Picture Perfect Pruning: Tools, Timing and Cuts. Erik Draper, Commercial Horticulture Educator Ohio State University Extension, Geauga County
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1 Picture Perfect Pruning: Tools, Timing and Cuts Erik Draper, Commercial Horticulture Educator Ohio State University Extension, Geauga County
2 Pruning resources All the tools you need Best time to prune Plant physiology & growth Making cuts Know thy plants Where to begin Ideal tree & shrub expectations Structurally sound Aesthetically acceptable Terroristic tree topping
3 An Illustrated Guide to Pruning: Third Edition- Author: Edward F. Gilman. ISBN-10: X ISBN-13: DELMAR Cengage Learning- Publisher. The MOST definitive and complete treatise on pruning techniques, how-to's and for different settings (i.e. nursery, landscape, mature trees, storm damage, etc.) Fully illustrated with color photos, color and black and white line drawings, with tips to prune correctly. Pruning made Easy. Author: Lewis Hill. Storey Publishing. ISBN# Black and white line drawings. Pruning and Training Plants- A Complete Guide. Author: David Joyce. Firefly books. ISBN# Color photos and color line drawings. The Pruner's Handbook. Author: John Malins. David and Charles Publishers. ISBN# Black and white line drawings.
4 The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. Author: George E. Brown. Timber Press. ISBN# Definitive textual pruning descriptions by genera with some black and white line drawings. Pruning & Training- A Fully Illustrated Plant-by-Plant Manual. Authors: Christopher Brickell & David Joyce. The American Horticultural Society- DK Publishing. ISBN# Color photos accompanied by definitive examples using color line drawings of pruning by genera. Smith & Hawken- The Hands-On Gardener: Pruning. Author: Robert Kourik. Workman Publishing-. ISBN# Back pocket approach; textual pruning descriptions by genera with some black and white line drawings.
5 Hand Shears Secateurs Scissors type Bypass blades only Loppers Saw
6 Good Quality Steel Replaceable Blade Thin Blade Bevel to Cutting Edge Return Spring Nice Hand Fit Easy Pull Take Out for Test Worth the Cost
7 Anvil Pruners Pinch Blades Ratchet-type Ratchet-anvil
8 WINTER No insects No diseases See tree structure & form Wait for hard freezes Typically January-March Spring Leakage Anytime for tree health within reason... Storm damage
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12 To train/guide growth creating structural integrity To maintain plant health To improve quality & quantity of flowers, fruit & foliage
13 Pruning FAILS to change genetic traits & shape plants Pruning FAILS to correct plant spacing problems Pruning FAILS to slow plant growth
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15 Fascinating but very complex interaction Plants interpret & respond to environmental stimuli Increased far red light off other plant leaves Increases internode length (etiolation) Sunlight- drives photosynthesis in 2 layer(s) of leaves Quality nanometers Quantity-shade versus full sun exposure Nutrients- both excess and insufficient Water Cellular expansion (growth) direct correlation with water content Limited water means
16 Sunlight Genetics Available nutrients Available water Tree health Number & condition of leaves Terminal or apical bud
17 Hormone based- Auxins vs Cytokinins Bud inhibition rangespecies dependent Removal causes a free-for-all Dominance is good Some trees weird
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19 Nice spacing Symmetry Balance top-bottom Strong central leader Branch attachment & angle Branch diameter to trunk ratio
20 Think bud locations (new growth) Terminal, axillary, lateral Adventitious or latent (dormant) buds Break slowly Genesis of watersprouts
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22 Always slight angle Want to shed water off cut Not too close to bud Always some tissue death Too far away- excess dieback
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25 Think bud locations (new growth) Candles, some axillary Timing critical- July 15th Adventitious or latent (dormant) buds RARELY BREAK ON OLD WOOD Mainly on 2 nd & some 3 rd year wood
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29 Ask yourself: What was the purpose for this sin against shrubkind? Open up the tight canopy Infuse light into the center of the plant Removing the proliferation of shoots as far down into the main trunk or base as possible Think about the one-third ratio removal Invigorate growth Select desirable growth
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32 Multi-stem But not too many SUNLIGHT Long, clean straight Little to no branching Wood present for 3-5 years only
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35 Consider light needs Ideal shape = A Can be deciduous too Constant apical bud removal leads to Maximum witches -brooms
36 Don t remove more wood than Trees can lose how much leaf canopy Branch to trunk diameter ratio is To slow vigorously growing branches, cut off Little branch left on a big cut must be The number of people who will never understand how to properly prune.
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41 Drastically remove MOST of shrub structure Leave varying 6-12 inch stems Must be done EARLY in the growth season Carefully done: Azaleas, Rhododendrons Hammer em: Twig Dogwoods, Barberry, Flowering Quince, Mockorange, Spirea, Shrub roses (R. rugosa), Lilac, Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis), Weigelas
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43 Single central leader Nice slender taper top to bottom 1/3 balance- branch to trunk ratio Branch crotch angles- 30º-65º Branches spaced: ¼ turn and step up All comes down to structural integrity Exceptions to every rule!
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45 No tipping Work from bottom up Start underneath the canopy Keep watersprouts off rootstock Crossing branches Remove all branch anomalies
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47 Weepers lack apical dominance Upright (fastigiate) very strong apical dominance Most plants exhibit some apical dominance Excurrent branching (strong) Decurrent (deliquescent) branching (weaker) Remember conifer cuts vs deciduous cuts
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51 6 D s of Pruning Dead Diseased Damaged Defective Dumb Mistakes Decide if more
52 Common on crown interior as tree matures Natural attrition from stress Insects Critters
53 Fireblight Botryosphaeria Verticillium Wilt Cytospora canker of Spruce Cut into sound wood
54 Flood Wind shear Snow Ice
55 Co-dominant leaders Too many branches Runting Out Narrow Crotch Angle
56 Tipping = witches broom Eye Gougers Stubs Flush cut Real confusion
57 Too Much Removed? Not Enough Removed? How Much More?
58 Ask yourself: What was the original reason for this egregious travesty against trees? Evaluate remaining structure Evaluate plant age and health Must re-establish apical dominance Individual branches Central leader of tree Determine if kindest cut is basal pruning
59 Communicate realities to client LONG TERM PROCESS Expectations for both arborist and client Hardest and most difficult recover a tree Patience and daring Initially require more seasonal selective pruning
60 Young plants more adaptable Actively growing Older plants may not respond Conifers questionable Older wood (latent/adventitious) buds slow to respond Poor structural integrity will always be weak Weak structural integrity will always be a liability
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62 Time consuming Slow process Difficult on mature trees Loss of structural integrity Loss of photosynthetically active tissue Younger trees more easily adapt Haven t invested significant resources yet Most effective on shrubs
63 Storm damaged/broken trees Snow load Ice load Topped Cold damaged wood of trees Prunus subhirtella Prunus spp. Snow Fountains (Higan cross) Tipped (rounded over) trees Lions-tailed tree
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67 STORM DEVASTATION Snow Ice Wind shear winds Microburst winds Similar outcome for TREES Just get it done FAST Quickly restore utilities Remove hazards to public areas Often best approach is basal pruning
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