HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT

Transcription

1 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern August 2013 Menders, Torrey & Spencer

2 Cover photo credits. Background and upper right: Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. Lower right and left: Lexington Historical Society.

3 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & METHODOLOGY PART 1: DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY (Anne Andrus Grady, Architectural Historian) A) Introduction & Summary of Findings Page 3 B) Significance: Historical & Architectural Page 5 C) Historical Analysis Page 7 Title History Page 7 History of Property Owners & Significant Events Page 8 Taverns in Lexington Page 19 D) Architectural Analysis Page 20 Original Construction & Building Evolution Page 20 Building History by Category Page 29 E) Research Methodology & Bibliography Page 83 F) Historic Views & Plans Page 89 PART 2: EXISTING CONDITIONS & TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS A) Drawings & Photographs Page 95 B) Character Defining Features Page 101 C) Preservation Guidelines Page 105 D) Conditions & Recommendations Page 109 Exterior Page 110 Interior Page 116 E) Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing Page 131 PART 3: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN/FEASIBILITY STUDY A) Conceptual Design Page 135 B) Regulatory Analysis Page 153 C) Outline Drawings and Specifications Page 157 D) Opinion of Probable Cost Page 173 E) Cyclical Maintenance Plan Page 179 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc i

4 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT APPENDIX A) Paint Analysis & Recommendations (Finch & Rose, 2013) B) Paint Analysis (Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, 1987) C) Summary of Probable Cost (MJ Mawn, Inc.) D) Presentation to Community Preservation Committee (April 8, 2013) E) References to Buckman Tavern in Town Records ii Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

5 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Prepared for: The Lexington Historical Society 13 Depot Square Lexington, MA Susan Bennett, Executive Director Lester E. Savage III, Building Committee Chair F. David Wells, Jr., Board of Directors Joseph Michelson, Owner s Representative Prepared by: Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. Architecture Preservation 123 North Washington Street Boston, MA Lynne Spencer Patrick Guthrie Nicholas Curtis Lynn Smiledge Principal, Historic Preservation Registered Architect Architectural Designer Preservation Planner Affiliated Consultants: Architectural Historian: Anne Andrus Grady 10 Trotting Horse Drive Lexington, MA Anne wishes to thank Susan Bennett and Elaine Doran of the Lexington Historical Society and Paul Doherty, volunteer photographer for the Society, for their assistance in the preparation of this report. She would also like to acknowledge the previous research on the Buckman Tavern by Willard Brown and Edwin B. Worthen, Jr., and the photographs taken and annotated by S. Lawrence Whipple. These have all been invaluable resources. Historic Building Fabric Consultant: Finch & Rose William Finch 50 Front Street Beverly, MA Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc iii

6 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Structural Engineer: Aberjona Engineering Inc. One Mt. Vernon Street, Third Floor Winchester, MA Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing & Fire Protection Engineers: Cirees, Inc. John King 540 Granite Street, Suite 206 Braintree, MA Cost Estimator: MJ Mawn, Inc. Michael Mawn 595 Washington St. East Walpole, MA iv Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

7 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern EXECUTIVE SUMMARY It was a privilege to be selected to prepare a Historic Structure Report and conceptual designs for the Buckman Tavern. Determining the rehabilitation needs and future use of this National Historic Landmark was the ultimate objective of the study. The Historic Structure Report, which complies with the guidelines of the National Park Service, was prepared to provide a comprehensive and scholarly assessment of the building s history and fabric, a comprehensive survey of existing physical conditions, and treatment recommendations for the building s preservation. The findings of the Historic Structure Report led to a very fluid programming phase. The initial concept of the Historical Society project team evolved as new revelations in the research influenced interpretation and building use goals in unexpected ways. As with all aspects of this work, the collaborative dialogue resulted in a final program that represents an informed step forward. The programmatic needs, combined with an understanding of the building s condition, code requirements and historic review requirements, served as the foundation for conceptual options designed to suit the program and building capacity. The evolving program resulted in five iterations of the renovation being developed. The design options were explored with the building stewards, and eventually an outcome was reached that was parallel to the final program. Outline plans and specifications formed the basis of a detailed cost estimate for the selected option and design development proceed through construction documents and bidding. The cost to accomplish all of the exterior preservation recommendations in this report and the selected option for renovation and handicap access was estimated at approximately $953,000 including soft costs such as architectural, engineering, and legal fees and expenses. To assist in funding the preservation project, the Society raised funds internally and successfully sought Community Preservation Act funding and a grant from the Massachusetts Cultural Facilities Fund. The Report Part One of this study, the Developmental History by Anne Grady, provides an indepth historical and architectural analysis of the building and explores the Tavern s significant role in American history. Generously illustrated with historic drawings and images and investigative photographs, it also contains a comprehensive research bibliography. Part Two, Existing Conditions & Treatment Recommendations, includes a list of character-defining features at the Tavern and guidelines for its preservation and rehabilitation consistent with The Secretary of the Interior s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. Physical conditions are documented with photographs and narrative and treatment recommendations are provided for both the exterior and interior. The recommendations include suggestions for further investigation of the historic fabric and for historically appropriate paint colors and finishes. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc v

8 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Part Three of the report contains conceptual designs options for rehabilitation and handicap access based on the established program of needs, a comprehensive regulatory analysis, and recommendations from the existing conditions survey. Outline drawings and specifications and an opinion of probable cost were derived from the selected design option. A cyclical maintenance plan is provided that will help the building stewards anticipate and budget for routine maintenance activities. The Appendix includes the complete paint analysis reports by Finch & Rose (2013) and the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (1987), the summary of probable cost (MJ Mawn, Inc.), the presentation to the Community Preservation Committee on April 8, 2013, and historic references to the Buckman Tavern in excerpts from Town of Lexington records. METHODOLOGY This Historic Structure Report represents a collaborative effort between Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. (MTS) and the Lexington Historical Society. The Society was represented by Susan Bennett, Executive Director, who served as point of contact with MTS and facilitated access to the Buckman Tavern. The project team was assembled and coordinated by Lynne Spencer, partner and preservation principal at Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. and Patrick Guthrie, RA, who together directed on-site investigations and development of the report. They were assisted by Nicholas Curtis, architectural designer, and Lynn Smiledge, preservation planner and report coordinator. Architectural Historian Anne Grady prepared Part One of the report, the developmental history of the Buckman Tavern. The methodology she employed is described in detail on page 83 of the study. William Finch of Finch & Rose, historic preservation consultants, visited the building to investigate historic fabric including exterior clapboards and interior wall finishes to characterize the various paint and wallpaper treatments of the building throughout its evolution. A dendrochronology study was performed Dr. Daniel Miles of the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory. Aberjona Engineering conducted a structural engineering assessment of the building and John King of Cirees, Inc. performed an assessment of the mechanical, electrical, plumbing and fire protection systems. Their findings are incorporated in Part Two of this Report, Existing Conditions and Treatment Recommendations. Michael Mawn of M.J. Mawn Inc. prepared the cost estimates for renovation based on outline plans and specifications developed by MTS. Drawings were created using CAD based on field measurements and HABS drawings and used in conjunction with photographs and narrative to document existing conditions and illustrate treatment recommendations. Concurrently, conceptual design options were created and presented to the Board of the Directors of the Lexington Historical Society and the Lexington Historic Districts Commission. Outline specifications for restoration and rehabilitation were based upon the approved conceptual design. All photographs were taken by Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. or Anne Andrus Grady unless otherwise indicated. The final report was issued both as a printed document and in electronic format as a portable document format (.pdf). Six hard copies were delivered along with the compact disc. vi Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

9 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY by Anne Andrus Grady Room numbers referenced in the Developmental History portion of this report are shown on the floor plans that follow. BUCKMAN'S TAVERN MASSACHUSETTS 4 LEXINGTON, MA 004 Architect: menders, torrey & spencer, inc architecture preservatio UP UP UP 123 North Washington Street Boston, MA t f ISSUE: REVISIONS: Date: Scale: Drawn by: Checked by: Project Number: JUNE 28, Basement BUCKMAN'S TAVERN BASEMENT PLAN 1/8" = 1'-0" UP DW UP T UP T 005 UP 106 N Do not scale the drawings. Al dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contrac shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect BUCKMAN'S TAVERN MASSACHUSETTS 4 LEXINGTON, MA A-1 preservatio Architect: menders, torrey & spencer, inc architecture 123 North Washington Street Boston, MA t f DW 102 DW UP ISSUE: T 108 DW REVISIONS: UP UP T T Date: Scale: JUNE 28, 2 Drawn by: Checked by: Project Number: 1235 First Floor Do not scale the drawings. Al dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contrac shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect BUCKMAN'S TAVERN 1ST FLOOR PLAN Menders, 1 1/8" Torrey = 1'-0" & Spencer, Inc N A-2

10 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT BUCKMAN'S TAVERN MASSACHUSETTS 4 LEXINGTON, MA Architect: menders, torrey & spencer, inc architecture preservatio 123 North Washington Street Boston, MA t f DW 201 UP ISSUE: DW UP 203 REVISIONS: UP DW UP Date: JUNE 28, 2 Scale: Drawn by: Checked by: Project Number: 1235 Second Floor Do not scale the drawings. Al dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contrac shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect 1 BUCKMAN'S TAVERN 2ND FLOOR PLAN 1/8" = 1'-0" N BUCKMAN'S TAVERN MASSACHUSETTS 4 LEXINGTON, MA A-3 Architect: menders, torrey & spencer, in architecture preservatio 123 North Washington Street Boston, MA t f ISSUE: DW UP 302 REVISIONS: DW Date: JUNE 28, Scale: Drawn by: Checked by: Project Number: 1235 Attic Do not scale the drawings. A dimensions shall be confirme prior to construction.the contrac shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architec N 2 1 BUCKMAN'S TAVERN 3RD FLOOR PLAN 1/8" = 1'-0" Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc A-4

11 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern A) INTRODUCTION & SUMMARY OF FINDINGS INTRODUCTION This Historic Structure Report was undertaken as part of a larger project to repair and restore the Buckman Tavern and to improve accessibility, interpretation/exhibition and the visitor experience. The information in the report is intended to serve as the basis for current and future preservation decisions regarding the Tavern. The project, following on the successful renovations of the Hancock-Clarke House in 2008 and the Munroe Tavern in 2010, is the Lexington Historical Society s third initiative to improve the condition of its properties and to provide for current programmatic and interpretive needs. The initial phase of the Buckman Tavern project, including the architectural and historical studies presented in this report, was supported by Community Preservation Act funds of the Town of Lexington. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The Buckman Tavern is most renowned for its role in the events of April 19, However, the site is important in other ways. It has been a notable presence in Lexington since it became a tavern in 1713, shortly after it was built. As a Public House of Entertainment, the Tavern was faithfully tended by John Muzzy from 1713 to about 1755, Samuel Stone from 1764 or earlier to 1768, John Buckman from 1768 to 1784, Joseph Simonds from 1784 to 1794, and Rufus Meriam from 1794 to about 1815 when the building ceased to be used as a tavern. For the next 100 years the property was the locus of a thriving 42-acre farm, including at its peak 12 farm buildings, and as such reflects the agricultural heritage of Lexington, where farming was a chief occupation up through the 19th century. In 1913 when the remaining three-acres of land and the Tavern were threatened with redevelopment, the Town of Lexington and the Lexington Historical Society stepped in to save the building. In a public/private partnership, unusual at the time, the Town owned the property, but the Historical Society assumed management under a 99-year lease. For the first dozen or more years, the Tavern was not a museum. During World Figure 1. Buckman Tavern, October War I townspeople had gathered at the Tavern to support the war effort under the leadership of the Red Cross. After the war and with the support of the Historical Society, the Buckman Tavern Community Association sought to preserve the collegiality developed during World War I by creating what was in all senses a modern community center. People feared that, otherwise, the Tavern would creep back into its dead past. 1 1 Report of the Buckman Tavern Committee, Box 2, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

12 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 1713 Ca Ca By In the early 1920s under the leadership of Lexington architect Willard Brown, the Tavern was the subject of a restoration that was more restrained than many restorations of the period. With the tutelage of William Sumner Appleton of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Brown employed newly emerging scientific preservation methods based on the examination of physical evidence in buildings themselves. He had the good luck, especially in the Tap Room, to find significant evidence to guide his restoration. Gradually as furniture and artifacts were returned to the Tavern, museum rooms were created and community use of the Tavern declined. Figure 2. Additions to the Buckman Tavern. Adapted from a drawing by Russell H.Kettell reproduced in Willard Brown, The Story of the Buckman Tavern, The findings presented in this report are the result of examination of the documentary record, most of it housed in the Lexington Historical Society Archive, detailed examination of the building, and William Finch s paint research. 2 These approaches were used to develop a chronology of the history of the building and its use and to place the building in an architectural and historical context. The Tavern s main structure achieved its present size in three building campaigns that probably occurred before John Muzzy is believed to have given up the tavern business about At first the Tavern, built ca in a late First Period (post-medieval) style, was a single room, two story building with a lean-to. Very shortly after, perhaps before 1730, another room and chamber were added on the other side of the chimney bay. In the final enlargement the Tavern became a structure that was two rooms deep and three stories high with habitable rooms on the third floor, and was decorated on the exterior in an up-to-date Georgian style. With this enlargement the Tavern became the most stylish building believed to have been built in Lexington in the 18th century and the tallest, other than the meetinghouse. 2 William Finch of Finch & Rose, Buckman Tavern Paint and Woodwork Dating Report, February Specific documentary references to the use of the Buckman Tavern in the later years of John Muzzy s life are lacking. See a discussion of the reasons for giving 1755 as the approximate date that John Muzzy ceased to be an innholder under biographical information in Part 1:C. 4 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

13 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern The objective of this Historic Structure Report is to facilitate informed preservation decisions about future repairs, renovations, and reinstallations for interpretive purposes in order the ensure that this iconic building, now 300 years old, will be appropriately preserved for many years to come. B) SIGNIFICANCE Historical Significance The role of the Buckman Tavern in events surrounding the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775, assured the Tavern s prominent place in the history of the Town and the nation. As one of the most important surviving buildings associated with the first confrontation in the long Revolutionary War, the Tavern has been an icon of the Revolution ever since. The richness of the documentary record, including depositions by militiamen and others, enhances our understanding of the Tavern s place in the events of that day. The Buckman Tavern, built between 1709 and 1713, is the oldest surviving tavern building in Lexington as well as the oldest building altogether. The building continued to be a tavern for the next 100 years as taverns became an important component of the local economy. Lexington was a preferred stopping place for drovers because it was only a day s walk from markets in Boston. By the first decade of the 19th century, twelve taverns were operating in town. The Tavern and the park surrounding it is the last remnant of what was once an active farm in Lexington center, and thus reflects Lexington s history as a rural agrarian community. The property is also an early example of the saving of an important historic building with the use of public funds, and of a successful public/private partnership by which the Lexington Historical Society raised one third of the purchase cost in return for the Tavern and some surrounding land being placed in the Society s stewardship in perpetuity as long as the building is used for historical purposes. The Tavern was then leased to the Society for 99 years in 1914, and that lease was renewed for another 99 years in The Town of Lexington at times provided funds for major repairs. The Buckman Tavern is also significant for its history of use as a community center. Just as the Historical Society took over management of the building, World War I broke out in Europe. Until 1918, the Tavern was used to support the war effort as an emergency hospital and quarters for an active Red Cross program. People from all walks of life came to volunteer. After the war, the Buckman Tavern Committee, appointed by the Lexington Historical Society to explore future use of the Tavern, argued that the building should continue to be used by the community instead of becoming a static symbol of the past. For the first 15 years, under the leadership of the Buckman Tavern Community Association, the building housed all of the kinds of activities that one would wish for today in a community center and more human services, children s play groups, a children s museum, Red Cross and other charity work. It also served as an informal meeting place for residents. Anyone could rent rooms for a nominal fee. The Tavern, therefore, also represents an early effort to foster a sense of community in the Town through the establishment of a center for common activities, care and fellowship. As more furnishings and artifacts were returned to the Tavern, the Historical Society gradually took over rooms for displays. So began the important role of the Tavern as a well-visited house museum and education center under the stewardship of the Lexington Historical Society, which continues today. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

14 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Architectural Significance The Buckman Tavern represents an architectural continuum that embodies features of three stylistic periods and thus reflects the needs and aspirations of successive owners. The oldest part, built between 1709 and 1713, was a modest single room saltbox house with late First Period framing, fireplace construction and decorative treatments. In the second quarter of the 18th century, or shortly thereafter, the structure was enlarged to its present size and remodeled on the exterior to reflect Renaissance classical architecture of the early Georgian period. The classical frontispiece (now a reproduction), the molded window heads and the massing of the, by then, two-room-deep, threestory house with hip roof, dormers and projecting eaves link the Tavern to upscale architecture of the time. The Tavern, while still an inn, became the most architecturally sophisticated building known to have existed in Lexington in the 18th century. This particular form was a symbol of wealth and status among New England elites of the time, and it is somewhat surprising that John Muzzy, a mere tavern keeper, saw himself in that light. It was perhaps his second wife, Rebecca Watts, an heir to the vast Bellingham estate in Chelsea, who influenced her husband to build such a grand house. The Bellingham-Cary House in Chelsea, built by other Bellingham heirs, is another example of this early Georgian hip-roofed style. Unfortunately, only a few features of the Tavern s interior in the Georgian period have survived. They include raised-field paneling south of the fireplace in the southwest parlor, the stair balusters on the second floor, and, apparently, two chimneybreasts. Figure 3. Detail of a stereoscopic view of the Buckman Tavern, ca Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. During the early years of the ownership by Rufus Meriam, the interiors were remodeled in the Federal style to reflect its use as a modern family dwelling. Walls previously sheathed or plastered over were given flat board dados. Mantelpieces for fireplaces that had been reduced in size featured friezes decorated with reeded pilaster caps and mantel shelves with delicate moldings. Stair balusters were replaced on the first floor with simple ones, square in section, that were characteristic of the period. The Buckman Tavern also represents an early restoration that employed scientific methods of investigation and documentation espoused by leading preservationists of the time such as William Sumner Appleton, Norman Isham and J. Frederick Kelly. There is a certain irony to the fact the Willard Brown led the restoration. In 1909 he had designed for Leroy Brown the remodeling of the Jonathan Harrington House bordering the Green on the corner of Bedford Street that resulted in the loss 6 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

15 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern of considerable historic fabric. The threat to the historic integrity of this pre-revolutionary building so roused William Sumner Appleton by the practical destruction by over-restoration of the Harrington House that he was prompted to found the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA). 4 By the time Willard Brown led the remodeling of the Buckman Tavern, or perhaps because of its historic importance, he had learned to be cautious. Brown s use of building archaeology included identifying original wallpapers by peeling apart many layers or discovering remnants behind later woodwork. He also commissioned paint research to determine the original colors used in the stair hall. Brown s work included documenting before conditions in 24 early color photographs (the photos have not survived). To his credit, Brown realized that there was not enough data to restore the inside of the Tavern to its appearance at the time of the battle, so he left in place interiors much as they had been updated by Rufus Meriam in the early 19th century, except in the tap room and old kitchen. He stated, Other lines of evidence and speculation might be considered, but enough has been suggested to indicate that in the restoration of these early houses one may not jump at conclusions, and that all work of this nature can be undertaken only with the utmost caution. 5 As a result, Brown took far fewer liberties with the past than in most restorations of the time in which conjectural period features were installed and preserved important evidence of early treatments. C) HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Title History and Important Dates 1693 Edward Pelham sells 206 acres to Benjamin Muzzy, including the Tavern site Benjamin Muzzy conveys six acres, including the Tavern site to his son, John Muzzy. John Muzzy marries Elizabeth Bradshaw. Ca Earliest part of the Tavern built Town of Lexington incorporated John Muzzy approved as an innholder John Muzzy marries Rebecca Watts Turner Ingham By this time the Tavern has likely achieved its present three-story configuration and John Muzzy is believed to have given up the Tavern business. 4 William Sumner Appleton, Preserving the Antiquities of New England, ms., n.d. Appleton File, Historic New England. As quoted in James Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 139. See also Charles Hosmer, Presence of the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), Willard D. Brown, The Story of Buckman Tavern (: Lexington Historical Society, 1967), 37. Hereafter cited as Brown. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

16 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 1764 John Muzzy sells the Tavern property to his son-in-law, Samuel Stone Jane Muzzy Stone, Samuel s widow, is granted administration of his estate. Stones daughters Elizabeth and Ruth, inherit the Tavern John Buckman, husband of Ruth Stone, begins to manage the Tavern John Buckman buys out the share of the Tavern owned by Elizabeth Stone and her husband, Joseph Simonds, to acquire full possession of the property. 1775, Battle of Lexington. April John Buckman sells the Tavern to his brother-in-law, Joseph Simonds, who runs the Tavern for the next ten years Joseph Simonds sells the Tavern property to his niece Martha Simonds and her husband, Rufus Meriam, who operates the Tavern until about Rufus Meriam dies. His widow died in Their daughters inherit the Tavern. One son, Rufus, and four of the five daughters lived on in the Tavern until the last one dies Mary Meriam and her niece, Abbie Stetson Griffing, convey the three-acre xxxxxxxxxxxxxxproperty to Abbie s son, Thomas Meriam Stetson, in trust Mary Meriam, last surviving child of Rufus Meriam, dies Town of Lexington purchases the Tavern Town leases the Tavern property to the Historical Society for 99 years. History of Property Owners, Use, and Significant Events Associated with the Property 1693 Benjamin Muzzy ( ) 8 In 1693 Benjamin Muzzy purchased 206 acres of land including the site of the Buckman Tavern from Edward Pelham. The land had been part of a 600-acre grant of 1638 that encompassed what 6 Edwin B. Worthen, Jr., Historian, Lexington Historical Society, Buckman Tavern: an Account of the Land and the House, its Ownership and Development. 1963, 24. Hereafter cited as Worthen. 7 Middlesex County Registry of Deeds: 3809; According to Charles Hudson in History of the Town of Lexington, 1913, Vol. II, there were many spellings of the name. Muzzy is the common form in the older records, although Muzzey appears as early as P Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

17 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern is now Lexington Center, but was then part of Cambridge. By the 1640s, the land was owned by the Pelham family. Worthen believes that Benjamin Muzzy s father, also named Benjamin, who died in 1690, was sent by the Pelhams to clear their land, which was a condition of the grant, and that he stayed on to manage the farm for the Pelhams. 9 Nineteenth century local historian M.J. Canavan believes that Benjamin Muzzy, the son, continued to manage the Pelham farm until he purchased it. 10 The area was known as the Farms even before it became a separate precinct of Cambridge in Benjamin Muzzy was living in Cambridge Farms at least as early as 1692 and probably for some years before that. 11 He was a subscriber to the building of the meetinghouse there in According to Canavan, he had already amassed a large amount of land in the precinct before he purchased the Pelham property in 1693, and he was one of the largest taxpayers in Benjamin Muzzy held public offices in the precinct as constable in 1694, assessor in 1700 and in the Town of Lexington after its establishment in 1713 as tythingman in He died in The inventory of his estate included 111 acres of land in Lexington and a substantial personal estate. There were many heirs, given that he had eight children by his first wife, Sarah (d. 1711), and five by his second wife, Jane. John Muzzy, as the oldest son, would have received more than the others, but he had already received some of his portion (see below) John Muzzy ( ) John Muzzy, Benjamin s oldest son, was only 24 years old when on May 10, 1709, his father conveyed to him, as part of his inheritance, the land on which the Buckman Tavern was built. Benjamin Muzzy probably wanted, in anticipation of John s coming marriage, to set him up for married life; he stated in the deed: For Divers good Causes and Considerations, but more Especially for the good affection I bear unto my well beloved son John Muzzy, Clothier, Give Grant and confirme unto him a Certain parcel of Land Lying in Cambridge in the farms neer the Farm meeting house and by Estimation Six acres more or less. 13 John married Elizabeth Bradshaw ( ) on July 9, Whether the house was built in 1709, or several years later remains to be determined. 14 In 1714, John Muzzy appeared before the selectmen to request their approval to operate a public house of entertainment. His father came with him and vouched that he would back John up with supplies needed to operate the tavern. The record reads: 9 Worthen, M. J. Canavan, Something about the Old Muzzy Farm before the Revolution, Typescript, c Lexington Historical Society Archives #3761, Canavan, Muzzy Farm, cites Paige s statement in his History of Cambridge (1877) that Benjamin Muzzy, the son, moved to Cambridge before Middlesex County Registry of Deeds: 34; Middlesex County Registry of Deeds 16; 323, as quoted in Worthen, Dating the Tavern by Dendrochronology is anticipated in 2013 as part of the current renovation project. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

18 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT June 28, 1714: At a metting of the Selectmen it was agred that John Muzzy should have thare approbation to kep a Publique House of entertainment, and his father did ingage before the Selectmen to accommodate his son with stable room haye and pasturing, so far as he stood in nead for the support of strangers. 15 Again Benjamin Muzzy gave John a leg up in life which, as one of the largest taxpayers, he could afford to do. Locating a tavern close to the meetinghouse must have seemed a wise choice. At the time, there was only one other tavern in Lexington, the one run by John Comee, about a mile down the main road on what would later become the Munroe Tavern site. 16 Although John Muzzy s occupation was given as a clothier in the deed from his father, in a deed of 1717 he was called a weaver. Thus it appears that he continued to make and sell cloth to supplement his income from the tavern and to support his growing family. John Muzzy also served the town in various capacities over his long career as an innkeeper: as constable in 1727, school committee member in 1733, selectman in and 1744, and assessor in John and Elizabeth Muzzy had five children before Elizabeth died in February 1722 at age 33. In December 1722, John married Rebecca Watts Turner Ingham. They had no children. Rebecca died in July 1731 at age 49. Rebecca was the daughter of Rebecca and Edward Watts, who were heirs to the majority of the Bellingham estate of four large farms in Chelsea. After the parents deaths in 1714 and 1715 respectively, Rebecca received 200 from her mother s estate, while her brothers, Edward, Samuel and Daniel received farms. Edward, as the oldest, received one half of the value, and his younger brothers one quarter each. Edward prospered and at his death in 1727, had a personal estate of As he died intestate, Rebecca would have been entitled to an amount of his estate specified by law, but the amount she received has yet to be determined. 17 If Rebecca received a portion of her brother s estate, that amount plus John Muzzy s inheritance from his father in 1732 would have put him in position to complete the enlargement of the Tavern building to the three story, double pile structure that it was at the time of the battle. At the time, and in fact throughout the eighteenth century in Lexington, the Tavern was apparently one of the largest buildings in Lexington other than the meetinghouse, and the most stylish. It is very likely that John Muzzy would have completed the enlargement of the Tavern while still an active innholder, estimated to be prior to Whether the Bellingham-Cary House in Chelsea, built by other heirs of the Watts family in a similar style, inspired the design of Muzzy s tavern is unknown. John married Mary (surname unknown) in the early 1730s and had two more children by her, born in 1734 and She died in John Muzzy died in Four years prior to that, he sold the tav- 15 Selectmen s Records, June 28, 1714 as quoted in Worthen, Selectmen s Records, March 1, 1714/1715. Edwin B.Worthen Jr. s handwritten list of references in the Town of Lexington Records regarding the licensing of innholders. Worthen Collection, Cary Memorial Library. 17 Edward Watts widow seems to have retained during her life her interest in her husband s estate, which was for unexplained reasons 19/30s of the estate, larger than the usual widow s thirds. She sold her portion to her future husband, Thomas Greaves for (See Mellen Chamberlain s History of Chelsea, ) By implication there would be 1737 to be divided among the other heirs, who were Edward s two brothers and Rebecca. In 1730, John Muzzy and Rebecca, his wife, released their interest in her father s estate on Dec. 10, (Chamberlain, 357.) 10 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

19 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern ern property to his son-in-law, Samuel Stone, husband of his daughter Jane. The conveyance included the mansion house, barn and edifices and 42 acres of land. Lexington tax records for selected years in the period from 1729 to 1752 and after 1774 are preserved in the Lexington Town Clerk s office. A preliminary review of the records indicates that John Muzzy s real and personal estate tax assessments were among the highest in Lexington for the years in which his assessments survive, but not the highest. John Muzzy was listed as having one slave in A review of selectmen s records by Edwin Worthen, Jr. indicates that John Muzzy was not approved as an innholder or retailer after John Muzzy s daughter, Jane, married Samuel Stone in the early 1740s. Samuel Stone (b. 1718) may well have taken over management of the Tavern from his father-in-law as early as the late 1740s, though he was not approved to operate a Tavern until 1767, three years after he purchased the Tavern from John Muzzy. The information about those approved as innholders or retailers in the selectmen s record may be incomplete. Alternatively, the Buckman Tavern may have ceased operation for as many as twenty years. Worthen states that John Muzzy gave up the Tavern business about 1755 but does not cite a source for that belief. 19 The lack of clarity in the documentary record makes it impossible to be certain about what happened in the last twenty years of John Muzzy s life and makes it equally difficult to determine when the final enlargement of the main part of the building was completed. In the absence of a more specific date, Worthen s ca date is used in this report as the likely date by which the main body of the Tavern reached its present size Samuel Stone ( ) 1768 John Buckman ( ) In 1767, if not before, Samuel Stone was operating an inn and retail shop at the Tavern. 20 Samuel Stone died four days after his father-in-law, John Muzzy, in He and Jane Muzzy Stone had two daughters: Ruth, who married John Buckman three months after her father s death, and Elizabeth who married Joseph Simonds in John Buckman grew up in what became the Munroe Tavern where his father, John Buckman, Sr., kept a retail store from 1752 until his death in John, Jr., 23 years old, came to operate the inn for his mother-in-law after his marriage. In 1770 he sold his father s property to William Munroe. In 1771 he bought out the share of the Tavern property that his wife s sister, Elizabeth, and her husband, Joseph Simonds, had inherited, thus becoming the sole owner of what then became known as the Buckman Tavern Edwin B. Worthen Jr. s handwritten list of references in the Town of Lexington records regarding the licensing of innholders. Worthen Collection, Cary Memorial Library. 19 M.J. Canavan, who examined Lexington deeds and other records extensively, may have been the source of Worthen s statement. 20 In addition to Worthen s report, M.J. Canavan also cites 1767 as the year Samuel Stone began as host of the Tavern. Canavan Papers, Volume II, 4. Special Collections, Cary Memorial Library. 21 Worthen, 14. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

20 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Description of the Battle of Lexington on April 19, Much has been written about the Battle of Lexington, beginning almost immediately after that first conflict. Occasionally the Buckman Tavern is mentioned directly, but its role is implied in most writings. 23 The role of the Buckman Tavern in the Revolutionary cause must have begun long before the confrontation on the common, as people gathered to express their grievances and the selectmen met there. The discussions must have accelerated in the days before April 19 as plans were made to alarm the countryside and prepare for the worst. Figure 4. The Battle of Lexington, engraving by Amos Doolittle. Reproduced from a copy at the Lexington Historical Society. The hustle and bustle on the night of April 18 must have strained the capacity of the building as militiamen assembled and waited for orders for the first time between 1:00 and 2:00 a.m., or stayed because they lived too far away to go home when Captain Parker dismissed them later. Then, the building would have filled up again after warning shots, bells, and William Diamond s drumming alerted those who had left to return. We can get glimpses of individuals in the Tavern from the many participants and onlookers who gave depositions over time. We see Jonas Clarke, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and William Dawes walking down to confer with the militia after Revere alarmed those at Rev. Clarke s house shortly after midnight. We can visualize Dawes and Revere taking some refreshment after their long ride before heading west again. We see Elijah Sanderson, who said that after he was released from captivity with Paul Revere he went to the Tavern, and after a while went to sleep in my chair by the fire. 24 We see Paul Revere and John Lowell, John Hancock s confidential clerk, just at dawn in the minutes before the battle, pushing their way through the crowd of militiamen in the Tavern to retrieve Hancock s large trunk of important and incriminating papers that had been left behind in an upstairs chamber. We can then visualize them struggling to get the heavy trunk, four-feet long, twofeet wide and two-and-one-half feet tall, down the stairs and carry it outside to hide it in the woods just as Captain Parker was lining up his men on the Common. We see Rufus Meriam, future owner of 22 For this description I have relied most heavily on David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere s Ride (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Willard D. Brown, The Story of Buckman (: Lexington Historical Society, 1969), and Edwin B. Worthen, Jr., Buckman Tavern: An Account of the Land and Houses, its Ownership, Development and Restoration, Typescript, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 23 See David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere s Ride (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) on the historiography of Paul Revere s ride and the events surrounding April 19, 1775 and his bibliography for an extended list of sources. 24 Elias Phinney, History of the Battle of Lexington on the Morning of the 19th April 1775 (Boston: Phelps and Farnum, 1825), 31-33: Elijah Sanderson, Deposition, December 17, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

21 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern the Tavern, as a boy of twelve, watching on the steps of the Tavern as the Regulars marched up the road, and then quickly going inside when shots were fired. 25 John Buckman, though a member of Captain Parker s company, was not among the 60 to 70 men who faced the regulars on the Common; he must have been, in one way or another, one of the estimated 40 onlookers. 26 He may have stayed close to protect the Tavern, see to those who took refuge in the Tavern when the fighting started, and console his terrified wife if she was still there. He apparently did not give a deposition at any point. All through the day of April 19 and into the evening, the Tavern must have been busy with people seeking refuge or information, and grieving the dead as plans were made to bury them. At 2:00 p.m. two wounded regulars were brought into the Tavern. One subsequently died and was buried in the cemetery behind the First Parish Church. One can only imagine the shock, anger, grief and confusion felt by those who gathered in the Tavern. They must have found solace in the place and its genial host. Whether John Buckman served later in the war is uncertain. He was on the muster roll of Capt. John Bridge s Lexington company in Roxbury from March 4 to 8, He continued to operate the Tavern until 1784 when he sold it to his brother- and sister-in-law, Joseph and Elizabeth Simonds. His first wife having died in 1778, John Buckman married Sarah Weld in They had four children. He was licensed as an innkeeper until 1790, so perhaps he continued to operate the Buckman Tavern or another of the numerous taverns in Lexington for a few years Joseph Simonds ( ) In 1784, John Buckman sold the Tavern property back to Joseph and Elizabeth Simonds. Whether Simonds took an active role in running the Tavern in the ten years that he owned it is uncertain. 28 He was busy serving the Town of Lexington as selectmen in 1784, 1787, 1788, 1790 and 1794, and as assessor in 1784, 1787 and 1788, just as he had been active at the time of the Revolution, both politically and in the military. He had been an ensign in Captain Parker s company, presumably present on the Green on April 19th, and served in Cambridge and New York later in Worthen, These numbers come from the first published account of the battle, by Rev. William Gordon, a Congregational minister from Roxbury, who took it upon himself to record the history of the events of April 19 by interviewing participants. He wrote An Account of the Commencement of Hostilities Between Great Britain and America in the province of Massachusetts-Bay, and sent it to a Gentleman in England on May 17, The account was published in the Pennsylvania Gazette in June Fischer says that his account was short, but remarkable full and accurate. See Fischer, Paul Revere s Ride, 327 and note 3, 418. See also databases/amarch/.2950# 27 Worthen, Each year in the 18th century, innkeepers had to apply to the selectmen to renew their licenses. Worthen pored over the selectmen s records to identify innkeepers. He is silent, however, on whether Simonds received a license. 29 Hudson, Vol. II, 622 and Fischer, 319. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

22 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 1794 Rufus Meriam ( ) Rufus Meriam married Joseph Simonds s niece, Martha, so once again the Tavern property was acquired by a relation of the previous owner. Worthen says that there was a family tradition that Simonds sold the property to Meriam on the condition that he continue to operate the Tavern, and Rufus Meriam was licensed as an innholder in Lexington was growing dramatically as a stop for drovers bringing animals to markets in Boston from the northern New England states. In 1810, there were twelve taverns in operation. Edward P. Bliss gave a talk about taverns in Lexington to the Historical Society in 1887 (see section on taverns in this report). He had this to say about the Tavern under Rufus Meriam s management: A stage-coach stopped at his house; and his business was rather providing meals than in furnishing lodgings. His custom was more with the carriage-folk than with teamsters. Balls were given here. One especially notable occasion was when a fashionable company from Boston engaged the house and grounds for a day, to celebrate the close of the War of 1812, and erected a marquee, or tent for dancing. The ladies were served a fine dinner by themselves in the double-chamber, and the gentlemen had to find for themselves in neighboring taverns. There was a guard stationed about the grounds to exclude Lexington people. The house was seldom opened as a public house after Rufus Meriam and Martha Simonds had seven surviving children: Martha ( ) Rufus ( ) John Parkhurst ( ) Eliza ( ) Mary ( ) Emily ( ) Julia Ann ( ) Julia Ann was the only one of the children to marry. In 1827, she became the wife of Rev. Caleb Stetson, who had been the principal of the Lexington Academy from 1822 to Later Reverend Stetson served as minister in Medford and South Scituate before returning to Lexington about In 1813, Rufus Meriam became Lexington s first postmaster. The post office was located in the one story addition to the southeast of the main block of the house. His son, John Parkhurst Meriam, took over the postmaster duties. Together they served a total of 28 years. 31 In the early years of the 19th century, perhaps when it ceased to be a tavern, Rufus Meriam remodeled many rooms in the Tavern, added a new kitchen on the north side of the building, and made over the old kitchen into the family s dining room. See the Architectural Analysis section of this report for details of the changes made during the Meriam period. 30 Worthen, Ibid. 14 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

23 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Throughout his adult life, Rufus Meriam, Jr. ran the farm on the 50 acres that came with the Tavern in At its peak there were twelve outbuildings on the property, and beyond them extending up Merriam Hill to the northeast were orchards and a pond. 32 Buildings included the current Garrity House, the carriage house southeast (moved from a site closer to the house in 1913), barns and other outbuildings (see a plan of the farm in 1958 in the Site History section of this report). In 1846, planners of the railroad line to Lexington wanted its termination to be at the junction of Bedford and Hancock Streets. The Meriams refused to sell the land immediately in front of the Tavern. Eventually the terminal was placed where the Depot building is today on land sold for that purpose by the Meriams. In 1873 the railroad line was extended behind the Tavern where the bike path is today. When Rufus Meriam, Sr. died in 1847 he left his estate to his wife and five daughters. Mrs. Meriam died in The unmarried daughters, along with Reverend and Mrs. Stetson after 1859 or 1860, lived on in the Tavern. The shed was added north of the new kitchen when the Stetsons arrived. In 1886, Mary and Abbie Stetson Griffing conveyed the property in trust to Thomas Meriam Stetson, Abbie s son. By then all of the land except the current three-acre Buckman Tavern plot had been sold off. The last to die was Mary in By a few years after that, the Tavern apparently was uninhabited. Photos show it shuttered and with the gardens overgrown. After the Town acquired the property in 1913, Dr. Josiah Tilton contacted Abbie Stetson Griffing for information on the history of the Tavern during the Meriam ownership. Mrs. Griffing responded in letters to Dr. Tilton beginning in 1914 and soon produced The Silhouettes A Reminiscence, a 31- page typescript, a copy of which is in the Lexington Historical Society Archives. Portions of the text relating to various rooms and additions are quoted or referenced in the Architectural Analysis section of this report. The title refers to seven silhouettes of Meriam family members by Rufus Porter now owned by the Society. The Silhouettes gives a wealth of information about Meriam family members and their use of the house. Also important are the separate reminiscences of Mrs. Bridget Leary who was the only servant in the house in the 1880s when the Stetsons were in charge. 33 In 1912 the contents of the Meriam/Stetson estate were auctioned off. Leroy S. Brown was concerned enough to write William Sumner Appleton describing the possibility that the property, which was to be sold, might be developed. 34 At the same time the Lexington Historical Society appointed a committee to work with Leroy Brown to find a way to preserve the Buckman Tavern property. The first step was that: 32 According to Worthen, Merriam Hill is not named for the Meriam family of the Tavern, but for Matthew Merriam who was a landowner on the hill and built the shoe findings factory on Oakland Street in the late 19th century, hence the different spelling. 33 Bridget Leary Remembers, Typescript in the Buckman Tavern file in the S. L. Whipple Collection. Author unknown. The three pages of reminiscences are prefaced by that statement, Mrs. Bridget Leary... reigned supreme in the Stetson s kitchen for a number of years. Her reminiscences are of no historical value. They simply give a picture behind the scenes of the domestic side of life in the Stetson household, in the middle eighties. And they give this picture from the kitchen point of view! 34 Buckman Tavern, William Sumner Appleton Correspondence File. Historic New England Archives. Microfiche. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

