Trees Do It All! Liveable Cities & Human Health. Dr. Kathleen Wolf College of Forest Resources, University of Washington September 2008

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1 Trees Do It All! Liveable Cities & Human Health Dr. Kathleen Wolf College of Forest Resources, University of Washington September 2008 Global Urbanization % of humanity lived in urban areas, % 1

2 Japan compact cities dynamic street life 2

3 public & non-motorized transportation civic forests 3

4 sacred forests native species & cultural stewardship 4

5 meeting pic? forest symbols 5

6 Canada Urbanization Small Changes, yet Big Change 6

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10 Prevent Hazards & Damage healthy trees are safer trees 10

11 Trees & Livable Cities Planning & Investment: what? how? why? Not just beauty... environment, economics, social benefits malleable mental accounting Cheema & Soman, 2006, J of Consumer Psych 11

12 Trees & Livable Cities Benefits Categories environmental economic psychological social physical self City Trees & Nature Environmental Services Air pollutants reduction Nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment interception Carbon emissions reduction & sequestration Urban heat-island cooling Reduced bad ozone Stormwater runoff reduction Wildlife habitat 12

13 Wildlife Habitat including birds! 13

14 Trees & Livable Cities Benefits Categories environmental economic psychological social physical self City Trees & Nature Community Economics Residential real estate values - 3-7% with trees in yard Residential real estate values %, proximity to natural open space Commercial property rental rates - 7% Heating and cooling costs reductions Less frequent pavement replacement Improved consumer environments in business districts % product spending 14

15 Research Question: What is the response of consumers/shoppers to trees in CBD streetscapes? Measures: Visual preference Place perceptions Patronage behavior Product pricing research program, U of Washington Wolf & collaborators, funded by US Forest Service Image Categories (sorted by ratings) (cities of K population) Pocket Parks mean 3.72 (highest) Scale : 1=not at all, 5=like very much, 26 images Full Canopy mean

16 Enclosed Sidewalk 3.32 Intermittent Trees 2.78 No Trees mean 1.65 (lowest) (high ) 16

17 1. Place Perceptions Amenity and Comfort Interaction with Merchants Quality of Products Maintenance and Upkeep 2. Patronage Behavior travel time, travel distance duration & frequency of visits willingness to pay for parking 3. Product Pricing higher willingness to pay for all types of goods higher in districts with trees % most measures higher with trees typical retail street in urban Japan 17

18 Namba Parks, Osaka view from nearby hotel 18

19 interior retail space ground level small plazas, retail entry 19

20 passive nature experiences Namba Parks: retail success & nature experience benefits 20

21 Trees & Livable Cities Benefits Categories environmental economic psychological social physical self City Trees & Nature Human Health & Well-Being Improved surgery and illness recovery Higher job satisfaction and reduced absenteeism Lower crime rates in well landscape areas Stress & anxiety reduction in urban lifestyles Reduced violence and more constructive conflict resolution in domestic conflict Reduced ADHD symptoms Improved social ties in neighborhoods 21

22 Nearby Nature is necessary human habitat source: UrbanPhoto Nearby Nature - not distant places source: UrbanPhoto 22

23 Trees & Livable Cities Benefits Categories environmental economic psychological social physical self Kaplan, R Landscape and Urban Planning. Workplace Nature Views Well-being desk workers without view of nature reported 23% more ailments in prior 6 months Job Satisfaction less frustrated and more patient higher overall job satisfaction and enthusiasm 23

24 Plants in Workplace Lohr et al J. of Environmental Horticulture Productivity 12% quicker reaction on computer tasks reports of being more attentive Less Stress lower systolic blood pressure directed attention 24

25 we all deserve a corner office! bottom-line $$ benefits Green Roof - Chicago City Hall high-rise nature, preferred views 25

26 Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Hall Ecos, Sept-Oct 2004 Nashville, mixed use bldg roof gardens/ecosystems 26

27 Parking Structure - Kobe, Japan engineered nature & forests social & market values? 27

28 Namba Parks, Osaka view from nearby hotel Wellness & Healing Roger Ulrich. Texas A &M. Studies on nature and medical recovery Surgery Recovery shorter post-operative stays less use of potent pain drugs, better attitude Lifestyle Recovery attentional fatigue restored relationships and career coping Cimprich, B Research in Nursing and Health. 28

