams per liter. The wastewater from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds, however, has much higher concentrations of these materials, mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as the domestic waste. The content of nitrogen in this wastewater generally ranges from 50 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. When wastewater is applied, checks should be made to ensure that nitrogen, heavy metals, and salts are not added in excessive amounts. The ratings in the table are for waste management systems that not only dispose of and treat organic waste or wastewater but also are beneficial to crops (application of manure and foodprocessing waste, application of sewage sludge, and disposal of wastewater by irrigation) and for waste management systems that are designed only for the purpose of wastewater disposal and treatment. The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect agricultural waste management. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected. Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the use (1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00). Application of manure and food-processing waste not only disposes of waste material but also can improve crop production by increasing the supply of nutrients in the soils where the material is applied. Manure is the excrement of livestock and poultry, and food-processing waste is damaged fruit and vegetables and the peelings, stems, leaves, pits, and soil particles removed in food preparation. The manure and food-processing waste are either solid, slurry, or liquid. Their nitrogen content varies. A high content of nitrogen limits the application rate. Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes, such as those mixed with the lye used in food processing, are not considered in the ratings. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, erodibility, the rate at which the waste is applied, and the method by which the waste is applied. The properties that affect absorption include permeability, depth to a water table, ponding, the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and available water capacity. The properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity include reaction, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density. The wind erodibility group, the soil erodibility factor K, and slope are considered in estimating the likelihood that wind erosion or water erosion will transport the waste material from the application site. Stones, cobbles, a water table, ponding, and flooding can hinder the application of waste. Application of sewage sludge not only disposes of waste material but also can improve crop production by increasing the supply of nutrients in the soils where the material is applied. In the context of this table, sewage sludge is the residual product of the treatment of municipal sewage. The solid component consists mainly of cell mass, primarily bacteria cells that developed during secondary treatment and have incorporated soluble organics into their own bodies. The sludge has small amounts of sand, silt, and other solid debris. The content of nitrogen varies. Some sludge has constituents that are toxic to plants or hazardous to the food chain, such as heavy metals and exotic organic compounds, and should be analyzed chemically prior to use. The content of water in the sludge ranges from about 98 percent to less than 40 percent. The sludge is considered liquid if it is more than about 90 percent water, slurry if it is about 50 to 90 percent water, and solid if it is less than about 50 percent water. The ratings in the table are based on the soil properties that affect absorption, plant growth,

160 160 Interim Soil Survey microbial activity, erodibility, the rate at which the sludge is applied, and the method by which the sludge is applied. The properties that affect absorption, plant growth, and microbial activity include permeability, depth to a water table, ponding, the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, available water capacity, reaction, salinity, and bulk density. The wind erodibility group, the soil erodibility factor K, and slope are considered in estimating the likelihood that wind erosion or water erosion will transport the waste material from the application site. Stones, cobbles, a water table, ponding, and flooding can hinder the application of sludge. Disposal of wastewater by irrigation not only disposes of municipal wastewater and wastewater from food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds but also can improve crop production by increasing the amount of water available to crops. The ratings in the table are based on the soil properties that affect the design, construction, management, and performance of the irrigation system. The properties that affect design and management include the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a water table, ponding, available water capacity, permeability, slope, and flooding. The properties that affect construction include stones, cobbles, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, and ponding. The properties that affect performance include depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, bulk density, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, reaction, and the cation-exchange capacity, which is used to estimate the capacity of a soil to adsorb heavy metals. Water Management Tables 26-Water Management-WMS-1, and 27- Water Management-WMS-2 give information on the soil properties and site features that affect water management. The degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; aquifer-fed excavated ponds; grassed waterways; terraces and diversions; and drainage. The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected. Numerical ratings in the tables indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the use (1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00). Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential is determined by the permeability of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity of the reservoir area. Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, constructed to impound water or to protect land against overflow. Embankments that have zoned construction (core and shell) are not considered. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during construction. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a depth even greater than the height of the embankment can affect performance and safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to determine these properties. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable material. It also affects trafficability. Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones affect the ease of excavation. Constructing grassed waterways are natural or constructed channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large stones, wetness, slope, and depth to

161 Ashtabula County, Ohio 161 bedrock or a cemented pan affect the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of water erosion, low available water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect the growth and maintenance of the grass after construction. Constructing terraces and diversions are embankments or a combination of channels and ridges constructed across a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance. Drainage is the removal of excess surface and subsurface water from the soil. How easily and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to bedrock, a cemented pan, or other layers that affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings.