24 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The committee... sent a printed notice to voters of the town in the spring of 1913 stating the action that it had taken in this matter. The society felt strongly that it was necessary and desirable to control the entire estate of three acres, in order to protect the common and maintain the character of the center of town, and to stop further encroachment of business or undesirable developments, which threatened the area. Therefore the original committee, after prolonged negotiations, had secured an option on the entire property for $42, The committee recommended that the town appropriate $30,000 and that the Society raise $12, Town of Lexington 1914 Lexington Historical Society lease Town meeting voted that the newly formed Board of Park Commissioners should purchase the property and turn the Tavern over to the custody of the Historical Society with a suitable amount of surrounding land. This arrangement had to be approved by the Legislature. The Park Commission then took on the task of clearing the land of debris and overgrowth, as it had been used as a dumping ground for years, and authorized the Society to make necessary repairs to the Tavern. 36 A 99-year lease to the Society was signed on August 1, Figure 5. Plan of the Meriam Estate at Lexington, November An important outgrowth of the saving of the Buckman Tavern was the determination, led by Leroy Brown, to protect all of the buildings surrounding the Battle Green. In 1917, owners of the properties abutting the Green signed a covenant agreeing to allow only residential use of their land, maintain a uniform set back and limit new construction to a single building. These deed restrictions, which would run for 99 years, constituted one of the earliest preservation agreements in the country. No sooner was the Buckman Tavern property saved than World War I began in Europe. The first use of the Tavern was for activities in support of the war as a local emergency hospital and as the headquarters of the local Red Cross chapter. By then a new heating system had been installed, the doorway returned to its earlier appearance, and the roof repaired. 35 Edwin B. Worthen, Jr. and S. Lawrence Whipple, A Brief History of he Lexington Historical Society (Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Historical Society, 1986), Ibid., Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

25 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern In 1919 the Buckman Tavern Committee, which included Willard Brown and Dr. Josiah O. Tilton, reported to the Society on the community effort during the war years and the committee s vision for the future of the Tavern, a vision that was an impassioned plea for a use other than that of the traditional historic house museum: Long before we entered the war, the Special Aid Society, later merging with the Red Cross, had, through the courtesy of the Historical Society, the Tavern for its headquarters. Here, month after month, the women of the town, rich and poor alike, have met and worked together. Here they have come into touch with one another as never before, until they have been brought into close companionship and fellowship. And through it all they have come to love the old Tavern; it has become a part of their lives and the days spent there will never be forgotten nor their influence lost. Now the war is over; before long the Tavern will have crept back into its dead past. No longer will it be a living, pulsing force in our everyday lives. The members of the House Committee are unanimous in the conviction that this state of affairs should not be allowed to occur. They feel most strongly that the old house Figure 6. View of the exterior of the Buckman Tavern as restored and repainted in Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 7. Red Cross volunteers working at tables in front of the Buckman Tavern ca Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. which so long ago served as a rallying point for our first Defenders of Democracy, and which so recently has come to its own again, becoming the centre from which radiated our work of mercy and comfort in this the last war for the world s peace, should not become a mere relic of a by-gone age, or more unthinkable yet, serve as the background for a modern teahouse. One of the purposes behind the foundation of the Society in 1886 was the preserving of such traditions relating to the Town as may be deemed important. What more important traditions have we ever had than those of Service and Co-operation which have grown up under the sheltering roof of the old building? Report of the Buckman Tavern Committee, March 21, Printed and distributed at the request of the Lexington Historical Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

26 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Committee then described potential uses of the Tavern, which included just about every purpose that a modern community center would serve and more: a place for men and boys to read newspapers and magazines, a place where children could gather for play groups and to do crafts, a meeting place for scouts, a head-quarters for the District Nurse and other welfare work, a museum for children. In short, the Committee hoped that the Society could find a way to Not only cherish and safeguard the traditions of the past, but to enlarge and make richer the opportunities of the present. 38 In 1920 the Buckman Tavern Community Association was formed to oversee the use of the Tavern for the Society. For a few years after 1921 the Tavern was used by the League of Women Voters, Child Welfare, Red Cross, D.A.R., the Lexington Minutemen, the Outlook Club and the Hockey Club. Anyone could hire rooms for meetings, teas, lectures and the like. 39 From 1921 to about 1926 the Children s Museum, under a separate corporation, was housed in the west parlors. The core of the museum was Dr. Tilton s collection of 200 bird specimens, but butterflies, minerals and miscellaneous curiosities were also displayed. 40 The popular tradition of a New Year s open house began in The restoration of the Tavern under the direction of architect Willard Brown continued during these years of heavy activity (See Part 1:D for an overview of the restoration). Within a few years, the Griffing family returned a number of furnishings to the Tavern. The Historical Society gradually transformed the building into a more traditional house museum. In 1947 the Buckman Tavern Community Association was disbanded. In the same year the Society Council voted to charge admission to the Tavern. In 1948 the Historical Society voted to have a resident custodian occupy the Tavern for the first time. The second floor east rooms were fitted up to serve as a bedroom and living room. In the second half of the 20th century, the Buckman Tavern continued to be the most visited of the three historic houses operated by the Lexington Historical Society. The redecoration of the house in 1953, renovations in 1973 and changes to interpretation and museum installations over time reflected evolving ideas about the conservation and presentation of historic house museums. Concurrently, major episodes of repair in 1967, 1973 and 1996 stabilized the Tavern to ensure its survival into the 21st century, but with the attendant loss of important historic fabric. Society. Box 2, History, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 38 Ibid. 39 A glance at the Buckman Tavern, Typescript, 1973, 2. Box 1, Buckman Tavern Files, Lexington Historical Society Archives 40 Untitled Typescript in the Worthen Collection, Cary Memorial Library, Notations suggest that it was written by Willard Brown. 18 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

27 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Figure 8. The Viles Tavern in Lexington, Courtesy of Historic New England. Taverns in Lexington 41 According to Edward P. Bliss, who interviewed old residents and gave a paper on the taverns to the Historical Society in 1887, tavern keeping reached its peak in the early 19th century. Old residents described seeing Ox-loads and the four, six, even eight, horse loads of the products of the once profitable farms of New Hampshire and Vermont great wagons laden with grain or piled with wooden ware or packed with homespun woolens and many other commodities - on the way to markets of Boston, or returning from the seaport with groceries, cotton goods, salt fish and many other necessities and luxuries that commerce brings from over the seas.... The roads were sometimes blocked with teams, and often at noon-time forty wagons would be drawn up before a tavern or the stores. Twelve taverns were none too many, and their accommodations were pressed to a degree unendurable to our habits. 42 By the first decade of the nineteenth century three routes used by drovers and stage coaches ran through Lexington, the Lowell Turnpike on the north, the Concord Turnpike on the south and the Concord Road through the center. The stagecoaches also provided clients for the Taverns. One account indicates that it was not unusual for drovers with hundreds of animals including horses, cattle, sheep and turkeys to stop for the night at a tavern. Drovers liked to stop in Lexington because it was only a day s walk to the stockyards in Brighton. They might stay two nights to rest their animals and clean them up. A typical tavern was the Viles Tavern operated by Joel Viles from 1820 to The tavern was a large house, had long barns on one side for horses, and space in sheds on the other side for forty yoke of oxen, so much were those creatures then made of service. 43 Though the Buckman Tavern, especially during the Meriam ownership, was said to have catered to 41 An earlier version of this section appeared in the Munroe Tavern Historic Structure Report by the author. 42 Edward P. Bliss, The Old Taverns of Lexington, Proceedings of the Lexington Historical Society Vol. I (Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Historical Society, 1890): Ibid., 79. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

28 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT the stagecoach trade, it must have accommodated drovers at times. The barn and other outbuildings adjacent to the Tavern, shown in the Doolittle print (Figure 3), suggest a set up and function for the Buckman Tavern similar to that shown in the Viles Tavern view. Although Rufus Meriam had given up the Tavern business by 1815, the coming of the railroad to Lexington in 1846 effectively terminated the tavern business in Lexington as drovers took advantage of a cheaper and less arduous way to get their livestock to market. D) ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS Original Construction & Building Evolution Original Construction In May 1709 Benjamin Muzzy deeded to his son John, who married in July 1709, six acres of land as part of John s portion of his father s property. The selectmen of the newly incorporated Town of Lexington granted John Muzzy permission to keep a Public House of Entertainment in June of 1714, It is likely, therefore, that the building was constructed by 1713 if it was ready to receive customers by June of Architectural evidence indicates that house began as a single cell, 2 1/2 story, integral lean-to house with the late First Period characteristics of exposed and decorated framing and certain other decorative treatments deriving from English Post-medieval vernacular architecture. The original building encompassed the current Tap Room, chamber and attic above, a chimney bay on the west end and what is known as the old kitchen in the lean-to north of the Tap Room. The evidence of construction includes: The large fireplace in the Tap Room has curved jambs, consistent with a construction date in the 1710s. Remaining framing evidence indicates that there was a lean-to originally, but a somewhat unusual one. The lean-to roof did not terminate at the first floor ceiling level, but about 2 1/2 feet above it allowing for a more useable lean-to chamber. The location of the norplate of the lean-to is visible part way up the wall in the northeast chamber.a line of mortar on the south chimney, now inside the attic, indicates the location of the gable roof before the roof was raised to its present height and reconfigured as a hip roof. The bead on the beams in the original part of the house is a fat one (almost one inch wide), which is consistent with beaded beam decoration that was coming into use in the seventeen teens and twenties. Posts have inch-wide flat chamfers, consistent with early 18th century practices. Joist spacing of about 22 inches on centers and whitewash on the timbers, indicating that all framing was exposed originally, are also consistent with late First Period practices. Evidence of a possible original, or early addition to the east side of the Tavern: Recent examination of a piece of the exterior walls of the original structur, visible in the attic of the post office wing, indicates that the wall outside to the east chamber was once covered with lath and plaster. This raises the possibility that there was an original or early addition (possibly a lean-to) on the east side of the building. 20 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

29 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Changes over Time 1722 ca During this period the main body of the house achieved its present size, apparently in two building campaigns. First enlargement: Very soon after the original house was built, the southwest room and chamber were added. That these rooms were added is indicated by three observations: the double framing seen at the junction of the entry and the parlor on the south wall of the building, the higher ceiling in the parlor than in the Tap Room, and the slightly wider joist spacing (approx. 24 inches on centers) in the parlor ceiling. This enlargement may have been anticipated in the beginning, because: the chimney bay was built originally with space for two opposite facing fireplaces. We can still see a large firebox behind the current parlor fireplace by looking up and to the right in the throat of the chimney. However, examination of the chimney in the attic reveals that the flues for the southwest parlor and chamber fireplaces were added to the original south chimney (using the same size bricks as in the original chimney). the major framing exposed in the ceilings of the parlor and chamber has the same wide bead as the framing in the east part of the house and the original fireplace was just as large as the one in the Tap Room. These features, when combined with a ceiling plastered below the joists, reveals the transitional nature of the addition with some First Period characteristics retained and some forward looking features, like the ceiling, added. Final enlargement: In the final enlargement, the northwest room and chamber were built and the northeast lean-to chamber was raised to a full two stories, giving the building a double pile plan with rectangular footprint. At the same time the roof was raised and chambers were created on the third floor. The north chimney, built at the time of this final enlargement, includes flues for the fireplaces in the old kitchen, the northwest room and chamber and the northwest attic chamber. A flue for the southwest attic chamber fireplace was added to the south chimney and that chimney was extended upward to rise above the new higher roof. Willard Brown conjectured that there was an intermediate stage when the two-room house had a full lean-to. Brown must have meant to indicate only that there may have been a structure over the well in the space where the northwest is now, as described by Meriam family members (see below under Room 110). There is no evidence that there was an intermediate stage when the northwest chamber was a lean-to space like the northeast chamber. By the time the main body of the Tavern achieved its present form, it had been completely transformed into a Georgian style building that reflected the arrival of Renaissance classicism in New England, complete with molded window heads, a pedimented doorway, and a stylish hip roof. The Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

30 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT last enlargement is depicted in drawings made by Ralph Earl in 1775, from which Doolittle made engravings. These show the main body of the tavern as it is now (see Figure 4). Brown believed that the final enlargement was completed by 1764 when John Muzzy sold the Tavern to Samuel Stone. As noted earlier in the section on the History of Property Owners, there is some reason to believe that Muzzy completed the enlargement before he gave up running the tavern about 1755 and that resources from his second wife, an heir to the Bellingham estate in Chelsea, and his father would have made the construction possible. There are other examples in the region of this particular upscale Georgian house form (hip roof, prominent dormers and classical details), including the Bellingham-Cary House in Chelsea. Very little is known about the evolution of the interiors in the 18th century. Only a few remaining features, identified by style and paint analysis, are the result of remodelings in that century. These include the raised field paneling in the southwest parlor south of the fireplace, the two chimney breasts in the west chambers, and the stair balusters on the second level : Meriam family ownership. Although the Buckman Tavern served as an informal drop off for letters in John Buckman s time, the one-story post office wing, added on a diagonal to the southeast corner of the building, may not have existed until Rufus Meriam was appointed Lexington s first postmaster in The kitchen ell was very likely added at the same time and connected from the beginning to the post office wing by the narrow shed-roofed corridor on the east side of the building. Otherwise, it would not have made sense for the kitchen to extend six feet beyond the east wall of the building (see plan of the first floor at the beginning of this report). Ca In the early decades of Meriam family ownership, many of the rooms in the Tavern were remodeled in the Federal style. Flat board dados replaced sheathed or plastered walls while wallpaper covered the plastered walls aboe the dad. Fireplaces, reduced in size, were given new mantelpieces. The staircase on the first floor received new woodwork, including stair balusters, square in section, that replaced earlier turned balusters lik those remaining on the seocnd floor. The Tap Room became the sitting room and the old kitchen became the family dining room. The actual date when the Tavern was given these Federal style treatments is uncertain. The best guess is that this major modernization took place between about 1800 and Paint and wallpaper evidence suggests that the updatings may have occured in two phases, with the flat board dado being installed before the mantelpieces. Several references state that the building was seldom used as a Tavern after It is likely that the Federal remodeling was completed within a few years of that date The shed was added to the north side of the new kitchen in 1859 or 1860, according to a Meriam family descendant. 22 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

31 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Ca The Victorian enclosed entrance porch with balustrade above was installed sometime between these dates. It is not shown in the ca stereo photograph, but is present in the photos of the tavern at the time of the centennial celebration in 1875 (Figures 3 and 51). A storm door was attached in front of it at some point, perhaps seasonally. Photographs of the interiors taken in the late 19th century show the rooms decorated and furnished in keeping with the times. There were period wallpapers (some on top of beams or their cases and over dados as well as on the plastered upper walls). Victorian four panel doors had replaced earlier doors in many rooms, while other doorways had portieres Edward P. Bliss gave a description of the interior of the Tavern in his 1887 talk on Taverns in Lexington: The honest timbers are frankly displayed in the dining room, and the fireplace is arched over with picturesque effect; but the construction was for the purpose of accommodating the floors above. The studding of the rooms on the right on the lower floor to the right of the entry is lower than on the other side, while the chambers above are reversely higher and lower. There were nine fireplaces, one of them set with brown Dutch tiles. The double chamber on the north [meaning the ballroom] side of the house, and the four chambers in the roof, were for guests After purchase of the Tavern by the Town of Lexington and the Lexington Historical Society s acquisition of the 99 year lease, necessary repairs were made, the roof was re-shingled and the front door returned to its original appearance. 45 Painting, carpentry, stonework and clearing the grounds were also accomplished. Willard Brown made plans of the building as it was just after purchase by the Town. Lexington Historical Society records detail repair and renovation work on the Tavern from this point on. For major repairs, the Town of Lexington provided funding approved by Town Meeting. Minor repairs seem to have been paid for by the Society or private donors. The following compendium lists known episodes of work on the tavern documented in the Buckman Tavern Collection at the Historical Society Archives. 46 More detailed information is given in the section, Building Repairs by Category, which follows A central heating system was installed. 44 Edward P. Bliss, Old Taverns of Lexington, Proceedings of the Lexington Historical Society Vol. I (Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Historical Society, 1889), Brown, Especially Box 1, which includes a handwritten Record of Maintenance & Repairs, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

32 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 1918 The connection between the east cellars and the west cellar, previously inaccessible, was made In making their report on the Tavern, in addition to proposing new uses for the building, the Buckman Tavern Committee stated that the Tap Room fireplace should be restored to its original appearance, especially as we have no similar examples of this kind of work. 47 In 1920 funds to restore the tavern further were approved. By the end of 1921, the fireplace in the Tap Room had been restored. By 1925, under the direction of architect Willard Brown, restoration of the Tap Room, front hall, parlor and old kitchen were completed Plumbing, carpentry, and exterior painting were accomplished in cooperation with the Buckman Tavern Community Association Sprinklers were installed. Massachusetts Avenue and Bedford Streets were widened by taking land in front of the Tavern. 48 See the section on Site History for a description of the history of land and a previous street widening Willard Brown outlined work done in 1941: Pair of blinds and hardware, new door at front part of ell with sill repaired. One door repaired at rear of ell. New moldings at P.O. section of building. The cementing of gutters. Replacing of clapboards where found necessary, and any other work that be required to xxxxxxxput the exterior walls in proper condition to receive two coats of paint The decision was made to have a custodian live at the Tavern for the first time. Architect William Roger Greeley prepared plans and the Town of Lexington appropriated $10,000 for the cost. The work, carried out in 1949, included: 1. Re-shingling with wooden shingles... two sides of the roof and making needed repairs to the chimneys and flashing; 2. Modernizing the heating plant by installing additional radiators, a new boiler, and oil burner 47 Report of the Bukcman Tavern Committee (March 19, 1919), Worthen, Willard D. Brown, Outline of work to be done in connection with complete exterior painting, etc. September Box 1, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 24 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

33 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern 3. Altering a part of the Tavern, which was not of any particular historical significance in order to provide living quarters for a resident custodian including: Complete renovation of the present utility kitchen [including a new stove, sink and refrigerator] Removing temporary partition on the second floor so as to create a good sizedbedroom Complete renovation of the existing upstairs bathroom [including a new radiator] Conversion of the present bedroom into a living room for a custodian and closing it to the public Installation of a toilet and lavatory on the first floor back of the old kitchen for the semi-public use of visitors to the Tavern. 50 Also included was the blocking up of the fireplace in the northeast second floor room, the creation of the closet in that room next to the stairs, and the installation of a new window between the two existing ones on the north wall. 51 A telephone was installed for the first time, requiring a trench to be dug for an underground telephone wire. 52 Early 1950s According to Edwin Worthen, Jr. the southwest parlor was redecorated Piping (for heating system) installed Outside painting and re-shingling done A new front door and motor for oil burner were added. Vestibule and kitchen repainted Exterior painting was done; frozen water pipe was repaired Some shingling undertaken. 50 Lexington Historical Society Council Meeting minutes, Oct. 24, William Roger Greeley, architect. Notation on the plans for the 1949 work. Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 52 Letters regarding underground wiring. Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 53 Worthen, The repairs listed from 1915 to 1965 are from a Record of Maintenance and Repairs, Buckman Tavern, found in folder: Buckman Tavern Maintenance, Box 1, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

34 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 1962 Floor framing under front part shored up. New Lally columns installed in basement. Alan R. McDonald drew nine sheets of plans of the Tavern for the Historic American Building Survey (HABS). Figure 10. Buckling of the north wall of the southwest attic chamber, 1973, owing to deterioration of the roof framing. S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 9. Deterioration in the south wall on the second of the stair hall, as uncovered during the repairs of S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society First floor beams were strengthened Concern about the buckling of an interior wall caused the Lexington Historical Society to ask Donald Muirhead, consultant engineer, to examine the tavern. Muirhead reported that, There was extensive wood beetle and fungus damage to the sills, roof rafters and floor joists, to the extent that the future stability of the tavern remained in doubt. 55 Town Meeting authorized an appropriation of $25,000 to address the problem and the house was fumigated. Furniture and artifacts were wrapped in polyurethane during the process. The foundations were repaired extensively and sills were replaced. 56 New concrete floors and some brick piers were installed in the basement. In addition to fumigation, damaged timbers were to be trimmed, drilled, cleaned, injected and treated as shown on the plans or as called for in the Timber Treatment schedule Edwin B. Worthen, Jr. and S. Lawrence Whipple, A Brief History of the Lexington Historical Society in Observance of its One Hundredth Anniversary (: Lexington Historical Society, 1986), Anne R. Scigliano, Study of Tavern Deterioration, Lexington Minuteman (August 31, 1972). 57 Donald Muirhead, Specifications for Beetle, Fungus and termite control and repairs at Buckman Tavern, Lexington, Mass. (1967). Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Contract drawings for the work in 1967 have not been found. 26 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

35 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Water damage from roof leaks again caused weakening of the framing as indicated by walls being pushed outward. As reported in a history of the Historical Society by Edwin Worthen and S. Lawrence Whipple, By February 1972, the interior buckling of a downstairs plank wall had so alarmed members [of the Society] and Selectmen alike that temporary shoring was installed. Consultant Donald Muirhead was again called upon and found that hardly ten square feet of Buckman s framing above the basement level was structurally sound. 58 The work done in 1973, for a cost of $120,000, was well documented in 123 annotated color slides taken by S. Lawrence Whipple and in twelve sheets of annotated plans and detailed specifications for repair and control work by Donald Muirhead and structural engineers, Souza and True. 59 The work included: reinforcing the roof framing; installing new studs on the second floor; removing... lath and plaster from the attic; installation of three extra loadbearing posts in the kitchen area; reframing the front door; re-shingling the roof with wood shingles installed with adequate ventilation; insulating the attic floor; and placing a new foundation and termite shield under the shed. 60 Muirhead s plans specify extensive reinforcing, replacing or treating timbers with chemicals. They include a treatment schedule for each framing member shown and numbered on drawings. In the attic, finish materials such as plastered sloping ceilings and sheathed or plastered knee walls were ripped out to gain access to the timbers resulting in the unfortunate loss of a large amount of the historic building fabric on the third floor, the only place where virtually all of the finish materials dated from the 18th century. It is unclear how many of the other framing members in the building were actually uncovered. The treatment protocol specified that the contractor was to: Cut off all destroyed wood away all wood; Drill bore 5/32 holes 2 on centers [to the] full depth of the [remaining insect] galleries; wire brush scrub all surfaces to be treated with a stiff wire brush; Vacuum clean out all joints, holes, and mortises with a Pullman tire cleaner; inject insect toxin at 35 lbs. PSI in all holes, between bearings and in mortises; [and] treat, flood spray to saturate in two operations. 61 The toxins used were various combinations of orthocholobenzene, creosote, chlordane and medium Blandol. The work in 1973 also included installing new posts in the southwest chamber and hallway of the attic, in the northeast chamber and in the old kitchen. In the old kitchen, new splayed sections were added to three of the four posts on the north wall. The south wall of the stair hall on the second floor was rebuilt with new studs, apparently having been the site of severe water damage. At the same time, the shed at the Tavern was remodeled to serve as the gift shop and entrance for people taking 58 Worthen and Whipple (1986), Donald Muirhead and Souza and True, Buckman Tavern Repair & Control Work, March 15, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Plans # Ibid., Ibid., and Donald Muirhead and Souza and True, Specifications for insect control, on plans labeled 1 4. Buckman Tavern, Repair & Control Work, March 15, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Plans # Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

36 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT tours. Wallpapers in the southwest parlor and in most of the stair hall were removed. The work was completed well before the bicentennial celebration of Comparison of the cost of electric heat and oil heat at the Buckman Tavern determined that oil was cheaper than electricity by a factor of two for heating. 62 Arlex Oil Corp. converted the heating system to forced hot water, with six zones and a 1,000 gallon fuel tank. 63 They also removed the electric baseboard heat and the electric water heater and installed hot water baseboard heat Morgan Phillips, Architectural Conservator at the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, was contracted to study the use of epoxy to harden the floors of the Tavern as they were wearing away from visitor traffic. He made several test applications, but in the end, determined that consolidation was not advisable because it darkened the boards too much Improvements were made to the gift shop to assist in displaying merchandise and provide a desk for the sales personnel. In 1985 a ruptured pipe flooded the floor and warped the floor boards. The floor was renewed by sanding and staining with brown stain In 1987, Sara Chase of the Conservation Center at the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities did extensive paint research on the exterior of the Tavern. She identified the earliest paint scheme as medium, dull mustard yellow walls and light tannish off white. 66 It took until 1989 for the decision to be made to paint the Tavern in these colors and remove the shutters to more accurately portray 18th century appearance of the Tavern. The decision involved deliberation and approval by Historical Society Council members, the Board of Selectmen, the Design Advisory Committee and the Historic Districts Commission. The choice was made over strong protests from some Lexingtonians, who liked the harmony of all white buildings around the Green Sara Chase did an Architectural Conservation Assessment of the Buckman Tavern that described a number of needed repairs. 62 Economics of Oil and Electrical Heat, Buckman Tavern Collection, Box 1, Maintenance. Lexington Historical Society Archives. 63 Proposal, Arlex Oil Corporation, April 5, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 64 Morgan Phillips, Report of April 1984 describing potential epoxy treatment of deteriorated floors. Box 1, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archive. 65 Changes and Improvements to Gift Shops, Typescript, Box 2. Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 66 Sara B. Chase, Investigation of Exterior Paint Colors of Buckman Tavern,, See Roland Greeley to the Board of Selectmen, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives; and Shirley Tufts Land and Andrew Lane, Leave Buckman Tavern the way it is, Letter to the Editor, Lexington Minuteman, March 10, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

37 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern 1996 In the mid-1990s the Lexington Historical Society authorized the re-siding of the Buckman Tavern so that it would be in good order for the millennium. An internal report stated that There were both pine and cedar clapboards on the Tavern at the time, some in excellent condition, some not; furthermore, the Tavern was having trouble holding paint and stain. 68 The specifications called for the replacement of deteriorated clapboards and trim boards. Areas where there were gaps in the sheathing were to be covered with rosin paper; new pine quarter-sawn kiln-dried clapboards with skived ends were to be pre-primed with yellow ochre stain on all sides. They were to be installed with three-inch weathers secured with galvanized rose-head nails. In the end 75 percent of the clapboards were replaced. Over all, Peter Kelley, the contractor, reported that the building was in excellent condition. Only a couple of areas of ant infestation and foundation deterioration were found. Mr. Kelley recommended that trees and shrubs be trimmed to allow the building to breath. Twenty photographs in the Lexington Historical Society Archives documented the work. One hundred of the removed clapboards were saved at the request of Mr. French and Mrs. Gschwendtner....While the carpenters were working away, another group of experts was scraping and painting all of the windows and trim as well as adding a final coat of stain to the Tavern. 69 Building History by Category 1. Site At the time of his death, John Muzzy owned 42 acres on the south side of Massachusetts Avenue extending on Hancock Street to the current bike path on the north, to Depot Square on the south and encompassing most of Merriam Hill on the east. As with most property in Lexington in the 18th century, the land was farmed to supply the family and the Tavern guests and supplement the innkeeper s resources. Indeed, the Earl drawing of 1775, from which Doolittle made an engraving (Figure 4), shows a barn and sheds immediately northwest of the Tavern. The same acreage passed to subsequent owners until Rufus Meriam bought it in For the first time, records and reminiscences give us a picture of the Meriam Farm in the 19th century. A plan of 1858 shows twelve farm buildings north and east of the Tavern: corn barn on stilts, carriage house and shed, pump house, cow barn, cider mill, red tool barn, old barn, store, cottage and shed, barn and storage cellar. 70 Beyond that to the east were a pond and an orchard extending up Merriam Hill. Closer to the house, Mary Meriam had a garden, described thus by her niece, Abbie Stetson Griffing: In the garden were Crown Imperial, Poppies, Day Lilies, and Tiger Lilies and the reddest of red roses, and Flower de Luce, and Spider Plant, and such a bed of Tulips: Tulips with stems three feet long, and blossoms of all shades of color.... Beyond was the asparagus bed, defying all 68 Overview, Buckman Tavern Re-Siding, September 1996 Documentation Report. Possibly by Joan French. Box 1, Buckman Tavern Collection Lexington Historical Society Archives. 69 This paragraph quotes and paraphrases both the report cited in the last note and a letter from Peter C. J. Kelley to David Wells Sept. 12, 1996 Re: Progress Report Exterior Renovations to the Buckman Tavern. Box 1, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 70 A sketch of the plot plan of Meriam farm in Source unknown. Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

38 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT tradition, and continuing to yield delicious asparagus for 90 years. 71 Early photographs show fencing along the road. By 1875 there was an elaborate gate at the walkway to the front door. By 1890 there were low stone walls along the Merriam Street side of the property and part way along Bedford Street except in front of the Tavern. Figure 11. Plan of the Meriam Farm with buildings labeled, Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 12. Mary Meriam s garden, late 19th century. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. as a dumping ground for years. 73 Massachusetts Avenue, a narrow dirt road at the time of the battle, was unpaved into the 20th century. Twice the road was widened by taking land in front of the Buckman Tavern. The first widening about 1840 took a strip about two rods wide from the Tavern property. Photographs taken before the second widening in 1927 show a much greater expanse of land in front of the Tavern. There were protests in 1927 because the widening caused the destruction of ash trees planted by John Buckman along the road. 72 Mary Meriam died in The Tavern was apparently occupied for only a few years after that. Then the condition of the site deteriorated rapidly to the point that by 1913, the land had been used In 1930, members of the Outlook Club and the Field and Garden Club approached the Lexington Historical Society Council about their wish to plant an herb garden at the Tavern. They chose a sunny site behind the Tavern. They planned, as they said, To use such plant materials only in the old garden as will thrive under existing conditions. It is proposed to surround the whole garden proper with a wooden fence topped with barbed wire and to conceal the same by a planting of shrubs in front. It is hoped to make the garden so complete that admission may be charged Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Bliss, Taverns, (1887): Ibid., Lexington Historical Society Council minutes, October 14, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

39 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern The people proposing the herb garden had asked landscape architect Arthur Shurcliff to advise on their plan. Shurcliff did draw the plan for an extensive garden on the lower ground south and east of the Tavern. 75 It seems the plan was never executed, given the hardships of the 1930s. 2. Foundations The foundations of the Tavern in the cellar are faced random rubble with the joints covered with mortar. No notable differences are discernable in the construction of various parts of the cellar, although they were built at different times as the Tavern grew in size. Two areas of crawl space have similar foundation walls. In places in the cellar, foundation walls are well inside the location of the building s sills. This reflects the First Period practice of raising the frame and placing the sills on stone underpinnings before digging the cellar and building its foundation walls. The parts of the main range of the Tavern that are now exterior walls (the south, west and north sides) are faced with granite blocks, as are the front and end walls of the post office wing. The west foundation wall of the new kitchen and the east foundation walls are of rubble stone with one area of brick. The foundations of the c shed were rebuilt with concrete blocks in Framing The original part of the Tavern has framing characteristic of the late First Period for a single cell house with a lean-to. In the Tap Room (17 11 by ), framing consists of a longitudinal summer beam, girts around the four walls, posts in the corners and north-south running joists about 22 inches on centers. The lean-to on the first floor (only 12 feet wide, front to back) has four beams that span from the north girt of the Tap Room to the rear wall of the building. They were framed into posts at the north wall. Joists which have the same spacing as those in the Tap Room run east to west in the westernmost bay and run south to north in the easternmost two bays. Because the actual rear plate of the Tavern is part way up the wall of the chamber above, these joists rest on a ledge at the north wall. In the westernmost bay the joists run east to west. There is evidence of diagonal braces in the east part of the house. The framing pattern of the tap room is repeated in the chamber above, which has a longitudinal beam instead of the usual tie beam. The framing of the chimney bay is as originally built. It was apparently not altered to accommodate an opposite Figure 13. Detail of the south girt, chimney post and chimney girt in the tap room of ca Note the wide bead on the beam at the right. The joint incorporates an infrequently seen butment cheek, in which the post juts out below the beam for additional support beyond that provided by the mortise and tenon joint between the two timbers. 75 Arthur Shurcliff, plan for the Buckman Tavern garden, n.d. A very faint copy of this plan is found in Box 3, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

40 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT facing fireplace in the added southwest room. Throughout the original part of the house exposed beams are decorated with beads that are unusually wide (almost an inch in diameter). This kind of chamfering is consistent with the ca construction date of this part of the Tavern, as are the inch-wide flat chamfers with run-out stops on the posts. The framing of the added southwest room is similar to that of the original part of the building with respect to the treatment of the beams with a distinctive wide bead and in the use of a longitudinal summer beam. However, the framing is about five inches taller on the west side and the joist spacing is two or so inches wider. In the chamber, there is a north/south tie beam instead of the longitudinal beam seen in the southeast chamber. The framing of the hip roof with upper deck above the third floor, added in the building campaign that brought the main body of the Tavern to its present size, is typical framing for an 18th century hip roof, with dragon beams in the floor and principal rafters and angled rafters at the corners that run up to beams at the edge of the upper deck. Those beams originally supported joists for the plastered ceiling of all but the northeast garret room. More framing above supports the upper deck. Several posts in the hallways of the attic support the roof framing. Two posts were added in All of the existing framing in the Tavern was drawn and numbered by Donald Muirhead in 1973 in conjunction with his schedule of treatment for insect and fungal damage to the timbers. 76 Much of the framing in the cellar has been replaced, sistered or supported on additional posts over time. Dating by Dendrochronology: The key to successful dendrochronology is the presence of the last layer of sapwood laid down before the tree was felled. Without complete sapwood, it is impossible to identify the year that the tree was harvested. The second requirement is that the timbers have a sufficient number of rings to make possible matching their ring patterns to the reference chronology (database of ring patterns for the region). The major posts and beams in the oldest part of the house are oak and several have complete sapwood sections, making them potentially datable. Joists, where visible, and purlins are also oak. The current roof framing is mostly pine. The pine timbers would be less likely to date because a database for pine is still being developed. 77 Many of the pine roof timbers in the attic were scraped in This removed beetle damage but also removed any complete sapwood that was present earlier. Elsewhere timbers are either painted or boxed. Painted framing can be sampled if complete sapwood can be found. The half-inch holes where core samples are taken can be plugged and painted afterward. 76 Donald Muirhead, Consultant, and Souza and True, Engineers, Measured drawings of Buckman Tavern Repair and Control Work, March 15, Accession # In 2012, Paul Doherty photographed the plans, enhanced their clarity and placed all twelve drawings on a CD. Buckman Tavern plans, Lexington Historical Society Archives 77 There is a fully developed reference chronology for oak, but not yet one for pine in eastern Massachusetts. 32 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

41 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern On November 11, 2012, Dr. Daniel Miles of the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory took 26 core samples from oak beams, joists, purlins and rafters in the Tavern. The sampling covered the three phases of construction. The samples will be analyzed in Exterior Walls We have no certain evidence of the original exterior cladding of the Tavern. However, clapboards with narrow weathers, skived at the ends for weather protection and butted at the corners of the building, would have been normal finish material in What happened later in the 18th century is by no means clear. A small amount of evidence suggests that there may have been wider and thicker beaded clapboards on the exterior walls later in the 18th century, which would have been consistent with upscale Georgian treatments. 78 Figure 14. A view taken of the southeast corner of the Tavern taken in the post office attic in 1973 showing conditions ca when the corner was encapsulated by the new construction. S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. A portion of the exterior wall at the southeast corner of the Tavern was preserved with some finish materials intact when the post office wing was built onto that corner ca The evidence was examined and described in detail by Willard Brown in the 1920s. 79 Figure 15, taken in 1973, shows at the center of the photo the exterior of the southeast Figure 15. Another view of the beaded clapboards on the east wall of the Tavern as seen in the attic of the post office wing in S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. corner post of the Tap Room chamber. At the right are three beaded clapboards with wide weathers that are nailed directly to the studs. The beaded clapboards run to the corner of the east wall. At the left are sheathing boards with what appear to be one or two unpainted shingles nailed horizontally to the sheathing at the bottom of the photo, perhaps to serve as shims. The Figure 17 photo from 1973 shows the upper part of the south wall with what Willard Brown identified as conventional narrower and thinner clapboards nailed with hand wrought nails to the 78 Such as the Porter-Phelps-Huntington House in Hadley, Massachusetts, built in Brown, 33. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

42 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT sheathing. Brown took this evidence to mean that the beaded clapboards were the original exterior wall treatment and that they were later replaced with plain clapbards. However, beaded clapboards would not have been used in Figure 16. What appear to be riven clapboards on the south wall of the Tavern as seen in the attic of the post office wing in The clapboards are no longer present on the wall. S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. The picture gets more complicated. The beaded clapboards have very little evidence of weathering and very little build-up of paint. In addition, behind the beaded clapboards is evidence that lath was once nailed to the exterior face of the studs and plaster was applied to the lath to make a finished plaster wall. This evidence may mean that there was once an addition on the east wall of the building, possibly a side lean-to, and that the wall adjoining the tap room and its chamber was first finished with plaster and subsequently with beaded clapboards that were thus never part of the exterior cladding of the building. If, however, the beaded clapboards covered the entire exterior of the building at some point in the 18th century, why are the remaining beaded clapboards so little weathered, and why are there not similar clapboards preserved on the south wall in the post office attic? In summary, there is no way to determine what role the beaded clapbords played. There may have always been conventioanl clapboards on the exterior walls of the Tavern. Sometimes shingles were used to cover less visible parts of early buildings. This appears to have been the case at the Tavern. The north wall of the early 19th century kitchen wing was shingled before the shed was added in 1859 or Parts of a shingled wall, including the lower part of a window, were encapsulated when the shed was added and are now visible above the stairs to the cellar. Minor repairs or replacement of the exterior cladding were no doubt carried out by the Meriams and were continued by the Society until In that year, 75 percent of the clapboards were replaced in order to give the tavern a cleaner, neater look in time for the Millennium. 80 In his report on the project, contractor Peter Kelly noted that about 100 clapboards with the nails in them were saved at the request of Joan and Chuck French. All of the walls are now covered with clapboards in good repair. A metal-covered projecting rectangular water table was installed at some point on the west and south sides of the tavern and on the front and end of the post office wing. 5. Windows Historic photographs indicate that sometime around 1870 the earlier windows in the Tavern, includ- 80 George Comptois, Famous house gets a new old look, Lexington Minuteman (August 29, 1996). 34 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

43 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern ing those in the dormers, were replaced with 2/2 lights popular in the Victorian period. It is not clear whether the windows on the east elevation were updated with larger panes; no historic images show that side. The return to the earlier multi-paned style of sash must have been one of the first restoration efforts at the tavern, as the new windows were present by At that time, all of the windows in the Tavern, except one, received reproduction sash with 12/12 lights (or fewer for smaller windows) intended to match the similar windows shown in the stereo view of the Tavern taken about Though the windows have the correct number of lights, the muntins are too thin to match actual 18th century ones. The only window believed to survive from the 18th century, on the basis of its thicker muntins, is the westernmost window in the northeast chamber. The west part of the chamber was a separate room in the 1870s when the windows with larger lights replaced earlier small-paned windows on the Tavern. The room served as Mary s clothes room and was described by Abbie Griffing as being packed with clothes (see description in the entry for Room 200). One can imagine that the workman of ca. 1870, when confronted with such a congested room, decided to skip the replacement of that one window. 81 Figure 17. A window on the south wall of the Tavern. The frame and molded window head date from 18th century. The sash is a reproduction of Window frames on the main body of the Tavern are typical 18th century assemblages of projecting window heads decorated with moldings, molded sills and jamb covers. They almost certainly survive from the final enlargement of the building sometime before Doors The front doorway is a reproduction installed just after the Historical Society took over the care of the Tavern. According to Willard Brown, the design was chosen to be in character with other local portals of the early period. 82 It is also similar to the doorway shown in the early stereo view, which was very likely the doorway installed when the main body of the Tavern achieved its present size before The doorway features fluted pilasters on either side that support a classical entablature with a pediment decorated with modillions. Brown noted that the door was taller than the original door displayed inside the entry. The front door itself was replaced in The door of the Tavern at the time of the battle is displayed in the stair hall. The transom with five lights of bull s eye glass that now hangs inside a later transom must have been part of the original Georgian doorway, as its thick muntins bespeak mid-18th century construction. 81 Might this window preserve early paint sequences for the Tavern s trim on the exterior? 82 Brown, Record of Maintenance and Repairs, Box 1. Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

44 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT There are seven exterior doors on the Tavern. Most are simple late 19th or early 20th century doors that serve utilitarian parts of the building. The door opposite the rear stairs, however, appears to be a heavy board 18th century door, held together with hand wrought nails. 7. Roof and Gutters There have been a number of episodes of re-shingling the roof. Until the late 1920s, wood shingles were used. At that time asphalt shingles were used on the upper deck for the first time. Figure 18. The new roof of wooden shingles being installed in 1973 with adequate ventilation. S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. The roof re-shingling took place during the repairs in 1973, when wood shingles were applied with adequate ventilation for the first time. S. Lawrence Whipple documented this re-shingling in a series of annotated slides. More recently, the roof was re-shingled in Gutters have probably been present since the final enlargement. Downspouts beside the front door first appeared in a photo taken in Chimneys Figure 19. A view of the south side of the south chimney in the attic showing the thinner bricks used for the addition of a flue for the southwest attic chamber fireplace and the heightening of the chimney stack at the time that the roof of the Tavern was raised. There are two chimneys on the main body of the Tavern and one that previously served the new kitchen fireplace in the north wing. The south chimney stack, built as part of the original construction ca. 1713, served the fireplace in the Tap Room, the chamber above and possibly the old kitchen. 84 When the southwest room and chamber were added, their flues were added to this chimney. Later still, when the Tavern was enlarged to include the northwest room and chamber, habitable chambers 84 Although William Finch makes a compelling case that there was a fireplace in the old kitchen from the beginning, based on his observation of the build-up of soot on the beams, the location of the original kitchen fireplace flue is a puzzle. There is no evidence of a separate flue on the north side of the south chimney in the attic. However, Brown cited evidence of an unused flue in the southeast chamber closet, which could have served the original kitchen fireplace. 36 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

45 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern of the third floor and the north chimney were built. Bricks used to build the north chimney were thinner than those used to build the south chimney; according to Richard Irons, such bricks could have been used as early as The north chimney served what were then five fireplaces in the north part of the building including the current old kitchen fireplace (one fireplace, in the northeast chamber, has since been closed up). A flue was added to the south chimney for the fireplace in the southwest attic chamber using the same kind of thinner bricks as were used in the north chimney. At the same time, the south chimney was made taller with the thinner bricks so it would extend above the higher roof. Evidence of this sequence of changes to the chimney stacks can be read in the attic. Also visible there is the line of mortar on the east side of the south chimney where the earlier lower roof abutted the chimney; there are even remnants of a drip course on two sides of the chimney where it was once above the roof. See further descriptions of the fireplace and chimney features in the room by room entries that follow. 9. Utilities Heating: The first furnace was installed about 1870 when the Stetson family was in charge of the Tavern. 85 Prior to that, fireplaces and then Franklin stoves heated the rooms. A new furnace was installed in Lighting: Most of the museum rooms have imitation candle wall sconces, a popular alternative for early house museums that were also found in the Hancock-Clarke House. More recently, track lighting was installed along the summer beams in the second floor rooms that are used for exhibits. Water: At least two wells are known to have been within the building s footprint: the well beneath the floor of the northwest parlor and the one in the corner of the north shed that was incorporated into the shed when it was constructed in 1859 or Telephone: A telephone was first installed in the Tavern in 1949 for the use of resident custodians. 10. Paint Records of maintenance reference a number of repaintings of the exterior of the building over time, but there were probably more for which there is no record. Exterior painting, as listed in Lexington Historical Society records, was done in 1915, 1926 (two coats of best quality oil and lead paint), 1941, 1955, 1959, 1969 and See description of framing removed for pipes in and between the two chimneys when the furnace was put in: Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

46 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Much of the interior was repainted in 1974 (in anticipation of the Bicentennial, no doubt). Whether paint research to identify original colors was performed prior to that repainting is unknown. 86 In 1994 the interiors were repainted in the 1974 colors, although in several rooms the colors were lightened slightly. In 1987 Sara Chase of the SPNEA Conservation Center did a study of exterior paint colors on the building. Her findings resulted in the painting of the Tavern in 1989 with the yellow walls and cream trim one sees today (2012). The Buckman Tavern Paint and Woodwork Dating Report of 2013 by Finch & Rose provides a wealth of information on the paint history of wooden finish materials in the Tavern. William Finch s findings about the sequence of changes to the woodwork, which have been invaluable in identifying the age of surviving wooden elements in the building in relation to each other, are incorporated into the discussion of the rooms beginning on page 39 of this report. The layers of exterior wall paint were analyzed from samples tacken from early clapboards preserved by the Lexington Historical Society. Finch s findings were supplemented by Susan Buck s analysis of pigments. 87 The sequence of paints found on the clapboards, with number 1 being the earliest layer, consist of: 1. Deep (i.e., dark) yellow ochre 2. Thin off-white that appears translucent and greyish in cross section 3. Light green with visible chunks of bright green verdigris pigment 4. Medium yellow ochre (much thicker than the other layers) 5. Light tan 6. Light yellow ochre 7. Light tan, followed by a succession of off-whites Hardware 89 There are a number of Suffolk latches on the first and second floors of the Tavern. However, most are attached with modern screws, so were either brought in after the Lexington Historical 86 wrought nails. Historic New England (formerly the SPNEA) was doing a good deal of paint research on historic buildings through what was then called the SPNEA Conservation Center on Historic Buildings before the Bicentennial. Nothing has been found currently in the Historic New England Conservation Center files. 87 Susan L. Buck, Buckman Tavern Clapboard Paint Analysis, January 22, William Finch, Buckman Tavern Paint and Woodwork Dating Report, February 2013, See details about hardware in the various room element tables. Figure 20. Suffolk latch on the front door of the Tavern present at the time of the battle in Note leather botches under the hand 38 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

47 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Society took charge of the building or were reproductions at that time. There are a few Norfolk latches as well, with the same probable history. Some doors have brown glass knobs, which were popular in the Victorian period. Doors today may have H or HL hinges, but their origin is equally uncertain as they are also attached with modern screws or obvious reproduction nails. Butt hinges that probably date from the Meriam period are used elsewhere. The Suffolk latch on the old front door is an original 18th century latch. In the southwest chamber in the attic, true 18th century strap hinges survive on the door to the stairs. The straps extend more than half way across the batten door. On the doors to the southwest and southeast chambers in the attic, paint shadows preserve evidence of previous Suffolk latches. 12. Interiors William Finch s findings about the paint history and relative dates of the various building elements are included without citation in the room texts that follow. More detailed information about Finch s research on each room is available in Finch & Rose s Buckman Tavern Paint and Woodwork Dating Report, included as an Appendix to this report. Cellar: The cellar is entered from the shed (now the gift shop). Figure 21. Strap hinge on the door to the southwest attic chamber, installed when the roof was raised before Note leather botches under the hand wrought nails. The cellar was deepened after 1913 to gain more headroom and accommodate the installation of steam for radiators and sprinkler mains. 90 Foundation walls throughout are of roughly faced random rubble stonework with no obvious changes in style that would indicate the age of various sections of the cellar. In 1918 a passageway was cut through to the cellar under the southwest parlor, which had become inaccessible after the northwest rooms were added to the house. All parts of the cellar contain a great deal of replacement framing, dating from the last 100 years or more, and identifiable by their dimensions and finishing. Some older timbers survive. In the cellar under the southwest parlor many early joists in terrible condition have been sistered. A large original sleeper remains under the Tap Room floor, although some of its surface was scraped off in Brown, 29. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

48 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Room 001. Cellar under new kitchen Room 002. Wine cellar The wine cellar is fitted with the shelving one would expect given its use. Several sources make reference to the remains of the stringer outside the south wall of the wine cellar as evidence that stairs came down to the cellar from the eastern part of the old kitchen for easy access to supplies. The configuration of the remaining brick and plaster on that wall could be interpreted to indicate the position of earlier stairs to the cellar here. Room 003. Cellar under tap room Room 004. Cellar under post office wing Room 005. Cellar under southwest parlor When the northwest room was built the stairs to enter the southwest cellar from the north were floored over and the cellar forgotten. The cellar was undiscovered and unused for at least 150 years. According to Abbie Griffing, when the floor in the northwest parlor was taken up about 1895, unplaned planks of the steps [to the southwest cellar] were white as when first laid down. 91 Thus it sounds like the decision to enclose the northwest parlor space was made shortly after the cellar under the southwest parlor was built (since there was no other access to it). Crawl space under the northwest parlor. Brown makes reference to the crude logs in the ceiling of the northwest parlor. Logs, probably flattened on the top, can be seen from the cellar supporting the floor of that room. First Floor: Room 100. Shed (now gift shop) According to Meriam family descendants, this shed, with roof framing characteristics of the mid- 19th century, was added in 1859 or Abbie Stetson Griffing says that the shed was known as the pump room because there was a pump from a well in the northeast corner. Measured drawings by Willard Brown of 1915 show that the northeast corner of the shed was still partitioned off at that time. HABS drawings show that by 1962 the partition and presumably the pump had been removed but the studs were still exposed. In 1973 the shed became the gift shop. Now there is unpainted boarding on some of the lower walls and plaster elsewhere. Access to the cellar is as it was in 1915, from stairs in the southeast corner of the gift shop. Shed upper room This attic room displays narrow vertical ridge board to which common rafters are spiked, consis- 91 Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

49 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern tent with the construction date ascribed to the construction of the shed. The room was initially finished with plaster on the gable walls, knee walls and, apparently, on the ceiling up to the collar beam level, making it a habitable chamber, perhaps for a servant. The rafters do not show lath burn or nail holes, but do have widely-spaced nail holes suggesting that some kind of boarding was attached to the rafters to which plaster and lath may or may not have been applied. There is a window in the north gable end and a small window on the east side. The plaster ceiling was removed, probably during the repairs of Since then the room has served as a store room for the gift shop. Room 101. Kitchen This new kitchen extending from the east part of the north wall was added in the early 19th century by Rufus Meriam. The large fireplace mass that remains on the north wall served as a cooking fireplace until it was closed up prior to A sink was then, as now, on the east wall of the room. The basic layout of the current kitchen is as shown on the drawings of 1949 that were made in connection with fitting up the east chambers as quarters for a resident custodian. Room 102. West entry The rear entry and back stairs were carved out of the southwest corner of the new kitchen space at some point. Figure 22. Wing attached to the Tavern that served as the post office in Lexington when Rufus Meriam was appointed the first postmaster. Room 103. East entry to tap room Room 104. Lavatory This lavatory was created in 1949 for the semi-public use of visitors to the Tavern. 92 Room 105. Guides room This room was created in 1949 as revealed by a comparison of 1915 and 1949 plans. Room 106. Old Post Office The post office was not part of the original building. The most likely date of its construction is at the time that Rufus Meriam became Lexington s first postmaster in Preserved above the ceiling and now visible through a view port is a portion of the exterior wall of the main block of the Tavern encapsulated when the post office was added. 93 The roof framing of principal rafters and purlins, vis- 92 Lexington Historical Society Council Meeting minutes, Oct. 24, See description of the encapsulated exterior wall in Section V. B. 4. Exterior walls. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

50 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT ible through a view port, is consistent with 18th or early 19th century construction. The slopes of the gable roof are not symmetrical; the front slope is shorter and steeper than the rear slope. The roof appears to have been constructed in such a way that the ridge would meet the corner of the building. When the Society acquired the building, the post office was divided into two spaces by a central front-to-rear partition. 94 Long after the wing ceased to serve as the post office, Abbie Stetson Griffing said, These rooms remained unchanged. There was a glass window behind which sat the official, the letter-boxes, and the little door, through which the letters were given out. Later the boxes and the window were removed. 95 You can see the joint in the dado on the rear wall where the partition intruded before it was removed. Element Description Date Framing Beams hidden above ceiling. Posts in plain cases in southeast corners, next to door to tap room and on the reverse of the tap room wall at junction with Room 105. Roof framing: principal rafters, common purlins with ridge purlin. Ca. 1813; Cases: mid 19th c. Ca Floor Clear coated pine boards with deep set nails. Recent Walls Dado of two flat boards with cap of half round and cove moldings. New plaster above. (See Worthen, page 29.) A cut in the dado on the rear wall shows the previous location of the partition. Ca Baseboard 8 1/2 tall with cove and half round moldings on top. Ca Cornice None Ceiling Recent plaster, probably redone in ? Doors Door to tap room: Victorian door with five raised panels scalloped at the corners and Norfolk latch. Door to Room 105. Two panel door, probably a reproduction of an Ca s early door. Door trim Plain with bead at inner edge. Probably ca Windows Reproduction windows with some old glass. 6/6 lights on rear and end wall; 8/12 lights on front wall. Ca Window trim Hardware Simple fillet, cyma and half round moldings like those on other window frames in the building believed to date from the early Meriam years. See above. Ca Paint Light grey woodwork and white plaster walls See Willard Brown s pre 1920 plan of the first floor for the location of the partition. 95 Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

51 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Fixtures/ utilities Special features Electric imitation candle sconces 1920s? Hot water baseboard heat 1976 Room 107. Tap Room The Tap Room is the most iconic room in the Buckman Tavern. It lives in memory as the chief meeting place for the Lexington militia on the night of April 18, 1775, and a refuge throughout the day of April 19. The Tap Room is also an early example of the successful use of building archaeology and the luck of finding significant evidence. William Sumner Appleton s apparent participation in the restoration plan linked the work to the developing scientific restoration philosophy. 96 In addition, architect Willard Brown s lengthy description of the evidence found and the restoration process was a rarity among 1920s restorations. Unfortunately, the autochrome (early color) photographs that the Lexington Historical Society Council required be taken to document the before conditions have not been located. 97 Whether the Tap Room was updated in the18th century is uncertain, although what originally must have been leaded glass casement windows were clearly replaced by vertically sliding wood sash sometime before 1775 (as shown in the Doolittle print). Beginning in the early 19th century, the room was transformed into the Meriam family living room. The bar was removed, the walls and ceiling were plastered then, if not before, and the fireplace was reduced in size several times. A version of window seats in the south windows was created in the mid 19th century by extending the window embrasures, but not altering the position of the south wall as a whole. 98 New flooring of narrow oak boards was added at the end of the 19th century. 99 With regard to the evolution of the fireplace, Abbie Stetson Griffing wrote: Aunt Mary told us in 1805,.. [The] chimney (in her sitting room) was repaired, and how she went way in behind the fireback, and looking up could see stars at noonday. 96 Lexington Historical Society Council meeting minutes, September 23, 1920: Mr. W. D. Brown reported on suggestions as to future restoration to be made, as outlined by Mr. Sumner Appleton. It was voted that the Buckman Tavern Committee be authorized to work on the lower right-hand room. See also James Lindgren, Establishing a Scientific Method in Preservation, Preserving Historic New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), Appleton s recommendations have not been located either at the LHS Archives or at Historic New England. 97 Lexington Historical Society Council meeting minutes, March 25, 1925: A meeting of the Council was held at Buckman Tavern in order to see what had been found of the old construction in clearing the tap room for restoration. It was voted that the bar be permanently restored in accordance with the traces of the old bar found in situ. It was voted that autochrome [early color] photographs be taken of the room as a record of the absolute conditions before restoration. 98 Worthen, 37: In the early days, this [south] wall was sheathed with vertical boards. It is believed that J. P. Meriam removed them, substituted plaster, and thickened the wall to make window recesses with their seats below. 99 Worthen, 27. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

52 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT About 1860, this fireplace was again changed, and an iron Franklin stove put in. This stood further out in the room and threw out more heat. Later still, when a furnace was set in the cellar, this Franklin fireplace was removed and the present one set with Moorish tiles, which had been taken from the Parkhurst house before it was sold. When this was done, five fireplaces were found, one behind the other. When the furnace was put in, a good deal of oak was cut away from the beams in order to make room for the pipes. 100 A photograph of this room in the late 19th century shows a mantelpiece similar to the ones in the southwest parlor and the southeast chamber. Donald Millar drew that mantelpiece and its tile decoration when he made measured drawings of the Tavern in The mantelpiece and the dado seen in the photograph at the right of the fireplace were part of the Meriam period updating in the early 18th century. In 1892, after Aunt Mary s death, changes were made to the floor..... The floor of her sitting room was re-laid. The wide... planks, which had been down for more than two centuries, were growing dangerously thin and weak in the middle of the room, worn down to less than a quarter of an inch in thickness, and making the floor concave. When the planks were taken up, between the two floors we found a layer of find white sand Willard Brown, in his report of the restoration in the 1920s (finally published in 1967), described his restoration of the Tap Room. He was aware from Abbie Stetson Griffing s description that the little room partitioned off at the east end of the old kitchen had served the function that the bar in the Tap Room served originally. The Meriam family called that room the bar and before the 1920s the room still contained the wide shelf where tumblers were turned over, and deep groove through which the water ran off. 102 It is worth quoting Brown on the key discoveries that allowed the bar and the fireplace to be reconstructed: When starting upon the work of restoring the Tap Room to its old time appearance, in no one s mind was there a suspicion that evidence of an earlier bar than the little one would be disclosed. The modern plaster ceiling of the Tap Room was first removed, disclosing the whitewashed boarding of long ago. In one of the floor joists thus uncovered had been cut a deep square notch, but when and for what purpose no one could guess. Next, from the walls was stripped the plastering of a later day. Serving as a stud to which had been nailed the lathing, was found an upright stick, its upper portion chamfered and painted dark green. 100 Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Ibid., Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

53 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern It might have been, perhaps, some early stair post. Carefully it was removed. By chance, while its former use was being discussed, it was held up against the notched joist that had previously caused much speculation. Into this it fitted perfectly. From its position there could be little doubt that this had been the corner post of the old-time bar. The side wall was examined, and on the painted paneling laid bare by the removal of the plaster was seen the outline of the counter with its sheathed partition under; it was on a line with the newly discovered post, which was painted up to the exact height of the counter. And so the bar of the early days was rebuilt, its size, its location, and even its moldings and to having thus surely been made known. Had further proof been needed, -- on the painted paneling inside the bar was found outlines of former shelves, to which the very old shelvings in the later bar [in the east part of the old kitchen] exactly fitted. At one side was discernible (and still to be seen under its protecting glass covering,) the chalk marks of some ancient score. Moreover, at the floor, in the partition next to the stairs that once led directly from the kitchen to the wine room in the cellar and still visible had been cut a small door. On its crude leather hinges it had swung to render earlier the passing of casks and heavy jugs.... Brown went on to describe the discovery of the original fireplace: Even as with the bar, the existence of the old fireplace had long been lost sight of. For years it had remained hidden behind its small modern successor with glazed tile facing. But when the worn-out hot-air furnace had been removed from the cellar, a hole was left in the chimney s brickwork through which it was possible to crawl and, once inside, to stand erect and move about. The Tavern s ancient fireplace had been discovered. It was a simple matter to take down the modern substitute so that within its wide-spread jambs the household fires might once again be lighted. When this was done, however, a second encircling fireplace was disclosed; but so incorporated was it with the older one as to make its removal extremely difficult. As the time of its construction a branding iron had been pressed into the fresh plaster surface of the brick above it leaving the name J. P. Meriam (John Parkhurst Meriam) to give some idea of when the work was done [perhaps about 1840]. Pains were taken to preserve and remove this bit of inscribed plastering, but some slight settlement one night caused it to fall and the next morning it was found in fragments on the floor. At last the original fireplace was exposed to view, but in what a ruinous condition. The herringbone-patterned panel at the back had been almost disintegrated by the heat of countless fires. The old oak header [chimney lintel] that spanned its breadth had either burned or rotted and been removed.... Its size and exact position were clearly defined, however, and a sturdy hand-hewed oak beam from an ancient barn was set in the old location; while under it on either side, in clay from an abandoned pit in the north part of town, was laid up a facing of old brick. Gone as well was the lug-pole or trammel stick from which in olden times hung steaming kettles. Happily the charred ends of its supporting sticks still embedded in the vast throat above the lintel beam indicated where Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

54 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT and how its green oak successor should be installed.... The generous hearth of long ago, too, had shrunk with the diminishing size of the successive fireplaces and had to be rebuilt. On the removal of the intermediate fireplace the upper brickwork was found to be in a very loose and tumbledown condition, though the traces of its former lines were clearly marked on the side wall. As the workmen were straightening up the work, securely cemented in its exposed face was found a good sized stone. This was pried loose, disclosing a hole that ran in an oblique direction into the flue of the chimney; and in its depth were found three ancient hand-made pipes and a splinter of soft wood.... Why were they so carefully sealed up? What end was served by the opening in which they were thus hidden? 103 According to Richard Jones, the opening was much more likely to be the site of a stove pipe connection to the fireplace flue, than as a place for clay pipes to be stored. 104 Edwin Worthen, Jr. (born in 1913), who must have known the of the restoration work in the 1920s first hand, supplied further details about the fireplace in his account of the Buckman Tavern of 1963: When the Society began its work there was a fireplace in the room, faced with tiles and with a wood mantel over, all of it flush with the room wall. Upon removing this last fireplace it was discovered that it had been built inside still another and earlier, fireplace right behind it. However, there was very conclusive evidence that this second fireplace was not original, so it too was removed, and the much altered chimney had to be supported while the original fireplace was at last uncovered. In short, over the years the whole chimney has been built forward about a foot by the construction of two later fireplaces. The plaster arch above this header is also part of the restored work, its exact curve being revealed when the wall next to the kitchen was uncovered. There was sufficient old brickwork remaining at the front of the fireplace to give the proper lines for building up the face, which was done with the brick laid up in clay obtained from the site of the old brick yard and clay pits in North Lexington. The interior of the fireplace remains just as it was, with the exception of that some of the bricks forming the herringbone panel at the back were so badly burned out that they had to be replaced. 105 Richard Iron confirmed Brown s statement that the original fireplace lintel had been removed, and that when the new lintel was installed in 1921, the front parts of the north and south jambs were rebuilt to support it. The curved portions of both jambs retain original bricks. Other areas of original brick include the places where photographs of the 1920s show plaster covering the bricks. 103 Brown, Richard Irons, personal communication to William Finch and Anne Grady, January 14, Worthen, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

55 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern One puzzling bit of evidence has been carefully preserved, but its meaning is still uncertain. As Willard Brown said: And what is the explanation of the black strip painted on the whitewashed ceiling of the old room? Some have suggested that it marked the position of a painted partition that screened the bar, the slanting direction of which it runs being due to the necessity of avoiding the small window that once was located under the centre beam. 106 In the Tap Room, as in the other rooms on the first floor of the Tavern, floors of very wide pine boards were laid in the 1920s to replace late 19th century oak flooring. The new floors were nailed with reproduction nails with prominent rose heads meant to evoke the original floor nails in the building. Two photographs by Burr Church show the tap room partially restored, ca. 1925, and completely restored, ca In the earlier photo the room still has a flat board dado with molded cap as is still seen in Room 109. The floor is still the narrow boards installed in 1892 and there is wallpaper from the Meriam period on the walls, including the wood-sheathed north wall. The fireplace has been restored and the plaster and lath removed from the ceiling. What shows in the photo must be the condition of the ceiling with peeling whitewash before it was plastered. A six-panel door in the style of an 18th century door with a brown glass knob is still on the closet south of the fireplace. In the slightly later photo, the dado and wallpaper have been removed and the walls and ceilings given a coat of whitewash. The door to the closet is now a two-panel door and the current wide boards have been installed on the floor. It is interesting that both doors installed in the 1920s on the west wall have earlier H hinges with foliate ends appropriate to the ca dates of the Tap Room. Over the years since the 1920s, though furnishings and displays have evolved, the bar room has remained the highlight of the Tavern s interpretation. 106 Brown, 20. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

56 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Element Description Date Framing Longitudinal oak summer beam and other beams are exposed and Ca decorated with a distinctive bead, almost an inch in diameter. The summer beam looks to have a tenon and spur joint with the chimney girt, secured with a single pin from below. Two notches on the north end of the 12-inch-deep east girt in the area of the bar may relate to some feature attached to the wall originally. Another notch in the south end of the east girt is unexplained. Parts of the south girt were cut away to accommodate the height of the double hung sash windows. Joists are 3 1/2 by 4 1/2 inches and are spaced 21 3/4 to 22 1/2 inches on centers. Two oak posts are exposed in the south corners of the room. The southwest post, slightly splayed at the top, is in good condition and displays an inch-wide flat chamfer and run-out stop, also typical of late First Period work. A rarely seen butment cheek helps to support the chimney girt, which is 11 1/2 inches deep. There is evidence of a falling brace. The southeast corner post has no splay and seems to have been slightly cut back to accommodate the door to the post office. Floor Wide random width boards up to 23 inches wide. Nailed with reproduction rose-head nails. Ca Walls North wall: vertical feather edged sheathing boards with groove on one Ca edge and feather on the other edge of each board. Evidence behind the bar shows that the sheathing was previously plastered over. East wall: plaster. West wall: wooden sheathing between the two doors south of the fireplace. South wall plaster between and west of the window embrasures. None None 19th or 20th c. 18th c.?? Baseboard Cornice Ceiling Exposed joists and undersides of floor boards of second floor. Ca Firebox 81 wide by 54 high, with rounded jambs (characteristic of late First Ca. 1713; Period construction). The smoke panel with herringbone-patterned restored in bricks was reconstructed in The current chimney lintel was made 1921 in 1921 from a timber taken from an old barn in North Lexington. Mantelpiece None. The plastered cove over the fireplace was reconstructed from evidence on the sheathing boards to the north of the angle of the original cove. The cove included the small shelf rediscovered in the 1920s. Ca. 1713; restored in 1921 Hearth Four rows of square hearth bricks. Restored in Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

57 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Doors Door to stair hall: reproduction two-panel door with raised fields on tap room side with H hinges with foliate ends. Door to closet: reproduction two-panel door with H hinges with foliate ends and no latch. Door to old kitchen: consists of an old six-panel door, perhaps from another building, faced with a new six-panel door on the old kitchen side. Early 1920s Early 1920s Installed in the early 1920s Door trim Windows Window trim Door to post office: Victorian five-panel door with HL hinge attached with modern large-headed nails. Reused panel door on Tap Room side. Simply molded back bands both west doors and the door to the old kitchen. On the north door the architrave was extended upward to accommodate a previous Victorian door. Door to the post office: minimal frame. South windows: reproduction sash with 12/12 lights and some old glass. The two south windows are framed by deep embrasures with moldings similar to the Federal style fillet, cyma and half round found in other rooms updated during the Meriam ownership. The embrasures project in front of the surrounding wall, to create the effect of window seats without moving the plane of the wall. The actual seats with curved corners project beyond the embrasures. Wooden panel below the window seats. Ca. 1870s? Early 1920s Early 1920s 1916 Mid 19th c. Probably early 1920s Hardware See above. Paint Whitewashed walls and ceiling. Woodwork: grey blue or dark red Fixtures/ Hot water baseboard heat on south wall Utilities Special features Bar, reconstructed as described above with vertical feather edged sheathing below a molded counter. Early 1920s Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

58 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Figure 23 (at left). A view of the tap room in the late 19th century, showing the mantelpiece and other finish materials in the room when it was used as the Meriam family living room. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 24. A measured drawing of the west wall of the tap room, as it appeared during the Meriam ownership. Rev. Donald Millar, draftsman, Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 25 (at left). Conditions found when the fireplace in the tap room was being restored to its 18th century appearance in the early1920s. This must be one of architect Willard Brown s record photographs. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. 50 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

59 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Figure 26 (above). The tap room mostly restored, but with narrow floor and wallpaper covering the sheathing boards still in place. Burr Church, Photographer, ca Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 27 (at right). The tap room at the completion of the restoration ca Burr Church, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 28 (at left). The fireplace in the tap room in 2012, showing the herringbone patterned bricks in the smoke panel and the curved jambs characteristic of the early 18th century.and wallpaper covering the sheathing boards still remaining. Burr Church, Photographer, ca Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

60 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Room 108. Entry and Stair Hall The small combined entry and stair hall reflects several periods in the Tavern s history. The west chimney girt, dating from the original construction, is exposed and decorated with a chamfer similar to the one in the Tap Room. There is no indication that the stair hall/entry was widened when the west room and chamber were added, as is often the case. The original door from the Revolutionary period, complete with bullet hole, is displayed on the south wall next to the entrance door. Worthen stated that the original staircase ascended in the opposite direction, but does not give evidence to support his statement. 107 The balustrade on the first floor is of Federal Period design, ca to 1820, while the balusters remaining on the second floor are characteristic of the mid 18th century. Rufus Meriam removed earlier turned balusters from the first run of the staircase and replaced them with the up-to-date balusters, square in section. William Finch s paint research indicates that Meriam also replaced virtually all of the finish materials and surrounding staircase on the first floor. In so doing it is possible that he reversed the direction of the stairs, as Worthen said. During the 1920s restoration, according to Willard Brown, when a baseboard was removed at the bottom of the stairs a strip of early wallpaper was discovered. Eventually the paper was identified as a design called Cervera, originally created by the French wallpaper manufacturer, Reveillon. According to Richard Nylander, the wallpaper dates from between 1845 and 1860 and may be an American copy of the French original. It commemorates the launching of the first manned balloon flight in 1783 (the balloon is the small dot in the sky). 108 The event was commemorated on prints, engravings, wallpaper, coat buttons, faience, printed fabric, and the like. 109 Thos. Strahan & Son of Chelsea had reproduced the paper from another sample and printed it in the colors found under the baseboard. The paper was applied to the walls of the entry on both floors. A portion of that paper now remains on the south wall of the entry. Later in the 19th century at least two different wallpapers graced the walls in the entry. In another example of the application of the scientific approach to preservation, paint research was carried out in the 1920s and the woodwork in the entry was said to have been painted in the original color Worthen, Richard Nylander, personal communication to William Finch, January 2, 2013, 109 Brown, 17; and explanation of teh Cervera wallpaper, filed with samples of the paper in the Lexington Historical Society Archives. 110 Brown, 17. Figure 29. The wallpaper of the Cervera pattern by Reveillon found on the walls of the stair hall and reproduced by Thos. Strahan & Son in the 1920s. 52 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

61 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Element Description Date Framing All framing cased in plain cases except the west chimney girt, which is exposed and displays the characteristic wide bead seen on the tap room beams. The board on the top surface of the west girt with a molding at West chimney girt: ca SE post case: mid 19th c.; SW post case: 1920s 1920s the edge was installed in the 1920s. Floor Wide boards attached with reproduction rose-head nails. 1920s Walls Baseboard Plaster of uncertain date is on all walls except the west wall next to the stairs, where there is plain vertical board sheathing. Similar plain sheathing covers staircase below stringer. Sheathing board north of Tap Room doorway is the reverse of an early board between the two west doors in the Tap Room. South wall: 7 1/2 inches high with ovolo molding on top. By stairs: 8 high with Federal style moldings on top. Below the stairs plain board, perhaps redone when a heating register was installed in the 1870s. The molding at its top shown in a late 19th century photograph was removed, probably in the 1920s. None Sheathing: mid 19th c. Early 19th c.; 18th c.? Mid 19th c. Early 19th c. Ca Cornice Ceiling Plaster 1920s Doors New doors to Tap Room and southwest parlor, with six raised 1920s panels, were installed at the time of the restoration of the 1920s. (Notation on plans by Donald Millar of indicates modern replacement door installed.) Entry door: Six raised panels with a pronounced cyma molding and small bead at the grooves. (Handwritten list of Maintenance and Repairs Box 1, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives) Door trim Windows Window trim Door to the parlor: Simple single architrave with molded backband Door to the Tap Room has an architrave of plain boards with a bead on their inner edge. Front door: Victorian style simple backband. A transom window with five lights and modern muntins is set outside the older transom window with five panes of bull s eye glass lights and wider muntins. The frame of the front door extends up beside the transom windows Apparently th c. 1920s? th c. (inner)? Hardware Box lock on the front door, brass handle and a Suffolk latch on the outside.? Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

62 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Paint Special features Grey woodwork, supposedly based on the original colors revealed by paint research (but probably not accurate). White walls, brown stair treads. Staircase features balusters on the first level that are square in section and set on a diagonal on the closed stringer. Newels are plain with cap molded on four sides; and stair rail is molded on both sides Early 19th c. Room 109. Southwest Parlor, Ladies Parlor This room was part of the first enlargement of the building, added perhaps as early as What little we know of the original appearance of the parlor indicates that the room was in some ways similar to the Tap Room. The summer beam was exposed and decorated with a wide bead, a treatment like that of the Tap Room beams. There was a fireplace similar to the one in the Tap Room. However, the ceilings were plastered below the joists from the beginning, indicating that the architectural tastes of the owners were moving away from the First Period focus on exposing the structural framing toward the classical Georgian practice of concealing structure. 111 Richard Irons, chimney construction expert, recently examined the remains of the original fireplace. As viewed above and behind the back of the current fireplace, the original parlor fireplace was as large as the Tap Room fireplace, although this one did not have curved jambs. The brickwork of the right and rear walls, which survives, is consistent with construction ca The firebox was 44 inches deep. The space between it and the tap room fireplace was just eight or nine inches, making enough room for the rear walls of the two fireplaces but no room for a smoke chamber attributed by tradition to the space. A patch at the center of the rear wall suggests that there may once have been a smoke channel in this location. 112 The narrow column of bricks visible at the left of the closet door is a continuation of the base in the cellar of the current kitchen bake oven. The appearance of this room as a whole in 1775 is unknown, but a few pre-1775 features are still visible in the room today. These include the exposed summer beam, the cases on the girts and two of the posts, the raised field paneling at the right of the fireplace, the architrave of the door to the entry, and the window casings. The sequence of paint layers on the summer beam is the most complete in the room; it served as the basis for William Finch s extensive paint analysis of the woodwork in the parlor. See Finch & Rose Paint and Woodwork Dating Report submitted with this report. By appearance, certain features in the room can be associated with the Federal style in the early Meriam period ca to Finch s findings confirm that association, but refine the sequence of changes by suggesting that they occurred in two phases. The flat board dado on the walls and the baseboard below it were installed first, perhaps as early as the late 1790s. The mantelpiece itself and the closet door to its left were installed later, ca Two different wallpapers found during the 1920s restoration are associated with the ca changes. The later of the two wallpapers, ca. 111 Joists in the attic on the west side show no whitewash, indicating that they were always concealed above a plaster ceiling, while those on the east side were whitewashed. 112 Richard Irons, Comments on Buckman Tavern chimney and fireplace construction, January 14, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

63 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern 1819, was available as a reproduction from Thomas Strahan and Son and was placed on the walls in the 1920s. A small section of the paper survives in the current parlor on the south wall. 113 The molded cap of the dado was removed during the later Meriam ownership and a curved portion of the plaster was added to meet the forward edge of the dado. After that the walls, including the paneled wall south of the fireplace, were completely papered in keeping with the fashion of the times. The dado cap was restored in the 1920s with the molding based on paint lines found on the cases of the corner posts. Abbie Stetson Griffing remembered that About 1860 also, new doors were placed in the west parlor; those removed were very curious, with bright paint, shading from yellow to deep orange and red, and completely crackled. I think they are still about the place. One, if I remember correctly, was used for the small closet in the corner of the pump room. 114 The curious painting noted by Abbie Griffing was graining. William Finch identified layers of grain painting on this door and the closet door, as well as on other elements in the room including baseboards and the top of the mantel shelf. Worthen and Brown described evidence found in the parlor when the Tavern was being restored in the 1920s and the difficulties encountered in trying to develop a coherent restoration strategy. Worthen said, Behind the present fireplace was one of the same size as that in the Tap Room, but because such radical and complicated changes had been made to the chimney... it was not possible to restore the old fireplace. 115 Brown added that: [When] the [old] kitchen fireplace was rebuilt and the brick oven enlarged... it was necessary to push the oven s rear wall into the parlor fireplace, the old oak header across the opening being in consequence cut short and a brick wall built under its unsupported end. In the remaining space was built the fireplace we see today. 116 Some have speculated that a secret staircase was built between the two chimney stacks at some point, but there is no evidence that the staircase ever existed. Willard Brown did a series of drawings that are now in the Lexington Historical Society Archives of the chimneys as he found them when the Society took over the Buckman Tavern. They do not include evidence of a staircase. 117 In the end, in the 1920s restoration the existing Federal style mantelpiece and its smaller firebox were retained. Raised-field paneling, intended to evoke an earlier period, was installed above the mantelpiece. An elaborate bed molding was added below the cased chimney girt on the fireplace wall, but the simple Victorian bed molding and original crown moldings along the beams on the other walls 113 According to Worthen, when the bed molding below the beams was removed, There came into view a narrow strip of the early paper enough to show its width and background. Then it was recalled that among the treasures of the Lexington Historical Society were two small figured panels said to have been cut from paper that once hung on those very walls. In color they corresponded to the strip laid bare. The backgrounds were identical. Insufficient in themselves, -- combined, they provided the actual pattern. The other earlier paper was found in the 1920s when multiple layers of paper on the walls were carefully teased apart. 114 Abbie Stetson Griffing to Dr. Tilton, January 27, 1914(?) 115 Worthen, Brown, Willard Brown, Measured drawings on vellum. #8161, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

64 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT were removed. Worthen notes that during the Meriam period, old floors were replaced with new ones. 118 The floors put in in the 1920s were like the others on the first floor with very wide boards secured with modern reproduction rose-headed nails. New six-panel doors replaced the doors that were, according to Abbie Griffing, put in in Those in charge of the 1920s restoration included a view port: a hinged panel showed the old header and brickwork left so that the lines of the early fireplace could be seen. 120 The location of the view port, now removed, has not been determined. View ports were a relatively new concept at the time. The room was redecorated in the early 1950s. 121 Element Description Date Framing Summer beam: longitudinal, exposed and decorated with the wide bead. Girts: cased, decorated with the same wide bead. Ca Ca Floors Finish floor: very wide boards, nailed with reproduction rose-head 1920s nails. Walls Fireplace wall: reproduction wall paneling above the fireplace. Paneling south of the fireplace. Other walls: Flat board dado 31 high with plaster above. (Section on the north wall east of the doorway and all dado caps 1920s 18th c. Ca s are 1920s reproductions.) Baseboard 6 1/2 inched high with Federal-style delicate molding on top. Ca Cornice Wide bed molding below chimney girt. 1920s Ceiling Apparently an early ceiling that received an inch-deep recoating in the 1920s. 18th c. with 1920s coating Firebox 35 high by 48 wide center panel probably rebuilt in 1920s. Ca. 1820; 1920s Mantelpiece A double architrave surrounds the firebox; above is a wide frieze Ca with pilaster caps and central panel that are reeded; a mantel shelf of Federal design with multiple small moldings. The south end of the shelf runs in front of paneled wall. Hearth 3 rows of square hearth tiles, either reset or new in 1920s. 1920s Doors Stair hall door: six raised field panel door installed in the 1910s. No door to northwest parlor (formerly enclosed with portieres). Closet door: two raised panels. 1910s Ca Ca Worthen, A note on measured drawings by Donald Millar of 1916 says modern doors were installed by then. 120 Worthen, Ibid. 56 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

