Advisable changes under a new scenario. Pulse para añadir texto

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1 Advisable changes under a new scenario Pulse para añadir texto

2 INTRODUCTION Natural enemies are LIVING BEINGS They need minimum environmental and nutritional conditions to survive. They must not be used as a standard pesticide. THEY REQUIRE AN INTEGRAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM. This management must improve the crop development.

3 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Favour the implantation of predators: Pruning

4 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Favour the implantation of predators: Placing near the sidewall vents cultivars with better flowering and more pollen Use of sulphur burners

5 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Favour the implantation of predators: Use of banker plants

6 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Favour the implantation of predators: Interplanting

7 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Strengthen local auxiliary fauna: Host plant hedges Mentha suaveolens Orius Lantana camara Orius Dittrichia viscosa Orius and Nesidiocoris

8 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Strengthen local auxiliary fauna: Host plant hedges Oleander Installation of aphids Castor oil plant Predatory mites Olive Crisopa and spiders

9 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Repel pests: Repellent plant hedges Repel the attack of aphids, moths and soil ants/worms. They can also attract beneficial insects. Mentha spicata Mentha piperita If sawn near the limits of the crops it repels the attack of ants. Frijol cannavalia

10 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Repel pests: Repellent plant hedges Basil Garlic and onion Pelargonium crispum Nettle Repels white fly and trips Repels several pests Repels white fly Repels aphids

11 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Avoid proliferation of pests and virus diseases: Greenhouse hermeticism Placing chromatic, pheromone and light traps Use of small tunnels during early crops stages

12 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Avoid the proliferation of pests and virus diseases: Early elimination of virus infested plants Elimination of vegetal waste Yearly compulsory stoppage?

13 GROWING TECHNIQUES OBJECTIVES: Avoid the proliferation of pests and virus diseases: Early elimination of virus infested plants Elimination of vegetal waste Yearly compulsory stoppage?

14 CLIMATE CONTROL OBJECTIVES: Favour the implantation and development of predators Control the appearance of diseases Improve crop development Improve working conditions

15 CLIMATE FACTORS RADIATION:

16 ADVISABLE ACTIONS GROWING TECHNIQUES AIMED AT OPTIMIZING LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND PHOTOASSIMILATES PARTITIONING: Adjust the plant density.

17 ADVISABLE ACTIONS GROWING TECHNIQUES AIMED AT OPTIMIZING LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND PHOTOASSIMILATES PARTITIONING : Use of cultivars with a vigour in accordance with the growing conditions and with proper morphologic characteristics.

18 ADVISABLE ACTIONS GROWING TECHNIQUES AIMED AT OPTIMIZING LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND PHOTOASSIMILATES PARTITIONING : Optimizing prunning and trelling system.

19 ADVISABLE ACTIONS USE OF CLIMATE CONTROLLERS: Without the automation of opening/closing of the greenhouse vents and any other climate control system implemented in the greenhouse, with will be very difficult to optimize the management of these devices, and thus, the microclimate.

20 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVING NATURAL VENTILATION OF THE GREENHOUSE: ONE OF TE MAIN PROBLEMS OF MEDITERRANEAN GREENHOUSES INSUFFICIENT NATURAL VENTILATION INSUFFICIENT VENTILATORS AREA INEFFICIENT TYPES OF VENTS USE OF LOW POROSITY INSECT PROOF SCREENS

21 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVING THE GREENHOUSE NATURAL VENTILATION: EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF ROOF VENT 0,8 Caudal unitario (m3/sm2) 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 y = 0, x + 0, R2 = 0,8 9 y = 0, x + 0, R2 = 0,8 3 y = 0, x + 0, R2 = 0,8 5 0, Velocidad de viento (m/s) Abatible-sotavento Abatible-barlovento Enrollable (Pérez-Parra, 2004)

22 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVING GREENHOUSE NATURAL VENTILATION: EFFECT OF THE SIZE OF THE ROOF VENT ON THE VENTILATON RATE-WIND VELOCITY RELATION V=5 m/s; Alerón 0,73 m; Q = 14,22 m 3 /s Vel.( x=16 m) =0,234 m/s V=5 m/s; Alerón 1,6 m; Q = 62,36 m 3 /s Vel.( x=16 m) =0,99 m/s (Baeza, 2007)

23 ADVISABLE CHANGES IMPROVING GREENHOUSE NATURAL VENTILATION: EFFECT OF INCREASING THE SLOPE OF THE SPANS (FLAP VENTS) 40 Tasa de ventilación (m3/s) Gas trazador CFD cumbrera 4,4m CFD cumbrera 5,9 m Velocidad del viento (m/s) (Baeza, 2007)