162 162 Interim Soil Survey Soil Properties Data relating to soil properties are collected during the course of the soil survey. Soil properties are ascertained by field examination of the soils in accordance with established standard procedures. During the survey, many shallow borings are made and soil characteristics examined to identify and classify the soils and to delineate them on the soil maps. Estimates of soil properties are based on field examinations and on laboratory tests. Tests verify field observations, verify properties that cannot be estimated accurately by field observation, and help to characterize key soils. Samples are taken from some typical soil profiles and tested in the laboratory to determine particle-size distribution, reaction, organic matter content, calcium carbonate content, extractable cations, plasticity, and compaction characteristics. In addition to the data from Ashtabula County, laboratory data are available from nearby or adjacent counties that have many of the same soils. These results are retained at the School of Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Columbus, Ohio; and the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, state office, Columbus, Ohio. The estimates of soil properties are shown in tables 28-Engineering Index Properties, 29-Physical Properties of the Soils, 30-Chemical Properties of the Soils, 31-Water Features, and 32-Soil Features. Engineering Index Properties Table 28-Engineering Index Properties gives the engineering classifications and the range of index properties for the layers of each soil in Ashtabula County. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. Texture is given in the standard terms used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter (fig. 25). "Loam", for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent sand. If content of particles coarser than sand is 15 percent or more, an appropriate modifier is added, for example, "gravelly." Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. Classification of the soils is determined according to the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 2001) and the system adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO, 2000). Figure 25. Textural Triangle. Percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the twelve basic USDA soil texture classes. The Unified system classifies soils according to properties that affect their use as construction material. Soils are classified according to particle-size distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two groups can have a dual classification, for example, CL-ML. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to those properties that affect roadway construction and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis of particle-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of visual inspection. If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-

163 Ashtabula County, Ohio 163 4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material can be indicated by a group index number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. The AASHTO classification for soils tested, with group index numbers in parentheses, is given in table R. Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The percentages are estimates determined mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to weight percentage. Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field. Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The estimates are based on test data from the survey area or from nearby areas and on field examination. The estimates of particle-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index are generally rounded to the nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage points) across classification boundaries, the classification in the marginal zone is generally omitted in the table. Physical Properties Table 29-Physical Properties of the Soils shows estimates of some physical characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in the Ashtabula County. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. Particle size is the effective diameter of a soil particle as measured by sedimentation, sieving, or micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as classes with specific effective diameter class limits. The broad classes are sand, silt, and clay, ranging from the larger to the smaller. Sand as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.05 millimeter to 2 millimeters in diameter. Silt as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are to 0.05 millimeters in diameter. The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the physical behavior of a soil. Particle size is important for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil classification. Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than millimeter in diameter. In table 29, the estimated clay content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. Clays influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1/3 or 1/10 bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension. Weight is determined after the soil is dried at 105 degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk density of each soil horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. Depending on soil texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. Permeability (K-sat ) refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water or air. The term "permeability," as used in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-sat ). The estimates in the table indicate the rate of water movement, in inches per hour, when the soil is saturated. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per inch of soil for each soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect retention of water. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems. Available water

164 164 Interim Soil Survey capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water actually available to plants at any given time. Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the basis of measurements of similar soils. If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is often needed. Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The classes are low, a change of 3 percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; and very high, greater than 9 percent. Erosion factors are shown in table 29 as the K factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 to Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the whole soil. The estimates are modified by the presence of rock fragments. Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine-earth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in size. Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that have similar properties affecting their susceptibility to wind erosion in cultivated areas. The soils assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least susceptible. The groups are as follows: 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine sands. 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric soil material. 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy loams, and very fine sandy loams. 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and silty clay loams. 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent clay. 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy clays, and hemic soil material. 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay loams that are less than 35 percent clay. 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion because of rock fragments on the surface or because of surface wetness. Wind erodibility index is a numerical value indicating the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion, or the tons per acre per year that can be expected to be lost to wind erosion. There is a close correlation between wind erosion and the texture of the surface layer, the size and durability of surface clods, rock fragments, organic matter, and a calcareous reaction. Soil moisture and frozen soil layers also influence wind erosion. Chemical Properties Table 30-Chemical Properties of the Soils shows estimates of some chemical characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in Ashtabula County. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. The ph of each soil horizon is based on many field tests. For many soils, values have been verified by laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of corrosion. Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table 30, the estimated content of organic matter is

165 Ashtabula County, Ohio 165 expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained by returning crop residue to the soil. Organic matter has a positive effect on available water capacity, water infiltration, soil organism activity, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops and soil organisms. Cation-exchange capacity is the total amount of extractable bases that can be held by the soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at neutrality (ph 7.0) or at some other stated ph value. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacity hold fewer cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizer than soils having a high cation-exchange capacity. The ability to retain cations reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Calcium carbonate equivalent is the percent of carbonates, by weight, in the fraction of the soil less than 2 millimeters in size. The availability of plant nutrients is influenced by the amount of carbonates in the soil. Incorporating nitrogen fertilizer into calcareous soils helps to prevent nitrite accumulation and ammonium-n volatilization. Water Features Table 31-Water Features, gives estimates of various water features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves engineering considerations. Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four groups according to the rate of water infiltration when the soils are not protected by vegetation, are thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms. The four hydrologic soil groups are: Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission. Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. If a soil is assigned to a dual hydrologic group (A/D, B/D, or C/D), the first letter is for drained areas and the second is for undrained areas. The months in the table indicate the portion of the year in which the feature is most likely to be a concern. Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. Table 31 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits are based mainly on observations of the water table at selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for less than a month is not considered a water table. Water tables are identified by kind. The two kinds are apparent and perched. Apparent water tables occur in some soils and begin at the upper surface of ground water or that level in the soil where the water is at atmospheric pressure. The saturated state continues downward for an indefinite depth. Perched water tables occur in some soils and are characterized by having a saturated layer of soil which is separated from any underlying saturated layers by an unsaturated layer. Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. Unless a drainage system is installed, the water is removed only by percolation, transpiration, or evaporation. Table 31 indicates surface water depth and the duration and frequency of ponding. Duration is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that ponding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance of ponding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years (the chance of ponding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of ponding is more than 50 percent in any year).

166 166 Interim Soil Survey Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes is considered ponding rather than flooding. Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours, very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare, occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); occasional that it occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); frequent that it is likely to occur often under normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent in all months in any year); and very frequent that it is likely to occur very often under normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in all months of any year). The information is based on evidence in the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth; and little or no horizon development. Also considered are local information about the extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on the extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific than that provided by detailed engineering surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency levels. Soil Features Table 32-Soil Features gives estimates of various soil features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves engineering considerations. A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal properties that significantly impede the movement of water and air through the soil or that restrict roots or otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment. Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense layers, and frozen layers. Depth to top is the vertical distance from the soil surface to the upper boundary of the restrictive layer. The table indicates the thickness and hardness of the restrictive layer, both of which significantly afffect the ease of excavation. Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence generally results from either desiccation and shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both, following drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, usually over a period of several years. The table shows the expected initial subsidence, which usually is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, which results from a combination of factors. Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density, permeability, content of organic matter, and depth to the water table are the most important factors considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing cause damage to pavements and other rigid structures. Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil. Special site examination and design may be needed if the combination of factors results in a severe hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion than the steel or concrete in installations that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract. For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract.