29 Healing Gardens - institutional design - U of WA Hospitals Surgery Pavilion 29

30 Parsons, R., Tassinary, L., G., Ulrich, R. S., Hebl, M. R., and M. Grossman-Alexander Journal of Environmental Psychology Roadside Landscape & Traffic Stress Response Roadside Features - Driving Simulations Forest, golf course, strip mall Physiological Response E.g. heart beat, blood pressure Results Nature scenes - return to baseline faster, less response to new stressors Immunization effect Americans travel 2.3 billion miles per day on urban freeways & highways 30

31 NIRS Effects of gardening to frontal cortex TOYODA Masahiro ro,, SUGIHARA Shiho, KAKIGI Tatsuya University of Hyogo Awaji Landscape Planning & Horticulture Academy Elders & Horticulture Therapy 31

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33 1 NIRS 14 NIRS 49(3) P

34 B?C( DECFF GHFIJK L>MJK 1 *1214 * :; ;; :9 61; <=> Trees & Livable Cities Benefits Categories environmental economic psychological social physical self 34

35 Social Benefits studies at the University of Illinois, Landscape and Human Health Laboratory Dr. Frances Kuo Research Director Chicago Public Housing with & without green spaces Wm. Sullivan & F. Kuo University of Illinois 35

36 Landscape & Human Health Laboratory lhhl.uiuc.edu lower levels of fear less violent & aggressive behavior fewer reported crimes more self-discipline for girls reduced ADHD symptoms better neighbor relationships better coping with life s s challenges 36

37 physically disabled & tree climbing! 37

38 recreational tree climbing (& tree therapy) Trees & Livable Cities Benefits Categories environmental economic psychological social physical self public health & human habitat 38

39 Physical Inactivity & Obesity majority of N. Americans not active enough goal-30 minutes per day of moderate activity to reduce risk factors for chronic diseases (heart, stroke, cancer, diabetes) significant costs to national health services Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1985 (*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 39

40 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2004 (*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) Doubling of adult obesity rate since No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24% 25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. Age & Disease - Canadians (1993) - cardiovascular disease leading cause of death, men & women - age ,207 men/2,599 women death from heart disease - age > 65-32,245 men/35,347 women death from heart and stroke disease 25% of these deaths were the direct result of sedentary living 40

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43 Durham, NC parks, open spaces & trails 43

44 make room for pedestrians walkable places = health & happiness 44

45 Nature, Human Health & Walkable Neighborhoods Outcomes: Elderly People & Walking less illness lower mortality rate Environments: Neighborhood Streets (Tokyo) tree - lined parks Takano, Nakamura, Watanabe Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 45

46 Streets are inadequate: dangerous & unattractive Streets are inadequate no room for people 46

47 Complete the Streets! cars/pedestrians/bikes Home Zones (Dutch woonerf ) streets and nature in everyday life trial designs in England 47

48 Home Zones traffic calming green streets festival planning play spaces multi-modal transport Urban Forestry/Nature Programs Involve the People! physical activity passive experience benefits social ties learning for sustainability 48

49 from grassroots to power a movement for social & environmental change stewardship of city nature 49

50 ecological restoration youth in meaningful community activity green infrastructure & natural systems people recognize needs see opportunities assist with planning active in management over large spaces meeting pic? 50

51 High Line Railway - W Manhattan High Line 51

52 Friends of the High Line Community Gardens & Orchards ecosystem services urban agriculture = food build community 52

53 Vertical Gardens - NY Times Community Gardens as Parks good food & good design 53

54 School Yard Parks & People Foundation Baltimore, Maryland asphalt to green visions of landscape recovery Parks & People Foundation, Baltimore nature recovery & schools 54

55 Parks & People Foundation, Baltimore first phase - reading circle Parks & People Foundation, Baltimore schools nature recovery & schools 55

56 Parks & People Foundation, Baltimore schools nature recovery & schools Parks & People Foundation, Baltimore planning skills & efficacy school asphalt recovery 56

57 Our ability to perceive quality in nature begins, as in art, with the pretty. It expands through successive stages of the beautiful, to values as yet uncaptured by language. Aldo Leopold Urban Forestry Benefits Categories environmental economic psychological social physical self good human habitat & liveable cities 57

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