65 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Figure 30 (above). The southwest parlor in the late 19th century during the Meriam ownership. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 31 (above). A similar view of the southwest parlor today, as restored in the 1920s. Figure 32 (at left). A view of the wallpaper of ca found on the walls under later layers and reproduced by Thos. Strahan & Son, now present on only a part of the south wall of the room. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

66 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Door trim Stair hall door: double architraves mitered at the corners. Northwest parlor doorway with similar architrave was enlarged ca Closet door architrave. 18th c. repositioned upward in 1860s Ca , altered 1920s Windows Reproduction 12/12 sash Window trim No trim above windows that run up to the girts. Frame molding 18th c. continues below the sill as a bed molding. Reveals of the two windows are slightly different. Hardware Door to stairs: Suffolk latch secured with modern screws; HL hinges Door to closet: just key hole; butt hinges. 1910s or 1920s? Paint Grey/blue trim and white walls Fixtures/ Hot water baseboard heat Utilities Special features Closet, apparently made in its present form ca. 1820s; the plastered walls are shaped to fit around brickwork of the old kitchen oven. The china cabinet shelving may have been added during the redecoration of the room in the early 1950s. Ca s? Room 110. Northwest parlor, Old Well Room, Landlord s Bedroom, Rev. Stetson s Study This room has different construction characteristics than the rest of the building owing to its presumed origin as a space where there was a well. Originally, the well was said to have been covered by a porch or in a rudely enclosed room easily accessible from the adjoining kitchen. Abbie Stetson Griffing even believed, based on a Meriam family tradition, that the space was open in some form even after the northwest chamber was built above it. It is true that the floor and ceiling framing are constructed of logs flattened on the top and that the walls are thicker than those of other rooms, perhaps indicating that, as Abbie Griffing stated, they were filled with cobble stones. These features would indeed suggest that the room was constructed at first for a purpose other than habitation, but it is very unlikely that the northwest chamber was built before construction of the current walls of the northwest parlor. Abbie Griffing described the rediscovery of the well and of the cellar beneath the southwest parlor: I have heard my mother (and her family) say that the N.W. corner was not enclosed until a later period. That is, to make it more clear, there was no enclosed room below the blue N. W. chamber; just space, through which one entered the large kitchen, and also the cellar, by means of the bulkhead. None of us knew the location of this bulkhead until we laid the new floor in the N. W. room (my father s study) about 20 years ago. I think the walls of this room were put up with less care than in the rest of the house, as instead of well-laid brick filling, we found carelessly laid cobble stones. 122 In 1892,.. a new floor was laid in the study on the west side of the house. When the old floor was taken up here, a stairway was found conducting to a cellar which we knew 122 Abbie Stetson Griffing to Dr. Tilton, January 5, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

67 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern existed, but which was closed before the Battle of Lexington as we judge from pictures; my grandfather said it was not open in his day. In the early cellar we found a spoon, nothing else not even a bit of dust or mold; and the unplaned planks of the steps were white as when first laid down. 123 During the restoration of the 1920s Brown noted, In this room it was found that there were vertical molded wall boards on the side next to the kitchen, apparently added at a later date. There is now a plastered wall with some new panels over the fireplace and a wood cornice provided. 124 The fireplace is served by the rear chimney. Unlike the fireplace above, this fireplace is built on an angle, perhaps because the large kitchen fireplace and oven took up so much space that a fireplace flush with the east wall of the room could not be built. Element Description Date Framing No framing visible.? Floor Wide boards secured with modern reproduction rose-head nails. 1920s Walls East wall where vertical boards were removed in the 1920s, new plaster was installed. Other walls plaster of indeterminate age. 1920s? Baseboard 6 inch high plain boards.? Cornice Reproduction 18th cornice runs around the room 1920s Ceiling Old plaster, apparently. 18th c. Firebox 46 wide by 26 high Jamb and lintel bricks facing the room are painted black. 18th c. Mantelpiece Raised-field panel above the fireplace and interior of cupboards. Two cupboard doors, the central raised panel and the stiles between them, 1920s. Ca s Hearth Two rows of square hearth tiles (reset or new in 1920s). 1920s Doors Door to old kitchen: reproduction six-panel door. 1920s No door to southwest parlor. Doorway enlarged and raised up ca Door trim Both doors have double architraves. The door to the kitchen has fill on either side to reduce the width of the opening so the door would fit. The doorway to the kitchen was also heightened to accommodate a 18th c.? 1920s Victorian door. Windows Reproduction 12/12 sash Window trim Plain board enframement, with beaded board as apron below sill. Reveals: west window reveal five inches deep; north window, seven inches deep 18th or 19th c. Apron: ca. 1920s 123 Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Worthen, 30 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

68 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Hardware Cupboard doors: tiny H hinges and simple latches held with modern screws. Door to kitchen: Six panel door with HL hinges and Norfolk latch. 1920s 1920s Paint Green/olive woodwork; white walls 2012 Room 111. Old Kitchen Surviving from the original construction of ca.1713 is much of the framing of the ceiling and walls. In typical lean-to framing, four major beams span from the south to the north walls of this room. They rest on posts at the north wall. Details of the original joinery are missing except in the northeast corner since new splayed sections of the posts were inserted during the repairs of Like most utilitarian spaces in late First Period houses, much of the the framing apparently had no chamfers, although the beam just to the east of the fireplace had a wide head before it was shaved off to accommodate a casing in the 19th century (this beam may be an extension of the Tap Room chimney girt). There appears to be no post now under this beam at the south wall of the old kitchen; the beam is instead suppported on brickwork. The sheathed south wall is assumed to be original. When plaster was removed from the ceiling in the 1920s, the condition of the beams and joists in the late 18th century, before plaster and lath were applied to the joists, was revealed. A build-up of soot, grease and whitewash was found on the framing in the westernmost two bays. According to Edwin Worthen, on the exposed framing were interesting attempts at decoration which had long ago been applied. 125 William Finch identified the black stripes on the first joist north of the angled beam over the fireplace cove as being part of the earlier treatment based on the nature of the paint and the surface in which it was embedded. Other areas of the ceiling boards and framing have traces of the original application of this decorative painting, although no evidence of striping was found in the part of the east bay that was a separate in the 18th century. According to Abbott Cummings, the pattern is plausible for early decoration. Finch determined that the black stripes were applied over existing whitewash and thus were not original to the ca. 1713, but date, perhaps, to ca The old kitchen is now very evocative of an early 18th century kitchen. However, the fireplace is not the original one. It was rebuilt, apparently, in the mid to late 18th century. The rebuilding with a large beehive could have occurred as early as about 1760, according to Richard Irons. The beehive oven lacks the tell tail course of bricks standing on their ends (a soldier course) below the opening that is associated with ovens built after The masonry of the fireplace and oven is angled so that is it is wider at the west end to make room for the large oven. 126 The old kitchen has a more complicated history than other spaces in the house. Piecing together information from three period sources, plus current examination, allows a tentative description of the evolution of the room. 127 In the tavern era, the east part of the room was partitioned off and served 125 Worthen, Richard Irons, personal communication, January 14, Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes A Reminiscence, circa Worthen Collection, Cary Memorial Library; Edwin B. Worthen, Jr., Buckman Tavern, An account of the Land and the House, its Owners, Development and Restoration, Typescript at the Lexington Historical Society Archives; Willard D. Brown, The Story of Buckman Tavern (Lexington: Lexington Historical Society, 1967). Based on Brown s earlier manuscript. 60 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

69 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern the supplemental tavern functions of housing John Buckman s desk where he kept his accounts and, most likely, as well the most precious of his liquors. 128 The room was apparently separated off by a simple board partition just west of the shadow of the stairs referenced below on the south wall. A small low down door with leather hinges is still present in the south wall of the old kitchen behind the bar in the tap room. Brown speculated that this little door at floor level rendered the easier passing of casks and heavy jugs from the cellar. 129 In this little room were also the stairs to the wine cellar below, as evidenced by one of the old stringers still remaining in place on the side of the brick-enclosed wine cellar. 130 The stairs to the cellar must have run down west to east near the south wall of the old kitchen as the location of the south wall of the wine cellar is about three feet from the south wall of the old kitchen above. Subsequently, according to Willard Brown, this little room served the function that the bar in the Tap Room served originally, Abbie Griffing said, Aunt Mary used to have special care of the bar as it was always called a little room leading from her sitting room and which had been the bar-room when the house was used as the Buckman Tavern. In the bar is still the wide shelf where the tumblers were turned over, and a deep groove through which the water ran off. 131 Early in the ownership by the Meriam family, ca to 1820, a new kitchen ell was built onto the east part of the north wall extending beyond the east wall of the building by about six feet. At that point the old kitchen was turned into the family s dining room. The walls were plastered and the ceiling was plastered below the joists. Later, the plaster below the hoists was removed and the beams and joists were cased separately, wood trim was added, and a more modern wood floor was installed. Wallpaper was even applied between the cased beams (see Figure 34). Abbie Griffing described hearing that there was once a settle inside the large fireplace (probably the original ca fireplace). A double sash window was installed by the Meriams at some later point, no doubt to brighten the dining area which is on the north side of the house. With the plaster removed from the east portion of the south the wall of the old kitchen during the 1920s restoration, the outline of a set of stairs running down from the second floor east to west became visible. There may or may not have been rear stairs somewhere in Room 111 originally, but they were not the stairs indicated by the outline on the wall. The stairs shown in the outline run over the low down door, and so would have made it impossible to open the door. Also, these stairs terminated outside the east wall of the old kitchen. To climb them, one would have had to start in the current corridor along the east side of the building. 132 As this corridor joins the ca.1813 post office wing to the early nineteenth century new kitchen, the stairs shown in the outline must have been built in the early Meriam period ca to Later, when the stairs to the second floor from the new kitchen were built, these stairs were removed and the south wall of the kitchen was plastered over. 128 Brown, Ibid. 130 Brown, Abbie Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Further evidence that the stairs ran in to the addition is the fact that the east girt above the stairs was cut back for more headroom. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

70 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The shadow was very likely made more dramatic in the 1920s by painting the part above the stairs black. It is hard to believe that the stairwell would have been painted black originally since there would have been a need to maximize the amount of light in the stairway. The early decorative painting was reproduced in the 1920s. The earlier stripes and chevrons are distinguished by their true black color, by their crazed condition, and by the fact that they are embedded in a surface on the joists made greasy from kitchen cooking. The stripes painted in the 1920s, on the other hand, are a black/charcoal grey color, and in places, they run over conduits for what appears to be an early fire detection system. Esther Stevens Fraser, the leading authority on decorative painting in early buildings at the time, would have been the likely candidate to do the work. Council minutes indicate that the Society had correspondence with Mrs. Fraser, a Cambridge resident, in 1923 about wallpapers found in the Tavern Lexington Historical Society Council minutes, Figue 33. Detail of the HABS drawing of 1962 with a notation indicating the location of the evidence of the stringer of the original stairs to the cellar. Alan R. McDonald, draftsman. 62 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

71 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Figure 34. The old kitchen during the period when it served as the Meriam Family dining room in the late 19th century. Note the wallpaper between the boxed beams on the ceiling. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figue 35. The old kitchen after restoration showing the ceiling framing revealed when the plaster was removed. Burr Church, Photographer, ca Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 37. The ceiling of the old kitchen as restored with black/grey painted stripes in the 1920s. Figure 36 at left. The shadow of the earlier stairs to the second floor on the south wall of the old kitchen, as enhanced by painting black the area above the stairs. S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer, Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

72 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Element Description Date Framing Original exposed framing is present in the ceiling and on the north wall, although some pieces have been altered. The angled beam in front of the fireplace is a reused timber that must have been added when the fireplace was rebuilt in the mid 18th century. At the north wall joists rest on a ledger with plaster and brick nogging above. Joists in the chimney bay run east/west, unlike those to the east. The three westernmost north posts received new splayed inserts in the Ca upper portion in Whether the posts were as splayed before is unknown. Supplemental supports were added in the north and south walls in The east part of the beam at the south wall was also replaced in The joists in the east section were replaced when the stair to the second floor was removed. Floor Wide boards, secured with steel rose-head nails. 1920s Walls West, north and east walls: plaster. South wall: vertical sheathing boards. 19th c. Ca Baseboard Baseboard painted in black 3 inches high. It must have been reproduced from evidence or a similar original baseboard line. 18th c., restored in the 1920s Cornice None Ceiling Exposed framing and ceiling boards. Some boards replaced in 1920s when stairs to second floor removed. Ca s Firebox 65 1/2 wide by 45 1/2 high by 24 deep. 2nd half of 18th c. Mantelpiece Plain frieze over firebox, simply molded top and bottom that may indicate the full width of the original firebox. Plain board architrave around the firebox. Some elements were replaced in 1920s. Possibly pre-1755? 1920s Hearth Five rows of hearth bricks installed in 1920s; some may be reused. 1920s Doors Door to Tap Room: new six-panel door attached on the reverse of an old door visible in the Tap Room; HL hinges on the door attached with modern rose-head nails and a Norfolk latch. Door to east corridor: four flat panels with molded grooves, like Federal style doors, with a Norfolk latch. Door to north entry: four raised panels with brown glass knob. 1920s Door trim Door to Room 110: modern reproduction door with six raised panels. (Note: The Meriam period photograph shows a Victorian door to Room 110.) Plain boards beaded at the inner edge. Lintel board rides over jamb covers. The trim of the door to the Tap Room dates from the 1920s. Early 19th c. Early 19th c. 1920s? 1920s 64 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

73 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Windows Window trim Hardware Paint Fixtures/ utilities Special features Reproduction sash. Two north windows: westernmost, a single window; easternmost, a double window. Plain sill, jamb and lintel covers with a small bead at the inner edges, like the door trim. See above. Woodwork dark brick red, walls white. Ceilings painted with black chevron stripes. Portions of original black stripes ca. 1740s-1750s 1916 Hot water baseboard heat on north wall Small, low down door with leather hinges leads to the bar in the tap room.? s Ca. 1740s- 1750s Ca. 1713? Second Floor: Room 200. Northeast chamber This room began as a lean-to chamber with the roof sloping down the raised north plate of the leanto. Clues to the fact that the lean-to roof once terminated part way up the north wall of this room were first noted by Willard Brown: [On the north wall], we see, a short distance from the floor, the heavy horizontal timber on which originally rested the old roof rafters. That this was the old plate is indicated by the fact that the corner post does not extend above it.... It can be seen that the additional length of post, together with the necessary studding was set upon it. 134 The upper surface of the original north plate of the lean-to is 28 inches from the floor. One of the new posts added when the lean-to roof was raised to a full two stories can be seen in the northeast closet. Evidence of bracing is present on the post and new higher plate in the closet. The northwest window in this room, with its thick muntins, is the only surviving eighteenth century window in the building other than the transom window above the front door. At some point, the room was divided by a north/south partition. In the 19th century, the western room thus created served as Mary Meriam s clothes room, described by Abbie Griffing: It used to be a small room with one window always heavily curtained. Around it were bureaus and chests; on them were piled bandboxes great and small, reaching to the high shelves that ran around the walls. On these shelves were more bandboxes. In the ceiling were hooks, and stretched across from wall to wall were lines; and on hooks and on these lines hug garments not packed away in chests or bureaus. Aunt Mary kept the key, and as a treat would take us in with her. But not even Aunt Mary knew all the treasures contained in those chests.... Not until the clothes chamber was torn away were all its treasures revealed. One chest was full of homespun linen sheet, good as new, and marked in hair with initials of the maker, M.M. and the dates 1811, 1816, 1817, etc Ibid., Abby Stetson Griffing, The Silhouettes, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

74 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT In the late 19th century the clothes room was turned into a bathroom as shown on Willard Brown s ca plans. The partition remained until 1949 when the decision was made to have a resident custodian for the first time. Both parts of this space and the southeast chamber became the bedroom, while the southeast chamber became the living room for the custodian. At this time the middle window was added to the north wall; the fireplace was closed up and the adjacent bathroom on the east wall was given new fixtures. 136 Element Description Date Framing Framing in the ceiling from the period when the lean-to roof was raised: two north/south beams in the room, another in the closet. No post below the intermediate beam. The original lean-to plate is concealed below a small shelf on the north wall 28 inches from the floor. 2nd quarter of the 18th c. Ca Floor Walls Carpeted, apparently over linoleum. South, east and north walls: new plaster or wallboard renovations for custodian s West wall appears to be wallpaper and plaster skim coat over vertical boards. quarters? Baseboard Plain boards, 5 inches high, except on west wall. 19th or 20th c. Cornice None Ceiling Appears to be recent plaster. 1949? Firebox Bricked in in 1949, but chimney mass runs up the southeast part of the room. Plans from 1910s show firebox size. Mantelpiece None Hearth None visible. Doors Door trim Door to Room 202: six flat panels on this side. Victorian brown glass knob. Door to Room 205: six raised panels. Norfolk latch Closet door: board and batten door. Victorian brown glass knob. Door to stairs: unpainted door made of unpainted match boards. Plain board trim on all doors; lintel board spans jamb covers The frame for a second door on the east side of the door to Room 205 with half of an H hinge on the frame is present. The reason why there might have been a second door here is unknown. Windows Three windows in the north wall. The easternmost two are 6/9 replacement sash. The westernmost window, with thick muntins and period glass is the only remaining 18th century window in the building Window trim Simple casings finished with a half round at the front edge. 1920s 1920s 1920s th or 20th c th c. 19th c.? 136 See alterations to Room 200, shown on plans for the 1949 work. Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. 66 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

75 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Hardware Butt hinges; latches as described above 19th or 20th c. Paint Cream/white walls and brown framing 2012 Fixtures/ utilities Hot water baseboard heat Room 201. Bathroom Apparently a bathroom was installed here sometime after the Historical Society took over the building. A list of the renovations made to quarters for a resident custodian in 1949 called for the complete renovation of the existing upstairs bathroom. The floor of the bathroom is 5 1/2 inches above the floor of Room 200 in order to accommodate plumbing. Room 202. Southeast chamber The only visible feature surviving from the original ca construction is the framing, finished like the tap room framing with a wide bead. The ceiling and the joists were exposed and whitewashed originally. 137 The original firebox would have been deeper and perhaps taller; it may still exist behind the current ca.1820 firebox. Rufus Meriam no doubt undertook to upgrade this room in the early 19th century with new Federal style woodwork, including a mantelpiece similar to the ones he installed in the Tap Room and southwest parlor, the closet door and all window and door casings. The six panel doors to the stair hall and the northeast chamber predate the Federal style remodeling. William Finch found them to have at least one additional layer of paint previous to the layers on the other woodwork. At some point, an angled wooden board four inches wide was set below the chimney girt. This room was not restored in the 1920s except for the removal of torn and dingy paper. 138 In 1949, the room became the custodian s living room. More recently it has become part of the second floor exhibit space. Willard Brown pointed out that in the closet to the north of the fireplace when the floor boards were lifted, Access may be had to the unused space between the two chimneys filled as it is with debris. 139 He also mentions that one could still see the remains of an abandoned flue from an earlier fireplace. The flue,which is is not visible now, may have been the flue for the original ca old kitchen fireplace. 137 Photos taken in 1973 when the floor of the southeast third floor chamber was taken up show whitewash on the joists dating from before the ceiling was plastered. 138 Brown, Ibid. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

76 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Element Description Est. Date Framing Floor joists in ceiling: 21 1/2 to 22 1/2 inches on centers. Posts, south wall: exposed and splayed with inch-wide flat chamfers and run-out/triangular stops top and bottom. Posts, north wall: none visible. Beams: on three sides of the room decorated with beads that are nearly an inch in diameter. Rear (north) beam is boxed, but displays a bead similar to the others. A Meriam period photograph shows this beam covered with wallpaper. Summer beam: longitudinal, exposed and with bead similar to those on the other beams. All framing appears original to the ca construction; beaded case on north girt may have been introduced in the 1920s Floor Finish floor of wide boards, random widths, 8 1/2 to 12 inches. Date unknown Walls Baseboard Plaster. The reverse side of a small area of the plaster on the east wall can be seen in the view port in the post office ceiling. Perhaps the plaster on the west wall may be over board sheathing or paneling. The piece of dado left of the fireplace appears to be a late 19th c. alteration. A Federal style 6 1/2-inch high baseboard with molded top is visible in places and may exist behind heating elements. Plaster: some parts may be original to ca Late 19th c. Ca Cornice No cornice, but a picture rail is inserted in places below the beams Recent Ceiling Old plaster with a more recent textured skim coat that has fallen off in 18th century; places skim coat: 20th c. Firebox Shallow firebox with splayed jambs, 34 high by 53 wide by 20 deep. Ca Mantelpiece Simple, Federal style mantelpiece with frieze above the fireplace architrave that includes pilaster caps and a center panel that are delicately reeded. Ca Hearth Square brick hearth tiles, 3 rows. 18th c. Doors Door to stair hall: six panel door with raised panels on both sides. Butt hinges, but paint shadows indicate previous half H hinges. Door trim Closet door: two flat panels and butt hinges. Door to Room 200: Narrower than door to stair hall with six raised panels facing this room; butt hinges, but paint evidence of previous H hinges. All door architraves have similar cyma and fillet backband moldings mitered at the corners. Windows Reproduction sash th c.; hinges: 19th c. Ca th c.; hinges: 19th c. Probably ca Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

77 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Window frame casings Hardware Federal style architraves with small bead at inner edge and delicate cyma molding as backband. No trim above the windows as sash goes right up to an inch below the beam. Plain apron with bead at the bottom and cove and fillet molding at the top are present below the window sills. Door to closet has simple oval brass pull ring (looks Federal style); Other doors have Victorian brown glass knobs. Door to stair hall has modern dead bolt Ca Ca ; Late 19th c. Paint Green walls, white woodwork, brown floor 2012 Special features Hot water baseboard heat. Closet north of fireplace. Now finished wooden shelves and plaster walls, but previously with floor removed, the rubble and the space between the two chimneys could be seen s 39. Willard Brown s record photograph of conditions at the beginning of the restoration of the early 1920s. 38. The southeast chamber as it appeared during the Meriam ownership in the late 19th century. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

78 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Room 203. Upper Stair Hall This space contains the hanging staircase with the older style balusters in the balustrade on the second floor and on either side of the stairs to the third floor. The balusters and the hanging staircase are believed to date from the raising of the roof in the final enlargement of the Tavern. There would not have been room for the hanging stairs and the split staircases above them when the building had the lower gable roof. The balusters are consistent with mid 18th century design. The horizontal sheathing boards on the west wall could date from ca or from the construction of the southwest addition. Extensive rot in the south wall of the stair hall here required that the wall received new studs, boarding and plaster in Pre 1755 balusters in the second floor stair hall and the hanging staircase to the attic. Note plainer balusters on the first floor runs of the staircase. Element Description Date Framing The unboxed front plate is visible at the south wall. A plain, unchamfered west chimney girt is visible on the west wall. The west chimney post in the southwest corner of the stair hall is Ca ? concealed in a plain box, rounded at the edge. Floor Wide board 18th or early 19th c. Walls South wall, mostly new plaster after wall was opened to repair rotted studs. East and north walls: plaster 1973 East wall is two inches thick and may be original sheathing that was covered with plaster. West wall wide horizontal boards, perhaps original ca sheathing or the reverse of the early trim of Room 204. Probably 1920s Ca Baseboard Four inches high with small bead at top edge.? Cornice Small cove molding above south plate.? Ceiling Plaster 20th c. 70 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

79 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Doors Door to Room 202. Six raised panels, a period door with butt hinges, but evidence on the reverse of previous H Hinge. Door to Room 204. Six raised panels, a modern reproduction door with H Hinges on the reverse attached with modern screws. Door to attic: two long vertical raised panels, butt hinges and a Norfolk latch. 18th c. 1920s Early to mid 19th c.? 19th c. Door trim Two different versions of single architraves with cyma and fillet molded backbands. Windows Reproduction 12/12 sash Window trim Jamb moldings feature fillets and broad ovolo molding different from Late 19th any other window frames in the building. c.? Hardware As described above. Paint Cream colored plaster walls and grey woodwork and floor Special features Floating staircase to the attic trimmed with balustrades of vase shaped Ca balusters, plain hand rails and newels. Room 204. Southwest chamber, south part of Ballroom After the northwest chamber was built this room and the rear room, separated by a removable partition, could be thrown together to form a single space that was used as a ballroom. According to Worthen, the panels did not fold back against the walls, but were removed completely when not needed. 140 During the Meriam ownership the two rooms were permanently separated by closets built against the partition. The easternmost closet included a sink. In the 1920s the partition that turned the southwest and northwest chambers into a single room was discovered behind the wall of closets. Until the 1950s, the west upstairs chambers were thrown together for a meeting space with the partitions permanently removed. In the 1950s restoration, the old partitions were put back in place east of the doorway. 141 Modern partitions were put in place west of the doorway. Willard Brown described how the partition was rediscovered: When clearing away the closets and partitions that had been erected in later times, the old movable partition was found in place, though hidden behind applied plastering. It consisted of six panels, which slid in a groove at the ceiling and were secured by bolts to each other and to the floor. As one of the sections contained a hinged door and frame, it will be seen that the Ballroom could quite easily be transformed into connecting bedrooms, each with its own fireplace.... The continuous joint in the flooring marks the line between the older front portion and the later addition; but for a long time the reason for the irregular cut about an inch beyond was a source of much speculation. The only satisfactory explanation assumes that the rear wall in settling (as was most decidedly the case) had caused the floor to kick 140 Worthen, Ibid. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

80 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Figure 41. Southwest chamber chimney breast. Figure 42. View of the east wall of the southwest and northwest chambers after removal of the partition and the wall of closets south of it. Photo taken as part of Willard Brown s effort to document conditions in the Tavern at the time of the restoration of the 1920s. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 43 (at left). The partition between the southwest and northwest chambers, as restored probably in the 1950s after having been removed by the Society to create a large meeting space. 72 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

81 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern up under the paneled partition, which, in consequence, could neither be set up nor removed. To relieve the pressure, the floor boards were sawed through and not any too skillfully. This theory is strengthened by the holes, which may well have been bored for the insertion of a key-hole saw. When the permanent closets had, long years afterwards, been built between the two rooms, an additional coat of plaster was applied to the outside walls. 142 The chimneybreast is recessed five inches behind the plane of the east wall. Chimneybreasts tended to be recessed like this in the earlier part of the Georgian period before The fluted pilasters flanking the recess are consistent with that early date as are the two raised overmantel panels. The crossetted or eared architrave around the firebox, however, is unusual for that early period, more like a double architrave for a door than the typical bolection molding of the early and mid 18th century. The current architrave and the one like it in the northwest chamber may represent a later change in the early 19th century, as they cover parts of the face of the brick lintel and jams that are usually exposed around the firebox, the one in the northwest chamber being asymmetrical to the brick. In a photo of 1910, the stiles and rails of the chimneybreast were painted a darker color than the panels. This was a popular Victorian treatment. A mantel shelf was attached across the bottom panel. The plaster on the wall south of the chimneybreast is flush with woodwork adjacent to the pilaster. Possibly the plaster covers earlier woodwork or wall framing here. The reverse of this section of wall in the stair hall is covered with horizontal sheathing that looks early. It might be worth probing the wall to see what is under the plaster. Element Description Date Framing All framing is boxed except for the south plate. The south plate has a wide bead like the framing beads in the earlier side of the house. Ca. 1713; Cases: probably 18th c. The west tie beam has a second beaded molding half way up the beam. The southwest corner post is in a beaded case. The southeast post is apparently behind the wall. Floor Wide boards on top of joists 24 to 25 on centers; no steel 18th c. Walls Baseboard rose-head nails (like downstairs.) South and west walls: Plaster East wall: chimneybreast and fluted pilasters north part, plain plaster possibly concealing earlier wood trim, south part. North wall: Six sets of raised panels with two panels vertically. West of door, panels are reproductions of the 1920s. East of door, panels are 18th century. A five inch high section like that in the stair hall is found on the south wall near the door. Pre 20th c. 18th c.; Plaster may be 19th c. 1920s 18th c.? 142 Brown, 36. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

82 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Cornice A delicate, probably Federal style cornice runs across the fireplace? wall, following the changing planes of the wall. Elsewhere, a similar crown molding dresses the beam cases and the summer beam. Ceiling Old plaster. Ca Firebox 43 wide by 31 high by 18 deep. The jambs of the fireplace are 18th c. quite splayed. Mantelpiece Chimneybreast with two raised overmantel panels and a double architrave around the firebox that is crossetted at the corners. Hearth One row of square hearth tiles. Doors Door to the stairs: modern reproduction door with six raised panels and medium sized HL hinges and a Suffolk latch attached with modern screws. Closet door: two raised panels; butt hinges; no knob, but a key hole. Door to NW parlor: old reused door with six raised panels that has been pieced on either side to fit a wider door. HL hinges attached with large headed nails (date uncertain); Suffolk latch attached with modern screws. Door trim Slightly different versions of single architraves with cyma and fillet moldings. The architrave of the door to the stair hall was heightened at some point to accommodate a taller door. Ca. 1755; early 19th c.? 1920s 18th c. 18th c. Hardware Paint Fixtures/ utilities Special features Windows Reproduction 12/12 sash Window Reveals about four inches deep. Casings three inches wide? trim trimmed with typical cyma and fillet moldings surround the windows on the sides and bottoms. No moldings on top. See above Light green woodwork, darker green walls, and floor boards 2012 stained rather than painted. Hot water baseboard heat Closet predates Plaster walls and ceilings. An offset chimney flue, the flue of the fireplace in the southwest parlor, visible inside the closet. Room 205. Northwest chamber, north part of Ballroom. This room and Room 204, the southwest bedroom, have fireplaces with similar chimneybreasts. On this north part of the ballroom, the panels of the dividing partitions are flat. A photograph at the time of the 1920s restoration shows that the overmantel panels had been plastered over. This chimney breast is not recessed like the one in the southwest chamber.?? 74 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

83 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Element Description Date Framing All framing in boxes with narrow beads at the edge. Pre 1755 Floor joists inches on centers. Floor Wide boards with T head nails for the most part? Walls Old plaster. Pre 1755? Baseboard Five inches high with horizontal bead on top.? Cornice A cornice, like that in room 204, on the fireplace wall below the beam? case. On the upper sides the beam cases around the walls and along the summer beam is a similar cornice. Ceiling Old plaster. Pre 1755 Firebox 44 1/2 wide by 26 high by 15 deep.? Jambs are quite splayed. Mantelpiece Two raised-field overmantel panels and a crossetted (eared) architrave around the firebox like that in Room 204. Panels 18th c.; architrave early 19th c. Hearth Four rows of bricks Ca Doors Door to SW chamber: four panels, flat this side. Suffolk latch attached with screws; HL hinges held with modern nails with large heads. 18th c., reused in the 1920s or 1950s 1920s Door to Room 200: Six raised panels, Norfolk latch and small HL L hinges attached with modern screws. Door trim Door to Room 200: Single architrave with cyma and fillet molded backband similar to those in Room 202. Door to Room 204 Wide double architrave with shallow cyma and fillet. Looks like a modern addition. Windows Reproduction 12/12 sash Window trim Architraves with a cyma, a half round, a cove and fillet, unlike any other 1920s? window trim in the house. Probably 20th c. because little build-up of paint noted. Ca ? Hardware On doors see above. On folding panels, small H hinges Paint Light green woodwork, darker green walls. Floor not painted Fixtures/ utilities Hot water baseboard heat Special features Removable panels that are now fixed in place. 18th c. and ca. 1950s Room 206. Rear stairs This small space, built after the previous stairs to the second floor in the old kitchen were removed, incorporates the current rear staircase. In order to provide enough headroom, the roof over the stairs had to be raised above the rest of the roof of the new kitchen. This happened before 1910 (when a Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

84 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT photo of the rear of the building shows the roof extension in place). Steep stairs run from the new kitchen area. The walls of the stair hall are a combination of old plaster and vertical boards with a narrow bead at the edge suggesting a 19th century treatment. A simple balustrade adjoins the south side of the stairs. A small window on the east side lights this space. Attic The attic includes two staircases in front of the south chimney, one for access to the southwest chamber and one for access to the other chambers and hallway. There also are stairs in the attic north of the south chimney for access to the the scuttle in the roof. The two west chambers have fireplaces. All but the garret in the northeast corner were finished in the mid 18th century as living quarters and have ample closets. In the course of repair and fumigation work in 1967 and 1973 the attic rooms were stripped of the original plaster or boards on the walls and ceilings of all spaces except the northwest garret (where none had existed). Edges of timbers, where damaged occurred, were cut away. The complicated construction of the hip roof with central deck is visible. Evidence suggests that lath for the plaster ceiling was nailed to the underside of joists that were positioned on the upper part of the major beams, making headroom in the rooms as high as possible. At least one additional post was added in The two chimneys help to tell the story of the enlargement of the house. 143 Attic, south chimney: Most of the south chimney is made of large bricks laid in lime mortar consistent with the date of both the first construction of the Tavern and the ca addition. The chimney has four original flues east to west. Those for the southwest and southeast chamber fireplaces flank those for the first floor parlor and tap room fireplaces. On the south face of the chimney adjacent to the two inner flues, creosote has bled through the bricks, indicating the greater use of these two first floor fireplaces. On the north face of the south chimney cracks indicate the junctions of two of the flues. The chimney tapers slightly toward the top. In the closet of the southwest attic chamber, a line of mortar covers what is believed to be the junction between the flues for the fireplaces in original ca east part of the Tavern and the west part added ca The fireplace in the southwest attic chamber seems to have been built when the roof was raised. The fireplace s current flue, made largely of thinner bricks, was added onto the left (west) end of the south chimney flush with its south face and extending down below the level of the firebox as support for the new firebox. 144 Bricks for that flue are keyed into the original south chimney in only a few places. The newer bricks seem to have been added to form the south flank of the fireplace as well as 143 I am indebted to Richard Irons, historic chimney construction expert, for evaluating the evidence found on the two chimney stacks in the attic. 144 Richard Irons saw a few of the thicker bricks inside the flue of the southwest attic chamber fireplace. Thoses bricks were probably salvaged when adjustments were made to the existing chimney to insert the new fireplace, and apparently do not mean that there was a fireplace in the chamber before the roof was raised. 76 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

85 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern its flue. It includes a variety of brick sizes and a few reused bricks. Visible on the south chimney is remaining evidence that part of the chimney now enclosed in the attic was once above the roofline. On the east face is a line of mortar where the lower gable roof abutted the chimney. Just above that are evidence of drip courses of bricks on the south and east sides of the chimney. When the roof was raised, the chimney was extended upward using thinner bricks like those used to build the north chimney, indicating that the heightening of the south chimney and the building of the north chimney likely occurred at the same time. Attic, north chimney: The bricks used to build the north chimney could be as early as 1750 or as late as 1850, according to Richard Irons. The bricks are laid in lime mortar. Brick joints are scored. Normally, joints were scored when the chimney was not going to be plastered. Room 300. Garret This unfinished room served as a garret. Some walls are the reverse of vertical sheathing in adjoining spaces. On the perimeter of the room the rafters and purlins are exposed. Timbers in this space were scraped to remove damaged portions in Room 301. Southeast attic chamber This room had knee walls, sloped plastered walls and a plaster ceiling. The vertical sheathing on the west wall next to the hall is still covered with 19th century wallpaper. Element Description Date Framing Pine major beams, some scraped. Framing in the floor, including oak joists are from the original construction. Pre 1755 Ca Photos from 1973 show whitewash on the sides of the joists. Floor Wide unpainted boards Pre 1755 Walls The reverse of vertical feather edged sheathing boards, with wallpaper applied on west and north walls of room. Pre 1755 boards; wallpaper 19th c. Baseboard None Cornice None Ceiling Previously plastered, now open to rafters. Doors Door to stairs: board and batten door with butt hinges, and evidence of previous Suffolk latch. Closet door: board and batten, with butt hinges and evidence of Pre 1755? previous wooden knob Door trim None Windows Two dormer windows with reproduction sash Window trim Plain and minimal. Pre 1755? Hardware See above. Paint No paint Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

86 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Figure 44. North wall of the southeast attic chamber with finish materials beginning to be removed to investigate infestation of the timbers. S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer, Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Room 302. Attic stair hall The two sets of stairs in this space lead to opposite sides of the attic to access the three attic chambers, the garret, the Figure 45. Detail of wallpaper in the southeast attic chamber. connecting halls and the stairs to the roof. Simple handrails and newels with solid boards below finish the staircases. The south face of the south chimney forms the north wall. The floor south of the stairwell is finished with wide unpainted boards. The east and west walls of the stair hall are sheathed with feather edged boards, the reverse of the chamber sheathing on either side, painted grey. Room 303. Southwest attic chamber This chamber has a fine wall of vertical raised-field paneling of wide boards and of the older style paneling where boards with grooves alternate with boards with feathered edges. Finish materials, including those now missing, would date from the construction of the third floor, pre The insect and fungus treatment in 1973 resulted in the unfortunate removal of many of the 18th century finish materials in the room. Figure 46. Attic stair hall with knee wall sheathing partially removed, Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. 78 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

87 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Element Description Date Framing All visible major timber appear to be pine, but are in good shape without Pre 1755 having been scraped much in One new post was added in 1973 on the north wall. Floor Wide boards, unpainted. Pre 1775 Walls Previous knee walls removed; sloped walls above were stripped of original plaster and lath in Baseboard None Cornice None Ceiling None, but exposed rafters of the upper roof deck (Ceiling was plastered before 1973.) Firebox With flue added to south chimney. 35 wide by 23 high by 12 deep. Pre 1755 Mantelpiece Two vertical raised panels side by side with evidence of three shelves Pre 1755 previously attached to the chimneybreast. Hearth One row of bricks, some now missing. Pre 1755 Doors Board and batten door with feather edged board and grooved board on Pre 1755 the face of the door, wide strap hinges with leather under the nails Door trim None Windows Replacement sash Window trim Plain Pre 1755? Hardware Remains of Suffolk latch on door and small box lock. Large strap Pre 1755 hinges on the door to the stairs. Paint Woodwork light grey 2012 Room 304. Northwest attic chamber In the fireplace the mortar joints are carefully scored and the bricks are painted red. The hearth, made of bricks laid on top of the girt below, is unchanged from its original construction. There is a mantel shelf above the firebox. Element Description Date Framing All visible major beams appear to be pine; many of their edges were Pre 1755 scraped in The north part of the beam added in 1973 is visible in the south wall. Floor Wide boards, unpainted. Pre 1755 Walls Previous knee walls and ceilings were stripped of original plaster and 19th c. lath in South and east walls of the room are finished with wallpaper applied to the reverse of the sheathing of other spaces. Baseboard None Cornice None Ceiling None, except rafters and underside of roof sheathing of upper deck. Firebox 35 wide by 23 high by 12 deep, served by the north chimney. Pre 1755 Mantelpiece Two vertical raised panels side by side with mantel shelf added across panels. Pre 1755 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

88 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Hearth Three rows of bricks, some now missing. Doors No entry door; closet door is board and batten with wooden pull and 19th c. butt hinges. Door trim None. Windows Replacements Window trim Plain. Hardware See above. Paint Light grey woodwork; firebox bricks painted red Figure 47. Northwest attic chamber with finish materials beginning to be removed. S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer, Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 48. Northwest attic chamber after removal of walls and ceilings in Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. 80 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

89 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Figure 49. East wall of northwest attic chamber in S. Lawrence Whipple, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

90 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 82 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