167 Ashtabula County, Ohio 167 Classification of the Soils The system of soil classification used by the National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (Soil Survey Staff, 1994, 1998 and 1999). Beginning with the broadest, these categories are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on soil properties observed in the field or inferred from those observations or from laboratory measurements. Tables 33a-Classification of the Soils-6 th edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy and 33b-Classification of the Soils-8 th edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy show the classification of the soils in Ashtabula County. The categories are defined in the following paragraphs. ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation. Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An example is Alfisol. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil genesis and are important to plant growth or properties that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud, meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol). GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each great group is identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An example is Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols that has a udic moisture regime). SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The adjective Oxyaquic identifies one subgroup of the great group. An example is Oxyaquic Hapludalfs. FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical properties and other characteristics that affect management. Generally, the properties are those of horizons below plow depth where there is much biological activity. Among the properties and characteristics considered are particle-size class, mineralogy class, cation-exchange activity class, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction class. A family name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs. SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and arrangement in the profile. An example is the Blakeslee soil series. Soil Series and Their Morphology In this section, each soil series correlated in Ashtabula County is described in alphabetical order. Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional volume of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is described. Pedon descriptions published in this survey come from Ashtabula County or adjacent counties. The detailed description of each soil horizon follows standards in the "Soil Survey Manual" (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). Many of the technical terms used in the descriptions are defined in "Soil Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and in "Keys to Soil Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 1998). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon description is the range of important characteristics of the soils in the series. Blakeslee Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments and the underlying stratified glaciofluvial deposits Landform: Outwash plain and terrace Positions on the landform: Outwash plain: convex flat, slight rise, low knoll, shoulder, backslope and footslope; Outwash terrace: tread and riser Slope: 0 to 12 percent Adjacent soils: Chenango, Harbor and Red Hook soils Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs

168 168 Interim Soil Survey Typical Pedon Blakeslee silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, about 1.3 miles northwest of Plymouth Center, in Plymouth Township, 50 feet west of the intersection of Runkle Road (County Road 23) and Howard Road (County Road 329), then 445 feet south, T. 12 N., R. 3 W. A 0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and very fine, and common medium and coarse roots throughout; 1 percent pebbles; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary. BE 5 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and very fine, and common medium and coarse roots throughout; few prominent dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coats in root channels; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds, less than 15 percent by volume; 3 percent pebbles; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1 8 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and very fine, and common medium and coarse roots throughout; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few prominent dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coats in root channels; 2 percent pebbles; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2 12 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine, and few medium roots throughout; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few prominent dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coats in root channels; 1 percent pebbles; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3 16 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine, and few medium roots throughout; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few prominent dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coats in root channels; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt4 20 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; strong fine and medium angular and subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and very fine roots throughout; common distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; very few prominent dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coats in root channels; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; 12 percent pebbles; extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2BC1 26 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) sandy loam; weak very coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium platy; very friable; few very fine roots throughout; common coarse and very coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide adjacent to common coarse and very coarse prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix as vertical streaks; 11 percent pebbles; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2BC2 33 to 39 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak coarse and very coarse granular structure; loose; very few very fine roots throughout to a depth of about 40 inches; 21 percent pebbles; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2C1 39 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; massive; loose; 48 percent pebbles; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2C2 51 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; single grain; loose; 43 percent pebbles; moderately acid. Range in characteristics Thickness of the solum: 25 to 55 inches Depth to redox depletions: 12 to 24 inches Depth to carbonates: Greater than 80 inches Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Content of rock fragments: A horizon 0 to 10 percent; Bt or 2Bt horizons 0 to 30 percent; 2BC horizon 10 to 50 percent; 2C horizon 25 to 80 percent A or Ap horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, chroma of 2 or 3 Texture silt loam or loam Bt or 2Bt horizons: Color hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 4 to 6 Texture silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, clay loam or their gravelly analogues 2C horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 4 to 6 Texture stratified gravelly to extremely gravelly analogues of loam to coarse sandy loam; strata of coarser textured material with lower rock fragment content in some pedons Cambridge Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Parent material: Till Landform: End and ground moraine Position on the landform: Knoll, summit, shoulder backslope and footslope Slope: 2 to 18 percent Adjacent soils: Mill and Venango soils Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs Typical Pedon Cambridge silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, about 2.1 miles east-northeast of Richmond Center, in Richmond Township, 1,740 feet east of the intersection of Footville-Richmond Road (County Road 12) and Pymatuning-Lake Road (County Road 274), then 60 feet north. T. 10 N., R. 1 W. Oa 0 to 1 inch; dark brown (10YR 3/3) decomposed organic material; many fine roots; abrupt smooth boundary.