24 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVING THE GREENHOUSE NATURAL VENTILATION: METHODD TO IMPROVE AIR CIRCULATION IN THE CROP AREA (BAFFLES) (Sase, 1983)

25 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVING GREENHOUSE NATURAL VENTILATION: LOCATION OF THE VENTS Flap vents 73 cm windward. T = 4,6ºC Alternate flap vents 73 cm. T = 3,7ºC Extreme spans flap vents 73 cm. Central rolling vents 73 cm. T = 3,8ºC (Baeza, 2007)

26 ADVISABLE CHANGES IMPROVING GREENHOUSE NATURAL VENTILATION: COMBINATION OF FACTORS Flap vents 73 cm windward. Slope 12º T = 4,6ºC Flap vents 150 cm windward. Slope 27º T = 2,6ºC Flap vents 150 cm alternate. Slope 27º T = 2,3ºC Extreme spans with flap vents 150 cm. Central spans alternate rooling vents 150 cm. Slope 27º T = 2,5ºC (Baeza, 2007)

27 ADVISABLE ACTIONS USE OF LOW PRESSURE FOGGING : High pressure fogging systems allow for optimization of air humidity levels but are very expensive and have nozzle blocking problems. Low pressure systems are more advisable managing them with short and frequent pulses.

28 ADVISABLE CHANGES USE OF LOW PRESSURE FOGGING : The goal must not be to achieve optimum humidity, with the aim of avoiding problems derived from the wetting of the crop.

29 ADVISABLE CHANGES USE OF LOW PRESSURE FOGGING : Achieve sumb-optimal but acceptable humidity levels(> 50%), in order to avoid serious stress situations. Supplies of 200 cc m -2 h -1 are, generally, sufficient to attain this goal.

30 ADVISABLE CHANGES OPTIMIZATION OF COVER WHITENING: The use of shading screens is limited due to their high cost. New designs of internal shading screens and proper management avoid high temperature due to reduction of ventilation and external shading screens, their use is limited under windy conditions. Optimized whitening of the cover is a more common technique because is cheaper.

31 ADVISABLE CHANGES OPTIMIZATION OF THE COVER WHITENING: Combining whitening with low pressure fogging and improving natural ventilaton, we can decrease the shading % required, increasing the productive potential of the crop. It is not convenient the abruct cleaning of the whitening. It must be done several times. Pauta de manejo del blanqueo en pimiento Transmisividad (%) Suelta depredadores Final cultivo 20 Semana desde trasplante

32 ADVISABLE ACTIONS OPTIMIZATION OF WHITENING : In spring, the whitening of the cover must be done progressively, controlling the shading level. A luxometer can be used for that. W m -2 Lux W m -2 Lux

33 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVING THE COVER TRANSMISSIVITY : Periodic cleaning of the cover when whitening is not required. Use of three layers plastics. Ángulo de TRANSMISIVIDAD (%) incidencia PE térmico Tricapa 0º º º º º (Fuente: Montero y col., 2000)

34 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVING THE TRANSMISSION OF THE COVER : New built greenhouses: the span slope must be around 30º and spans must be oriented east-west and crop rows northsouth to increase light transmission and crop light interception in winter.

35 ADVISABLE ACTIONS IMPROVE COVER TRANSMISSION : Other advantages of high roof slopes are: 1. Decrease dripping of condensation over the crop 2. Decrease rainfall water entrance 3. Improve ventilation

36 ADVISABLE ACTIONS CONTROL OF MINIMUM TEMPERATURES : The use of heating is generally not profitable. With heating energy saving screens should be used. They could also be used for shading, not fully deployed and if they are not too opaque.

37 ADVISABLE CHANGES CONTROL OF MINIMUM TEMPERATURES : On late or winter cycles it may be advisable to use double roofs during the first stages to increase temperature and accelerate growth and development.

38 ADVISABLE ACTIONS CONTROL OF MININUM TEMPERATURES: With an adult crop it is not advisable to reduce the incoming radiation. Only on certain crops to avoid the dripping of the condensation from the inner layer of the greenhouse cover, with appropriate open layers to allow for ventilation. It would be interesting to develp mobile double plastic roof systems with slope to allow for condensation recover.

39 PASSIVE HEATING WITH PLASTIC FILM SLEEVES FILLED WITH WATER: They can increase temperature 1-5 ºC (the higher the temperature difference the smaller is the crop) VERY INTERESTING TECHNIQUE IN LATE AUTUMN CYCLES (i.e. CUCUMBER) OR EARLY WINTER CYCLES (i.e. MELON AND WATER MELON) Advisable m 3 water m -2 greenhouse soil Compatible with use of double roofs. Adapt the planting framework DIA Radiación solar NOCHE Radiación convección

40 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION