Analysis the Physico-Chemical and Microbial Diversity of Different Variety of Soil Collected From Madhya Pradesh, India

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1 Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 4(2), pp February, 2014 Available online at ISSN Scholarly-Journals Full Length Research Paper Analysis the Physico-Chemical and Microbial Diversity of Different Variety of Soil Collected From Madhya Pradesh, India Parul Jain and Dharmendra Singh* Department of Chemistry, S.V. Polytechnic College, Bhopal (M.P.) Accepted 13 December 2013 A study was conducted on the Physico-Chemical and microbiological analysis of soil samples collected from different locations of Madhya Pradesh, India. For appropriate management of soils, it is essential to understand physical and chemical properties of red, black, brown and yellow soil viz. soil texture, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus. The estimated ph, EC, Organic carbon and available N, Phosphorus values are tabulated and briefly discussed. Results showed that the texture of the soil was loam sandy with basic nature as ph was found varying from 5 to 8.1 according to soil nature. The higher values of humus, organic matter and nitrogen were found in Black soil. Soil microorganisms play important roles in soil quality and plant productivity. The development of effective methods for studying the diversity, distribution, and behavior of microorganisms in soil habitats is essential for a broader understanding of soil health. Black soil contains higher no. of total plate count as compare to red and yellow. Due to the high ph and availability of different form of organic phosphate PSM (phosphate solubilizing microbes) were high in red and brown soil. The aim of the work was to examine the quality of the soil so that it may be modified according to the requirements to maximize the soil productivity. Key words: Physico-chemical analysis, ph, EC, PSM, Nitrogen fixing microbes. INTRODUCTION: Soil is a dynamic natural body developed as a result of pedogenic processes through weathering of rocks, consisting of mineral and organic constituents, possessing definite chemical, physical, mineralogical and biological properties, having a variable depth over the surface of the earth, and providing a medium for plant growth (Thakre et al., 2012). Soil formation is a constructive as well as destructive process. Destructive process predominates the physical and chemical breaking down of materials, plants and animal structures, which result in the partial loss of more soluble and volatile products. Constructive forces develop new chemical compounds, both mineral and organic that provides new distribution or association characteristics, structural properties as well as chemical compositions. These *Corresponding author. dharmendrasingh036@gmail.com. factors influence the plant growth in the soil (Pujar et al., 2012). Soil is a complex natural medium and intensive soil physico-chemical testing is required to understand the behaviour of each soil type. Physiochemical characteristics of different soils vary in space and time due to variations in topography, climate, physical weathering processes, vegetation cover, microbial activities, and several other biotic and abiotic variables (Paudel and Sah, 2003). The properties of dry soil along with its type have a great importance in agriculture (Ahire et al., 2013). Soil is not only important for agriculture but also have more useful for living organism. The cosmetic capabilities of clays are being exploited by many beauty spas around the world. In these spas, the colour of the clays greatly determines their use (Matike et al., 2011). The differences in soil characteristics associated with landscape position are usually attributed to differences in the runoff, erosion and deposition processes that affect soil genesis (Dengđz, 2010). Inherent soil physico chemical properties influence the behavior of soil and hence,

2 Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 104 Figure 1. Different physiographic regions of Madhya Pradesh as per soil diversity. knowledge of soil property is important (Sumithra et al., 2013). The diversity of physical characteristics of soil associate with aggregation at small scales means that soil can contain a large diversity of microorganisms in close proximity, and the chemical composition of soil is highly heterogeneous in both vertical and horizontal dimensions (Kang and Mills, 2006). Research in soil microbiology over the last three decades has largely focused on analysis of microbial processes, with a notable exception being those efforts focused on Rhizobium ecology. Understanding the dynamics of microbial communities is at the heart of contemporary microbial ecology, and understanding of the soil microbial community is probably the most challenging because of the exceptionally high microbial diversity in soil (Tiedje et al., 1999). Different variety of soil contains different properties, which support the organism of soil, which maintain fertility. In linking soil management practice, variety of soil mixed so that all-important constitute and organism of all soil mixed and create a symbiotic relation to each and their sheltering plants and improve the soil quality and productivity (Singh et al., 2013). The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical parameters of soil that not only responsible for soil diversity of Madhya Pradesh but also affect the microbiological community and vegetation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Site selection of study The study was conducted at different forest area of Madhya Pradesh, India. Soils of Madhya Pradesh vary as per the physico-chemicals parameters and composition in the different region (figure 1). Madhya Pradesh consists of four physiographic regions: the low lying areas in north and north-west of Gwalior, Malwa plateau, Satpura, and Vindhyan ranges. The major soil groups are alluvial black (deep, medium and shallow) mixed red and black, red and yellow and skeletal soils. Black soils cover about 47.6 % of the total area of the state followed by red and yellow soils about 36.5 per cent (Wani et al., 2010). The soil types of a particular area play critical role is determining the fertility status and cropping pattern (Chaudhari et al., 2013). Sample collection Soil samples were collected from different region for the chemical, physical analysis and microbiological analysis at 0 15cm and 15 30cm depth and replicated three times for the different sampling points for each location. The samples were carefully labeled and packaged and taken to the laboratory. The soils are ground and passed through 0.2 mm sieve and were used for the analysis. Physico-chemical analysis Experiments were performed for the determination of chemical constituents of soil and some of its physical properties for the assessment of type and quality of soil. Soil ph, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, bulk density, texture, organic matter, soil colour, moisture and phosphate in soil were determined experimentally to