169 Ashtabula County, Ohio 169 A 1 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong very fine and fine granular structure; very friable; many roots; 1 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (1 to 3 inches thick.) Bw1 2 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; 5 percent rock fragments, mainly sandstone; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw2 9 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common roots; 5 percent rock fragments, mainly sandstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw3 18 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; many distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt coats on faces of peds; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw4 22 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; many distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt coats on faces of peds; common medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 11 to 24 inches.) Btx1 25 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium angular blocky; very firm, brittle; very few fine roots along faces of prisms; many distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of prisms; many prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and gray (10YR 5/1) iron-depleted silt coats on faces of prisms; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) thick rind along outer edge of prisms; common medium black (10YR 2/1) masses of iron and manganese in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments, mainly sandstone; slightly acid; diffuse wavy boundary. Btx2 38 to 51 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium angular blocky and thick platy; very firm, brittle; common distinct light olive gray (5Y 6/2) iron-depleted clay films on faces of prisms; few medium black (10YR 2/1) masses of iron and manganese in the matrix; 10 percent rock fragments, mainly sandstone; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Btx horizons is 10 to 36 inches.) C 51 to 72 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; massive; firm; few prominent gray (5Y 6/1) iron-depleted coats on vertical seams; 10 percent rock fragments, mainly sandstone with some black shale and some crystalline rocks; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Range in characteristics Thickness of the solum: 50 to 67 inches Depth to bedrock: Greater than 60 inches Depth to carbonates: 43 to greater than 80 inches Depth to fragipan: 20 to 30 inches Content of rock fragments: A horizon 0 to 10 percent; Bw horizon 2 to 15 percent; Btx horizon 2 to 20 percent; C horizon 3 to 25 percent A or Ap horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, chroma of 2 or 3 Texture silt loam Bw horizon: Color hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 4 to 6 Texture silt loam, loam or their gravelly or channery analogues Btx horizon: Color hue of 7.5YR, 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 3 to 6 Texture loam, silt loam, clay loam or their gravelly or channery analogues C horizon: Color hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 3 or 4 Texture loam, silt loam or their gravelly or channery analogues Canadice Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments Landform: Valley floor Position on the landform: Broad concave flat and depression on tread Slope: 0 to 2 percent Adjacent soils: Caneadea, Fitchville, Otego, and Sebring soils Taxonomic class: Fine, illitic, mesic, Typic Endoaqualfs Typical Pedon Canadice silt loam in an area of Caneadea-Canadice silt loams complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, about 2.7 miles southeast of Orwell, in Orwell Township, 1,350 feet west of the intersection of Moore Road (Township Road 562) and Fenton Road (Township Road 76), then 500 feet south. T. 8 N., R. 3 W. A1 0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) crushed and rubbed, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many very fine to coarse roots; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) oxidized rhizospheres in root channels; neutral; clear wavy boundary. A2 4 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine to medium roots; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) oxidized rhizospheres in root channels; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg1 10 to 21 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay; weak coarse and very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; very firm; common very fine and fine roots; few distinct gray (N 5/0) iron-depleted clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron oxide in pores; common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of

170 170 Interim Soil Survey iron oxide in the matrix adjacent to pores; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Btg2 21 to 35 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct gray (N 6/0) iron-depleted clay films on faces of peds; many fine and medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron oxide throughout; common to many fine and medium prominent brown (7.5YR 5/4) masses of iron oxide throughout; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. C1 35 to 51 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; massive; firm; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide lining pores; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. C2 51 to 74 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; common fine and medium prominent gray (N 5/0) mottles; massive; very firm; few prominent gray (N 5/0) coats on vertical faces of peds; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C3 74 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) mottles; massive; firm; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Range in characteristics Thickness of the solum: 34 to 50 inches Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Depth to carbonates: 30 to 74 inches Content of rock fragments: A horizon 0 to 2 percent; B horizon commonly absent; C horizon 0 to 2 percent A horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, chroma of 1 or 2 Texture silt loam or silty clay loam Btg horizon: Color hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 1 or 2 Texture silty clay loam or silty clay C horizon: Color hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 0 to 4 Texture silty clay, silty clay loam, with strata of silt loam Caneadea Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments Landform: Valley floor Positions on the landform: Planar or convex flat, rise, summit and shoulder on tread Slope: 0 to 6 percent Adjacent soils: Canadice, Fitchville, Otego and Sebring soils Taxonomic class: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs Typical Pedon Caneadea silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, about 1.5 miles northwest of Rome, in Rome Township, 3,850 feet west of the intersection of State Route 45 and Laskey Road (Township Road 546), then 210 feet north. T. 9 N., R. 4 W. Ap1 0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Ap2 3 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common fine and medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. BEg 12 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; few (less than 15 percent by volume) distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many fine and medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1 15 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay; strong fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; few very fine roots between peds; many prominent gray (N 6/0) iron depleted clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; many medium and coarse prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2 20 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; strong medium and coarse angular blocky structure; very firm; few very fine roots between peds; common prominent gray (N 6/0) iron-depleted clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; common fine and medium black (10YR 2/1) soft ironmanganese concretions throughout; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. BCt 43 to 52 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; few prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron-depleted clay films on vertical faces of peds; common fine and medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; few fine and medium black (10YR 2/1) soft iron-manganese concretions throughout; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. C 52 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; massive; very firm; common medium and coarse distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in cracks; common fine and medium white (10YR 8/1) soft carbonate nodules throughout; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Range in characteristics Thickness of the solum: 40 to 60 inches Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Depth to carbonates: 26 to 60 inches Content of rock fragments: A, B and C horizons 0 to 1 percent Ap horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 2 or 3 Texture silt loam or silty clay loam