91 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research began at the Lexington Historical Society Archives. Resources examined included the Buckman Tavern Collection in three boxes of documents and historic photographs; the Canavan papers prepared in the late 19th century by a researcher who studied Lexington deeds and probate documents in great detail; slides and documents in the S. L. Whipple papers; the Worthen file; the Meriam-Stetson-Griffing file; the Burr Church Photograph Collection; the Willard Brown Collection; plans of the Buckman Tavern from 1915 and c (Willard Brown Collection), (Rev. Donald Millar), 1949 (William Roger Greeley), 1962 (HABS Collection) and 1973 (Donald Muirhead). Also examined were the minutes of the Lexington Historical Society Council after Materials referenced, but not found in the Archives despite diligent searches, were William Sumner Appleton s advice to Willard Brown on the 1920s restoration; Autochrome (color) photographs of the Tavern before that restoration that were required by the Society s Council; plans of the 1920s restoration submitted to SPNEA for approval of that restoration; additional letters from Abbie Stetson Griffing about the Tavern during the Meriam/Stetson ownership: and any correspondence with Esther Stevens Fraser about her involvement, if any, in the restoration of the ceiling decoration in the old kitchen. Two documents in the Archives and one set of photographs proved particularly helpful: Willard Brown s The Story of Buckman Tavern, written in the 1920s, but not published until 1967; Edwin B. Worthen, Jr. s Buckman Tavern (1963); and S. Lawrence Whipple s annotated slides of the restoration of Three files folders on the Buckman Tavern Worthen Collection at the Cary Memorial Library yielded additional information, including Abbie Stetson Griffing s The Silhouettes A Reminiscence, a record of the Meriam family s life at the Tavern. The Historic New England Library and Archives had additional historic photographs, including snapshots taken by Henry Charles Dean and Donald Millar in 1910 and Microfiche in the William Sumner Appleton Correspondence File had some letters concerning the threat of demolition of the Tavern in 1912, but they were so dark as to be virtually unreadable. Reports of the Tavern, known to have been made by staff at the SPNEA Conservation Center, could not be located at Historic New England. Deed and probate research was undertaken at the State Archives and at the Middlesex County Court House. Research into the physical fabric of the building included standard methods of building archaeology: looking closely at features in the building and at building details such as the configuration and finish treatment of framing, at paint scars, and at nail and lath types. William Finch s extensive paint research made it possible to include more definitive information about the age of the various wooden elements in the building relative to each other than visual inspection alone could achieve. Richard Irons added significantly to the descriptions of fireplace and chimney construction. Each kind of research, physical and documentary, was intended to inform the other in order to elicit a greater understanding of the building and the people who used it. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

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93 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Bridget Leary Remembers. Typescript. N.d. Buckman Tavern File, Whipple Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Brown, Willard. Buckman Tavern February 12, 1928, in Radio Talks. Typescripts for a series of radio broadcasts. Willard Brown Collection. Lexington Historical Society Archives. Brown, Willard Collection. Lexington Historical Society Archives. Buckman Tavern Collection. Boxes 1, 2 and 3. Lexington Historical Society Archives. Buckman Tavern Photograph File. Lexington Historical Society Archives. Buckman Tavern Wallpaper Collection. Lexington Historical Society Archives. Canavan, M. J. Something about the Old Muzzy Farm before the Revolution. Typescript. Ca Lexington Historical Society Archives. Canavan Papers, Vol. I and II. Cary Memorial Library. Chase, Sara B. to Ann Ireland, Curator, Lexington Historical Society. November 19, Regarding examination of historic paints at the Buckman Tavern.. Investigation of Exterior Paint colors of Buckman Tavern Finch, William of Finch & Rose, Buckman Tavern Paint and Woodwork Dating Report. February Fuhrer, Mary. Buckman Tavern White Paper. February A series of essays on aspect of society in 1775: Lexington overview 1775; Lexington Militia; Youth; Women; and Slaves and Servants for new interpretation of the Buckman Tavern. Griffing, Abbie Stetson. The Silhouettes -- A Reminiscence. Worthen Collection, Cary Memorial Library. Circa Letters to Dr. Josiah Tilton. January 5, 1914 and January 27, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Historic New England. Buckman Tavern Historic Photograph and Correspondence Files. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

94 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Irons, Richard. Personal communication to William Finch and Anne Grady regarding Buckman Tavern chimney construction. January 14, Lexington Historical Society Council Minutes, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Lexington Tax Records for the 18th century. Town Clerk s Office, Lexington Town Offices. Meriam Stetson Griffing File. Lexington Historical Society Archives. Whipple Collection. Buckman Tavern File. Lexington Historical Society Archives. Worthen Collection. Buckman Tavern folders. Cary Memorial Library. Worthen, Edwin B., Jr. Buckman Tavern: an Account of the Land and the House, its Ownership and Development Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Secondary Sources Bliss, Edward P. Old Taverns of Lexington. Proceedings of the Lexington Historical Society Vol. 1, : Lexington Historical Society. Brown, Willard D. The Story of Buckman Tavern., Lexington Historical Society, Chamberlain, Mellen. A Documentary History of Chelsea. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere s Ride. New York: Oxford University Press, Hosmer, Charles. Presence of the Past. New York: G. P. Putnam s Sons, Hudson, Charles. History of the Town of Lexington. Boston: Wiggins & Lunt, History of the Town of Lexington. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Kollen, Richard. Lexington: From Liberty s Birthplace to Progressive Suburb. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Arcadia Publishing, Lindgren, James. Preserving Historic New England. New York: Oxford University Press, Phinney, Elias. History of the Battle of Lexington on the Morning of the 19th April, Boston: Phelps and Farnum, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

95 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Report of the Buckman Tavern Committee, Box 2, Buckman Tavern Collection, Lexington Historical Society Archives. Worthen, Edwin B., Jr. and S. Lawrence Whipple. A Brief History of the Lexington Historical Society on the Observance of its One-Hundredth Anniversary, Lexington: Massachusetts: Lexington Historical Society, Buckman Tavern Plans, Elevations and Details in the Lexington Historical Society Archives Donald Millar sheets of plans, elevations, and details. Willard D. Brown Plans of 1st, 2nd and 3rd floors.. Ca Cellar,1st, 2nd and 3rd floors with locations for radiators. Draftsman unknown Plans for renovations to accommodate a resident custodian. Alan McDonald. Historic American Building Survey Nine sheets of plans, elevations and sections and details. Donald Muirhead and Souza and True, Engineers Twelve sheets of plans for repairs and treatment for infestations. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

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97 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC VIEWS AND PLANS Figure 50. Daguerreotype of the Buckman Tavern, ca Reproduced from a photograph at the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 51. View of the Buckman Tavern decorated for the centennial celebration in Sign reads, One of the survivors, The Old Buckman Tavern. Wounded April 19, Steroscopic Scenery photographed by T. Lewis, Cambridgeport, Mass. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

98 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Figure 52. The Tavern in Albumen print by Chas. O. Hadgman, Bedford. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 53. An early color postcard made from a photograph of ca The color scheme shown is probably accurate for it replicates the yellow walls and brown trim found on the portion of the wall of the new kitchen encapsulated when the shed was added ca Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. 90 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

99 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Figure 54. View of he Buckman Tavern in By this time the building is unoccupied and shuttered. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 55. The Tavern in By this time the grounds are overgrown. The Carriage House shows at the left behind the building before it was moved to its current site near the Garrity House in Fred. S. Piper, Photographer. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

100 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Figure 56. First floor plan, ca Willard Brown, Draftsman. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Figure 57. Second floor plan, ca Willard Brown, Draftsman. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. 92 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

101 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern 58. Third floor plan, ca Willard Brown, Draftsman. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. 59. Plan of the wind containing the new kitchen and shed, ca Willard Brown, Draftsman. Courtesy of the Lexington Historical Society. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

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103 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern DRAWINGS & PHOTOGRAPHS The images that follow in this section of the report provide general contemporary views of the Buckman Tavern. A description of the building s architectural evolution is found in Part One: Developmental History. The unique architectural features of the Buckman Tavern are listed in Character Defining Features on page xx. Descriptions of building elements and fabric conditions are included in Conditions & Recommendations on page xx. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

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105 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

106 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 98 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

107 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern South and west elevations. Southeast diagonal ell (Post Office) at right. East elevation. Southeast diagonal ell (Post Office) at left, north ell (Kitchen) at right. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

108 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT East elevation. Southeast diagonal ell (Post Office) at left. West elevation. North ell at left. 100 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

109 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern CHARACTER DEFINING FEATURES Character defining features refer to the significant observable and experiential aspects of a building that define its architectural power and personality. They are critically important considerations whenever repairs or alterations are contemplated. Inappropriate changes to historic features can undermine the historical and architectural significance of the building, sometimes irreparably. Retaining a structure s integrity is essential to eligibility for National Historic Landmark and National Register of Historic Places status and for preservation grants such as Save America s Treasures, the Massachusetts Preservation Projects Fund, and Community Preservation Act funds. This survey considers the overall shape of the Buckman Tavern and its materials, craftsmanship, decorative details, interior spaces and features, and various aspects of its site and environment all elements that contribute to the building s unique character. Features listed in this section should be considered important aspects of the historic nature of the building and changes to them should be made only after careful consideration. The Buckman Tavern presents an interesting challenge when identifying its character-defining features. As described by Anne Grady in the Developmental History section of this report, physical changes to the building occurred in three time periods. Period One comprises the main building block and spans the period between original construction and the Revolutionary War. Period Two is associated with occupation by the Merriam family in the 19th century and includes construction of the post office and kitchen wings and the wood shed. Period Three encompasses the 1920 s revitalization of the building that included restoration of the Tap Room and Kitchen and the reintroduction of historically appropriate features that had been lost. The restoration event in itself was part of a significant national movement at the beginning of the 20th century to restore remnants of the Colonial past to an historic appearance. The work undertaken at the Buckman Tavern was firmly within that movement and has historic significance in its own right. The National Register/National Historic Landmark nomination identifies two dates of significance for the Buckman Tavern that bracket Period One as described above circa 1690 (construction date) and 1775 (date of the building s association with the Battle of Lexington). The aim of this section of the report is to attempt to identify character-defining elements that are historically significant in the context of the building s evolution over more than three centuries. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

110 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT SITE AND ENVIRONMENT The Buckman Tavern faces south towards Bedford Street at the center of a nearly three-acre park-like property. It is sited at the top of a gentle rise and is located adjacent to the historic battle green. The main entry is approached by a brick sidewalk. SHAPE AND MASSING The main block is rectangular in plan with Georgian proportions; it has a hipped roof and shed dormers on the front and side slopes. The northeast ell extends parallel to the main block and has a gabled roof. The southeast ell, also with a gabled roof, extends diagonally from the main block. The two ells are connected by a shedroofed addition along the eastern side of the main block. STYLISTIC FEATURES Materials Wood (clapboards) Wood (shingles) Brick Stone (granite, field stone) Glass Decorative & Stylistic Details: Exterior The main block is characteristically Georgian in form with a shallow hip roof, deep eaves, second level windows flush with the cornice, and the stylistic features listed below. Door surround with reeded pilasters, transom window, entablature and denticulated pediment Window sills and splayed lintels Shed roof dormers 12-over-12, 8-over-12 and 6-over-6 light windows (installed in the 20th century) Wood clapboards (early beaded clapboards are visible through the view port at the Post Office ell) 102 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

111 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Raised panel doors Brick chimneys Granite foundation and entry steps Decorative & Stylistic Details: Interior Exposed framing Paneled doors Wood trim, panelling and mantels Wide plank floors Fireplaces Door hardware Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

112 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 104 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

113 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern PRESERVATION GUIDELINES This section of the report describes how work performed on historic buildings should be approached in order to respect and preserve those elements that define their historic and architectural character. The character defining features of The Buckman Tavern identified in this report should be retained and preserved when possible. Repairs, maintenance, and renovations at the Buckman Tavern should be guided by the significance of the building and site as framed by the National Register of Historic Places and their character defining features. The Secretary of the Interior s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties should be used as a guide. The Standards provide advice on the preservation and protection of cultural resources and recognize four building treatments: Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration and Reconstruction. The first three are relevant to this project and are defined below. PRESERVATION is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of an historic property. Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials rather than extensive replacement and new construction. New exterior additions are not within the scope of this treatment; however, the limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a Preservation project. REHABILITATION is defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural or architectural values. RESTORATION is defined as the act or process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period. The limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a restoration project. APPLICATION OF THE STANDARDS Structural Systems: Minimal Intervention, Compatibility and Reversibility Working with historic construction involves the careful balance of modern engineering principles and traditional construction methods to meet established preservation objectives. The principle of minimal intervention seeks to do no Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

114 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT harm to the structure by over zealous efforts to upgrade structural systems to meet modern building code requirements. Stabilization and strengthening schemes should address life safety imperatives without compromising the original historic fabric by minimizing changes to the structure s materials and appearance and retaining as much of the existing materials as possible. Stabilization efforts must be physically and aesthetically compatible with the original building materials and design concept. New materials must be chosen for compatibility with existing materials to match physical and mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, porosity, density, vapor transmission, thermal conductivity, etc. Materials compatibility will assure consistent performance and response to applied loads and environmental conditions. When structural interventions are required to meet minimum life safety code requirements, they should be designed to be reversible. This means that they may be removed in the future without major compromise to the historic building fabric and do not interfere with or prevent future efforts to maintain the building. Additions Additions to a historic structure should be respectful and subordinate to the original building. Although the addition should possess similar mass, proportions and materials, and can feature complementary stylistic details, it should not replicate the original building. Materials When repairs are required, original building materials should be replaced in kind granite for granite, brick for brick, wood for wood. When traditional replacement materials are not available or are economically unfeasible, substitute materials that mimic the look, feel, and workability of original materials may be considered. Care should be taken when deciding to use a synthetic material, however, since modern products may interface poorly with traditional building materials, offer limited longevity versus traditional materials, and often exhibit color shifts and other deteriorative changes. Masonry Stone and brick elements should be replaced with matching material. Cast stone, which differs from natural stone in appearance, texture and workability, is generally not an appropriate substitute for natural material. An appropriate mortar formula should be established and adopted for all repointing campaigns. Clear records of the mortar mix, proportions of tinting pigments, and the application technique, including the final strike, should be documented in the building owner s maintenance records. Actual mortar samples should be retained with the records along with a sample panel on the building. 106 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

115 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Wood Windows, Doors & Trim Wood windows and doors are character defining features and essential contributing elements to a historic building s distinctive appearance. Repairing and weatherizing existing wood doors and windows is always the preferred approach for historic buildings and provides energy efficiency comparable to replacement elements. When windows have exceeded their useful lives and retention is not practical or economically feasible, an approach that combines repairing old windows where possible and introducing new windows where necessary is recommended. Where original windows cannot be salvaged, historically appropriate, high quality wood windows with pane configurations matching the originals and true divided lights are acceptable. Wood trim, both exterior and interior, should be similarly retained and preserved. Paint Finishes Original paint formulations and colors are character-defining elements that are often lost over time because the paint materials themselves are relatively short-lived. When repainting is necessary to preserve the integrity of the envelope, the colors chosen should be appropriate to the style and setting of the building. If the intent is to reproduce the original colors or those from a significant period in the building s history, they should be based on the results of a scientific paint analysis. Traditional lead-based paints, which offer excellent longevity, durability and color stability, are no longer available in the United States. The highest quality latex-based paints available should be employed instead, after thorough surface preparation and priming. Permanent vinyl or ceramic liquid coating systems are damaging to wood siding and historically inappropriate. APPLICATION OF THE STANDARDS AT THE BUCKMAN TAVERN Preservation of the architectural integrity and character defining features (described in Part 2-B of this report) of The Buckman Tavern should be a high priority for the building s stewards. The guidelines that follow describe how work performed on the building should be approached in order to preserve and celebrate those historic elements. Preservation of the Setting and Landscape Maintenance of the original setting of the Buckman Tavern is critical to its historic significance and aesthetic character. Removing or relocating any part of the building or placing a new building or addition on the site in a manner that disturbed historic spatial relationships or the street view would compromise the integrity of this National Landmark. Similarly, the landscape defining the traditional tavern setting should be retained to the extent possible and altered, if necessary, with respect and sensitivity for its historic elements. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

116 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Preservation of Massing and Form The form and massing of the Buckland Tavern describes its evolution based on historic use. If an addition is considered for the building, its design should be guided by The Secretary of the Interior s Standards for additions to historic properties and its appropriate location would be at the rear elevation. Preservation of Exterior Character-Defining Features Masonry The brick and stone elements should be retained and repaired as needed. An appropriate mortar formula should be developed and documented for use in future repointing campaigns. Roofing The cedar roof shingles are historically appropriate and should be retained and maintained. Wood Windows, Doors and Trim All wood materials should be retained and maintained. Original windows and doors should be restored and protected with historically appropriate storms. Preservation of the Interior Plan & Character-Defining Features The interior plan of the Buckman Tavern should retain its historic configurations and room relationships. All character-defining details identified in this report should be retained and preserved. 108 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

117 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern CONDITIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS The following is a survey of conditions at the Buckman Tavern. The survey is divided into building components and starts at the exterior, then the interior and finally building systems. Each building component is subdivided into three parts. A description of the building element is provided first, then conditions are described, and finally recommendations for treatment are made in italics. Some recommendations are for repairs while others suggest a maintenance activity that could ameliorate the observed degradation in condition. The conditions descriptions are categorized as to urgency by the terms poor, worn and fair. Poor conditions should be addressed as soon as possible, worn conditions should be resolved in the near future, and elements in fair condition may be addressed after five years but before ten years have elapsed. Note that this is a moving scale. While it may be possible to defer treatment for a period, the condition of an element will deteriorate. For example a worn element will weather to poor in a short time if not addressed. Therefore, the overarching recommendation is to address all conditions on the exterior that are less than fair sooner rather than later to limit future repair costs as materials continue to weather and deteriorate. A fourth category, good condition, applies to actively maintained elements where no work other than routine maintenance is required to retain the element. Overall the Buckman Tavern is in good to fair condition. Much of the wear stems from being a well-loved, often-visited landmark of Revolutionary history and a maintenance program that has not proactively addressed needs on the building exterior and at the interior. Our survey follows a top down, outside in approach. We start with the roof and work down to the foundation before moving to the interior where we work from the attic to the basement. We conclude with the building systems. This conditions survey is prepared in the context of the significant preservation and rehabilitation planning underway at the Tavern in This work is aimed at preserving the Tavern and providing life safety and access accommodations. The key plan that follows is color coded to illustrate the names used for various portions of the building in the survey below. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

118 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT fn KEY PLAN TAVERN KITCHEN AND WOODSHED ELL POST OFFICE AND CONNECTOR EXTERIOR ROOFS Description: The hipped roof of the Tavern s main block is red cedar shingles at sloped areas with lead-coated copper at the crown of the main roof and dormers. Flashings are lead-coated copper. At the Post Office and Ell, the slopes are red cedar shingles. There is aluminum flashing along the east eave of the Ell. Condition: Roofing and flashing observed to be in fair to good condition. Leaves have accumulated on the low shingled roofs and there is organic growth on the east and north slopes of the Tavern at both the upper and lower shingled slopes, the Post Office 110 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

119 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern and the Ell. The shingles are in poor condition on the east slope of the Ell around the chimney. Organic growths and leaf accumulations are the result of the north orientation and many overhanging trees which unfortunately shade much of the Tavern and the Post Office connector, exacerbating moisture retention in the wood siding and roof shingles. The soldered seams on the Tavern crown roof are cracking. The copper is in good condition and there does not appear to be any leaking at the cracked seams at present. However, over time the active movement inherent in a copper roof will cause those seams to open up even further. Staining and organic growth on the roof shingles; rust at gutters. Recommendations: Power wash roof to remove lichen and clean the shingles. Install lead sheet strips to wash the roof during rain to control organic growth and treat with a durable oil-borne preservative. Remove overhanging tree limbs to reduce shade and reduce volume of leaves. Clean roof of leaves regularly. Monitor joints of flat seam copper. (Unfortunately, resoldering these joints is not possible in their present state.) CHIMNEYS Description: The flues of the Tavern chimneys are unlined with screens on top. The Ell chimney is open and unscreened. Both chimneys are constructed of water struck red brick set in gray mortar, probably standard Portland cement. The original mortar would have been lime and sand, resulting in a light tan or buff appearance. Substantial restoration of the main block fireplaces occurred in the 1920 s restoration. Condition: Exteriors and interiors of the Tavern chimneys are in good condition on first and second floors. Attic flues are open to weather and disaggregate mortar is collecting in attic fireplaces indicating moisture is attacking the mortar in the upper portion of the flues. The interior of these fireplaces should be considered in worn condition by virtue of nearly a century of use. Kitchen chimney with missing brick at cap. The chimney at the kitchen ell is in fair condition. A brick is missing from the top course of the cap. The chimney is also being used to vent the oilfired boiler in the basement. There is no visible liner for the vent gases and there is Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

120 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT an accumulation of brick dust and disaggregate mortar at the vent pipe connection to the chimney mass in the basement. Recommendations: Remove wire mesh at tops of Tavern chimneys and install low profile copper caps at to protect opening from weather and minimize change to visual appearance from the ground. Demolish Ell chimney as part of the accessibility and life safety improvements. Reconstruct the stack above the roof line to represent the historic appearance of the exterior. The boiler is being relocated so the venting issue at the chimney will not be an issue. All chimneys should be inspected annually to check condition of mortar, bricks, caps and flashing. WALLS Description: The Tavern and Post Office are completely clad in painted clapboards installed in The Ell is painted clapboards except for a small area of wood shingles near the north end of the east wall of the north ell. Mildew and algae at siding and sill trim. Condition: Except for local areas of failing paint typical of deferred maintenance, primarily on the east side, the siding is in fair condition. Failing paint appears to be related to local damp conditions exacerbated by dense shade trees and heavy foundation plantings. Recommendations: Clean mildew and algae from siding. Remove loose paint, prime bare wood and replace siding; paint with two finish coats of paint. Thin overhanging trees and remove encroaching vegetation to speed drying of damp surfaces. Regularly inspect conditions, touch up paint when failure observed. Secure loose fasteners. Worn paint finish. TRIM Description: The tavern trim is a restrained combination of flat and molded running trim. Trim at openings is relatively modest with flat stock trim built up with running molding and a heavier built up hood. Corner boards are broad, flat stock. The frieze is band- 112 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

121 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern ed by a simple molding against the deep soffit. The painted copper gutters form the cornice. The Tavern facade entry trim is a stately pediment with reeded pilasters. The Post Office window trim on the wall facing the Tavern matches the the windows on the Tavern. Trim on the other elevations is simple flat stock which carries over to the Ell and all its openings. Condition: The trim is in generally fair to good condition but with local areas of failing paint and mildew. The base of the door trim at the Tavern door requires conservation. There is missing molding at some opening casings. Recommendations: Clean mildew and algae from siding. Remove loose paint, prime bare wood and replacedmolding paint with two finish coats of paint. Thin overhanging trees and remove encroaching vegetation to speed drying of damp surfaces. Regularly inspect conditions, touch up paint when failure observed. Secure loose fasteners. Replace missing wood with new rot resistant pieces matched to adjacent features. WINDOWS AND DOORS Description: The windows and doors are painted wood. The windows are double-hung except for the hopper cellar windows, the awning window at the rear stair hall, and two small fixed windows on the east side of the Ell. The windows at the Tavern first floor are period reproductions of double hung windows that replaced 19th century double hung two-overtwo windows. They likely date to the 1920s restoration. On the Tavern second floor, two windows on the north elevation next to the cupola have metal tracks in the jambs and likely date to when the caretaker s quarters on the second floor were improved. The other windows appear to be mostly reproductions from the same era as the first floor windows. Reproduction windows at Post Office ell. Note deteriorated paint finish at lintels and sills. Some windows in the Connector to the Post Office are similar to the second floor windows with the metal jambs and likely date to the same period. Windows in the Post Office itself are also period reproductions. Windows at the Ell are simple, double hung units with multiple lights in several configurations reflecting the evolution of the Ell and years of repairs. The doors are paneled stile and rail type except for the east (cellar door) and west Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

122 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT doors at the north wing. The front door to the Tavern was made in 1956 but mimics proper characteristics of an 18th century door. Doors into the Ell are simple, flat panelled stile and rail on the west and north elevations. The basement door on the east elevation is vertical board sheathed on the exterior. The door into the kitchen is thick plank built. Deteriorated casing and threshold at Tavern door. worn. Condition: The windows are in generally fair to good condition. There are a few cracked g;ass lights. Casing at the windows is separating from the walls at some locations. There is minor wood deterioration on the sills at shady locations and where paint has The doors are in worn to fair condition. The front door casing at the Tavern is deteriorated at the threshold and the threshold is showing rot. The southwest and northwest entries to the Ell are worn from use. The north door on the Ell is not used and the wood steps are in worn condition. The cellar door is in poor condition, but is repairable. The screen door at the east door into the Ell is in poor condition and the door to the interior is in worn condition. Recommendations: Broken lites should be examined. If the glass is historic it should be repaired with epoxy if possible. Gaps between casing and walls should be made weather resistant by filling with caulking. Windows should be spot glazed, deteriorated wood repaired with epoxy or Dutchmen depending on degree of deterioration. Interior storm windows should be installed to reduce heat loss and limit draftiness. Wood should be allowed to dry out after dampening; this can be helped by removing overhanging tree limbs to reduce shade and removing plantings under and around the windows and doors. Replaced rotted portions of the planks on the east door into the basement of the Ell. The east doorway into the the ground level of the Ell and the southwest doorway will both be modified for life safety requirements. The east door, an early surviving door, will be carefully removed and retained as an artifact. The southwest door is not historic and the opening will become an accessible entry. RAINWATER CONTROL SYSTEM Description: These are the gutters and downspouts that collect water from the roof and convey it away from the building. Gutters are painted copper at the Tavern and Post Office west elevation. The west elevation of the Ell has copper lined painted boards. 114 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

123 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Downspouts are cylindrical sheet metal, painted to match the siding. Downspouts on the south elevation of the Tavern tie into boots that presumably connect to a dry well. All other downspouts shed directly to the ground. Condition: Gutters are in fair to good condition. The Tavern gutters show stains where water has overflowed due to clogged gutters and downspouts. There is an open seam at the center of the north run of gutters. The downspouts at the north and west elevations empty onto splash blocks. The downspout on the east elevation of the Tavern is disconnected and would drain directly onto the Post Office connector roof. The downspouts are in fair condition The painted gutter at the Post Office is in good condition but shows the same staining as the Tavern gutters. The single downspout also attaches to a boot with an assumed dry well; this is in fair condition with its seam opening at the back side. Only the west side of the Ell has a gutter. The gutter is in good condition but the downspouts are in poor condition. They have split along their seams and are filled with leaves. Recommendations: Repair seams in gutters and paint during the renovations. Replace all downspouts during renovations and provide new dry wells to eliminate splash blocks and improve drainage around the foundations. Clean gutters of leaves twice a year at minimum. Remove overhanging tree limbs to reduce shade and reduce volume of leaves. FOUNDATIONS Description: The Tavern foundations are mortared rubble stone faced with granite slabs. The Post Office and the south half of the Ell foundations are mortared rubble and field stone. The north half of the Ell under the 1860 shed is a concrete block foundation constructed in Condition: The granite facing is in good condition but the joints must be completely repointed. The various rubble foundations are in poor to fair condition with widespread mortar failure at the rubble stone areas, most significantly at the southwest corner Disconnected downspout on east elevation of Tavern. Granite slab facing on foundation. Rubble stone seen at corner behind downspout. of the Post Office where cracks in mortar allow daylight to enter the basement. The block foundation appears to be in fair to good condition. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

124 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Recommendations: Repoint exterior of foundations with appropriate mortars for the stone. A harder mortar can be used at the granite joints and a softer mortar should be used at the rubble foundation. Include chinking stones at the rubble foundations to reduce the size of larger mortar joints. Cut out any loose mortar in the concrete block foundation wall and install new mortar. INTERIOR ATTIC Attic above current gift shop Description: The Tavern attic contains remnants of the garret rooms extant in The visible framing dates to the expansion of the Tavern to its present size and the exposed brick of the north and south chimneys show ghost evidence of the earlier saltbox roof configuration. Roof framing once concealed behind the plaster ceiling in the garrets is now exposed as a result of extensive structural repairs in 1973, revealing the heavy timbers used to frame the mansard roof. The second floor ceiling framing is concealed beneath the floor boards. The floor boards and partitions seem to date to the 18th century as well. Outside walls at the north and south are plaster. There are painted vertical panel walls and doors at the northwest and southeast rooms. The walls on the west and north of the southeast room and the south and east walls of the northwest room are papered with early wall paper. The Ell attic above the gift shop may date to the construction of the shed in The floor framing is concealed from above and below. The Ell attic is used for storage above the gift shop and is finished with low plaster walls on the east and west and a plaster wall up to the ridge on the north and south walls. Rafters are exposed. The south wall divides the attic above the modern kitchen from the attic above the gift shop. Above the modern kitchen the space is unfinished and loose insulation fills the ceiling joist bays. All wood framing is exposed. Condition: The attics are both in fair to good condition. The Tavern floorboards are worn and there are some cracked and loose floorboards. Interior partitions at the Tavern are layered with wall paper over plaster or show bare plaster with some cracking. 116 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

125 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern The Ell attic is used for storage above the gift shop. The floor boards are in fair condition and the roof framing seems to be in good condition. The plaster is in fair to good condition without much deterioration from the storage use. Recommendations: All spaces are minimally used and only the Tavern attic is used as part of museum operations when the re-enactors use dormer windows. Storage use should discontinue in the Tavern attic. The Ell attic spaces will be modified in conjunction with the life safety and architectural access rehabilitation work. FLOORS Description: Basement floor in full height spaces is a concrete slab. Crawlspaces are dirt with a covering membrane that may be serving as a vapor barrier. First floor in the Tavern is broad planking, unpainted. The second floor of the Tavern is slightly raised and carpeted in the room adjacent to the cupola. The second floor bathroom has sheet goods on the floor. The remaining floors are wide plank, painted. The first floor of the Post Office is wood planking with clear finish laid perpendicular to the south wall. The floors in the Connector are covered in linoleum. The floors of the Ell are vinyl tiles at the modern kitchen and clear finish planks with a protective area rug at the gift shop. Condition: The basement concrete is in good condition with some local wearing. Wood plank flooring throughout is in worn condition. This is most apparent in the Tavern first floor where the floors are unfinished and show clear traces of traffic patterns of visitors with the most highly travelled routes almost blonde with wear. The traffic has also forced up some of the rose head spikes meant to hold down the floorboards. The finished floor int he Post Office is in fair condition as is the floor in the Ell at the gift shop. The painted floorboards on the second floor of the Tavern and in the cupola are also in fair condition having been protected by the paint coating. The vinyl and linoleum are worn and near the end of their useable life. The carpet is in good condition. Sloped store and threshold at door into colonial kitchen Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

126 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Recommendations: No work is called for in the basement except for cuts for footings associated with the life safety and accessibility work. Resecure all nails in the Tavern first floor. Epoxy treatment to harden the floors has already been considered and rejected because it changed the appearance of the wood too much. A runner carpet could be installed to protect walking paths, but this would change the interpretive experience at the Tavern. The other alternative is a protective finish, but again that would change the interpretive experience. The second floor painted boards should be maintained with paint coating to protect the wood fiber. The linoleum and carpet will be removed as part of the life safety and architectural access rehabilitation work. The finishes should be maintained on the Post Office and gift shop floors. WALLS Description: Basement walls under the Tavern and the Post Office are rubble stone with a whitewashed surface. Exposed stone extends to the basement door on the east wall of the Ell. First floor walls are painted plaster throughout the building except at the north wall between the Tap Room and the Colonial Kitchen, which is made of vertical planks with fading paint. At the gift shop the plaster is above a horizontal board dado. Second floor walls are painted plaster. Vertical plank wall between Tap Room and Kitchen. Attic walls are plaster at the outside walls and planks with wall paper at the interior partitions of the garret rooms. Condition: Plaster is in fair to good condition. Plaster is intact through most of the building. There is a gap between a post and wall which has been filled with rags at the Colonial Kitchen in the Tavern. Paint finish is flaking from the curved plaster at the chimney of the first and second floor northeast rooms of the Tavern. Wall plaster at the Post Office and Ell is in good condition. Attic walls in the Tavern are in worn to fair condition. Attic walls in the Ell are in fair condition. Partition at ballroom was once operable. 118 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

127 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Recommendations: Basement walls should be left as they are with repointing occurring as required in conjunction with the foundation repointing. First floor plaster walls should be patched at the holes, minor cracks skimmed over and repainted at failed painting. Ell walls will be refinished in conjunction with the life safety and rehabilitation project. Attic walls should be left as they are since they do not appear to be actively deteriorating and the space is not part of the interpretive program. CEILINGS Description: The basement ceiling is exposed framing throughout. The first floor ceiling in the Post Office and Connector is painted plaster. The two east rooms of the Tavern have exposed second floor framing and sub floor for ceilings. The two west rooms have plaster ceilings with partially exposed cased beams. The modern kitchen in the Ell has a painted plaster ceiling. The gift shop in the shed portion of the Ell has a plank ceiling. The second floor ceilings are painted plaster. The attic ceilings are exposed framing and wood sheathing. There is evidence of historic plaster ceilings in the garret rooms. Condition: The exposed framing in the basement has been repaired and treated with preservatives and insecticides and seems to be in good condition. Plaster at the first and second floors is in fair to good condition; there is little cracking and virtually no sagging. Failure is occurring in the paint in the Ell at the modern kitchen, but this does not appear to be water related and may instead indicate an adhesion problem. Attic ceilings are in fair condition, mostly showing historic dark stains from leaking, but there does not appear to be any current leakage. The wood ceilings in the Tavern are in fair condition due to faded finishes, but the faded appearance contributes to the period feeling of the spaces. Exposed framing in the basement. Note rubble foundation. Recommendations: Basement ceilings should remain exposed. Adhesion problems with the paint in the Ell will be addressed during the life safety and access rehabilitation project. Attic ceilings should remain unchanged. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

128 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT TRIM Second floor door heights were measured. Description: In the Tavern and the Post Office the standing and running trim is painted. Casings at doors and windows have simple molding profiles if any exist. Fireplace surrounds range from rustic, unpainted boards in the Tap Room and Colonial Kitchen to formal mantelpieces set into raised panelled walls at the west side rooms of the first and second floors of the Tavern. Beams and plates and posts at these rooms are cased with beaded or chamfered corners. Trim in the Ell is simple and painted at the modern kitchen and clear finished rough sawn at the gift shop including the horizontal board dado and the vertical posts. There is little remaining trim in the Tavern attic and simple flat stock trim in the gift shop attic. Condition: The trim throughout is in fair to good condition. Most all trim shows wear and tear commensurate with the building history. Finishes are nicked, scratched and scraped thin along paths of travel. Joinery at the panelled walls shows some opening but is generally in fair to good condition. Recommendations: Finishes should be renewed throughout as part of protection for the underlying fabric. FENESTRATION Description: The basement windows are hopper units. Throughout the building windows are double hung except for the cupola and the fixed window in the attic of the Ell. Windows were produced in the 1920s to appear historically appropriate and replaced mid-19th century, large paned sash. Doors are stile and rail construction with some raised panel and some flat panel in the Tavern and Post Office. The doors in the Ell are also stile and rail with the exception of the slab-built and plank faced east exterior doors. Condition: Windows are in fair to good condition, with worn paint on the operating surfaces and where condensation occurs during winter months. Doors are in fair to good condition; most seem to operate smoothly, but several bind at the threshold. Thresholds are generally worn from all the foot traffic and from operation of the doors. 120 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

129 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Recommendations: Renew paint on window sash and install interior storm sash. Adjust doors as required to operate smoothly and where required, accommodate persons with disabilities. Replace the southwest and sotuheast doors of the Ell with doors sized for egress. FIREPLACE AND HEARTHS Description: There are two attic fireplaces in the garret rooms of the Tavern, three fireplaces on the second floor, and four on the first floor. Fire places in the Tap Room and Colonial Kitchen are large open expanses with exposed brick. The other fireplaces are shallow backed-rumford style with parging over the brick. The sole fireplace in the Ell is concealed behind cabinetry. Bricks are painted white. Condition: The Tavern fireplaces on the first and second floors are in good condition. The lintel in the Ladies Parlor should be inspected for rust. The attic fireplaces are in worn to fair condition. They show traces of deteriorated brick and crumbled mortar in the firebox and daylight is visible from the open flues above. The Ell fireplace is in fair condition. Recommendation: Provide low profile caps for the Tavern chimneys that will limit visibility. Shelter the flues from direct weather to reduce the deterioration visible in attic fireplaces. Clean attic fireplaces of debris. This will need to be done once a year. The Ell fireplace will be carefully disassembled for the construction of the handicap restroom. This work will be documented in photographs and representative elements will be retained in the Historical Society archives. HARDWARE Deteriorated brick and crumbled mortar in attice fireplace firebox. Description: Throughout the Tavern the hinges are mostly wrought iron H and HL hinges. There are Norfolk and Suffolk style latches at the doors in the four first floor rooms except for the door into the Ell, which has standard butt hinges and a rim mounted knob. Window locks are typical cam-type mechanisms. The preserved front door of the Tavern which is currently displayed adjacent to the doorway has old Suffolk style strap hinges. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

130 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Post Office doors have similar historic hardware. Hardware on the doors in the connector consists of butt hinges, rim locking hardware mortise locksets and old cylinder locks. Knobs are generally brown porcelain with a swirl pattern. Windows have cam-type locking mechanisms. Door hardware in the Ell is also a combination of rim locking hardware mortise locksets and old cylinder locks. Knobs are generally brown porcelain with a swirl pattern. Windows have cam-type locking mechanisms. In the modern kitchen the windows operate with cotton sash cord over brass pulleys. Condition: The hardware on the Tavern doors is in good condition. It is durable and wears well. Window hardware is in good condition. Post Office hardware is in good condition, but in the connector the hardware is in worn to fair condition with many latch sets on the doors only partly intact, missing knobs and even latches. Most hardware is thickly over painted. Ell hardware is in fair to good condition with some over painting and missing sash cords at the windows. Recommendations: Leave Tavern hardware in place as part of the interpretive experience. It is important to ensure that none of the doors are binding or dragging since forcing a door puts stress on the hardware and could break it. Also, since none of the hardware meets accessibility requirements, all doors along the public route should be fully open during visitation hours especially with the introduction of self-guided tours. Post Office hardware at the entry door will be replaced when the door swing is reversed. This is an accessible entry to the building and the hardware must be an accessible, lever-type device. Doors in the connector will be removed and the passage made accessible in the life safety and accessibility rehabilitation project. The Ell doorways will be removed in the life safety and accessibility rehabilitation project. All hardware on new entries will be accessible. Hardware on the northwest and north doors will remain unchanged since the doorways will no longer be used. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER PAINT ANALYSIS Bill Finch of Finch & Rose prepared an in-depth paint analysis report that is included as an appendix to this document. His recomendations for further investigation are repeated here for the convenience of the reader. Southwest parlor 1. Take paint samples from the paint shadow under the mantel where moved slightly in 1921, or alternatively temporarily remove the mantel. This may confirm that the mantel was installed after paint generation #3 was applied to the room. 2. Take paint samples for cross sections from the plinth block below the casing of the door to the entry to determine when in the paint sequence the blocks were 122 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

131 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern added to raise the height of the door. Also examine the door frame on the entry side for evidence that it was altered. 3. Remove the modern wood panel at the base of the closet to the left of the fireplace to determine how much the masonry from the kitchen fireplace intrudes into the original firebox of the parlor fireplace. Also check measurements of the position of the kitchen fireplace and depth of its oven to verify/correct accuracy of the floor plan of the fireplaces. 4. Determine whether the wood wainscot was installed over the original lower wall plaster, and if any of the plaster remains to provide evidence of its 18th century finishes. A starting point for this would be to pull out the electric box on the west wall to look behind the wainscot with a boriscope, as well as to accurately measure the plane of the wainscot in relation to the plaster above it. If this indicates there is intact early plaster behind the wainscot, temporary removal of a section of wainscot and/or mop board to reveal the plaster would be worthwhile. 5. Look for nails in wainscot and mopboard to determine if cut or wrought nails were used - wrought would suggest they were installed , cut suggests after c (but cut were available in the late 1790s, so this is not definitive evidence). Entry 1. Examine the back side of the treads and risers as visible in the tap room closet to determine if they are fastened with cut or wrought nails. If only cut nails are used this would be further confirmation that the staircase was rebuilt in the Federal period. Also look more carefully for evidence that its direction might have been reversed. Also look for nail types used in board sheathing. 2. Take additional paint samples for cross sections from the turned balusters and stringer at the 2nd floor landing, and from the stringer to the attic stairs. 3. In situ sample paint of mop boards, door casings, and wainscot, and possibly take more samples for cross sections to determine the relative age of these components. Old Kitchen 1. Take a cross section paint sample from the girt above the door to the tap room, as this section has not been replaced and appears to retain a substantial paint buildup. This may help to establish the relative age of the fireplace mantel. Also take additional cross section samples from the mantel woodwork to clarify its extent of alterations. Tap Room 1. Take cross section and/or in situ samples of the window casings and seats to verify the relative age of these elements. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