3 Jain and Singh 105 S. no. Parameters / Study Area Guna Hoshangabad Sagar Rajgarh G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 S1 S2 R1 R2 1 Soil colour Red Brown Yellow Medium black Shadow black Deep black Yellow Red Black 2 Texture Silty clay Sandy Loam clay Clay Loamy Clay Sandy loam Silty loam Clay 3 Bulk density (mg/m) 1.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.07 4 ph 6.8± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.35 5 EC (ds/m).39±.12.72±.02.23±.02.16±.01.28±.17.18±.02.19±.07.49±.05.33±.05 6 OC%.31±.02.51± ±.07 65±.07 64±.12.58±.02.37±.01.39±.04.57±.06 7 N (Kg/hac.) 175.3± ± ±19 215±21 197± ± ±16 172± ±3.5 8 P (Kg/hac.) 26± ± ± ± ±2.1 38± ± ±2.8 47±2.8 9 Moisture % 6± ± ± ± ±2.8 52± ± ± ±12 Table 1. Physico-chemical analysis of soil collected from Madhya Pradesh, India study the soil nature ( Zaiad, 2010). Microbiological analysis In the laboratory, soil samples were mixed and the coarser particles removed, one gram of soil was suspended in 100 ml water and then serially diluted to fivefold that was used for the microbial analysis. This method is called pore-plate dilution described by Shah and Ahmed, After solidification of media, they were incubated at 37oC for 24 and 48 h for bacteria and fungi respectively, then colonies were counted. Statistic analysis In relevant cases, the data was subjected to statistical analysis for computation of the standard error of the mean (SE) (Ashraf et al., 2012). RESULT AND DISCUSSION The diversified investigations about different type of soil collected from various locations are reported in table 1. The Physico-Chemical values of the soil sample collected at different sampling sites were calculated. The result indicates that the quality of soil considerably varies from location to location and sample to sample. The soil samples collected from the various location of Madhya Pradesh not only differ in physical parameters (soil colour and texture) but also in chemical parameters. Soil collected from M.P. show the different colour that is important for the soil diversity on behalf of chemical variation and responsible for the diversity of vegetation. Investigation demonstrate that red, brown and yellow colour were found in the soil of guna district same red and black at rajgarh, black and yellow at sagar and deep black and shadow black at hoshangabad region. Soil texture in the different soil was differing according to soil diversity. Texture of most of soil was loamy and clay for black soil, slity clay and loamy for red soil and loamy clay of yellow soil. The supply of water to plants usually is greater as the texture becomes finer. Soil texture also affects the nutrient supply of the soil (Gupta and shukla, 1991). Soil texture is one of the most important soil properties governing most of the physical, chemical and hydrological properties of soils. Variability in soil texture may contribute to the variation in nutrient storage and availability, water retention and transport and binding and stability of soil aggregates. It can directly or indirectly influence many other soil functions and soil threats such as soil erosion (Adhikari et al., 2009). The analysis of chemical properties indicates that the black soils of hoshangabad and Rajgarh were generally slightly acidic and other show alkaline ph. The ranges of ph of soil were 5-8. Soil ph is an important consideration for farmers and gardeners for several reasons, including the fact that many plants and soil life forms prefer either alkaline or acidic conditions or the ph can affect the availability of nutrients in the soil (Pandeeswari and Kalaiarasu, 2012). The similar variation of ph reported by Rakesh Kumar et al., 2012, Kumar and Babel, Electrical conductivity showed variation between.39ds/m to.49 ds/m for red soil and.16ds/m to.33ds/m for black and yellow. Generally it is believed that higher the concentration of ions in the soil solution more is its electrical conductance. Therefore, the higher value of red and brown soil could possibly be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of calcium, magnesium and

4 Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 106 a b C Figure 2. Microbiological analysis of soil samples. A. Total plate count analysis, B. Analysis of nitrogen fixing microbial count and C. Phosphate solubilizing microbial count.