171 Ashtabula County, Ohio 171 A horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, chroma of 1 or 2 Texture silt loam Bt horizon: Color hue of 10YR, 2.5Y or N, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 0 to 6 Texture silty clay or silty clay loam C horizon: Color hue of 10YR, 2.5Y or N, value of 3 or 4, chroma of 0 to 4 Texture silty clay or silty clay loam; thin strata of silt loam in some pedons The Caneadea soils in Ashtabula County have a slightly thicker surface layer than is defined as the range for the series. This difference does not significantly affect the use or management of this soil. Cardinal Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments Landform: Terrace Position on the landform: Shoulder, backslope, and footslope on riser Slope: 6 to 50 percent Adjacent soils: Canadice, Caneadea, Darien, Fitchville, Glenford, Otego, Pierpont and Sebring soils Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs Typical Pedon Cardinal silt loam, 18 to 50 percent slopes, about 3.25 miles southwest of Rock Creek, in Hartsgrove Township, 6,900 feet west of the intersection of State Route 45 and Laskey Road (Township Road 546), then 250 feet north. T. 9 N., R. 4 W. A 0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many very fine to medium roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. E 4 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many very fine to medium roots; few prominent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic coats in root channels; common (less than 15 percent by volume) fine and medium faint very pale brown (10YR 7/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BE 7 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many very fine to medium and few coarse roots; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1 13 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine to medium and few coarse roots; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2 17 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; strong fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine to medium and few coarse roots; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3 22 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; common fine black (10YR 2/1) hard iron-manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt4 28 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silty clay; strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; common very fine and fine roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide in the matrix; common fine black (10YR 2/1) hard iron-manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. BCt 34 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silty clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak thin platy; very firm; few very fine roots; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common fine and medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium black (10YR 2/1) hard iron-manganese oxide concretions between peds; slightly effervescent; neutral; clear wavy boundary. C 43 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay; many fine and medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped mottles throughout; massive; very firm; few very fine roots; many light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate concretions throughout; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Range in characteristics Thickness of the solum: 30 to 60 inches Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Depth to carbonates: Typically 30 to 60 inches but can range to greater than 80 Content of rock fragments: Bt and BC horizons-0 to 2 percent; C horizon 0 to 5 percent A horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, chroma of 2 or 3 Texture silt loam E or BE horizon: Color hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6,

172 172 Interim Soil Survey chroma of 4 to 8 Texture silt loam Bt horizon: Color hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 4 to 6 Texture silt loam or silty clay loam in upper part; silty clay loam or silty clay in lower part C horizon: Color hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 1 to 6 Texture silty clay loam or silty clay; strata of silt loam, fine sandy loam or loamy fine sand in some pedons Carlisle Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Very poorly drained Parent material: Woody and herbaceous organic materials Landform: Lake plain and ground moraine Position on the landform: Depression Slope: Less than 1 percent Adjacent soils: Canadice, Darien, Mill, Stanhope and Wick soils Taxonomic class: Euic, mesic Typic Medisaprists Typical Pedon Carlisle muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes, about 2.7 miles southeast of Orwell, in Orwell Township, 2,045 feet west of the intersection of Moore Road (Township Road 562) and Fenton Road (Township Road 76) along Moore Road, then 147 feet south; T. 8 N., R. 4 W. Oa1 0 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) dry; about 10 percent fiber, 2 percent rubbed; weak medium granular structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Oa2 10 to 29 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) broken face and black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck; about 10 percent fiber, 2 percent rubbed; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 20 percent woody fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Oa3 29 to 46 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) broken face and black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck; 10 percent fiber, 2 percent rubbed; massive; friable; 25 percent woody fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Oa4 46 to 71 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) broken face and very dark gray (N 3/0) rubbed muck, with several strata of sedimentary peat ranging from 1/4 to 3/4 inch thick and lenses of sand from 1/2 to 1 inch thick; 15 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; massive; friable; 5 percent woody fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa5 71 to 80 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat); massive; firm; slightly acid. Range in characteristics Thickness of the organic deposit: 55 to more than 80 inches Content of woody fragments: Average 15 to 30 percent throughout the control section Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Surface tier: Color hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 2, chroma of 1 or 2 Texture muck Subsurface tier: Color hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or N, value of 2 or 3, chroma of 0 to 2 Texture muck Bottom tier: Color hue of 5YR to 5Y, value of 2 to 4, chroma of 1 to 3 Texture muck (sapric material or coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat)) Chenango Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Parent material: Glaciofluvial deposits (figs 26, 27) Landform: Outwash plain, outwash terrace and kame Position on the landform: Outwash plain: convex flat, summit, shoulder, backslope and footslope; Outwash terrace: tread and riser; Kame: shoulder, backslope and footslope Slope: 0 to 18 percent Adjacent soils: Blakeslee, Colonie, Elnora, Otisville, Red Hook and Tyner soils Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Typical Pedon Chenango gravelly loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, about 2.75 miles southwest of West Williamsfield, in Williamsfield Township, 500 feet north of the intersection of Kiddle Road (Township Road 148) and the Ashtabula/Trumbull County line, then 600 feet west. T. 8 N., R. 2 W. Ap 0 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; 25 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

173 Ashtabula County, Ohio 173 Bw1 11 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; friable; common very fine and fine roots; many distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coats in root and worm channels; 35 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw2 13 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very gravelly sandy loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; many distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coats in root and worm channels; 35 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw3 21 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very gravelly sandy loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; 35 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw4 31 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR5/4) very gravelly sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; 50 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear irregular boundary. BC 38 to 48 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly sandy loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 45 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2C 48 to 80 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose; few very fine roots; 55 percent rock fragments; moderately acid. Range in characteristics Thickness of the solum: 24 to 48 inches Content of rock fragments: Ap horizon 10 to 30 percent; Bw horizon 15 to 55 percent; 2C horizon 30 to 70 percent Depth to bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Ap horizon: Color hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, chroma of 2 or 3 Texture loam, sandy loam, silt loam or their gravelly analogues Bw horizon: Color hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 3 to 6 Texture gravelly or very gravelly analogues of sandy loam or loam 2C horizon: Color hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, chroma of 2 to 4 Texture gravelly to extremely gravelly analogues of loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand, or coarse sand The Chenango soils in Ashtabula County have a slightly thicker surface layer than is defined as the range for the series. This difference does not significantly affect the use or management of this soil. Colonie Series Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Parent material: Glaciolacustrine sediments and associated aeolian deposits Landform: Aeolian dune on beach ridge on lake plain Position on the landform: Summit, shoulder, backslope, and footslope Slope: 2 to 18 percent Adjacent soils: Blakeslee, Elnora, Harbor, Otisville and Tyner soils Taxonomic class: Mixed, mesic Argic Udipsamments Typical Pedon Colonie loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes, about 3 miles northeast of Kingsville, in Kingsville Township, 1,500 feet south of the intersection of Gore Road (Township Road 446) and Poore Road (Township Road 587), then 1,900 feet west. T. 13 N., R. 3 W. Ap1 0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine sand, pale brown Figures 26 and 27. Chenango soils formed in glaciofluvial parent materials. The angular sedimentary rock fragments are local in origin whereas the more rounded light colored igneous rock was transported by glaciers form Canada.