132 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Southwest Parlor Chamber 1. Take cross section and/or in situ samples from door to NW chamber to determine if its graining relates to the graining on the SW parlor closet door, which might indicate it was reused from the parlor when its doors were removed c Take cross section samples from the old raised panel woodwork to the right of the door to the NW chamber and from the fireplace woodwork to determine if the paneling is original to the chamber. Tap Room Chamber 1. Take cross section samples from the 2 old 6 panel doors and adjacent early woodwork to determine if the doors are original to the room or are reused. Exterior 1. Take paint samples from the main cornice and frieze board in hopes of getting some correlation between early clapboard paint and trim paint. Requires a tall ladder. Samples taken by Sara Chase in 1987 did not provide any definitive answers to this issue. 2. Take paint samples from the window head enclosed within the post office attic (Access is difficult and complicated by the addition of insulation). RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERIOR PAINT FINISHES The architectural evolution of the Buckman Tavern is well documented in the foregoing sections of this report. From its origins as a vernacular saltbox structure, it evolved into an impressive Georgian style structure surmounted by a hip roof and supported by a service ell that witnessed the start of the American Revolution in 1775, with its echoes of Renaissance classicism and the Enlightenment. Modifications and improvements continued until the end of the 19th century by the families that occupied it, including the single story wing added c serving as the post office, now known as the Old Post Office. The understanding of the historical significance of the Tavern was recognized in the late 19th century with emerging antiquarian interests and the Colonial Revival movement that focused in particular on the time of the Revolution. A particularly vivid account by one of the occupants, Abbie Stetson Griffing, c. 1914, details observations with lore and family reminiscences. With the acquisition of the Tavern and its remaining property by the Town of Lexington in 1913 and the subsequent long term lease to the Lexington Historical Society (renewed for a second 99 year terms in 2012), the Tavern building was subjected to extensive renovation and with it, some restoration aimed at recovering its appearance in Subsequent maintenance and repairs were supplemented by occasional forays into restoration, usually superficial such as the 1950s introduction of wallpaper to the walls of the southwest parlor. 124 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

133 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern In extensive structural work in the attic had the unfortunate consequence of necessitating selective removal of portions of the plaster and paneling of what were finished rooms. While some of that evidence is retained, the overall appearance is much changed. In the exterior colors were restored to their appearance in 1775 based on paint analysis. The transformation from white body with dark window shutters, also removed for the sake of authenticity, was a courageous one in view of the popular opposition at that time. The wholesale replacement of the clapboard siding in 1996 took place with the now accepted historic paint colors. The decision of the Lexington Historical Society to focus on the interpretation of the Buckman Tavern at the period of the Revolution, specifically its eve in April of 1775, is well established. While recognizing that portions of the building reflected subsequent architectural treatments, the decision to use finishes based either on actual surviving physical evidence or treatments known from that period allows the preservation of later materials without unduly distracting the viewer. In the end, we may think of the Tavern as a palimpsest wherein the layers of occupation and taste remain beneath or just peeping through to the keen observer. The intention to present the Tavern in a way that makes vivid the time and place in April 1775 does not diminish what has gone before or after that time, but makes signal an important passage in our history. Exterior The paint colors uncovered in and confirmed in 2012 by pigment analysis should be continued, with refinement on the exact matching for clapboards, trim, sash and doors. Interior As part of the investigation of the physical evolution of the Buckman Tavern, Bill Finch of Finch & Rose examined the paint history primarily for dating purposes. That said, the analysis of paint layers was sufficiently detailed that is was possible to reasonably identify paint colors for purposes of this description. Additional research is recommended during the construction phase to refine the building evolution story and the color matching. As a general note: the Tavern is museum space with intervention limited to systems improvements. Although post 1775 architectural fabric exists, it will be retained in situ with finishes to represent the 1775 period. These finishes are superficial and can be changed at some point in the future if further evidence supports those decisions. Main Block, the Tavern Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

134 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Basement The perimeter stone walls can be whitewashed for cosmetic purposes. This is optional. First Floor Tap Room Significant for its associations as a popular gathering place, its appearance is in part based on actual physical evidence such as the fireplace, in part on educated conjecture and in part on lore. This room has been heavily restored with materials that have been reused from other locations such as the floor boards, doors and the window seats. Retaining its present appearance is recommended for finishes. Walls Plaster walls: Whitewash Painted woodwork: Continue the present scheme of grey blue and deep red. Ceiling Retain the worn whitewash as is. Floors Clear stain. Entry and Stair Hall No longer used as the main entry or indeed as a passage to the second floor by visitors, this is mainly a display space. The slightly dissonate note is the lower section of stair balusters, dating from the early 19th century. From the second floor to the attic, the early turned balusters survive. Both tell the story of changing styles and tastes and should be retained as is. Walls Plaster walls: Whitewash. Special treatment: Preserve the surviving history wallpaper (dated between 1845 and 1860) of the Cervera patterns in situ, covering by a protective panel so that it can be whitewashed to be consistent with the other wall surfaces. Make sure there insufficient air space so that vapor is not trapped beneath the panel. The panel should be inert material such as Plexiglas. Painted woodwork: Venetian Red, by Ronan Paint, diluted to a thin consistency, dead flat finish. Ceiling Retain the worn whitewash as is. Floors Clear stain. 126 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

135 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern West Room This is probably the most confusing of the first floor rooms. Its present appearance, dating from the 1950s, is intended to evoke a Ladies Parlor during the time of the Tavern history. Subsequent documentary research points to the use of the Tavern by townspeople and selectman during the 18th century as a place for public meetings (see appendix for Buckman Tavern as it appears in the Records of Town Meetings and Selectmen s Meetings ). Secondary sources reinforce the idea that taverns were places where ideas and information of the day were shared through conversation and reading materials. With the introduction of various taxes and restrictions by the English government beginning in the 1760s, it is likely that this best room was the site for political and intellectual discourse. Hence it is being transformed from a Ladies Parlor to the West Room. The other factors are the significant architectural alterations that seem to have occurred during the early Meriam ownership, c Probably the most prominent example is the Federal style mantelpiece. Yet there is much other woodwork which predates this updating of the room. The best contemporary paint color match for the 1775 era was found on the summer beam casing and is the basis for the recommendation today. Walls Plaster walls: Whitewash Painted woodwork: Benjamin Moore Historic Colors HC 108, Sandy Hook Grey, semi gloss. Ceiling Whitewash Floors Clear stain. Small Parlor A room with many uses starting with the old well room and other utilitarian uses including the more elevated status as Landlord s Bedroom and Rev. Stetson s Study, to its present condition restored during the 1920s. With this hybridized history of use, the intention is to portray it today as a more refined and private parlor. Walls Plaster walls: Wallpaper is recommended for this small parlor which will be interpreted as a multi-use room for small meetings or dining that included lady visitors to the tavern. Of the various period wallpapers considered, a leading candidate is Cape Cod Floral, , a reproduction wallpaper by Waterhouse Wallhangings based on a Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

136 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT document in their Archives: charcoal on pale mustard. While no longer printed, 10 double rolls were located on Ebay for $33.50/double roll. Cape Cod Floral pattern wallpaper from Waterhouse Wallhangings. Painted woodwork: Continue the color treatment of the West Room Benjamin Moore Historic Colors HC-108, Sandy Hook Grey, semi gloss. Ceiling Whitewash. Floors Clear stain. Old Kitchen As previously stated with great detail, this room, intensely evocative as an early 18th century kitchen, is also a complicated mélange of architectural fabric, restoration and decorative treatment. In addition to the fireplace meeting all expectations for what a cooking fireplace should look like, there is the striking decorative painting on the ceiling consisting of black stripes and chevrons on the whitewashed wood joists and underside of the floor boards of the second floor. It is appears that the original design was in painted and augmented by Esther Stevens Frasier in the 1920s. Walls Plaster walls: Whitewash Woodwork: No treatment 128 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

137 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Ceiling No treatment Floors Clear stain. Old Post Office and corridors (see final accepted design Option 4): This now serves as the main point of visitor entry and as the gift shop. Walls Plaster walls: Whitewash Woodwork: Paint in colors to be selected. Ceiling Whitewash Floors Clear stain. Exhibit/Orientation Space This is adapted from the former kitchen and woodshed. Walls Plaster walls: Paint in colors to be selected. Woodwork: Paint in colors to be selected. Ceiling Paint in colors to be selected. Floors Clear stain. Bathroom This is adapted from the former kitchen and woodshed. Walls Plaster walls: Paint in colors to be selected. Woodwork: Paint in colors to be selected. Ceiling Paint in colors to be selected. Floors Ceramic tile. Stair to Second Floor: this is adapted from the former kitchen and woodshed. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

138 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Walls Plaster walls: Paint in colors to be selected. Woodwork: Paint in colors to be selected. Ceiling Paint in colors to be selected. Floors Wood treads. Second Floor Galleries northeast, southeast and northwest chambers Retain woodwork and plaster walls in present conditions. Walls Plaster walls: Paint in colors to be selected. Woodwork: Paint in colors to be selected. Ceiling Paint in colors to be selected. Floors Clear stain. Openings At second floor ball room of Tavern replace door with hinged wall section matching other paneled wall sections to recreate historic folding partition. Attic No treatments. References Lesley Hoskins, The Papered Wall (New York: Thames and Hudson Ltd), Richard Nylander, Wallpapers for Historic Buildings (Washington, DC: The Preservation Press), Richard C. Nylander, Elizabeth Redmond, Penny J. Sander, Wallpaper in New England (Boston, Ma: Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities), Include whitewash reference by BCA. 130 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

139 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING & FIRE PROTECTION Mechanical Description: Buckman Tavern is heated with hot water distributed through fin tube radiators to the Post Office and Tavern, including the basements of both sections. The basement radiation is mounted midway up the basement walls. The radiators in finished spaces are along the baseboard with covers painted to match the trim color of their respective rooms. Heating distribution in the Ell is mostly concealed behind cabinets. Hot water is supplied to the system from an oil-fired boiler in the basement of the Ell. The oil tank is located adjacent to the boiler. Fill pipes penetrate a basement window on the west side of the Ell. Combustion gases are vented into the Ell chimney. Cooling is only provided for the gift shop. This is a split air system with the condenser outside and the fan coil system. Mechanical Conditions: The basement radiators are in fair condition. The covers show minimal rusting and pipe insulation is missing. The radiators on the first and second floor appear to be in good condition with considerable scuffing and chipping of the paint finish in the Tavern and Post Office. The boiler is in good condition but the masonry chimney for venting is unlined and the chimney is in worn condition around the vent pipe. The oil tank is relatively new and also in good condition, but there is no catch reservoir for spilled oil. The condenser for the air conditioning is concealed behind shrubbery but appears to be in fair to good condition. Refrigerant lines appear to be in good condition thought some insulation is loose. Mechanical Recommendations: Retain the boiler, but move it to a new location below the post office and install a direct vent to the exterior. Replace the oil tank and move it adjacent to the new boiler location. Provide new fill pipes. Remove the fin tube radiation on the first and second floors. Retain the fin tube in the basement. Remove the Ell condenser and fan coil. Install new hydronic heating and cooling system as part of the life safety and accessibility renovation work. Electrical Description: Underground service feeds an on-site transformer providing 400 amp single phase power. Main distribution and sub panels are located in the basement of the Tavern. Electrical distribution is an aggregated collection of wiring styles from early Hot water heat is distributed via the oil burning boiler. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

140 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT knob and tube to various eras of non metallic and metal-clad cable. Receptacles throughout the building are a collection of various ages and configurations. Lighting consists mostly of incandescent single bulb sconces, residential style ceiling fixtures and track lighting, some of which is run off extension cords. The fire alarm system monitors a collection of heat and smoke detectors. Electrical Conditions: Overall the electrical systems are in worn to fair condition. The majority of receptacles are ungrounded. There are a limited number of receptacles in the Tap Room with some power being provided from extension cords to other rooms. Some lights at the second floor are not hard wired and have no wall switches. Wall sconces were made for the Tavern in the 1950s and are in fair condition. There is no clear indication of live or dead wiring. The fire alarm panel is in good condition but the number of devices and distribution is inefficient. There are too many heat detectors in some locations and absent smoke alarms in other locations. Electrical Recommendations: Retain existing 400 amp service. Remove wiring back to main panels. Replace sub-panels to make distribution more efficient. Re-wire wall sconces to be re-used. Install new wiring run in conduit or metal clad where exposed. Install new fire alarm system in conjunction with sprinkler system. Install smoke detectors in lieu of heat detectors for quicker response. Replace receptacles in Tavern with grounded units, eliminate redundant or unneeded devices. Install new hard wired lighting in Tavern with on-off switching. Install new wiring and devices throughout Post Office and Ell in conjunction with life safety and universal access rehabilitation. Plumbing Description: There is limited distribution of plumbing in the Tavern. It is limited to the second floor bathroom which has a tub-shower, toilet and sink. the Post Office connector has a rest room in the midst of the connector with toilet and sink. Plumbing in the Ell serves the modern kitchen. There is a two bowl kitchen sink. The sanitary line exits the building from the basement at the floor level in the west corner where the Ell abuts the Tavern. Domestic water enters at? Plumbing Condition: The plumbing appears to be typical mid-twentieth century fixtures in fair to good condition. The fixtures are domestic in design and scale and not suited for public space uses. 132 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

141 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Plumbing Recommendations: The plumbing systems are outdated, not water efficient and not suited for present use of the Tavern and should be removed. Install new AAB compliant rest room as part of life safety and universal access rehabilitation. Install new plumbing to second floor counter top sink. Install new janitors sink in the basement of the Ell. Install new frost free hose bibs at the exterior. Fire Protection Description: The building is protected by a dry pipe sprinkler system installed in the 1920s. Distribution covers all spaces except the museum rooms of the Tavern although heads are installed in closets and the second floor rooms of the Tavern. Attics, closets and crawl spaces are all protected. In the Ell and Post Office connector the pipes are painted light blue and run through the occupied space at heights that are sometimes lower than seventy two inches off the finished floor. Pipes are iron and range in size from the 4 riser down to 1/2 feeder lines. The water supply for the sprinkler enters through the east foundation wall of the Ell and runs through an insulated wood shroud to the valve assembly room. The cast iron valve is original but the compressor is new looking. A four inch riser is tucked into the northeast second floor bathroom of the Tavern. Fire Protection Condition: The outward appearance of the sprinkler piping is good but eighty year old piping is difficult to evaluate from the exterior. Many of the pipes are less than the 1 minimum of current codes and could present a significant hazard if the inside has corroded over the years leading to potential blockage of flow to the heads. Important rooms in the Tavern and Post Office have no sprinkler protection. The heads appear to be in good condition throughout the system and are newer than the piping. The valve on the main line is in worn condition and does not meet current requirements for a back flow preventer. The water supply to the building could not be confirmed as to condition but the most recent system test tag showed adequate pressure available. Fire Protection Recommendations: The piping is too low in public spaces and should be raised. Piping is undersized and should be replaced. Important rooms are not protected. Heads should be provided with new piping. Code compliant valves and fittings need to be installed. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

142 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 134 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

143 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern CONCEPTUAL DESIGN Over the history of the Buckman Tavern there have been changes both subtle and dramatic. The original vernacular saltbox structure was fully subsumed into the handsome mansard-roofed tavern by 1775 and through the nineteenth century extensions and ells provided new spaces as the building use evolved. The post office and kitchen additions at the first floor changed the plan geometry in the early nineteenth century. By mid-century a shed added off the kitchen created a new framing ell on the north side of the Tavern, altering the standalone aspect of the main block of the building. The rear stair cupola, added sometime prior to 1910, added another dimension to the north extension of the building. The changes to the Tavern over its life have largely been informed by pragmatic considerations. It was only with the initial leasing to the Lexington Historical Society that the programmatic factors began to include interpretation. As the twentieth century progressed, modifications to the building were largely internal and related to restoration, convenience and maintenance. The removal of 19th century finishes on the first floor of the Tavern was done as interpretation focused more clearly on the 1775 era. The kitchen in the north ell, the gift shop in the shed, the restroom and sitting rooms in the connector, and the restroom installation on the second floor of the Tavern were all examples of changes implemented for convenience. The modification of the dormer at the rear stair was a pragmatic concession to create a second access to the upstairs at the Tavern. At the start of the twenty-first century and with the approach of the second century of Lexington Historical Society leasorship, the paradigm has evolved. Increased understanding of the 1775 period of the Tavern and changing patterns of interpretation and visitation led the Society to engage Menders Torrey & Spencer to prepare conceptual designs for a new programmatic charge. The goals for the rehabilitation of the tavern were multifold and reflect the deeper knowledge of the past and greater emphasis on access to the building. For the first time, work at the building would fall under the umbrella of the state building code and be subject to review by the architectural access board. The program prepared by the Society, first shared in July 2012, was modified during the course of conceptual design. The final program in August 2012 follows: Visitor Reception and Amenities Combine current Gift Shop and modern kitchen area make all one level. Create handicapped accessible visitor bathroom - sound proof, custodial sink in basement. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

144 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Visitor Flow Tour flow is Gift Shop, Post Office, Colonial???, Workroom, Ladies Parlor, Tap Room, back to Gift Shop Handicapped accessibility to Gift Shop in Post Office orientation (modified August 2012) Add door in corridor to separate Gift Shop in Post Office from corridor from exhibit space (modified August 2012) Upstairs Exhibit Space Retain three exhibit galleries for existing use address accessibility (see below) Accessibility/Egress Add lift to provide accessibility to second floor exhibit galleries Address sufficient egress from second floor improved back staircase Resolve issues of steps up from room to room Back door emergency exit Storage/Staff Needs Relocate shop storage from current attic to basement Second floor office area, staff kitchen, lunch table (as at H-C) full partition or partial? Custodial sink in basement Storage closet for Gift Shop on first floor if possible Detailed planning for gift shop display areas by Society (Modified August 2012) Exterior Impact Eliminate unused door/stairs to left of current gift shop entrance Expanded bump-up to accommodate life and stairs Buckman Tavern Infrastructure/ Program Needs Retain or eliminate brick paths coordinate with Battle Green plan Re-do exterior lighting Interior storm windows Eliminate foundation plantings, take down tree in back Re-do box gutters Air conditioning/re-do heating Window/door restoration Complete interior/exterior painting Wallpaper ladies parlor Dehumidification for basement New security system New sprinkler system New fire panel Insulate wherever possible Fix outside bench/bricking 136 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

145 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Rewiring Evaluate roof Phone/internet locations Chimneys masonry, lining Foundation repair Attic needs? Floor mats at entry points Replace modern hardware Exterior lantern repair Clapboard repair/replacement Re-do flag pole Security cameras/self-guided tour Ballroom partition fix to be usable? Wiring for AV in Post Office Wiring for sound in 7 spaces with central nexus Door between Gift Shop/exhibit space (modified August 2012) Replicate grill for bar? (modified August 2012) Sound insulation in bathroom (modified August 2012) Giving ladies parlor 18th cent. look (modified August 2012) Attic windows must open for re-enactment (modified August 2012) Exterior paint analysis needed? (modified August 2012) Guided by the list of criteria above and the requirements of the building code, conceptual designs explored the implications of programming and regulatory elements in an activity that sought to prepare the Buckman Tavern for another century of telling the story of life in the revolutionary times of Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

146 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Option One: Following the initial program idea a new entrance is introduced at an existing window opening on the west elevation of the Ell. The Ell floor, including the current gift shop, is made level with the Colonial Kitchen floor. Windows in the shed portion of the Ell are modified to reflect the new floor level. The Ell chimney is eliminated. Limited grading is required to make the new entry accessible. Entry at the Post Office is not accessible. The lift and egress stair are located within the footprint of the existing building. A ramp is required at the Post Office. 138 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

147 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

148 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Option Two: Following the initial program idea a new entrance is introduced at an existing window opening on the west elevation of the Ell. The Ell floor, including the current gift shop, is made level with the Colonial Kitchen floor. Limited grading is required to make the new entry accessible. Entry at the Post Office is not accessible. The egress stair is located within the footprint of the existing building. The lift and new accessible path to the Post Office are constructed along the east wall of the Post Office connector. 140 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

149 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

150 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Option Three: Following the review of schemes One and Two, entry directly into the gift shop was identified as a direction to explore. Grade could be raised to allow rampless entry at a new door at the gift shop. The west and north walls of the shed would be reframed on new, raised foundation at the location of raised grade. The existing block foundation might not have the strength to act as a retaining structure for added earth. The scheme would provide the opportunity to provide roof run-off retainage away from the Tavern foundations. This would require a retaining wall or sloping grade. The Ell floor, including the current gift shop, is made level with the Colonial Kitchen floor. Entry at the Post Office is not accessible. The egress stair is located within the footprint of the existing building. The lift and egress stair are located within the footprint of the existing building. A ramp is required at the Post Office. Three gift shop layout options are examined with this scheme. Buckman Tavern - Approximate Areas menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington Street, Boston, MA w w w. m e n d e r s a r c h i t e c t s. c o m PROPOSED GIFT SHOP/RECEPTION 270 SQ FT 5-0 CORRIDOR 220 SQ FT 5-9 POST OFFICE 248 SQ FT EXISTING GIFT SHOP: 245 SQ FT APPROX 142 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

151 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Buckman Tavern - Gift Shop Layout 1 menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington Street, Boston, MA w w w. m e n d e r s a r c h i t e c t s. c o m RACKS DISPLAY DISPLAY SHELVES REGISTER DISPLAY STORAGE SHELVES DISPLAY RACKS 4 ENTRY Buckman Tavern - Gift Shop Layout 2 menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington Street, Boston, MA w w w. m e n d e r s a r c h i t e c t s. c o m RACKS DISPLAY SHELVES RACKS 4 DISPLAY DISPLAY REGISTER STORAGE DISPLAY RACKS DISPLAY ENTRY Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

152 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Buckman Tavern - Gift Shop Layout 3 menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington Street, Boston, MA w w w. m e n d e r s a r c h i t e c t s. c o m SHELVES DISPLAY SHELVES RACKS SHELVES REGISTER DISPLAY STORAGE SHELVES RACKS SHELVES RACKS 4 DISPLAY ENTRY 144 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

153 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Option Four: (Preferred) After consideration and discussions about interpretive flow and concerns about costs involved with building a new foundation for the gift shop, a change in topography for grading the Post Office is proposed as a point of entry and the gift shop is made accessible with a sloping walkway. This configuration allows the current gift shop to serve as new interpretive space; not raising the floor was discussed as that would create inaccessible space. Design proceeded with the idea of a floating floor that hovers above the existing gift shop floor. This interpretive space would also serve as the gathering and orientation space for large groups visiting the Tavern. With the new gift shop location an additional shop layout is developed. FRONT VIEW EXISTING FRONT VIEW PROPOSED Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

154 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT REAR VIEW EXISTING REAR VIEW PROPOSED 146 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

155 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern GIFT SHOP 3D 1 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

156 Project Statu The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Project Name Enter address here menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f ISSUE: REVISIONS: Date: Scale: Drawn By: Checked By: Project Number: Issue Date Author Checker Project Number N 1 Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contractor shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. Project Status SITE SECTION SD-112 Project Name Enter address here menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f ISSUE: REVISIONS: Date: Issue Date Scale: Drawn By: Author Checked By: Checker Project Number: Project Number Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contractor shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. Project Nam Enter address here 17' /4" 14' /32" EXHIBIT / ORIENTATION SPACE SF 5' - 0". CORRIDOR SF BATHROOM DN 9 UP CORRIDOR 10 4' - 3 3/8" 96 SF DN LIFT Project Status Unnamed SD ' /16" 5' - 9" ' /32" Gift Shop SF DN menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f ISSUE: REVISIONS: Date: Issue D Scale: 1/8" = 1 Drawn By: Au Checked By: Che Project Number: Project Num 1 First Floor Annotated 1/8" = 1'-0" Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contractor shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. 148 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc LEVEL 1 PLAN SD-106

157 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Option Five: A scenario where the second floor is not accessible and no lift is provided is examined. This scenario also retains the chimney and fireplace of the Ell, but it does not meet the criteria for full accessibility. Historic wall line of kitchen could be partly retained as interpretive element Chimney remains Larger vestibule at entry 32 square feet added to interpretive space Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

158 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Saltbox roof to proposed cupola Current cupola extends to here Dashed outline - existing cupola Saltbox roof to proposed cupola 150 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

159 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Saltbox roof to proposed cupola Current cupola extends to here Mansard height Low slope shed at back to minimize size of mansard Dashed outline - existing cupola Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

160 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT After concluding the examination of scenarios it was determined the most preferred option was the fourth option. With some finalizing of the shape and size of the cupola to accommodate slightly changed mechanical parameters. 152 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

161 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern REGULATORY ANALYSIS This section of the report briefly describes the applicability of the current building code (2009 International Existing Building Code with Massachusetts Amendments), architectural access regulations, and the Town of Lexington zoning regulations. These evaluations are made with the assumption that Conceptual Design Option Four is completed. The main purpose of the building code is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. Some issues affecting the life safety of occupants are left up to interpretation by the local building official. It is generally a good idea for owners of historic buildings to know the local official and discuss renovation ideas with them prior to filing for a building permit. The improvements contemplated by the Historical Society are voluntary and are being undertaken in an effort to improve the life safety and architectural accessibility of the structure. To conform with the code requires a determination of the type of building construction, dimensions of the building, assessed value of the building and the use of the building. Building Code Summary The following square footages are net areas within the Buckman Tavern. The total square footage is an important factor in evaluating compliance with building code requirements. SF Basement* N/A SF Ground Floor 2,014 SF Second Floor 1,140 SF Attic** 922 SF TOTAL 4,076 * The basement is reserved for mechanical equipment and incidental storage. Ceiling height is insufficient for occupancy. ** The Attic is not occupied except for the annual April 19th event. SF (allowable area) 22,500 The figure above shows the square footage that would be allowed for new construction of a building like the Tavern assuming full sprinklering and open space around the entire perimeter. The Tavern is well below this theoretical maximum. Type of Construction: 5 B unprotected This refers to a wooden building where the framing is not covered with fire resistive materials. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

162 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Primary Use: A-3 (Museum) The building code categorizes structures by how they are used. Use determines many factors, primarily the measures that will be required for the life safety of the users. A-3 refers to a building where there are groups of visitors. At the Tavern, tours and gallery events both fall under the umbrella of assembly use. Existing Buildings The building code has a full volume devoted to the requirements of existing buildings. Though there are many provisions and exceptions, all new work is typically required to conform to the current building code. Existing conditions outside of work areas may remain without improvement unless deemed hazardous by the Building Inspector. Most of the renovation work in the north ell and the connector is effectively new construction and will be carried out according to those requirements. Much less intervention is occurring in the Post Office and Tavern and in those locations alternatives may apply. House Museum Specially recognized buildings are deemed historic and the building code allows certain exemptions. Although the term used by the code is house museum, a specific use is not meant to be construed; rather, it refers to buildings designated by the Massachusetts Historical Commission as especially historically significant. Buckman Tavern is certified as a House Museum in the state building code. This allows special considerations including: Reconstruction without conforming to the requirements of new construction. Exemption from energy code mandates. Exemption from wind and seismic load requirements. Occupant Load The number of people in a building at any one time is calculated for building code purposes as the maximum number of persons who could possibly be simultaneously occupying the building. This aggregate number is used for determination of size and number of life safety features such as exits and doorway widths. Second floor: < 50 based on the new 36 wide stairway; without making a code compliant stair the existing stairs could be deemed unsafe for large occupancy on the second floor and the public gallery space might be disallowed by the building inspector. First floor: = 70 ( 55 for exhibit room + 15 for staff and individual visitors to Tavern museum rooms) Attic: Total: = 2 (one day per year) = 121 maximum 154 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

163 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Though it is very unlikely the building will ever have this many occupants at one time, designing safety features to accommodate this number ensures a level of added safety for building users. Full Sprinkler System The full sprinkler system at the Tavern is an added safety feature that exceeds the code requirement for a building of this size and occupancy. It is prudent to have this system for protection of the historic asset and the added safety it provides for building users. Because the building is sprinklered, no fire extinguishers are required; this only applies because this is an historic structure. Architectural Access Although published separately, the accommodation of users with special needs is an integral part of the building code. One of the primary goals of the renovation and restoration project is to ensure the greatest possible access to the historic and public features of the Tavern. Improvements will provide access to both public entries. Access to second floor public spaces. Making the rest room accessible. Accessible public door hardware. Zoning Municipalities often regulate building types and dimensions. These regulations typically apply to specific regions of a Town or City and generally attempt to gather compatible uses together and limit or restrict other uses altogether. At times these zones may be layered with other guidelines or requirements. In Lexington the Tavern is located within a residential zone and also within a Historic District. RS One Family Dwelling is the designation for the zone where the tavern is located. The columns below indicate the spacial and use parameters of this zoning. Zoning Parameters Buckman Tavern Special Permit for museums Museum use - grandfathered 15,500 s.f. minimum lot size 116,741 s.f. 125 feet minimum lot frontage minimum front setback minimum side yard setback 208 and rear yard setback maximum stories maximum height 28-6 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

164 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Battle Green Historic District Under Massachusetts law, the Lexington Historic Districts Commission must issue a Certificate of Appropriateness before any external alterations visible from a public way or place can be made to any building, structure or sign. Proposed changes to the Tavern occur at the entries and at the north ell and involve accessibility. The changes are relatively minor but still require a Certificate of Appropriateness obtained through the public hearing process. 156 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

165 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern OUTLINE DRAWINGS & SPECIFICATIONS The drawings and specifications that follow established the basis for concept costing. There will be small modifications as the project moves into construction, but the significant portions of the anticipated project are shown on the following pages. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

166 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT DASHED LINES INDICATE REMOVAL POST OFFICE BATHROOM GIFT SHOP KITCHEN MUSEUM SPACE MUSEUM SPACE UP DN MUSEUM SPACE MUSEUM SPACE 1 First Floor Plan - Existing Conditions 1" = 10'-0" CREATE CODE COMPLIANT CORRIDOR AT A CONTINUOUS LEVEL HEIGHT REMOVE LOFT ABOVE BUILD NEW FLOOR LEVEL W/REST OF TAVERN DN GIFT SHOP CORRIDOR CORRIDOR ORIENTATION SPACE BATHROOM DN LIFT DN UP CORRIDOR MUSEUM SPACE MUSEUM SPACE NEW EGRESS STAIR HANDICAP LIFT ACCESSIBLE RESTROOM FOR CODE COMPLIANCE DN UP DN HANDICAP ACCESSIBLE WALKWAY MUSEUM SPACE MUSEUM SPACE HANDISCAP ACCESSIBLE WALKWAY 2 First Floor Plan - Renovation 1" = 10'-0" A FIRST FLOOR PLA Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contracto shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. Project Number: Project N Checked By: C Scale: Drawn By: 1" = Date: 10/9 REVISIONS: ISSUE: 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f architecture preservation menders, torrey & spencer, in Buckman Tavern Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

167 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern DASHED LINES INDICATE REMOVAL BATHROOM EXHIBIT SPACE OFFICE/STORAGE UP DN EXHIBIT SPACE EXHIBIT SPACE 1 Second Floor Plan- Existing Conditions 1" = 10'-0" EGRESS STAIR HANDICAP LIEFT FOR CODE COMPLIANCE DN CORRIDOR EXHIBIT SPACE OFFICE NEW LOCATION OF 19TH CENTURY PARTITION CORRIDOR UP DN EXHIBIT SPACE EXHIBIT SPACE 2 Second Floor Plan - Renovation 1" = 10'-0" SECOND FLOOR PLA A-102 Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contractor shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. Project Number: Checked By: Scale: Drawn By: Date: REVISIONS: 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc Project Nu Ch 1" = 1 A 10/9/ ISSUE: architecture preservation menders, torrey & spencer, inc. Buckman Tavern

168 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 10' - 10". OPENING FOR CHAIR LIFT & EGRESS STAIR REMOVE & STORE WINDOW REMOVE EXISTING CUPOLA STAIR 1 Buckman Tavern NORTH ELEVATION EXISITING 1/8" = 1'-0" MATERIALS FOR NEW CUPOLA: NEW EGRESS STAIR & HANDICAP LIFT CUPOLA NEW CUPOLA SLOPED WALKWAY 9' - 9". menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f ISSUE: BEVELED SIDING. EXPOSURE TO MATCH EXISTING WOOD TRIM TO MATCH TRIM ON EXISTING ELEVATION WOOD SHINGLE MANSARD W/EXPOSURE MATCHING EXISTING ON TAVERN WOOD TDL WINDOWS W/INTERIOR STORMS REVISIONS: 2 10/9/2012 As indicated Author Checker Project Number NORTH ELEVATION NEW CONSTRUCTION OPTION 2 Date: Scale: Drawn By: Checked By: Project Number: Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contractor shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS A-200 1/8" = 1'-0" EXISTING CUPOLA 4 PARTIAL ROOF PLAN EXISTING 1/16" = 1'-0" 3 PARTIAL ROOF PLAN NEW 1/16" = 1'-0" 160 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

169 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern REMOVE EXISTING CUPOLA Buckman Tavern NEW EGRESS STAIR & HANDICAP LIFT FOR CODE COMPLIANCE menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f ISSUE: REVISIONS: 10/9/2012 1/8" = 1'-0" Author Checker Project Number Date: Scale: Drawn By: Checked By: Project Number: Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contractor shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS A-201 6' - 9". 4' - 5". 1 EAST ELEVATION EXISTING 1/8" = 1'-0" 2 EAST ELEVATION NEW CONSTRUCTION OPTION 2 1/8" = 1'-0" Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

170 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 1' - 4". Buckma Tavern NEW EGRESS STAIR & HANDICAP LIFT CUPOLA FOR CODE COMPLIANCE SLOPED HANDICAP ACCESS PATH & MOVED LANDING FOR CODE COMPLIANCE menders, torrey & spence architecture preserva 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f ISSUE: 2 Date: Scale: Drawn By: Checked By: Project Number: SOUTH ELEVATION EXISTING 1/8" = 1'-0" REVISIONS: 1 1 Projec Do not scale the drawings. dimensions shall be confirm prior to construction.the cont shall immediatly report an discrepancies to the archite EXTERIOR ELEVA A-20 SOUTH ELEVATION NEW CONSTRUCTION OPTION 2 1/8" = 1'-0" 162 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

171 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern REMOVE EXISTING CUPOLA Buckman Tavern NEW HANDICAP LIFT & EGRESS STAIR CUPOLA FOR CODE COMPLIANCE menders, torrey & spencer, inc. architecture preservation SLOPED HANDICAP ACCESS WALKWAY FOR CODE COMPLIANCE 123 North Washington St. Boston, MA t f SLOPED HANDICAP ACCESS PATH & MOVED LANDING FOR CODE COMPLIANCE ISSUE: REVISIONS: 10/9/201 1/8" = 1'-0 Autho Checke Project Numbe Date: Scale: Drawn By: Checked By: Project Number: Do not scale the drawings. All dimensions shall be confirmed prior to construction.the contractor shall immediatly report any discrepancies to the architect. 1 2 WEST ELEVATION EXISTING 1/8" = 1'-0" EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS A-203 WEST ELEVATION NEW CONSTRUCTION OPTION 2 1/8" = 1'-0" Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

172 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 164 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

173 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern OUTLINE SPECIFICATIONS These outline specifications are meant to capture the scope and type of work on the project. They are not construction specifications. Those will be more detailed descriptors of work elements and will guide contractors in the construction of the work. For purposes of this outline scope the one story ell on the north side of the Tavern will be called the Ell. The Post Office and Connector are the shed-roofed hall along the east side of the Tavern and the one-story angled projection from the southeast corner of the Tavern. The Tavern is the two-story main block. The Cupola is the new constructed head house for the chair lift and egress stair. References to Munroe indicate the Munroe Tavern. Exterior Site work: Regrade at post office entry. 5% slope from Mass Avenue sidewalk, minor grading at Ell north exit. Added drywells, drainpipes for run-off control. Grub and root out foundation plantings. Loam and seed at former planting areas. Surface at sloped walk to Post Office entry to match gravel surfaced asphalt at Munroe. Landings at all three exterior entries to be granite slab. Steps at north entry and Post Office to be granite. Demo: Wood steps at west entry to Ell. Roofing and framing at existing kitchen of Ell at new cupola location. Existing cupola. Masonry: Repoint foundations entire. Wood, Plastics, Composites: Repair Tavern cornice Modifications to Tavern cornice at new cupola attachment. Replace tavern entry threshold Miscellaneous trim repair. Replace damaged beveled siding ~ 200 l.f. of boards. Beveled siding at cupola walls. Flat stock and molded trim at cupola. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

174 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Thermal & Moisture Protection: Replace all downspouts (lead coated copper round) and box in similar to Munroe. Move down spout flanking Tavern door toward corners of Tavern. Pipe to existing drywells. Reline tavern gutters pitch gutters to new downspouts at entry elevation to Tavern. Reline Ell gutters. Resolder seams on Tavern roof and dormers. Wash down wood shingle roofs with biocides and clean off lichen. Wood shingle and flat seam lead coated copperroof on new cupola. Wood shingle and leads coated copper flashing at Ell roof section at new cupola. Install copper flashing 24 high along south wall of Post Office along sloped walkway and at new landing. Install drainage mat and protection board over flashing. Install drainpipe pitched to new dry well. Openings: Remove, reglaze, reinstall single glaze windows throughout (47), replace cotton sash cord with new in Ell (14). Install new, interior storm windows similar to Munroe. Make one attic window and one second floor window operable for Battle Green minutemen. Three new true divided lite fixed windows in new cupola with interior storm windows. Remove, repair and reinstall Tavern door, Post Office door and north door on Ell. Reinstall Post Office door with outward swing, new weatherstripping, closer and new latch and lockset. Provide new door 3-0 by 7-0 door and frame and hardware at Ell entry with closer raised panel door. Weatherseal unused east and west ell entries. Finishes: Paint all exterior woodwork. Electrical: 4 exterior waterproof convenience receptacles. Site lighting allow for conduit for building lighting and path lighting at Ell south entry and Post Office entry. Plumbing: 4 frost free hose bibs. Interior All Floors General: Tavern is museum space with limited intervention. Ell and Connector floors and ceilings will be reframed. 166 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

175 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Spray foam insulation at Ell and Connector and cupola roof framing. Acoustic insulation at all new partitions. Repairs to roof trusses and framing members report from Aberjona coming. Fire suppression (sprinkler) and detection systems on all floors (basement through attic). New HVAC on all floors. New electrical wiring and service. New emergency lighting. New plumbing. Basement Demo: All mechanical. All electrical. All plumbing including extant fire protection system. Partition around present sprinkler system. Partitions in stairway from gift shop into basement. Salvage for Owner window. sash in old kitchen wall, sample of shingles. Concrete: Footings for support of partitions and lift shaft see S-1. New slab on existing slab for mechanical equipment. New slab for check valves. Raised slab for storage enclosure 8 x10 location t.b.d. Masonry: Repoint 10% of masonry. Rough framing: 2x6 walls and PSL posts at partitions and supporting chairlift. S-1. Supplemental framing allowance confirm with Aberjona Engineering. New columns supporting floating floor at Ell. 2x4 stud enclosure for storage 8 x10 location t.b.d. ½ Plywood on walls. Openings: Door with storeroom latchset on enclosure for storage. Walls: Whitewash perimeter stone walls. Plumbing: Janitors sink with hot and cold water near Sanitary line. Interior hose bib near janitor s sink. Fire protection Dry pipe sprinkler distribution throughout. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

176 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT HVAC: Forced air and hot water similar to Munroe. Assume new through wall venting for heating equipment. Electrical: New protected porcelain fixtures mounted to framing with switches (10). Convenience receptacles. (10). First Floor Demo: Framing in floor of kitchen in Ell for new stair and lift. Salvage floor boards for re-use in Connector. Remove framing to allow for dropped floor. Loft flooring and framing above current gift shop. Ceiling and ceiling framing in current kitchen and Connector. All mechanical. All electrical. All plumbing. Miscellaneous wood framed partitions. Chimney mass at first floor salvage wood door in mantle and fireplace hardware. Salvage for re-construction of chimney from roof line up all exterior bricks (reconstructed chimney will be only 1 wythe thick) and supported on framing above new restroom. Rough framing: Floating floor framing at old gift shop. New 2x6 stud construction at stair and lift shaft New 2x6 stud at restroom for increased acoustic insulation New columns and beams. New partitions closet at west side of restroom. New ceiling framing/cross ties at rafters. New rafters. Sanded plywood treads and risers at stair up and to basement. Openings: New doors and frames with new hardware hinges, locksets by function Flooring: Reinstall and re-finish salvaged wood floor at Connector. New wood strip prefinished at Ell. Allow $5000 for edge treatment of floating floor. Rubber treads at stairs. Restroom Tile floor, cove base. Set raised nails in historic flooring in Tavern. 168 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

177 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Walls: Plaster repairs at cracking Allow New partitions 5/8 gypsum, skim coat plaster, finish paint. Repair wainscot, baseboards, chair rails, door and window trim. Painted or clear finish. Ceiling: Patch plaster cracks Allow for 300 linear feet of cracks. New ½ gypsum, skim coat plaster, finish paint. Plumbing: Unisex toilet WC, sink. Fire protection Dry pipe sprinkler distribution throughout. HVAC: Forced air and hot water similar to Munroe. Electrical: New distribution throughout. New track lighting in exhibit room. Refurbished wall sconce. Second Floor Demo: Restroom, carpet at second floor of Tavern. All mechanical All electrical All plumbing Salvage for re-use: Exterior window at new stair entry. Rough framing: 2x4 partition at new office space in Tavern. Header for entry from lift and stair. Landing, walls and roof for cupola. Openings: New doors and frames with new hardware hinges, lockset stairway door, office door. Stile and rail doors similar to existing interior doors. At second floor ball room of Tavern replace door with hinged wall section matching other paneled wall sections to recreate historic folding partition. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

178 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Flooring: Wood strip at landing of stairs. Set raised nails in historic flooring in Tavern. Walls: Plaster repairs at removed utilities, scrape and paint with latex enamel Repair baseboards, chair rails, door and window trim. Painted or clear finish. New partitions to have skim coat and paint. New wood baseboard, wood casing similar to existing at new openings. Ceiling: Where salvageable, patch plaster at removed lights and paint with latex enamel In new cupola gypsum board with skim coat plaster and paint. Furnishing: Wood cabinetry and laminate countertop in kitchenette. Plumbing: Kitchenette sink. Route venting to re-use existing. Fire protection Dry pipe sprinkler distribution throughout. HVAC: Forced air and hot water similar to Munroe. Electrical: New distribution throughout. New track lighting in exhibit room. Refurbished wall sconce. Attic Demo: All mechanical All electrical All plumbing including extant fire protection system Rough framing: Framing for air handler pads. Thermal protection Batt insulation below floor boards assumed 6. Install rigid insulation on underside of roof sheathing between purlins - assume 4 insulation. 170 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

179 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Fire protection Dry pipe sprinkler distribution throughout. HVAC: Forced air and hot water similar to Munroe. Electrical: New distribution throughout. New track lighting in exhibit room. Refurbished wall sconce. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

180 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 172 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

181 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern OPINION OF PROBABLE COST The following cost opinion is derived from the outline specifications and outline plans above. These documents were provided to M.J. Mawn Inc., a construction firm familiar with the nature and peculiarities of historic buildings. Mawn also visited the site with sub-consultants to ensure familiarity with the work and conditions. The cost opinion is broken down into the categories of the Construction Specifications Institute. In addition to the construction figures there is a breakdown of related costs that are not direct contractor costs. These soft costs and the construction costs together give the projected complete project cost. Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

182 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Buckman Tavern - Restoration and Renovation Construction Costs Description Amount Division 01 - General Requirements General Conditions Temporary Facilities 8,000 Site Maintenance & Protection/Clean 7,000 Supervision 14,000 Insurance 39,000 Overhead & Profit 73,600 Division 2 - Site Existing Conditions Demolition 9,300 Miscellaneous removals for construction of architectural access, removal of 20th century restroom upstairs in Tavern Division 03 - Concrete Concrete 11,000 Concrete footings for load bearing partitions for architectural access, pads for HVAC equipment, raised slab for basement storage room Division 04 - Masonry Masonry 26,200 Repointing rubble and granite slab foundation, reconstruction of chimney at ell, caps for chimneys at Tavern Division 05 - Metals Metals 4,400 Posts, plates and brackets for structural work Division 06 - Woods and Plastics Rough Carpentry 28,100 Lumber, studs, rafters and joists for architectural access at adjusted floors, lift and stair cupola, handicapped restroom Finish Carpentry 17,300 Door and window casings, baseboards at rehabilitated ell Architectural Woodwork 7,600 Cabinetry at shop and kitchenette Division 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection Insulation 14,100 Crawlspace, opened walls per code, attics Roofing & Flashing 18, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

183 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern New accessible stair and chair lift cupola, ell roof Gutters & Downspouts 8,900 Repitch for proper drainage, replace split downspouts with new Siding & Exterior Trim 4,100 New siding to match existing at new accessible stair and chair lift cupola, selected replacement at modified openings for access, repairs where required Division 08 - Openings Doors & Windows 39,200 New doors at accessible entry, interior rehabilitated spaces, restore existing windows, interior storm windows Division 09 - Finishes Board & Plaster/Restoration Plaster 22,500 Wall finish at rehabilitated spaces and new partitions within the ell, restore plaster at penetrations made for electrical and mechanical in the historic Tavern Flooring 23,100 New flooring in the ell, stair treads for the accessible stair, restroom tile flooring, office flooring Painting, Exterior 27,500 Siding, trim, windows and doors Painting, Interior 19,500 Siding, trim, windows and doors Division 10 - Specialties Bath Accessories 1,700 Grab bars, paper holders, waste receptacles Division 11 - Equipment Equipment 1,000 Refrigerator, etc Division 14 -Conveying Equipment Chair Lift 32,000 Eight foot rise, 90-degree door configured chair lift Division 21 -Fire Suppression Sprinkler 82,500 Dry pipe, concealed head or sidewall mount system Division 22 -Plumbing Plumbing 27,500 New accessible restroom, kitchenette sink, janitors sin, plumbing as required Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

184 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT HVAC 81,400 New hydronic heating and cooling system, duct distribution, condensers, air handlers and controls Division 26 - Electrical Electrical 80,000 New distribution throughout, all new receptacles and lighting in rehabilitated ell, power to chair lift, power to HVAC, improved lighting and receptacles in Tavern Lightning Protection 9,000 Terminals at high points, grounding rods Division 28 - Electronic Safety and Security Fire/Security Alarms 33,000 New distribution throughout, integration with new sprinkler system Division 31 - Earthwork Site work 24,800 Clearing shrubs, rough grading, trenching Site Improvements 13,200 Paving, finish plantings and seeding Total 808,500 Contingency 40,425 Total Direct Cost 848,925 Construction Cost by Work Goal Percentage of Total Cost Architectural Access 25% 215,606 Chair lift, accessiblity stair and lift cupola, restroom, door modifications, site grading, walkways, etc. Life Safety 19% 160,905 Sprinkler system, detection systems, lightning protection Preservation 27% 231,547 Restore windows and doors, roof repairs, masonry repairs, paint exterior, paint interior, plaster repair, improve site drainage Infrastructure Rehabilitation 28% 240,867 Replace HVAC, electircal distribution, plumbing, etc. Total Direct Cost 100% 848,925 Soft Costs Description Amount Architecture and Engineering 55, Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

185 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Professional services from architects, engineers and consultants for bidding and construction administration Regulatory Requirements 3,960 Professional participation in Historic District Commission hearings and Architectural Access Board requirements Historical Investigation 13,500 During construction: documention of revealed historic fabric, evaluation of integrity to historic period (1775), integration of findings into Historic Structure Report Appendix Historical reproduction 7,500 Replication of historic items such as wallpaper Owners project representative 20,000 Building professional retained by Owner as advisor and observer of the construction process Expenses 3,000 Printing, postage, travel aggregated for all tasks above Total Soft Cost 103,895 Total Project Cost 952,820 Direct cost plus soft cost Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

186 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 178 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

187 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern CYCLICAL MAINTENANCE PLAN Introduction This section of the Historic Structure Report provides an anticipated cost for work that would be considered typical responsible exterior maintenance at the Buckman Tavern. These simple activities, most consisting of inspection and minor repairs performed at regular intervals, will slow deterioration and extend the life of the already durable materials. The goal here is to recommend a limited annual investment that will help limit the scope and cost of future repairs. Maintenance Plan The following maintenance plan follows an itemization of exterior features and building systems. The first columns on the chart describe the feature, its location, and its maintenance cycle. The recommended tasks and procedures will not prevent wear and tear on the building but will increase the lifespan of materials and will allow the cost to be amortized over a longer period of time. Perhaps the single most important maintenance activity is an annual inspection. The building exterior should be carefully inspected from the ground, preferably by two people and the same people each year, who document any signs of deterioration on any portion of the envelope. When changes are noted, consultation with an architect or engineer may be warranted. Digital photographs should be taken to accompany the written record and stored for comparative referencing the following year. Listed below are the column headings on the accompanying chart with a brief explanation of their meanings. Material The building system is the feature or characteristic that requires a maintenance and/ or capital budgeting line item. For example, exterior brick walls comprise a building system that requires periodic pointing of mortar joints. Location A brief narrative description of the element location is provided. Scheduled Frequency, Cost, Annual Cost The fourth, fifth, and sixth columns describe maintenance activities with intervals and costs for the locations identified. Maintenance activities are largely housekeeping tasks and straightforward proactive work. The frequency is in years and the maintenance work is considered routine upkeep which might require special attention from maintenance personnel or an outside contractor. The intervals are suggested as the maximum span of time between maintenance activities. For example, the wood trim should be painted every six or seven years to retard Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

188 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT deterioration of the wood. Note that fractional yearly frequency means more than once a year. The cost is the estimated cost for the work based on historical information gleaned from industry standards. The annual cost is calculated for convenience to provide a total annual maintenance stipend for the building. This is idealized since some activities occur more than once a year and others only once in several years. Comments More detail on the building system and the maintenance work is provided. General observations about access to work or special requirements are made here. Annual Maintenance Total The chart has a bottom line showing the cumulative maintenance total per year which is approximately $4,884. This total assumes that all exterior preservation work has been completed and applies only to the building exterior. This figure should be applied on top of annual expenses for maintenance staff, housekeeping, consumable replacements (light bulbs, etc.), snow removal, landscaping and interior maintenance items. Note that this total is averaged. Depending on the frequency of individual maintenance activities, the yearly figure may be greater or less. By budgeting the total amount annually and setting aside as a reserve funds not expended in a particular year, there should be sufficient funds for years when the scheduled maintenance expenditures are higher. This total does not include reserves for capital budget items which have been itemized under the repairs section of this report. Capital Budgeting Total Based on the projected endurance of materials and yearly maintenance, an estimated replacement year and cost for replacement is provided (not including inflation.) 180 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

189 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Maintenance and Preservation BUCKMAN TAVERN Roofing Material Location Scheduled Inspection/Maintenance Comments Capital Budgeting Comments Frequency in years Cost Annual Cost Wood shingle 1.0 $438 $438 Inspect, replace damaged shingles Projected endurance Replacement Year Sinking fund per annum $2,420 $24,200 Probable Cost Assumes cleaned with CPC and lead anti-algea strips installed, assumes north ell roof replaced in 2014 Lead Coated Copper 1.0 $175 $175 Inspect seams $930 $9,300 Should replace with wood shingles Wood gutters West elevation Ell, Tavern, Post Office 1.0 $175 $175 Clean out, check lining $280 $7,000 Assumes repaired and reworked in 2014 Boxed downspouts West elevation Ell, Tavern, Post Office 1.0 $28 $28 Clean out, clean out drain system $19 $476 Assumes replaced in 2014 Masonry Brick Chimney North Ell 10.0 $1,120 $112 Inspect, spot pointing, assumes repaired with CPC and maintained - includes access $126 $5,040 Assumes reconstruction in 2014 Brick Chimneys Tavern 10.0 $2,240 $224 Inspect, spot pointing, assumes repaired with CPC and maintained - includes access $217 $8,680 Deep repointing, assumes well maintained in meantime, includes access Rubble foundation All elevations 10.0 $875 $88 Inspect, spot pointing, assumes full repointing during CPC $766 $30,625 Deep repointing, assumes well maintained in meantime Doors Wood entry door Tavern 7.5 $105 $14 Lubricate hardware, touch up paint - assumes repaired during CPC $82 $1,225 Repaint, repair wood, adjust hardware Wood exterior doors Ell 7.5 $210 $28 Lubricate hardware, touch up paint $233 $3,500 Repaint, repair wood, adjust hardware, reseal around perimeter Basement door East 7.5 $53 $7 Lubricate hardware, touch up paint, check weather seal at hatch $58 $875 Repaint, repair wood, adjust hardware Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

190 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Windows Wood trim Wood Siding Material Location Scheduled Inspection/Maintenance Comments Capital Budgeting Comments Frequency in years Cost Annual Cost Projected endurance Replacement Year Sinking fund per annum Probable Cost Wood exterior door Post Office 7.5 $53 $7 Lubricate hardware, touch up paint $58 $875 Repaint, repair wood, adjust hardware, reseal around perimeter Historic DH and fixed 35 units north, east, west and south elevations 7.0 $306 $44 Inspect, touch up paint, assumes spot glazing and painting done in CPC $875 $30,625 Clean, repair, reglaze, repaint. Wood storms (interior) 24 units north, east and west elevations 7.0 $74 $11 Inspect, clean $88 $3,063 Clean, repair. Soffits, cornerboards water table. All elevations 7.0 $766 $109 Spot painting, minor wood repair $137 $4,788 Repaint entirely, wood repair, damaged wood replacement. Window and Door Casings 42 items 7.0 $1,838 $263 Spot painting, minor wood repair $175 $6,125 Repaint entirely, wood repair, damaged wood replacement. Assumes wood stripped during CPC - otherwise double figure Beveled siding South elevation 7.0 $1,551 $222 Painting, minor wood repair. Consider rolling schedule for painting and repair of one elevation every two years $621 $15,514 Replace siding, consider rolling schedule for replacement and painting. East elevation 7.0 $1,667 $238 Painting, minor wood repair. Consider rolling schedule for painting and repair of one elevation every two years $667 $16,669 Replace siding, consider rolling schedule for replacement and painting. 182 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

191 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Site work INTERIOR Finishes Doors SYSTEMS Material Location Scheduled Inspection/Maintenance Comments Capital Budgeting Comments Frequency in years Cost Annual Cost Projected endurance Replacement Year Sinking fund per annum Probable Cost West elevation 7.0 $1,667 $238 Painting, minor wood repair. Consider rolling schedule for painting and repair of one elevation every two years $476 $16,669 Replace siding, consider rolling schedule for replacement and painting. North elevation and dormers 7.0 $1,181 $169 Painting, minor wood repair. Consider rolling schedule for painting and repair of one elevation every two years $338 $11,813 Replace siding, consider rolling schedule for replacement and painting. Paved walkways sloped walkways 4.0 $328 $82 Inspect annually, work in new gravel $919 $9,188 Strip and renew gravel Painted wood trim museum rooms First and second floor rooms and stairway 3.5 $525 $150 Touch up for protection of underlying wood at high traffic areas $800 $12,000 Assumes first repainting, after this the interval will be closer to 25 years. Plaster Interior walls and ceilings first and second floor 7.0 $1,313 $188 Patch minor cracks. Assumes work done in $420 $10,500 Readhere loose sections Wood floors First and second floors 5.0 $1,063 $213 Re-oil with linseed oil at clear finish, touch up paint at painted - assumes work done in $405 $6,075 Strip and refinish Concrete floor Basement mechanical spaces and archive space 10.0 $252 $25 Reseal NO REPLACEMENT strip, clean and reseal Interior Wood Doors All floors 3.0 $315 $105 Lubricate hardware, touch up paint/finish $175 $2,625 Repaint, repair wood, adjust hardware Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

192 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Material Location Scheduled Inspection/Maintenance Comments Capital Budgeting Comments Frequency in years Cost Annual Cost Projected endurance Replacement Year Sinking fund per annum Probable Cost Electrical Wiring Building wide 1.0 $284 $284 Test breakers, GFI outlets, replace lights interior/exterior, etc $2,133 $85,313 Assumes full system replacement done in switches and wiring. HVAC Heating Boiler 1.0 $203 $203 Check lines and piping, pumps, burner $580 $20,313 Replace boiler and oil tank - assumes tank replaced in 2014 Cooling Condensers, Air Handlers 1.0 $163 $163 Check ducts and piping, filters, fans $1,463 $36,563 Replace condensers and fan coils with more efficient units Plumbing Water closets Handicap restroom 6.0 $88 $15 Service tanks, valves $16 $394 Replace with more efficient units Lavatory Handicap restroom 10.0 $258 $26 Check valves, washers, etc $6 $193 Replace lavatory Kitchenette sink Secon floor 10.0 $258 $26 Check valves, sensors, washers, etc $15 $438 Replace sink and faucet Piping 10.0 $219 $22 Inspect fittings and resolder/repair $88 $2,625 Replace plumbing distribution 184 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

193 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern Material Location Scheduled Inspection/Maintenance Comments Capital Budgeting Comments Frequency in years Cost Annual Cost Projected endurance Replacement Year Sprinkler piping 1.0 $284 $284 Annual inspection $910 $45,500 Sinking fund per annum Probable Cost Replace valves, pump, sprinkler heads. Assumes pipe still good. Water meter 10.0 $263 $26 Inspect $18 $525 Replace water meter Fire Protection Detection - Fire and Intrusion 0.5 $5 $11 Check lights, alarms, annunciators, signals and detectors $73 $2,176 Replace detector components for fire, heat, and intrusion systems. Replace panels. Vertical circulation Chair Lift 1.0 $439 $439 Annual inspection $1,167 $35,000 Replace lift mechanism Tel/Data Tele/Data 8.0 $284 $36 Repair wires, add lines $190 $5,688 Replacing phone wiring/data cables Annual Maintenance Total $4, $17,940 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

194 The Buckman Tavern HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT 186 Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

195 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern APPENDIX: A) Paint Analysis & Recommendations (Finch & Rose, 2013) B) Paint Analysis (Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, 1987) C) Summary of Probable Cost (MJ Mawn, Inc.) D) Presentation to Community Preservation Committee (April 8, 2013) E) References to Buckman Tavern in Town Records Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc

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197 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern A) Paint Analysis & Recommendations (Finch & Rose, 2013) Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

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199 Buckman Tavern Paint & Woodwork Dating Report - 2/4/13 Page 1 Southwest Parlor Paint & Woodwork Wood Substrate 1: Cross section of paint sample from summer beam of SW parlor with numbers assigned to successive paint generations. Photo at left is in visible light, right photo is in ultra-violet (UV) light. SW Parlor Paint - Introduction The earlier paint layers in the SW parlor are light tans or beige that all very similar. They are typically are composed of a somewhat granular base layer that may be a primer that grades into a smoother top layer that is the finish paint. Thin dark lines of dirt and/or yellowed oil on top of a layer usually indicate it was a finish coat and provide the basis for dividing the layers into distinct generations of paint (i.e., a sequence of layers consisting of primers topped by a finish layer, although in some cases there is only a finish layer). A tendency to split or delaminate between layers also usually indicates a demarcation between generations of paint. These markers are not always present in the samples, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between the generations of similarly colored light tan paint that were used in the 18th and early 19th century in the SW parlor. Unless there are obvious deposits of dirt in the wood substrate under the initial layer of paint, it is difficult to determine if woodwork remained unpainted for a number of years before it was painted. The summer beam provides the most complete sequence of paint layers in the room. Its paint generations have been assigned numbers which are used throughout the following discussion to place the paint finishes on other elements in relation to the full sequence of finishes on the summer beam (see illustration above). The layers in the paint samples from the SW Parlor summer beam provide several clear visual benchmarks for assigning relative dates to the other woodwork elements. Generation #3 has a distinct yellowish cast in visible light and becomes a light brown under UV light that is unique in relation to all the other paint layers. Generation #6 is a stark white in visible light and has a slight bluish cast in UV light. The appearance of generation #7 varies in visible light from sample to sample from off-white to a translucent grey green, but in UV light it becomes bright blue a sparkling quality. This is a marker for zinc white pigment in the paint, a pigment that did not come into commercial use until the mid-1840s.the absence of generations #6 and #7 on woodwork that was covered with wallpaper in the late 19th century dates these layers to between c and c Summer Beam - c. 1730, first paint probably by mid-18th century or earlier The uncased summer beam is obviously original to the c construction of the SW parlor, and its paint layers include the earliest painted finishes in the room. Its wood pores are somewhat dark adjacent to the first paint layer suggesting that it may have received a coat of oil as a sealer, or possibly was unpainted for Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

200 Page 2 number of years. As the paint sequence on the early 19th century mantel indicates it was probably installed when generation #3 was already present on the wood work, generations #1 and #2 both likely date to the 18th century. If one assumes that #1 was applied by 1740, #2 was likely applied c when the NW Parlor was added behind the SW parlor and probably remained in place as the finish woodwork in Girts and Posts - c. 1730, first paint probably by mid-18th century or earlier The cased girts have the same paint sequence of early paint generations as the uncased summer beam. Whether they were initially uncased is not clear, but certainly they were cased by the time the first paint treatment was applied to the woodwork of this room. The posts were examined in situ without removing samples. The casing on the southeast corner post is modern along with the thick board next to it on the east wall, probably due to the repairs in the 1970s. 3 2: Cross section of paint sample from south girt casing in SW parlor. Arrows indicate paint generation #3. The demarcation between generation #2 and #3 is less clear on this and the paneling samples than on the summer beam Paneling - East Wall - mid-18th century or possibly c Generation #3 is clearly present on the paneling on the east wall to the right of the fireplace, indicating that was not reused material added in the 1921 restoration. The initial generation of paint on the paneling is clearly separated from next layer of paint by a heavy dirt layer, but the lack of a clear demarcation between the next layer and the obvious yellowish tan marking generation #3 makes it unclear whether the first layer corresponds to generation #1 or generation #2 on the summer beam. This ambiguity is underscored by generation #1 appearing slightly darker in UV light than generation #2 on the summer beam and girt samples, while it remains light in the samples form the paneling. However one interprets this evidence, it is clear that the paneling was installed in the 18th century and almost certainly prior to The paneling lacks generations #6 and #7, as it was covered with wallpaper when these paint generations were applied to summer beam, girts, and other woodwork that remained painted during the second half of the 19th century. The wallpaper was probably applied directly over the paneling with out adding lath and plaster (except perhaps a plaster fill to level the panel bevels). Otherwise the depth of the reveal at the returns of the mantel visible in the late 19th century photo would be much less than they are currently. Lumps of paint about 6 above floor indicate that a mopboard was applied across the base of the paneling when the Victorian wallpaper was installed. There are two distinct generations of dark red paint present on the lower 6 of the paneling. Their appearance in UV light suggests the treatments were graining rather than a uniform dark red. The earliest treatment follows the first generation of paint on the paneling (i.e., generation #1 or #2 on the summerbeam). The next generation of graining follows a generation of light tan, and includes an off-white ground under the red layers. As generation #3 with its distinct appearance in UV light is not present on samples for this area, this graining probably corresponds to generation #3. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

201 Page 3 3 3: Cross section of paint sample from stile of paneling in SW parlor. Arrows indicate paint generation #3. 4: Cross section of paint sample from bottom rail of paneling in SW parlor. Door Frame to Entry Hall - mid-18th century or possibly c. 1730, altered c The architrave molding on the door frame to the front entry hall shares the same early paint sequence as the adjacent paneling, and was probably installed at the same time as the paneling in the 18th century. As it was not covered by wallpaper in the late 19th century, its paint sequence include generations #6, and #7. The door frame has several curious details that suggest it was altered during the mid-19th century. First, there is a horizontal thumbnail molding at the base of the top rail of the door frame (the rail is part of the wall paneling). The thumbnail molding is barely visible just above the top edge of the architrave molding. The architrave molding terminates on a plinth block at the bottom of the door frame. The plinth blocks lack the early paint layers that are present on the architrave, indicating they were probably added in the first half of the nineteenth century (cross section samples were not taken from the plinth blocks, but the lack of the red graining on them indicates they were added sometime after paint generation #3). Curiously, the bottom couple of inches of the architrave moldings has the same red graining as the adjacent paneling, with the top edge of the graining being several inches higher than on the paneling. A plausible explanation for this is that the original 18th century door was shorter than the current door (probably by the height of the plinth), with the wider space above the door frame being filled in with a narrow horizontal panel. To accommodate a higher door (probably the c door described by Griffing in Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

202 Page removed in the 1921 restoration), the panel was removed, the architrave moldings moved up higher, and the plinth blocks added to fill in at the bottom of the opening. The current door is about 6 7 in height, which is high for a typical mid-18th century door. The door frame on the entry side does not show evidence of a height change, but likely dates from the early nineteenth century when were made changes to the staircase. 3 5: Cross section of paint from architrave on door frame to entry in SW parlor. Arrows indicate paint generation #3. Window Casings - mid-18th century or possibly c The paint sequence on the molded window casings corresponds to the sequence on the paneling, except for the period when the paneling was covered with wallpaper. All the samples taken from the casings tended to delaminate with their earliest layers being less clear than on other woodwork, but the similarity to the paneling sequence was still apparent. A raised paint line across the bottom of side casings indicated that the Victorian wallpaper covered the bottom the molded casing at the bottom of the window opening. 3 6: Cross section of paint from architrave on door frame to entry in SW parlor. Arrows indicate paint generation #3. Wainscot to c The first paint generation on the plain board wainscot on the south, west, and the westerly portion of the north walls corresponds to generation #3 on the summer beam (the layer that appears light brown in UV light). The finish layer of generation #3 is preceded by an distinctly off-white primer that is embedded in the pores of the wood. As plain wainscots like this are distinctly Federal period in character, it, along with the generation #3 paint probably date to initial remodeling efforts by the Meriam family after they acquired the property. Perhaps the drapery paper found under the c paper was installed at this time. The chair rail on the wainscot dates to the 1921 restoration, as its initial paint corresponds to generation #8 on the summer beam. The section of wainscot and mopboard on the north wall from the door to the northeast corner post also dates to the 1921 restoration. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

203 Page 5 3 7: Cross section of paint from wainscot in SW parlor. Arrows indicate paint generation #3. Mop Board - Early 19th century The first generation of paint on the mopboard is a dark red similar to the later generation of graining on the lower 6 of the paneling. As the layer (#3) that appears as light brown in UV light is not present on the mop board and the mop board was installed to finish off the base of the wainscot, the dark red likely was painted at the same time that #3 was painted on the wainscot. The next generation on the mopboard is a darker tan than #4 on the wainscot, but may have been chosen to show less dirt than the lighter tan on the wainscot. As the wainscot was not covered with the Victorian wallpaper, it includes layers #6 and #7. 8: Cross section of paint from wainscot mopboard in SW parlor. Fireplace Mantel - C s The first generation of paint on the mantel is a light tan with a granular texture similar to the early tans seen on other woodwork. Counting back from generation #6 (white), the first generation on the mantel aligns with #3 on other woodwork, but does not appear light brown under UV light and also lacks the smooth yellowish appearance in visible light of #3. If it was installed at the same time the wainscot was installed, one would expect it to be painted with generation #3 like the wainscot, or possibly marbelized or painted black as was often done with mantels. This suggests the mantel was installed sometime after generation #3 was applied to the other woodwork, but before generation #4. It was painted to visually match the light tan of generation #3 that was the visible paint on adjacent woodwork, but used a new batch of Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

204 Page 6 paint that did not have the component in generation #3 that causes it fluoresce light brown in UV light. For reference purposes this generation is designated #3A. Perhaps the c blue wallpaper was also installed over the earlier drapery paper at this time. 3A 9: Cross section of paint from architrave molding of mantel in SW parlor. Arrows indicate paint generation #3A. The mantel shelf was apparently removed during the 1921 restoration to work on the fireplace. When it was reinstalled it was slightly offset from its previous position as evidenced by a 1/4 wide paint shadow on the right side of the mantel where it covered the woodwork before it was removed and reapplied in 1921 (arrows in photo at left). A paint sample taken from the paint shadow that was originally covered by the mantel revealed that Generation #3 had been applied prior to the installation of the mantel, confirming that the mantel was installed a few years after the wainscot was installed : Cross section of paint from the paint shadow marked by the left hand arrow in the photo above showing generation #3 at the top of the area that was covered by the mantel when it was originally installed in the 19th century. #3 is directly under generation #8 that was applied c when the mantel shelf was reinstalled in a slightly different position. The brownish color of that layer in UV light confirms that the layer is #3. The dark lines that divide the lower portion of the bottom layer are the walls of wood cells rather than separate paint layers. Paint samples from the mantel shelf and the top of the plinth blocks at the base of the architrave moldings presented some variations from the samples taken from the architrave. The first two generations on the top was a red graining similar to the mop boards, and the third generation was somewhat different graining. The graining lapped over onto the top of the molding that covers the face edge of the mantel board. This verifies that the board forming the shelf was not a piece of wood from anther location reused to make up the shelf. The explanation may be that the top of the shelf was painted to match the grained panels on the doors, and was repainted more frequently than other woodwork because it got damaged from objects placed on it. The first generation(s?) on the underside of the shelf are a deeper tan than others and also appear darker in UV light. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

205 Page 7 11: Cross section of paint from top of mantel shelf in SW parlor showing several layers of graining indicated by arrows. A sample from the top of a plinth block at the base of the mantel architrave moldings had a layer of white with a lot of dirt on top of it under generation #3A. Perhaps the blocks were reused from a previous fireplace surround at this location. Fireplace Masonry - C rebuilding of c. 1820s fireplace The current exposed masonry is a c partial rebuilding of the c. 1820s firebox. The square hearth brick are set in cement from the 1921 restoration. Portions of the back and south side wall of the original 18th century firebox remain in place behind the current firebox. The current north wall consists of modern (i.e., c. 1921?) cement parging over a bulge that may be the back of a previous bake oven serving the old NE kitchen. The current configuration of the NE kitchen fireplace and oven is of a type that usually dates to between c and c. 1810, but this one may be early as c The bulge that intrudes into the left side of the parlor closet appears to be the back end of the current kitchen fireplace. 12: Looking down into early firebox behind the current fireplace. The lower 4 courses of brick appear to be undisturbed early bricks. The section marked with the white double arrow is set back slightly from the section marked with the black double arrow. It may be the original central smoke channel for the fireplace. 13: Looking up into flue of parlor fireplace that rises above the early firebox. 14: Looking across smoke shelf of current fireplace into early firebox. Black arrow points to left jamb of current fireplace, white arrow indicates current smoke shelf that appears to have been rebuilt c Red arrow marks the left side of the early firebox that appears to have been reworked and parged with cement mortar in c Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

206 Page 8 Door to Closet - C. 1820s The later paint on this door matches generations #6-#10, but the earlier generations are distinctly different from the other woodwork. The initial paint on the panels is a thick buildup of several light tan layers that do not show obvious separation lines or dirt between them making it difficult to determine if there are two generations or an unusually thick buildup of primers for a single generation. This is followed by a thin dark layer that UV light reveals to be graining. Assuming there are two generations, the initial generation is #3A matching the mantel, and the second is the ground for the dark layer of graining. The sample from the bottom rail of the door shows an initial thin layer of dark red followed by a light tan and then more graining. The generation following the graining is a thick light tan having a smooth texture and small visible bits of red and yellow pigment. As it fluoresces a sparkling blue is based on zinc white rather than lead white and is not earlier than the mid-1840s. In sequence this would appear to correspond to generation #5, but is unlike the #5 that appears on all the other woodwork and is therefore designated #5A. The graining is probably the old, crackled orange to red graining that Stetson Griffing describes being on the parlor doors about While the other doors were replaced at that time, the closet door was left in place and was probably repainted with #5A. 5A 3A 15: Cross section of paint from lower panel of 2 panel door to closet next to fireplace SW parlor showing graining indicated by white arrows. Stiles and Top Rail Framing Closet Door - C. 1820s or 30s, altered c Based on their paint these boards appear to date to generation #4 as there are only two generations of light tans before they were covered over with Victorian wallpaper. This is curious, as both the mantel and closet door appear to have been installed prior to paint generation #4 (i.e., generation #3A). The top rail and the portion of the stile above the mantel shelf have a distinct paint shadow several inches wide that defines an area that was not painted until the 1921 restoration. This is likely an area that was covered by the architrave molding forming the casing for the closet door prior to The left hand stile above the door does not align with the door frame below it. Probably this woodwork was removed during the 1921 restoration and reinstalled several inches to the right of its original position. Millar s 1916 elevation of this wall shows the right hand stile being much wider than it is currently is. Perhaps the wood was damaged and/or had to be radically altered to fit the new panel that was installed above the mantel in Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

207 Page 9 17: Paint samples taken from of stile marked with the red circle in photo at left. 16: Stile between panel above fireplace and door to closet. Red line indicates width of area that did not receive any paint until c Black arrows indicate the paint shadows marking edges of area that was unpainted until c Door opening to Northwest Room - altered C. 1860s - 80s This door opening was probably widened and increased on height between c and c. 1880s and its 18th century door discarded. The late 19th century photo shows it with a portier instead of the door. Cracks in the wall plaster above the opening indicate its original width, as does a added section of band molding at the head of the door in the northwest parlor. Architrave Moldings and Plinths on Door openings to Closet and Northwest Room - C These moldings and plinths date to the 1921 restoration. They are copies of the architrave moldings on the door to the front entry. The moldings drawn by Millar in 1916 are slightly different (a cove and bead) and were apparently discarded as being Victorian. Chair Rail over Wainscot - C The chair rails above the board wainscot on the south, west, and north date to the 1921 restoration based on their paint and statements by Willard and Brown. Door to Front Entry - C The current 6 panel door was installed in 1921 to replace a Victorian door. Its paint sequence starts with generation #8 (1921). As noted in the section on the door frame casings, the original Gerogian door was probably several inches shorter. One would think it was a 4 panel door to match the adjacent paneling layout, but the presence of two 6 panel doors dating to the 18th century in the tap room chamber makes this unclear (the paint buildup on these other doors was checked in-situ and indicated they are probably original to that chamber. Any paneling in that room was replaced by the current Federal period woodwork. 18: Top of frame of door to entry. Black arrow points to the thumbnail molding for a former narrow horizontal panel above the original door. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

208 Page 10 Panel over Fireplace Mantle - C The large single panel along with the horizontal rails above and below it down to the top of the mantel shelf were installed in the c restoration to replace the flat plaster and related woodwork that are shown in Millar s 1916 drawing. The stile that frames the right side of the panel is original of the 18th century paneling to the right of the fireplace, but the thumbnail molding that receives the panel was added c The stile framing the left side of the panel dates to c. 1820s-30s (see section above) but was altered and repositioned in 1921 with a new thumbnail molding to receive the panel. 19: Sample from panel above fireplace. The first layer (off-white) is from the c restoration. Bed Moldings under the East Chinney Girt - C The current bedmolding consists of large crown molding with a bed molding beneath it. These were installed in 1921, as neither element has paint earlier the 1921 restoration. No bedmolding is present in the late 19th century photo. Millar includes an double ogee crown molding under the chimney girt in his 1916 drawing that probably reflects his conjectural view of the 1775 appearance rather than an actual molding. The current moldings should be removed and underside of the girt and top rail of the paneling examined to determine if there is paint evidence for an 18th century bed molding in this location. Whether the current moldings were installed as a restoration or to conceal damage to the top rail of the paneling is not known. Bed Moldings Under South, West, and North Girts (not present) - C. 1860s, removed c Bed moldings under these girts are visible in the late 19th century photo and are shown in Millar s 1916 drawing. There is an obvious paint line on the underside of the girts and front casing of the chimney girt and the that outlines the placement of the bed molding. Paint samples from both sides of the paint line indicate that the moldings were not installed until the Victorian wallpaper was installed (paint generations #6 and #7 are missing in the area occupied y the bed molding, but #1-#5 are present). The description of Brown and Willard of finding strips of early wallpaper on the plaster that was covered by the bed moldings further confirms their late date. Their description seems to indicate that a narrow strip of the blue federal period paper was directly under the molding with another beneath it. Therefore, the blue Federal paper was probably on the walls from its installation c. 1820s until sometime after c Crown Moldings on all Girts and the Summer Beam (not currently present) - mid-18th century or possibly c. 1730, removed c Both the late 19th century photograph and Millar s 1816 drawing show crown moldings at the top of all girts and both sides of the summer beam. There is an obvious paint line on the face of the girts and summer beam that outlines the placement of the crown moldings molding. Paint samples from both sides of the paint line indicate that the moldings are original to the first 18th century generation of paint on these elements (the first paint generation in the areas covered by the crown moldings is #8 from c. 1921). Comparison of the exposed height of the girts in the late 19th century photograph as well as the Millar drawings with their current exposed height indicates that the current ceiling plaster is about an inch lower than at that time. This is further confirmed by the 1 ± height of the ceiling above the paint line from the lower edge of the crown molding, as compared to the 2 1/2 height of the crown molding on Millar s drawing. Although the current ceiling plaster looks old and lumpy with the apparent lines of the wood lath telescoping through it, the ceiling must have been lowered in the 1921 work, perhaps to accomodate structural repairs the framing above it. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

209 Page 11 Entry Paint &Woodwork Dating Report - Draft Entry Paint - Introduction Paint samples taken from the first floor portion of the staircase indicate that most of its components were constructed at the time when the current square stair balusters were installed. Assuming the square balusters date to the Federal period, the entire first floor portion of the staircase including its stringers and board sheathing date to that period. This lends some credence to the statement of Brown that the direction of the staircase was reversed when the square balusters were installed, although we saw no specific evidence for its direction being changed. The early layers on the samples were very similar light greyish tans, making it was difficult to correlate the paint sequence between some of the samples. However, the samples from the front the square balusters and the stringer had clear correlation and make it clear that the square balusters did not simply replace the turned ones that remain at the second floor level while leaving the rest of the 18th century stair case unchanged. In situ sampling revealed that the SW cornerpost casing is modern, as is the molded cap on top of the west girt. The c photo of the stairs shows a post or vertical board in the NW corner of the first stair landing that is no longer present. Likewise the molding on the mopboard below the stair was removed in Wood Substrate 20: Cross section of paint sample from first floor stair baluster with numbers assigned to successive paint generations. Photo at left is in visible light, right photo is in ultra-violet (UV) light. #11 - Current finish, applied in 1994 #10 - Applied in 1974 #9 - c restoration treatment #8 - Late 19th century paint containing zinc oxide pigment - wallpaper covered adjacent wood 9 8 sheathing 7 #7 - Late 19th century paint containing zinc oxide pigment - wallpaper covered adjacent wood 6 5 sheathing 4 3 #6 - Mid 19th century #5 - Mid 19th century - layer is distinctively whiter than the layers 2 1 preceeding it - #4 may be prime for this layer Wood Substrate #4 - Slightly more yellowish than the layers preceeding it 21: Cross section of paint sample from the top surface of the stringer with dirt #3 - light greyish tan C. 1830s? clearly separating the early paint generations from each other. #4 and #5 may #2 - light greyish tan C. 1820? be the prime and finish of a single generation, as there is minimal separation #1 - C first finish paint on between them in UV light. square balusters - light greyish tan Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

210 Page ? Wood Substrate 22: Cross section of paint sample from the face of the stair stringer. The paint is clearly identical from the current generation down to generation #7 with the baluster paint. Below that the alignment with the baluster paint is less clear and one or two generations may be missing. The number of layers below #7 is certainly not greater than on the baluster, suggesting the stringer and baluster were installed at the same time c : Cross section of paint sample from the vertical board sheathing below the stair stringer. The sample appears somewhat jumbled and is missing a number of layers. Some of the missing layers are because the sheathing was covered with wallpaper during the late 19th century, but the 1921 restoration treatment also appears to be missing, perhaps because it was covered with the Cervera wallpaper in the 1921 restoration discussed below. The layer marked with the arrow has a yellowish quality similar to #4 on the other samples. Although not conclusive, the sample suggests the sheathing is no older than the c stair balusters and may be later. Society records identify wallpaper fragments found other the mopboard molding below the stair as a French paper commemorating a manned balloon flight of 1783 (the Cervera wallpaper). As it was thought to be a late 18th or early 19th century paper it was reproduced and installed in the entry in the 1921 restoration. On reviewing the photos of the wallpaper fragments, Richard Nylander commented that they are from an 1845 or 1860 version of the paper. They were probably the initial wallpaper treatment on the sheathing, preceeding the paper that is present in the c photograph of the entry. Samples taken from the board sheathing under the west girt, and from the face of the west girt are also difficult to interpret as their paint sequence is interrupted by periods when these elements were covered with wallpaper. A cross section of the paint from the board sheathing on the west wall had a similar sequence of off-white layers with no more than 5 generations prior to the 1921 restoration paint. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

211 Page 13 24: Overview of 2nd floor stair hall showing differences between first and second floor stair detailing. The stringer and handrail for the section rising to the attic have entirely different molding profiles from the first floor stringer and handrail. The cut in the stringer molding at the arrow does not align with newel for the first floor stair and may relate to newel of the previous 1st floor stair. The section of the stair to the attic was probably not built until the current roof was constructed c to replace the original lower gable roof, as the headroom at the top of the stairs would have required people to stoop under the roof framing. The earliest paint in the second floor stair hall woodwork was a red that shows up as fragmentary patches on various elements including the turned balusters. The wood substrate at the samples of early woodwork without red tended to have a blotchy brownish surface suggesting either an oiled surface or oxidation from being exposed without paint for a number of years. The lack of red in many places could also be the result of the paint wearing off or being scraped off for later treatments (At some elements one sample showed the red, while another an inch away did not). The only cross section sample was from the base of a turned baluster on the attic run. Samples taken from other elements fell apart. However, in situ samples were done on a number of elements. These were examined with a 10X Dermlite with cross-polarized LED lighting (which tends to increases the contrast between layers and brighten some pigments). The first layer above the red )or above the wood substrate where red was not present) was a very light grey that looked blueish under the Dermlite. This was followed by a very few off-whites and light greys, the total number of generations being substantially less than on the first floor balusters and stringer. In situ paint sampling revealed fragments of an early red paint treatment at the locations marked with red circles. The white circles mark samples where the red was not found. The door to the attic is later than the stair (early 19th century?). The infill panel marked with the yellow circle is modern. The handrails show multiple generations of reddish mahoganizing. The initial paint on the risers of the attic stairs is the same yellow ochre as on the floor. The window casing in the south wall is late 19th century. See next page for paint details at large red circle. 25: Cross section of paint sample from a turned baluster on the stairs leading to the attic. The sample shows far fewer generations of paint than the square balusters and other woodwork at the first floor stair with only the 20th century layers having any correlation with the first floor. Traces of red on top of the wood substrate indicate that the balusters were initially finished with a thin red paint. The irregular fracture line just above the red layer may indicate some layers are missing, or that red was not repainted for many years resulting in a poor bond with the next layer. The red is consistent with the red on the interior side of the original front door, but the sample provides no other evidence that similar turned balusters were originally used at the first floor stair. The cause of the blue florescence on the wood substrate in UV light is not known. The turned balusters... from the attic stringer. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

212 Page : Detail of west wall of 2nd floor stair hall at door to SW parlor chamber. Black arrows point to where horizontal beaded boards have been shaved back, probably to install the door casing/jamb c Originally they probably extended to the front wall. Red arrow points to evidence that the height of the door frame may have been increased. The molding on the casing is from the mid-19th century period. In situ paint sampling revealed fragments of an early red paint treatment similar to the turned balusters were at the locations marked with red circles. The white circles mark samples where the red was not found. As the red was on portions of the door jamb, it was used after c (but possibly earlier on the boarding). The lack of red in many places may be the result of the paint wearing off or being scraped off for later treatments. The 4 ± thickness of this wall is somewhat of mystery - it may contain studs from the west exterior wall of the original c construction, but it seems to align more with posts of the c addition than the c frame. A pin in the first floor west girt of the entry suggests there was once a rising brace at the corner. The second floor girt above board sheathing does not show any evidence of stud pockets of pins for studs within the wall, but should be examined more closely. 27 & 28: Cross sections of paint samples from a riser of the first floor stair (top pair), and a second floor landing floor board (bottom pair - the sample is split). The arrows on the riser sample indicate paint generations that match #8 and #7 on the baluster dating from the late 19th century. Counting back from #7 to the wood substrate there are one or possibly two more generations than on the baluster and stringer samples. However, as stairs are subject to heavy wear, the extra layers may be due to more frequent repainting and do not clearly indicate the treads and risers are older than the balusters. There are four generations of yellow ochre on the riser. The sample from the tread was similar, and neither sample showed any staining of the surface of the wood substrate that would indicate the surface was initially unpainted. The floor board from the 2nd floor landing has at least 3 generations of the same yellow ochre as its early paint treatments, but did show dark staining of the substrate that may indicate the floor was unpainted for some years prior to the application of yellow ochre. This was a common color for painting floors. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

213 Page 15 29: Cross section of paint sample from front face of first floor newel post. The sample is missing its top layer, which is the current grey. UV light shows that the top red layers are three separate generations of graining (probably mahoganizing), with the lower one probably being the dark finish visible in the c photograph. The bottom dark brown and red are probably similar graining, and were followed by a very dark green. The blue in the wood pores of the substrate in the UV photo may indicate the newel was treated with a clear sealer prior to graining. It is difficult to correlate the middle layers of off-whites and light greys with the somewhat similar layers on the balusters and stringer, but the overall number of paint generations does not suggest that the newel dates back to the 18th century. In situ samples showed that the late 19th century dark graining was only applied to the front face of the newel, the rest being painted to match the stringer. The early graining was applied to all sides of the newels. In situ sampling of the top of the handrail revealed multiple layers of mahoganizing. 29: Cross section of paint sample from front face of second floor newel post. The sample is split. UV light shows that the top black layers are three separate generations. The reds below the first black correlate with the reds in the first floor newel sample. The layers below that indicate the second floor newel was painted less frequently than the first floor and that it lacks the early graining. That the sample does not show the initial red that is on the turned balusters may be another case where the first generation of paint wore off. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

214 Page 16 Tap Room Paint No cross section paint samples were taken in the Tap Room, but some limited in situ sampling was done at the windows and doors. The two panel doors and their casings and related woodwork to the left of the fireplace are clearly reproductions installed in the 1921 restoration. The board sheathing adjacent to the doors and on the return to the fireplace wall are old, but whether the sheathing is made up of reused old boards or is mostly early material that was preserved behind the 19th century plaster and wainscot is difficult to determine and deserves further examination. The surfaces facing the tap room are beat up but have fragments of old paint on them that includes a dark green. Could this green be related to the dark green found on the bar post in the 1921 restoration? The surfaces facing into the under-stair closet are unpainted with a dark oxidized surface. The back side of the sheathing board between the two doors is exposed and painted in the entry. In situ sampling revealed a layer of dark paint under a few off-white layers. The dark paint is not present on the sheathing below the stair stringer (which probably dates to the early 19th century). The six panel door to the old kitchen is made up of an old reused door on the tap room side with new woodwork added to its kitchen side to make a 1 1/4 thick door. As the late 19th century photograph of this room shows a Victorian 2 panel door in this location, the current door was created in the 1921 restoration reusing an old six panel door that may have probably came from another building. The paint shadows of former casings around the door opening that are visible in the c photo of the room indicate that the height of the opening was raised an inch or two, probably to accommodate the Victorian door. The plain board casing on the kitchen side is also c The door to the post office also appears to be modern perhaps reusing a Victorian door for the post office side. Minimal in situ sampling at the south windows and related woodwork verifies that some of the woodwork is old window casings are old, perhaps from the mid-late 19th century. However, The woodwork under the seats other components appear to be relatively new based on its their paint, probably from the 1921 restoration. The installation of the south windows (i.e., windows of their current size) required that the bottom of the beaded south girt be cut away. The current window casings obviously were installed to meet the former plaster ceiling that had been installed under the joists. Whether that ceiling was put in the late 18th or the early-mid 19th century is not known. We suspect the former, because the girts were exposed and painted below the ceiling for a number of years before they were covered with the casings that are visible in the late 19th century photo of the room (the currently visible paint surfaces on the girts above and below the plaster line are evidence of this). Looking closely at the few lath nails that remain in the underside of the joists should help verify the date of the plaster ceiling. More rigorous sampling is needed to more clearly determine the relative age of the various elements of the south wall and windows. 30: Sample of paint from the top of the stile to the right of the bake oven at the old kitchen fireplace. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

215 Page 17 Old Kitchen Only limited in situ sampling and two cross section samples were taken in the kitchen, primarily at the fireplace woodwork. The arrangement of the current fireplace and bake oven indicates it was re-configured in the early 19th century or perhaps the late 18th century. Examples with firm dates of fireplaces like this one with its bake oven placed on the side and opening to the outer face of the fireplace without a cast iron door on the oven usually date from c to c. 1820, although Richard Irons states that a very few may date to the 1760s (see the last paragraph of this section for further speculation as to the evolution of this fireplace). Post c examples usually have cast iron doors at the face of the oven. According to Richard, that the base of the dome of this oven is formed with stretcher bricks rather than a soldier course suggests it may be c or earlier. The horizontal mantel above the fireplace could be older and reflect the full width of the original firebox, which would have had its oven opening to the back wall or back corner of the fireplace. In situ sampling indicated the horizontal mantel board is old with some episodes of graining, while some of the vertical rails and other elements have considerably less paint and may reflect alterations. However, whether any elements predate the current firebox and oven cannot be determined without more rigorous cross section sampling. The historic photographs show 19th century style paneled door covering the bake oven section. It was probably original to the current configuration of the fireplace. If that door can be located, comparing its paint with other elements would establish whether any predate the early 19th century remodeling. The ceiling joists were examined with limited in situ sampling and one cross section sample to determine if any of the grey diagonal stripes are earlier than the restoration work. Although the cross section was inconclusive, the in-situ sampling indicated that some joists had a layer of oil or grease from the cooking fires on them. The stripes on at least one of these joists were darker and more crazed than the stripes on the ceiling boards, and seemed to be somewhat embedded in the oil surface. Examination of the c photograph of the room that shows the beams and joists with their casings and the ceiling wallpaper removed shows faint diagonal dark stripes to be present on the same joist we examined, but not yet restored to the other elements. This is probably the evidence cited Society records for recreation of the stripes on the other ceiling elements in the room, and may well date to the 18th century. Similar early decorative treatments have been found in other early 18th century house kitchens such as the White-Ellery house in Gloucester and the Winslow House in Marshfield. Further examination of the ceiling framing and boards revealed that the evidence of the stripes is quite widespread. The early striping is almost black,whereas the restoration striping is a medium grey. In some places the grey restoration paint was applied over the early black paint where it can be clearly seen as an applied layer. The early striping is present on a number of ceiling boards and on the west wall girt and the center girt (actually a continuation of the chimney girt in the tap room). The presence of early striping along with soot and grease soaked into the wood, and nails from the former plaster ceiling lath, provides clear evidence of the sequence of changes in the layout and ceiling finishes of the kitchen. The section at the east end of the current kitchen that Brown describes as the later bar for the tap room (the easterly 6 ) appears to have been partitioned off from the kitchen for most, if not all of the 18th century. Its ceiling boards and the east girt do not have any clear evidence of the original striping or soot that is in the rest of the kitchen (however, the striping on the northern end of the east girt should be looked at more closely to verify there are no remnants of the early striping). The joists do not provide any evidence of early finishes, as they were replaced in this section following the removal of the former stair at its south wall. This probably occurred in the 19th century. Presumably this room was separated from the kitchen by a simple board partition. The extent of the soot and grease along with the decorative painting indicates that the ceiling framing and boarding of the kitchen was exposed for much of the 18th century. Remnants of whitewash on the ceiling and in some cases under the striping indicate it was unpainted dur- Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

216 Page 18 ing the earliest period with the striping being later. Eventually a plaster ceiling was installed on the undersides of the joists. The few lath nails that remain in place are wrought nails, indicating the plaster ceiling was installed in the late 18th or perhaps very early 19th centuries. Probably the girts remained exposed below the plaster ceiling and were whitewashed. The section of the south girt above the door to the tap room retains a fairly intact layer of paint and whitewash over the soot and grease stains. This may date to the period of the plaster ceiling. 31: Detail from c photo of old kitchen taken after the casings and wallpaper had been removed form the beams and ceiling boards. Arrow points to the diagonal stripes on the joist that appear to be the evidence for the c. 1920s painting on the beams and ceiling. 32: Photo of similar 18th century painting in the leanto section of the 1710 White-Ellery House in Gloucester. 33: Photo of similar 18th century painting in the leanto section of the 1710 White-Ellery House in Gloucester. 34: Detail of at west girt showing wrought lath nails in ceiling joist (white arrow), original stripes in dark paint at the top of the girt (yellow arrow), and restored stripes in lighter grey paint on the ceiling board and lower part of the girt (black arrows). 35: Detail of ceiling boards showing surviving original paint stripes (yellow arrows) that are on top of the fragments of whitewash with bits of the lighter grey 1921 restoration paint (black arrow) on top of the original strips. The restoration paint is flaking off. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

217 Page 19 The late 19th century photo of the kitchen shows that by that time the plaster ceiling had been removed and the joists and beams covered with wood casings (the bottom 1 including the bead of the center girt was cut off to provide room for the casings). The ceiling boards were covered with wallpaper. Presumably this was done in the mid-late 19th century. Changes at that time also included the installation of a strip wood floor and relaying the hearth brick. In the c restoration all casings and wallpaper were removed, the strip floor replaced with wide boards, and the hearth again relaid. The question of the age of the current fireplace/oven and whether there was an earlier one is difficult to resolve. The skewed beam that functions as a header for the half arch supporting the second floor hearth was added to the existing framing sometime after the original construction. It lacks the soot staining and decorative painting that is on the adjacent original framing, but does have a coat of early whitewash on it right up to the ceiling boards. It has two unused mortise pockets (actually butt cogs) that also have whitewash in them, and appears to have been let into open mortises in the original center and west girts. Its skewed orientation was obviously to support the skewed hearth of the second floor fireplace on the half arch springing from the first floor fireplace, and relates to the construction of the north chimney that is presumed to be c If that is the case, both the decorative painting and the soot stains on the framing predate c and indicate there was a previous cooking fireplace. The lack of a bake oven in the tap room fireplace along with less extensive soot staining on the ceiling also suggest there must have been a cooking fireplace in the kitchen early on. This may have been oriented in line with the north wall with its flue joining the back side of the south chimney (perhaps the abandoned flue observed by Brown in the closet of the tap room chamber?), and its bake oven in its southwest corner extending slightly into void that would eventually by occupied by the SW parlor fireplace. The need for additional fireplaces in the rooms added in the c alterations may have resulted in the complete rebuilding of the fireplace with its new skewed orientation and the construction of the north chimney along with changes to the north side of the south chimney that are now obscured by parging and changes in the closets. 37: Detail of south girt above door to tap room showing extensive dark soot and grease stains under later paint. 36: Detail of reused beam added at a skewed angle to support hearth of kitchen chamber fireplace. Note whitewash extends into obsolete mortise (arrow) and beam lacks the extensive soot and grease stains present on original joists. 38: (Right) Detail of center girt at left side of kitchen fireplace. This girt appears to be a continuation of the chimney girt in the tap room. The arrow points to where it is visible passing over the bricks at the back of the cabinet with its corner bead still intact. The bricks may be supporting the girt. The blue arrow ponts to where the bottom 1 of the girt was hacked off to install a casing in the late 19th century. The board marked with the white arrow appears to be modern and could be removed to examine the connection of the center girt to the south girt, to determine if it and the tap room chimney girt is a continuous piece of wood, and to examine its support. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

218 Page 20 Northwest Parlor No paint samples were taken in this room for cross sections, but the surface of the fireplace mantel was visually reviewed for evidence of its age and past changes and some in-situ sampling was done at the mantel. Most of the mantel woodwork looks to be 18th century with a good buildup of paint, but the doors to the shelves along with the panel and stiles between them are reproductions from the 1921 restoration. The ropey, dry texture of the paint on the shelves is characteristic of 19th century paints and suggests they are original to the over-mantel woodwork. A clear horizontal paint shadow across the center of the horizontal panel above the fireplace indicates there was a mantel shelf that was removed in the 1921 restoration. Cross section paint samples would need to be done to establish the age of the former shelf relative to the full sequence of paint on the woodwork. The crown molding was not examined. The splay of the firebox seems shallow for c. 1760, but may have been dictated by the corner position of the fireplace. The hearth was relaid c The casing of the door opening to the SW parlor has clearly been altered to increase the height and width of the opening, probably in the 2nd half of the 19th century, portions of the casings are old. The door opening to the old kitchen has also has been made higher by removing part of its horizontal casing, The casings for the door frame to the kitchen are old (late 18th or early 19th centuries, but was altered at the top to increase the height of the door and the door is a c reproduction 6 panel door. The window casings were not closely examined, but their with their wide flat board casings are old, perhaps as early a the 18th century, but the apron below stool is c Room Tap Room Chamber Limited in situ paint sampling was done to date the doors. The mantel, closet door, all door casings, and the window casings including the beaded apron below the stool had a consistent paint buildup with the bottom layers being similar tans. This suggests that these elements were all added at the about the same time during the Federal Period. Both of the six panel doors had at least one similar dark layer under the tans, indicating that they predate the Federal period. At the door to the kitchen chamber, paint shadows from former H-hinges matched on the door and casings, indicating the door had been in this location since the Federal Period (they are currently mounted with butt hinges). At the door to the stair hall, there was a similar paint shadow for H-hinges on the door, but not on the door casing. To explain the lack of paint shadow on the door casing, we suspect the H-hinge probably broke when the door was removed to install the Federal period woodwork and was then re-installed with butt hinges. The wood wainscot to the right of the fireplace lacks the tan layers and appears to be a mid-late 19th century alteration. As the Millar drawing indicates the wall to the left of the fireplace is only 2 thick, it may be an earlier board wall with plaster applied to both sides. Brown indicates the c restoration work was limited to the removal of wallpapers, so exploration of the wall for earlier finishes behind the plaster may not have been done. 39: Detail at door between tap room chamber and kitchen chamber. Paint shadows from former H hinges on the door and the Federal period casing are in alignment indicating this door has been in this position since the Federal period or earlier. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

219 Page 21 Fireplace Hearths All the fireplace hearths on the first floor have been relaid in cement mortar during the 20th century. The 19th century photo of the old kitchen shows the hearth had square tiles similar to the existing ones, but that it did not extend beyond the current open fireplace (i.e., the tiles were not in front of the bake oven section. Apparently it was reduced in size and probably reset when the Victorian strip flooring was installed. Probably the tap room hearth was treated similarly. It is now supported on an iron substructure installed c Most of the hearths in the second floor and attic appear to retain their original tile and have not been reset. Cellar The masonry in the cellar was briefly examined with Richard Irons. Under the SW Parlor the masonry base of the central chimney extends several feet west of the fireplace hearth, presumably to where it would support the full width of the original fireplace hearth. That said, it is curious that early joists extend over the top of the masonry. The top of the masonry has been rebuilt with modern bricks, probably in At the extreme left side of the masonry there is a space where one can look back to a stack of old, quite uniform bricks that appear to be set in clay mortar for their first three course. These brick extend up into the extreme left side of the closet above where they appear to provide the base for the current kitchen bake oven. 40: Black arrow points to bricks in cellar that appear to form the base for the bake oven of the kitchen fireplace. The face of these bricks aligns with the east wall of the SW Parlor. The bricks extend through the floor and up at the extreme right side of the SW parlor closet. Yellow arrow points to sprinkler pipe that rises up next to these brick in the closet. White arrow points to the beam under the wall between the SW parlor and the NW parlor. A 41: Closet of the SW parlor. Red arrow points to the continuation of the bricks shown in the photo of the cellar. Black arrow points to back of the kitchen bake oven. White arrow points to the sprinkler pipe that is also visible in the cellar photograph. The board marked A is modern and should be removed to further investigate the evidence for the early parlor fireplace. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

220 Page 22 Under the Tap room masonry for the chimney base probably extended originally to the girt under the front of the hearth, but appears to have bee cut back to the face of the fireplace in the 19th or early 20th century to accommodate central heating equipment. The hearth is now supported by iron beams installed c The chimney base for the NW parlor fireplace and kitchen fireplace is a jumble of loose stones that roughly corresponds to the angles of the fireplaces above. They do not appear to extend under the hearths. The framing under the kitchen floor appears to have been largely replaced in the late 19th and/or early 20th century. The masonry bases may have originally extended further out under the hearths, but were removed in conjunction with past floor repairs and other alterations and do not provide any obvious evidence regarding the evolution of the kitchen fireplace. 42: Stone base of the kitchen fireplace in the crawl space below the kitchen. Arrow points to the end of the girt that runs under the tap room at the outer edge of the fireplace hearth. All the framing appears to date to the late 19th and early 20th century, and the portion of the stone base that supported the hearth in front of the fireplace has been removed. 43: Stone base of the NW parlor fireplace. Its jumbled condition suggests that has been somewhat altered. White arrow points to the beam under the wall between the NW and SW parlors. The original half log framing for the floor of the NW parlor remains in place, but the sub-floor boards have been replaced. Exterior Paint Three 18th century clapboards were examined for evidence of the early paint treatment of the house, and possibly identifying the layer that was present in One was the example with a bullet hole in it that is on display in the tap room, and the other two were in the collections of the Society. All three are riven and were attached with wrought nails based on the depression from the heads at their nail holes. These are the only known remaining early clapboards from the house. Society records indicate that 100 clapboards were supposed to have been saved when the house was re-clapboarded in 1994, but they could not be found. It is not known where the three clapboards were originally located on the house, and whether they date to the original construction or the later 18th century alterations. As the c alterations were extensive, it seems most likely that the surviving clapboards date from that period, although they could also be from the c alterations. The front faces of all three clapboards are weathered under many layers of 19th and 20th century offwhites paints with no visible evidence of earlier paints(including the area around the bullet hole). However, all had a few tiny fragments of earlier paint remaining where the clapboards are overlapped by the next course. Several of these fragments were removed and mounted for cross section analysis. The sequence of layers in these fragments starting with the earliest that was in contact with the wood substrate is: Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

221 Page Deep (i.e., dark) yellow ochre 2. Thin off-white that appears translucent and greyish in cross section 3. Light green with visible chunks of bright green verdigris pigment 4. Medium yellow ochre (much thicker than the other layers) 5. Light tan 6. Light yellow ochre 7. Light tan, followed by a succession of off whites : Paint sample in visible light (left) and UV light (right) with fragments of the earliest surviving paint treatments. The sample was taken from the lap between clapboards. The numbers correspond to the layers listed in the text above. Pigment analysis by Susan Buck revealed that layers #1-#4 used pigments available prior to : Paint sample in visible light (left) and UV light (right) showing the continuation of the sequence of paints shown in the photo of the earliest layers (photo is of another sample). The red arrow points to the current finish paint. In the UV photo, the black bar marks the paints that fluoresce yellow indicating they contain white lead, the red bar marks paints that fluoresce light blue indicating they contain zinc white, a pigment that did not become available until the 1840s, and the white bar marks paints that appear very dark indicating they contain titanium dioxide, a pigment that did not become available until the 1930s. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

222 Page 24 One sample was sent to Susan Buck in Williamsburg, VA for further analysis to identify the specific pigments in layers 1-4 and determine whether they were available in the 18th century. If the pigment in one of these layers was not available until after c. 1775, one could eliminate it and all following layers from being present during the Revolution. The analysis indicated that all four layers used pigments that were readily available in the 18th century. Layer #1 when viewed casually on the clapboard appears to be bits of brown wood clinging to the next paint layer, but the analysis showed it to be a distinct layer with deep yellow ochre pigment that was discolored by bits of wood mold within it. The translucent quality of #2 is due to its having a high percentage of calcium carbonate (i.e., whiting) in it as a filler. It was essentially a very cheap paint with poor hiding qualities that has degraded to its current appearance. The verdigris used in #3 frequently degrades to a light tan or brown, which is why most of the fragments of this paint appear to be tan rather than light green. #4 is very similar to the light yellow ochre currently used on the clapboards (it seems to be slightly deeper than the current color), and is probably the layer that Sara Chaser matched in her 1987 analysis of the paint. The report of the analysis by Susan Buck is attached. Identifying the appearance of the building in 1775 is further complicated by the weathering of the clapboards due to the lack of paint at various periods. To clarify the weathering evidence, The end of one of the early clapboards was cut into several thin slices to identify any fragments of paint embedded with the weathering fissures. As no fragments of early paint were observed within the weathering fissures on the front face of the clapboards, that weathering may not have occurred until the 19th century. However, on the lower butt edge there are some weathering fissures in the wood with layers #2 and #3 embedded in the fissures, meaning #2 and #3 were applied after the weathering had occurred. #3 was also observed in some fissures just below the lap between clapboards. This suggests that the clapboards were initially unpainted for a number of years, or perhaps were unpainted between #1 and #2. In the hope of finding a paint layer that could be firmly dated to the early 19th century, samples of the trim on the 1813 post office addition were taken from its cornice and door casing where there was a heavy buildup of paint. Unfortunately, the earliest layers on these samples were the dark browns that are visible on the trim in the late 19th photographs of the house. The 1987 analysis by Sara Chase did take samples from the main cornice of the house that included layers previous to the late 19th century browns, but there is no way to be certain whether they included 18th century layers, or how they might correlate with the clapboard paint layers. The sample she took from the window head that is encapsulated within the attic of the 1813 post office addition does not provide any clear answers. 46: Weathering fissure in butt of clapboard with layers #2 - #4 in the fissure. Arrows marks #2. 47: Paint sample from crown molding on 1813 post office addition. Layers marked with the white bar are the browns and tans visible on the trim in the various late 19th century photographs of the house. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

223 Page 25 We did look briefly at the various 18th century window casings on the first floor main house for any surviving early paint, but did not find any. The beaded weatherboards that are encapsulated within the attic of the 1813 post office addition have a thin wash of red paint on them. However, because of the relationship of these clapboards and their red paint to the sheathing boards at the corner with the front facade of the house, we suspect they were an interior finish for an unknown addition that preceded the post office addition. There was no evidence of any red paint or stain on the exterior clapboard samples. 48: Beaded weatherboards on the east wall of the tap room chamber as visible in the attic above the post office. Arrow points to red paint from the weatherboards on the edge of the sheathing from the south wall. This suggests the corner was not finished to be exposed to the weather in conjunction with the weatherboards. 49: Arrow points to the 18th century window head encapsulated in the attic of the 1813 post office. Although this is difficult to get to reach, getting new paint samples from this might shed some light on the early exterior paint. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

224 Page 26 Attic Chimney Photographs 50: South chimney in attic showing evidence of former gable roof. Black arrows point to lines of mortar marking the pich of the original c gable roof. Yellow arrows point to the remains of the original brick drip course above the roof line. White arrow points to the section of brick added to the chimney c when the current fireplace was built in the SW attic chamber. 51: South face of south chimney showing creosote stains. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

225 Page 27 Paint Match for Southwest Parlor A sample from the summer beam was prepared to expose generations #1 and #2 for matching. The sample was subjected to Ultra Violet light for 7 days to reverse the effect of yellowing of oil in the paint prior to matching. This had only very minimal effect on the color. Generations #1 and #2 are very similar, and either might have been the finish paint in The color can be characterized as a greyish tan. An approximate match is the following. Benjamin Moore Historic Colors Sandy Hook Grey HC : Scan of sample from the SW parlor summer beam. Black arrow points to the section used for the match. Red arrow points to generation #3, which is slightly warmer (i.e., more yellow) than #1 and #2. White arrow points to the current blue. The appearance colors of the paint in the scan should not be considered accurate due to color balance issues. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

226 Page 28 Notes on the age of doors Most of the doors on the first and second floors are either reproductions or reused doors(i.e, probably salvaged from other buildings). Room Tap Room Door to Post Office - reused with some new components - Victorian style on Post Office side Doors to entry and closet under stairs - 2 panel reproduction doors c Door to old kitchen - reused period 6 panel door on tap room side combined with new 6 panel door on kitchen side c Door to room new 6 panel door c Room Entry Exterior door - Modern Room Southwest Parlor Door to Entry - new 6 panel door c Door to fireplace closet - C panel door Door to room No door, opening enlarged 2nd half of 19th century Room Northwest Parlor Door to old kitchen - new 6 panel door c Room Old Kitchen Door to room old 6 panel door, c. 1800? Door to room old Federal period door Room Tap Room Chamber Door to fireplace closet - old Federal period 2 panel door Door to room old 6 panel door (18th Century - always in this room) Door to room old 6 panel door (18th Century - always in this room) Room SW Parlor Chamber Door to fireplace closet - old 2 panel door (18th Century - may be original to room) Door to room new 6 panel door c Door to room Old reused 6 panel door widened to fit opening (has graining) Room NW Parlor Chamber Door to room new 6 panel door c Room Old Kitchen Chamber Doors to bathroom and closet -both modern Door to attic Early - mid 19th century Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

227 Suggestions for further investigation Page 29 Southwest parlor 1. Take paint samples for cross sections from the plinth block below the casing of the door to the entry to determine when in the paint sequence the blocks were added to raise the height of the door. Also examine the door frame on the entry side for evidence that it was altered. 2. Remove the modern wood panel at the base of the closet to the let of the fireplace to determine how much the masonry from the kitchen fireplace intrudes into the original firebox of the parlor fireplace. HIGH PRIORITY 5. Look for nails in wainscot and mopboard to determine if cut or wrought nails were used - wrought would suggest they was installed , cut suggests after c (but cut were available in the late 1790s, so this is not definitive evidence). 3. Remove bed moldings under Chimney girt to look for evidence of original moldings, etc. Entry 1. Examine the back side of the treads and risers as visible in the tap room closet to determine if they are fastened with cut of wrought nails. If only cut nails are used this would be further confirmation that the staircase was rebuilt in the Federal period. Also look more carefully for evidence that its direction might have been reversed. Also look for nail types used in board sheathing. This requires removal of plywood board at the back of the closet. HIGH PRIORITY 2. Take additional paint samples for cross sections from the turned balusters and stringer at the 2nd floor landing, and from the stringer to the attic stairs. Did some in-situ sampling - cross sections would be helpful but not critical 3. In situ sample paint of mop boards, door casings, and sheathing next to doors, and possibly take more samples for cross sections to determine the relative age of these components. Old Kitchen 1. Take a cross section paint sample from the girt above the door to the tap room, as this section has not been replaced and appears to retain a substantial paint build-up. This may help to establish the relative age of the fireplace mantel. Also take additional cross section samples from the mantel woodwork to clarify its extent of alterations. 2. Remove modern board at top of side cupboard to access the center girt and determine if it is continuous with the tap room chimney girt as well as its connection to the south girt and how it is supported. The hidden section may retain exposed early paint. HIGH PRIORITY 3. Have Richard Irons temporarily remove a few bricks from the back of the firebox to look for evidence of earlier fireplace. Tap Room 1. Take cross section and/or in situ samples of the window casings and seats to verify the relative age of these elements. Did some limited in-situ samples, but more rigorous sampling would clarify extent of alterations - same for sheathing next to doors in west wall. Southwest Parlor Chamber 1. Take cross section and/or in situ samples from door to NW chamber to determine if its graining relates to the graining on the SW parlor closet door, which might indicate it was reused from the parlor when its doors were removed c Take cross section samples from the old raised panel woodwork to the right of the door to the NW chamber and from the fireplace woodwork to determine if the paneling is original to the chamber. 3. Remove small area of plaster on east wall to detemine the construction of this 5 thick wall, look for hidden paneling and/or original c exterior wall construction. Could start with 1 hole and use boriscope, but bigger opening would be better. HIGH PRIORITY 4. Take cross section samples from the fireplace panels, pilasters and eared surround to determine if the eared surround was added later. Northwest Parlor Chamber 1. Take cross section samples from the fireplace panels and eared surround to determine if the eared surround was added later. Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

228 Page 30 Tap Room Chamber 1. Remove small area of plaster on west wall to determine the construction of this 2 thick wall, look for hidden paneling or sheathing. Exterior 1. Take paint samples from the main cornice and frieze board in hopes of getting some correlation between early clapboard paint and trim paint. Requires a tall ladder. Samples taken by Sara Chase in 1987 did not provide any definitive answers to this issue. This would be a long shot. 2. Take paint samples from the window head enclosed within the post office attic (Access is difficult and complicated by the addition of insulation). Finch & Rose Paint & Woodwork Dating Report, Buckman Tavern - March 14, 2013

229 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern B) Paint Analysis (Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, 1987) Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

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239 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern C) Summary of Probable Cost (MJ Mawn, Inc.) Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

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241 Buckmans Tavern Preliminary Budget Pricing 10/23/12 Buckman Tavern - Restoration and Renovation Construction Costs Description Amount Division 01 - General Requirements General Conditions Temporary Facilities 8,000 Site Maintenance & Protection/Clean 7,000 Supervision 14,000 Insurance 39,000 Overhead & Profit 73,600 Division 2 - Site Existing Conditions Demolition 9,300 miscellaneous removals for construction of architectural access, removal of 20th century restroom upstairs in tavern Division 03 - Concrete Concrete 11,000 concrete footings for load bearing partitions for architectural access, pads for HVAC equipment, raised slab for basement storage room Division 04 - Masonry Masonry 26,200 repointing rubble and granite slab foundation, reconstruction of chimney at ell, caps for chimneys at tavern Division 05 - Metals Metals 4,400 posts, plates and brackets for structural work Division 06 - Woods and Plastics Rough Carpentry 28,100 lumber, studs, rafters and joists for architectural access at adjusted floors, lift and stair cupola, handicapped restroom Finish Carpentry 17,300 door and window casings, baseboards at rehabilitated ell Architectural Woodwork 7,600 cabinetry at shop and kitchenette

242 Buckmans Tavern Preliminary Budget Pricing 10/23/12 Division 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection Insulation 14,100 crawlspace, opened walls per code, attics Roofing & Flashing 18,000 new accessible stair and chair lift cupola, ell roof Gutters & Downspouts 8,900 repitch for proper drainage, replace split downspouts with new Siding & Exterior Trim 4,100 new siding to match existing at new accessible stair and chair lift cupola, selected replacement at modified openings for access, repairs where required Division 08 - Openings Doors & Windows 39,200 new doors at accessible entry, interior rehabilitated spaces restore existing windows, interior storm windows Division 09 - Finishes Board & Plaster/Restoration Plaster 22,500 wall finish at rehabilitated spaces and new partitions within the ell, restore plaster at penetrations made for electrical and mechanical in the historic tavern Flooring 23,100 new flooring in the ell, stair treads for the accessible stair, restroom tile flooring, office flooring Painting, Exterior 27,500 siding, trim, windows and doors Painting, Interior 19,500 siding, trim, windows and doors Division 10 - Specialties Bath Accessories 1,700 grab bars, paper holders, waste receptacles Division 11 - Equipment Equipment 1,000 refrigerator, etc Division 14 -Conveying Equipment Chair Lift 32,000 eight foot rise, 90-degree door configured chair lift

243 Buckmans Tavern Preliminary Budget Pricing 10/23/12 Division 21 -Fire Suppression Sprinkler 82,500 dry pipe, concealed head or sidewall mount system Division 22 -Plumbing Plumbing 27,500 new accessible restroom, kitchenette sink, janitors sin, plumbing as required Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning HVAC 81,400 new hydronic heating and cooling system, duct distribution, condensers, air handlers and controls Division 26 - Electrical Electrical 80,000 new distribution throughout, all new receptacles and lighting in rehabilitated ell, power to chair lift, power to HVAC, improved lighting and receptacles in tavern Lightning Protection 9,000 terminals at high points, grounding rods Division 28 - Electronic Safety and Security Fire/Security Alarms 33,000 new distribution throughout, integration with new sprinkler system Division 31 - Earthwork Site work 24,800 clearing shrubs, rough grading, trenching Site Improvements 13,200 paving, finish plantings and seeding Total 808,500 Contingency 40,425 Total Direct Cost 848,925 Construction Cost by Work Goal Percentage of Total Cost Architectural Access 25% 215,606 chair lift, accessiblity stair and lift cupola, restroom, door modifications, site grading, walkways, etc. Life Safety 19% 160,905 sprinkler system, detection systems, lightning protection Preservation 27% 231,547 restore windows and doors, roof repairs, masonry repairs, paint exterior, paint interior, plaster repair, improve site drainage Infrastructure Rehabilitation 28% 240,867

244 Buckmans Tavern Preliminary Budget Pricing 10/23/12 replace HVAC, electircal distribution, plumbing, etc. Total Direct Cost 100% 848,925 Soft Costs Description Amount Architecture and Engineering 55,935 professional services from architects, engineers and consultants for bidding and construction administration Regulatory Requirements 3,960 professional participation in Hisotric Distric Commission hearings and Architectural Access Board requirements Historical Investigation 13,500 during constrcution documention of revealed historic fabric, evaluation of integrity to historic period (1775), integration of findings into Historic Structures Report Appendix Historical reproduction 7,500 replication of historic items such as wallpaper Owners project representative 20,000 building professional retained by Owner as advisor and observer of the construction process Expenses 3,000 printing, postage, travel aggregated for all tasks above Total Soft Cost 103,895 Total Project Cost 952,820 direct cost plus soft cost TOTAL PROJECT BUDGET

245 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern D) Presentation to Community Preservation Committee (April 8, 2013) Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

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247 BUCKMAN TAVERN April 8, 2013 Presentation to Community Preservation Committee Menders, Torrey & Spencer

248 Menders, Torrey & Spencer Looking to the future Universal access New visitor experience Restored exterior and interior

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250 Renovated Areas 1 st Floor

251 Renovated Areas 2 nd Floor

252 Entries GROUP ENTRY MAIN ENTRY Lights & alarm at group entry Public entry at Gift Shop

253 Interior Changes New stair, restroom and lift

254 Interior Changes

255 Interior Changes Second exhibits and support uses.

256 Back Hall & Post Office Interior Changes

257 Exterior changes Outline of existing dormer

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259 Renovation Improvements Roof and gutters Painting Carpentry repairs Plumbing and sprinklers Electrical HVAC Historic finishes

260 2014 Buckman Tavern will enter its fourth century Lexington Historical Society will start its second century of stewardship

261 HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT The Buckman Tavern E) References to Buckman Tavern in Town Records Menders, Torrey & Spencer, Inc. 2013

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