5 No. of Colony Jain and Singh Total plate count PSM 5 0 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 S1 S2 R1 R2 Sample ID Graph 1. Microbiological analysis of soil samples potassium ions at the site. The soil water holding capacity is essential to the evaluation of regional soil water balance. Soil water content in air dried samples and saturated wet samples are given in table 1. Soil texture greatly influences water availability. The sandy soil can quickly be recharged with soil moisture but is unable to hold as much water as the soils with heavier textures. As texture becomes heavier, the wilting point increases because fine soils with narrow pore spacing hold water more tightly than soils with wide pore spacing. The texture of soil based on water holding capacity was found to be Loam sandy. Thakre et al., 2012 reported Maximum water holding capacity of red and black soils. The findings show less variation due to macro pores and structure of both soils. Black soils show water-holding capacity due to high percentage of clay and the smecititic clay minerals that have large surface area to retain higher amount of water at high sanction. Red soil has relatively low maximum water holding capacity as compared to black soils that could be attributed to the amount of clay content and minerals. Black soils contain high organic carbon as compared to red soil.high organic carbon in the surface soils is due to addition of organic manures twice a year.organic carbon content decreases with depth of profile.it may be due to its mineralization under existing climatic conditions on the surface or may be due to low leaching from surface layers or may be due to low leaching from surface layers or absorption by clay particles. Organic carbon of soil samples varied as % in red soil and.57-1% in black or yellow soil respectively. Bulk densities of red soils have low bulk density, while black soils have high bulk density. High bulk density may be due to high clay and that too of well shrink type over burden leading to compaction. Phosphorous in the present investigation vary from 26±2.1 Kg/hectare to 47±2.8 Kg/hectare (Table 1). The highest value of P was found in black soil sample of Rajgarh and Hoshangabad may be due to use of excessive phosphorous fertilizers. Application of phosphorus (P) is necessary for maintaining a balance between the other plant nutrients and ensuring the normal growth of the crop. Previous researches have already reported the importance of phosphorus (Leonardi, 1999). The available nitrogen was measured for all locations, its value ranges from 172±2.1 to Kgha-1for red, and brown soil and 197±4.9 to 215±21 Kgha-1 for black soil, 183±19 Kgha-1 nitrogen investigate in yellow soil. MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Data on microbial biomass gained by the different methods gave different information with respect to soil variability (figure 2 and Graph 1): For some sites, differences between red and black sampling were more pronounced in total plate count and for PSM (Graph 1). Plate count analysis revealed a significant discrepancy in the number of bacteria that could be cultured from different type of soil samples. The cultured bacterial numbers were higher in deep black soil samples of hoshangabad than in black soil of Rajgarh and sagar. The total soil bacterial consortium as determined by total cell counts was not affected by water repellency. These findings fit well with the results of Bloem et al. (1992) who also did not reveal changes in total cell numbers due to

6 Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 108 water stress caused by drying and rewetting of an arable soil. No significant differences in epi fluorescence microscopy counts of the total bacterial community between red and loamy clay soil samples in contrast to differences in the proportion of culturable bacteria were found. Plate count analysis revealed a discrepancy in the number of bacteria that could be cultured from wet table and water repellent soil samples like black and yellow soil. The availability of PSM was higher in the soil samples of Guna and Sagar district due to the high acidity graph 1. Most of the P-fixation occurs in acidic soils, where H 2 PO 4 - reacts with the surfaces of insoluble oxides of iron, almonium and manganese, involves series of chemical fixation reactions and thus interlocks Several reports have examined the ability of different bacterial species to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, such as almonium and iron bound phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate (Mahdi et al., 2011). The phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can solubilize insoluble forms of phosphorous (P) into simple soluble forms that can be taken up by plants. The application of these potential inoculants in an appropriate combination with chemical fertilizers could be considered in organic and sustainable aerobic rice cultivation system (Panhwar et al., 2011). Microbial community for nitrogen fixation were higher at black soil, because Black soil has many characteristics, such as deep depth of humus, incompact texture, higher natural fertility, higher content of clay and so on (Dan We et al., 2010). ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are greatly thankful to Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal for financial support and thank full to Principal, S. V. polytechnic College, Bhopal and Department of Chemistry for providing research facilities and their encouragement. REFERENCES Adhikari, K., Guadagnini, A., Toth, G. and Hermann, T. (2009). Geostatistical analysis of surface soil texture from Zala county in western Hungary. International Symposium on Environment, Energy and Water in Nepal: Recent Researches and Direction for Future. Ahire, D.V., Chaudhari, P.R., Ahire, V.D. and Patil, A.A. (2013). Correlations of Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Constant with Physico-Chemical Properties of Black Soils. Inte. J. 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