The Anchor Public House, Bankside, London Borough of Southwark

Transcription

1 The Anchor Public House, Bankside, London Borough of Southwark An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment for The Spirit Group by Steve Preston Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code ABS07/86 July 2007

2 Summary Site name: The Anchor Public House, Bankside, London Borough of Southwark Grid reference: TQ Site activity: Desk-based assessment Project manager: Steve Ford Site supervisor: Steve Preston Site code: ABS07/86 Area of site: c. 850 sq m Summary of results: The site is in an area of considerable archaeological potential and is occupied by a listed building. Previous evaluation trenching on the site exposed elements of 17th-century building (made ground layers, a cobbled surface and a cess pit) and later (18thto 20th-century) works interpreted as possibly part of a waterworks, but nothing from any earlier period. This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford Jennifer Lowe i Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR Tel. (0118) ; Fax (0118) ; tvas@tvas.co.uk; website :

3 Introduction The Anchor Public House, Bankside, London Borough of Southwark An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment by Steve Preston Report 07/86 This desk-based study is an assessment of the archaeological potential of approximately 850 sq m of land located on Bankside in Southwark (TQ ) (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Mr Mark Thackeray of Cliff Walsingham and Company, Bourne House, Cores End Road, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire SL8 5AR on behalf of The Spirit Group, and comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area. A planning application has been submitted to Southwark Borough Council for redevelopment of the site to remodel the rear of the building, to provide a new kitchen and new trolley lift. Site description, location and geology A site visit on 16th July 2007 showed that the site currently consists of The Anchor Public House, a Grade II listed 18th-century brick building with some later alteration, including extensions to the rear and to the west. Much of the interior is not original. There is a small car park, with temporary cabin. The site is located on alluvium, with an outcrop of Kempton Park gravel mapped just on the far side of the railway to the east (BGS 1994). It is at a height of approximately 3m above Ordnance Datum. Planning background and development proposals Planning permission is to be sought for the development of a new rear extension to the existing building on the site, for kitchen and storage space, and including a lift pit, and some internal alterations. Archaeology and Planning (PPG ) provides guidance relating to archaeology within the planning process. It points out that where a desk-based assessment has shown that there is a strong possibility of significant archaeological deposits in a development area it is reasonable to provide more detailed information from a field evaluation so that an appropriate strategy to mitigate the effects of development on archaeology can be devised. Paragraph 21 states: Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer s own research indicate that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to 1

4 request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried out... Should the presence of archaeological deposits be confirmed further guidance is provided. Archaeology and Planning stresses preservation in situ of archaeological deposits as a first consideration as in paragraphs 8 and 18. Paragraph 8 states:...where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation... Paragraph 18 states: The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its setting is a material consideration in determining planning applications whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled... However, for archaeological deposits that are not of such significance it is appropriate for them to be preserved by record (i.e., fully excavated and recorded by a competent archaeological contractor) prior to their destruction or damage. Paragraph 25 states: Where planning authorities decide that the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains is not justified in the circumstances of the development and that development resulting in the destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, it would be entirely reasonable for the planning authority to satisfy itself... that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of remains. Further guidance is provided by the London Borough of Southwark s Unitary Development Plan (1995, still applicable). Objective E.5 is To ensure the preservation, protection, investigation, recording and display of the archaeological heritage. Policy E.5.1 states: The council will seek to conserve and protect the Borough s archaeological heritage and to enhance the knowledge of its historical development. The policy will apply to sites of potential archaeological importance where ancient remains are threatened by development. 2

5 (i) The Council will expect the applicant to provide information to enable an assessment of the impact of a proposed development on the potential archaeology of the site. This would usually be desk-based information and would be expected prior to determination of a planning application. (ii) Where there is potential for important remains on a site, which may merit preservation in situ, then the results of an archaeological field evaluation will, if feasible, be required prior to determination of a planning application. (iii) Where the evaluation reveals important remains their protection and preservation will be the primary objective. This can be achieved by redesigning the proposed development and by foundation modification. (iv) Where important archaeological remains cannot be preserved, or where remains do not merit preservation, then the Council will use planning conditions to ensure excavation and recording of the remains prior to redevelopment, i.e., preservation by record. (v) Archaeological investigations are to be undertaken by a recognised archaeological field unit to a written specification. These will need to be approved by the Council prior to the commencement of any work. Southwark also has Supplementary Planning Guidance relating to archaeology, including the wording of the proposed new Policy 3.7 for the Draft Southwark Plan (2002, but not yet adopted): Planning applications affecting sites of archaeological potential shall be accompanied by an archaeological assessment and evaluation of the site, including the impact of the proposed development. Development proposals will be required to preserve in situ, protect and safeguard scheduled ancient monuments and important archaeological remains and their settings, and where appropriate, provide for the permanent display and/or interpretation of the monument or remains. The local planning authority will ensure the proper investigation, recording of site and publication of the results by a suitably qualified archaeological contractor, as an integral part of a development programme where a development incorporates archaeological remains or where it is considered that preservation in situ is not appropriate. Further policies cover Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Historic Parks and Gardens, Listed Buildings, and other structures of architectural or historic merit, none of these is specifically relevant here. The site lies within one of the Borough s Archaeological Priority Areas. Methodology The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute of Field Archaeologists paper Standards in British Archaeology covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Greater London Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (GLSMR), geological maps and any relevant publications or reports. Archaeological background General background The lower stretch of the Thames Valley is rich in finds of many periods (Williams and Brown 1999). Many archaeological deposits, covering extensive tracts of the gravel terraces north of the estuary, have been 3

6 discovered by aerial photography but the nature and extent of occupation and use of lower-lying areas has only come to light in more recent times. River margins, creeks and inlets, including those of the Thames, were preferred areas of settlement in earlier periods, but study of this use is hampered by subsequent inundation due to a rise in sea level and the deposition of deep alluvium. Fieldwork has, nevertheless, located areas of occupation with good preservation of organic remains typified by the examples of wooden trackways laid down to cross low-lying ground in the Bronze Age and earlier (Meddens 1996). The areas of higher ground (e.g. gravel terrace margins) overlooking lower-lying, seasonally-flooded land are a preferred topographic location for occupation. In this context, it should be noted that the site lies on the alluvial and tidal floodplain of the River Thames. Until the last couple of decades, relatively little was known of Southwark s archaeology, or its earlier history. From the 1970s onwards, and especially from the 1990s, however, this has changed markedly as archaeological investigations, mostly development-led, have unearthed a rich archaeological heritage of all periods (Siddell et al. 2002; SLAEC 2000; MoLAS 2000; Mackinder and Blatherwick 2000; cf. Bird and Graham 1978). Much of this work has been concentrated in the north of the Borough, and in the past this distribution pattern would have been explained as a genuine preference by past peoples for settlement on the gravels, alluvium and Lower Greensand geologies of the north of the Borough, and the attractions of the Thames, over the heavier soils (London Clay) in the south. This may still be the case, but it is also possible that the picture may be a reflection of archaeological methodologies and opportunities, rather than a true reflection of the distribution of archaeological remains. Greater London Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record A search was made on the Greater London Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (GLSMR) on 17 July 2007 for a radius of 200m around the proposal site. This revealed 309 entries within the search area, including several on the site itself. These entries are summarized in Appendix 1 and their locations are plotted on Figure 1. Unusually, by far the majority of the entries are for finds from formal archaeological excavations or surveys, with 29 separate interventions recorded. Prehistoric Prehistoric remains have been unearthed in a number of locations close to the site. On Southwark Bridge Road [Fig. 1: 1], no archaeological features dating from prehistoric times were found but a peat deposit probably of Bronze Age date was located; the same is true of investigations on Anchor Terrace [3] and at 5 15 Bankside [4] where what may be a prehistoric water course was also found. Prehistoric pits have been found south of the site 4

7 [2], and flint debitage (waste from flint working) to the west [5]. Much more substantial prehistoric evidence comes from the major excavations on the Courage Brewery site to the south [12], where Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age occupation has been recorded. Prehistoric stray finds are also recorded, for example at Clink Street [17, 27]. It may be suspected that in many cases where archaeological investigations have not encountered such early remains, it is simply because they have not gone deep enough, although in some instances it is equally likely that later activity has removed earlier remains. remains are almost ubiquitous in this area. Southwark was a major early settlement, physically separate from the walled town of Londinium but perhaps to be regarded as a suburb, and occupying perhaps as much as 24ha on the south bank. Remains within 200m of the site include the usual slightly vague reports of antiquarian finds or other stray finds from the general vicinity [1, 3, 6, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 26, 29 34] and much better evidence for buildings, roads, drainage systems, etc. Often, several early phases of timber building are replaced by later stone buildings, as at Redcross Way and elsewhere [2, 7, 12, 13, 36]. Of particular interest in this area are the remains of riverfront structures, such as revetments, jetties [6, 15], warehouses [12] and evidence for flooding during this period [6, 13, 22, 26, 36]. One very early ditch at Park Street could perhaps be military in origin [7]. Burials have also been found, e.g., at Thrale Street [12] and elsewhere [3, 25]. Saxon Comparatively little evidence survives from this period in the search radius, but this need not be surprising, as the period is generally much less visible archaeologically and left far less material behind than the period. Saxon evidence close to the proposal site comes only in the form of pits (possibly Saxon) at Cathedral Street [13], and stray finds [16, 23, 24]. Finally, the late or post- dark earth layer covering deposits has been recorded in many of the investigations listed above. Medieval Almost everywhere in the vicinity has produced evidence of the density of activity on the medieval Southwark waterfront. Not unexpectedly, this most often takes the form of river-management, land reclamation or drainage features [1, 4, 5, 6, 12, 17, 19, 20], including one structure though to be a fish trap [27], domestic settlement remains such as rubbish pits, buildings, floors, yards, etc, [3, 14, 17, 35, 36]. There is also evidence for pottery manufacture [4]. At the eastern limit of the 200m search radius was the site of the place of the bishops of Winchester [14], a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and remains associated with this complex extend into the 5

8 search area [13, 18]. The site of the house of the Prior of St Swithun is also within 200m of the proposal site [34]. The early post-medieval period within the search radius includes some of the most important remains of this period anywhere in England. The sites of both the Rose [1] and the Globe [8] Theatres to the west of the site are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Besides these, early post-medieval remains reflect the continuing importance of the riverfront and its management [1, 3, 5, 17 20, 23, 31 3, 36] and virtually every archaeological intervention has recorded evidence or finds from this period [4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26, 34, 35]. Structures recorded at 27 Bankside have been interpreted as part of the Hope Theatre and the Bear Gardens glassworks and pottery [9]. Significantly, in this location, medieval and earlier levels were not reached. The site of the Clink prison is immediately adjacent to the site [15]. There are a small number of listed buildings [8 10, 13, 17, 37 9] of postmedieval date (see below). Some entries are for cartographic depictions of points of interest, such as a pottery [16], foundry and warehouses [17], lead works [28], and documentary references to a plague pit [22] and a meeting house [3] and, finally, there are the inevitable stray finds of artefacts from this period [21, 31]. Modern, negative, undated A large number of entries, mainly resulting from the Thames Foreshore Survey, are for 19th- or 20th-century or undated riverfront features. Truncation of archaeological features by Victorian basements, surprisingly, is noted [6] only once. Undated, negative Few recorded interventions (all very limited watching briefs) in the area have produced entirely negative results [11, 13, 17]. Interventions on the site itself Evaluation trenching on the site [10] in 1998 revealed made ground layers dating from the late 16th or 17th century, elements of 17th-century brick buildings, a cess pit probably backfilled before 1700, and a cobbled surface associated with this, and 18th- to 20th-century buildings (Douglas 1998). The Anchor is itself a 17th century building, although now much altered. It is Grade II listed (see below). Five cast iron posts on the street outside are also listed; four of these are gun-shaped and inscribed Clink 1812, the other is later. 6

9 Scheduled Ancient Monuments There are three Scheduled Monuments in the immediate vicinity of the site. On Southwark Bridge Road is the site of the Rose Theatre. The monument includes the surviving remains of an Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, built in or shortly after AD 1587 by the impresario Philip Henslowe. The Rose was the earliest of four similar playhouses constructed on the south bank of the Thames. The last known performance at the Rose was in While a small number of similar theatres is attested to by contemporary records, the Rose and the nearby remains of the Globe Theatre are the only examples where physical remains have been identified. The monument therefore has important rarity value. In its heyday the Rose saw performances of most of Christopher Marlowe's plays and the first recorded performances of Shakespeare's Henry VI and Titus Andronicus. On Park Street, several metres below the level of Southwark Bridge Road, is the site of the Globe Theatre. The Globe, built in the spring of 1599, was the third such theatre on historic Bankside, following the Rose of 1587 and the Swan of The Globe was constructed utilising timbers from the theatre which had been built in Shoreditch in 1576 by the Burbage family, and dismantled in The Globe, described in the prologue to Shakespeare's Henry V as "this wooden O", is considered to have been either circular or polygonal in shape. The first Globe caught fire and burned down following the discharge of a cannon during the first performance of Shakespeare's Henry VIII on the 29th June It was rebuilt in 1614 on the same foundations. It was finally pulled down in 1644 on Cromwell's orders. The above ground structures on the site, including the listed buildings of Anchor Terrace (as numbered 1-15 adjacent to Southwark Bridge Road) and the modern surfaces and make-up of Southwark Bridge Road itself, are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath them is included. To the east of the site is the site of Winchester Palace, London residence of the Bishops of Winchester. It occupied a large area now bounded by Clink Street, Cathedral Street and Park Street. Remains of the 14thcentury Great Hall and rose window still stand in Clink Street. The site includes extensive remains of the palace from the early 12th until the later 17th century. Development on the proposal site will not have an adverse effect on any of these monuments or their settings. Cartographic and documentary sources Southwark is an Old English (Anglo-Saxon) place name, deriving from sūth ( south ) and weorc ( defensive work, fort ); it is first recorded (as Sudwerca) in Domesday Book of AD1086, but this appears to have replaced 7

10 an earlier name Suthringanaweorc (meaning fort of the men of Surrey, known from the 10th century) (Mills 1998, 320). It is not clear if the 11th century name is simply a contraction or a more substantial change in the name. The entries for Southwark in Domesday Book are a little confused, but clearly relate to a substantial manor in the hundred of Kingston in Surrey (Williams and Martin 2002, 72 86). It was held by the Bishop of Bayeux, having previously been a royal manor. The Bishop had a minster church, and a tideway, and claimed the right to tax all ships that landed; it is clear that the taxation rights and other dues of the manor were in dispute at the time of the survey. Unfortunately the discussion of the dispute seems to have distracted the scribe from detailing the actual holdings; a minster and a tideway are all that is mentioned. The king s holdings were valued at 16. Various other manors included messuages (a unit of land comprising a town land plot with a house) in Southwark, paying rent to those other manors: 16 to Merton, 8 to Beddington, 4 to Mortlake, 3 to Tonbridge (assessed as closes; the difference between a close and a messuage is unclear), apparently 1 to Battersea, 1 to Copthorne, 1 to Long Ditton, along with 500 herrings a year, and some (not more than 15) to Walkingstead (Godstone), to which herrings might also have been rendered. This gives a total of not less than 34 and not more than 48 messuages or closes in the borough being taxed from outside it; the number in total cannot be guessed at. Both Southwark s appearances in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (for the years 1023 and 1052) imply a river crossing here, although a bridge is not specifically mentioned in the main text (Swanton 2000). On both occasions, Southwark is somewhere to pass through on the way to or from London. A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at Southwark Local Studies Library in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site s later history and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix 2). The earliest map available of the area is Saxton s large map of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and London (1575) (Fig. 2). Southwark is depicted as a substantial place, separate from London, but with no detail. No more detail is shown on various 16th- and 17th-century maps, e.g., those of Norden (1594), Speed (1611) (Fig. 3) or Seller (1693). Ogilby s schematic road map of 1675 does offer more detail, but is not necessarily to be taken too literally. The site is probably within the settled area of Southwark s riverbank at this time. An anonymous map of London s churches from 1658 also provides detail but this is largely stylistic rather than accurate (Fig. 4). The site is actually quite difficult to locate with any confidence on this map, as it is on an undated (but certainly 17th-century) map by Stilliard (not illustrated). 8

11 More reliable detail is provided by de la Fouille (1690), who depicts the road network in detail and very graphically shows the expansion of London (Fig. 5). The approximate location of the site can be reasonably accurately assessed from this map; it is well within the built up area already. It is worth noting that neither Southwark nor Blackfriars bridges yet exist. Senex s map of 1729 adds nothing to this. No more detail is provided by Lindley and Crossley (1793) or the Greenwoods (1823). Rocque s two maps of London (at different scales, 1762 and 1768) show very similar detail to de la Fouille for the area of the site, but illustrate the rapid growth of settlement all around it (Fig. 6). By 1768, Blackfriars bridge has been established. By the time of the First Edition Ordnance Survey (1873), the site is wholly built over, and shown as a public house (Fig. 7). The site of the Clink prison is marked opposite the site. The Second Edition (1893) shows a slightly different arrangement of buildings (Fig. 8) which is retained through the 1916 Third Edition and the Revision of 1933 (not illustrated). Only minor changes are shown on the 1946 revision, some space at the rear having been filled in (Fig. 9). Further changes to the building layout have occurred by 1951 but in essence the site is still fully built over (not illustrated). The 1960 Ordnance Survey shows the site beginning to be cleared slightly (Fig. 10) with open space and access to the south. By 1969 the building itself has been expanded, what was numbers 2 and 3 demolished, and more open space created (Fig. 11). By 1995 (Fig. 12) the whole area has been redeveloped, Red Lion Wharf, Central Wharf and Ceylon Wharf have all gone, the waterfront has been extended and completely remodelled, and the site is in almost its current configuration with the exception of an additional small building to the south-east (Fig. 13). Listed buildings The Anchor is a Grade II listed building, mainly mid to late 17th-century. Pevsner described it as a happy surprise (Cherry and Pevsner 1983, 584). The Listing includes the following details: Public House. Mid and late C18, with later alterations and extensions. Red/brown brick with timber oriels and panelling. On corner with Park Street. Part has tiled roof with dormers, earlier section has roof obscured behind parapet. 2 storeys and attic, irregular fenestration. Rounded double doors to entrance set into corner angle. (Main) Bankside elevation has 2 subsidiary entrances, gauged-brick arches to tripartite sash windows with glazing bars on ground floor, tripartite window to earlier section (just to right of main entrance) set into timber panelled casing with shutters. Above, a timber oriel in form of a canted bay with panelled base and three sash windows with glazing bars. Later sections to right have 1st-floor windows in similar style. Park 9

12 Street elevation has gauged, segmental brick arches to sash windows with glazing bars, one to left of door tripartite with timber cornice and pilasters suggesting a shop front. INTERIOR: older section has some original internal features. Room on ground floor with original early C18 kitchen fireplace and some contemporary wainscoting. Staircase also early C18. On 1st floor, a complete mid-late C18 pine panelled room, with wide segmental-arched alcove (now called the Shakespeare room ). Much of internal timberwork in rest of building is imitation. Large recent extension to rear not of especial interest. Further listed buildings in the area include the bollards outside, and several buildings not close enough to be affected by the proposed development. Historic Hedgerows There are no hedgerows, historic or otherwise, on the site. Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields There are no registered parks, gardens or battlefields within close proximity of the site. Aerial Photographs The site areas lies within an urban area which has been developed since before the advent of aerial photography. No photographic collections have therefore been consulted. Discussion In considering the archaeological potential of the study area, various factors must be taken into account, including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance and future land-use including the proposed development. The site clearly lies in an area of outstanding archaeological potential for all periods. It is a designated Archaeological Priority Area and close to three Scheduled Monuments. The riverfront location offers the hope of exceptional preservation conditions (waterlogging) for deeper deposits, and potentially significant palaeoenvironmental evidence. However, this site has been extensively remodelled over the course of the 20th century 10

13 and has been completely built over at various points. Archaeologically relevant horizons will probably only have survived at considerable depths. The area to be redeveloped is tiny (Fig. 15) and the car park at the south of the site has already been evaluated, with trenches 2.34m and 2.8m deep showing only post-medieval structures. The potential of the site to contain archaeological deposits of earlier periods is low and the chance of the proposed new development having any adverse impact on them even if present is minimal, with the possible exception of the lift pit depending on its depth. The 17th-century features on the site, however, would be of historical interest in relation to the existing building. In this case it is suggested that an appropriate mitigation strategy would be to conduct an archaeological watching brief during intrusive groundworks so as to record any further elements of the early post-medieval building(s) on the site, or any earlier remains that might possibly still be present. A scheme for this watching brief would need to be drawn up and approved by the archaeological advisers to the Borough and implemented by a competent archaeological contractor, such as an organization registered with the Institute of Field Archaeologists References BGS, 1994, British Geological Survey, 1: Sheet 256, Solid and Drift Edition, Keyworth Bird, J and Graham, A, 1978, Gazetteer of sites in Southwark, in Southwark and Lambeth Archaeological Excavation Committee, Southwark Excavations , ii, , London Cherry, B and Pevsner, N, 1983, Buildings of England: London 2 South, London Douglass, A, 1998, Evaluation at 1 2 Bankside SE1 SiteCode: BNS98, Pre-Construct Archaeology, London LBS, 1995, London Borough of Southwark Unitary Development Plan, London LBS, 2002, London Borough of Southwark Draft Southwark Plan, London Mackinder, A and Blatherwick, S, 2000, Bankside: Excavations at Benbow House, Southwark, London SE1, MoLAS Archaeol Stud Ser 3, London Mills, A D, 1998, Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford Meddens, F M, 1996, Sites from the Thames Estuary, England and their Bronze Age use, Antiquity, 70, MoLAS, 2000, The archaeology of Greater London; an assessment of archaeological evidence for human presence in the area now covered by Greater London Museum of London Archaeology Service Monogr PPG16, 1990, Dept of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance 16, Archaeology and Planning, HMSO Sidell, J, Cotton, J, Rayner, L and Wheeler, L, 2002, The prehistory and topography of Southwark and Lambeth, MoLAS Mongr 14, London Swanton, M, 2000, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles: a new translation, London SLAEC, 2000, Below Southwark: the archaeological story, Southwark and Lambeth Archaeological Excavation Committee, London VCH, 1912, Victoria History of the Counties of England: Surrey, iv, London Williams, A and Martin, G H, 2002, Domesday Book, A complete Translation, London Williams, J and Brown, N (eds), 1999, An Archaeological Research Framework for the Greater Thames Estuary, Chelmsford 11

14 APPENDIX 1: Sites and Monuments Records within a 200m search radius of the development site No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment 1 MLO6000 MLO55165 MLO22796 MLO22786 MLO22787 MLO22788 MLO7753 MLO7733 ELO1185 MLO MLO58725 MLO Excavation Scheduled Monument Findspot Evaluation Watching brief Prehistoric Medieval Southwark Bridge Road. Peat of the Tilbury IV phase (approx. Bronze Age). Medieval pottery in one gully feature. Ditches/sewers marking boundaries of Rose theatre; wooden revetments; waterlogged remains; post-medieval structures and finds. Rose Theatre, Scheduled Monument GL20851, built 1587, altered 1592, last known performance 1603; excavations uncovered substantial remains, well-preserved. Pottery and glass melting pot finds location estimated; circumstances unknown. Watching brief: post-medieval timber-revetted ditch, later brick floors, walls, 18th century stone surface. 2 ELO3049 MLO9172 MLO14699 MLO23961 MLO23962 MLO23963 MLO ELO2636 ELO2641 MLO67936 MLO73298 MLO73299 MLO22792 MLO22793 MLO22794 MLO11560 MLO8739 MLO ELO2614 MLO8801 MLO8802 MLO8803 ML8804 MLO11578 MLO17334 MLO17444 MLO19825 MLO23427 MLO28812 MLO36359 MLO36360 MLO45422 MLO49143 MLO ELO4694 ELO4162 MLO74104 MLO74105 MLO74106 MLO75249 MLO75250 MLO75251 MLO75252 MLO71100 MLO71101 MLO71104 MLO71105 MLO71106 MLO71108 MLO71123 MLO ELO2607 MLO8840 MLO8841 MLO8842 MLO23178 MLO36403 MLO36404 MLO Excavation Prehistoric Watching brief Excavation Findspot Building Prehistoric Medieval Victorian Undated Excavation Prehistoric Medieval Watching brief Survey Structure Excavation Documentary Cartographic Prehistoric Medieval Medieval Pot-medieval Modern Undated 3 Redcross Way (Courage Brewery). Prehistoric pits, some Bronze Age, others not closely dated. Several timber buildings, substantial late stone building; several phases of road Anchor Terrace. Excavation recorded peat deposits (Bronze Age?) containing timbers. Also tile and pottery, Medieval and post-medieval pits, structures, surfaces, dump deposits. Watching brief recorded only Undated flood deposit; Victorian tenement wall footing. Medieval jug containing coins found 1786; compiler doubts the coins are. Skeleton in armour, mosaic floor, other finds? in Meeting House with Hollow post mill Bankside; Thick peat deposit, probably roughly Bronze Age; prehistoric early watercourse (creek). Medieval ditch, land reclamation, drainage channels, wall of 14th century property; 14th-century river frontage, revetment etc; 14th century pottery includes wasters, so presumably a kiln site nearby; 17th century road surface, post-medieval pit containing four barrels, brick buildings Bankside. Alluvial deposits. Flint debitage. Medieval timber revetment, possible jetty. timber drains. Foreshore survey revealed post-medieval river wall, jetties,, series of cast iron crane bases. Timbers possibly part of a wharf. 28 Park Street. stone building, several phases of floors and walls. Several phases of erosion and deposition of river foreshore (in period), timber piles possibly part of a () jetty or similar, Late- or Post- dark earth. Medieval revetment to south bank of channel, surface of chalk, tile and ragstone; post-medieval pits; Victorian basements. Documentary reference to finding of mosaic in Hop warehouse on map of

15 No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO36406 MLO36407 MLO38719 MLO4125 MLO ELO4324 MLO10542 MLO10543 MLO10557 MLO10558 MLO MLO58655 MLO58659 MLO58661 MLO67930 MLO21749 MLO ELO980 ELO2731 MLO74170 MLO74171 MLO76456 MLO77323 MLO77742 MLO ELO983 MLO71984 MLO71986 MLO71987 MLO71983 MLO91724 MLO71985 MLO ELO2759 MLO ELO3047 ELO3048 MLO19946 MLO2124 MLO6463 MLO15008 MLO17700 MLO19062 MLO19073 MLO19162 MLO19183 MLO19948 MLO19949 MLO19964 MLO19965 MLO19966 MLO25027 MLO45838 MLO45898 MLO46124 MLO48493 MLO48494 MLO48495 MLO49284 MLO54992 MLO55873 MLO11589 MLO13863 MLO20155 MLO36396 MLO36397 MLO36398 MLO36399 MLO36400 MLO36401 MLO36402 MLO Excavation Evaluation Geophysical survey Scheduled Monument Listed Building Evaluation Documentary Modern Undated Park Street. Very Early (?military) ditch; Claudian date; Late 1st century timber buildings; later buildings; other ditches; dark earth layer; cobble surface perhaps from timber yard shown on 18th century map; 18th century finds. Anchor Terrace. Trenching revealed a pier base probably related to the Globe theatre; concrete raft associated with Anchor Terrace, mid 19th century; post-medieval finds. GPR survey showed possible features below the raft. Globe Theatre. SAM Built 1599, rebuilt 1614, demolished (odd) Anchor Terrace, brick terrace, Bankside. Brick foundation perhaps part of Hope theatre. Brick structures thought to be part of Bear Gardens glassworks or pottery (17th century). Medieval/earlier levels not reached. Documentary references to several glasshouses, late 17th and 18th century Cartographic Site of ironworks (1872) Evaluation 1-2 Bankside (Anchor Public House). Dump layers, 16th or Listed Building Modern 17th century. 17th century buildings, brick-lined cess pit backfilled by about Later buildings may be associated with waterworks. Anchor Public House, mid/late 18th century. Evaluation revealed cobbled surface related to 17th century buildings. Five posts, 4 of reproduced gun-shape, inscribed Clink 1812, presumably from or at least to commemorate the prison; one is certainly later Watching brief Negative Bank End. Nothing of any archaeological relevance Excavation Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age Evaluation Excavation Medieval Courage Brewery, Park Street. Neolithic flint tools, pottery, contemporary land surface sealed by peat (Tilbury IV?). Late Bronze Age pottery and flints on top of peat. Bronze Age or Iron Age post holes, probably roundhouse, late Iron Age enclosure ditch, early metalworking, 1st-century dumping and revetment, gravelled surfaces (roads?), ditches, buildings, 1st- or 2nd-century substantial timber building, perhaps warehouse, several other buildings, 3rd-century building, tiled floor, painted wall plaster, two wells, post- dark earth. Courage Brewery (Thrale Street). Early timber buildings, late large stone building, pits, seven inhumations, environmental evidence, animal bone, levelling layers. Late- or post- dark earth. Medieval or later clay-filled watercourses. cess pit and pit, chalk-lined well. 13

16 No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO56452 MLO MLO53678 ELO3020 MLO74342 ELO4931 MLO8737 MLO8843 MLO56770 MLO53713 MLO11590 MLO24561 MLO35198 MLO35199 MLO35214 MLO27232 MLO36408 MLO38683 MLO44217 MLO44219 MLO56312 MLO56313 MLO56708 MLO55871 MLO55872 MLO56310 MLO56311 MLO38682 MLO11891 ELO4901 MLO11537 MLO32515 MLO50679 MLO64035 MLO MLO11535 MLO13255 MLO15695 MLO7799 MLO11457 MLO30494 MLO54500 ELO964 MLO17313 MLO44695 MLO76439 MLO MLO7751 MLO MLO7768 MLO53689 MLO7632 MLO ELO3013 ELO3676 MLO7645 MLO74810 MLO44697 MLO17312 MLO44696 MLO57043 MLO70395 MLO10599 MLO25953 MLO25954 MLO25955 MLO70310 MLO70319 MLO70346 MLO70352 MLO70372 MLO70398 MLO Findspot Excavation Listed Building Watching brief Watching brief Listed Building Findspot Excavation Scheduled Monument Documentary Findspot Cartographic Findspot Excavation Findspots Watching brief Forest Listed Building Saxon Medieval Negative Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval Saxon Prehistoric Medieval Victorian Modern Negative 14 Cathedral Street. Unspecified finds made c Excavation of deep stratigraphy, including early gravel quarrying, 1st-century timber buildings, substantial masonry building (4 phases), mosaic, hypocaust, painted wall plaster, 2nd-century iron-working waste, flood deposits, gravel path, late coin (Valentinian, AD364 75) in later deposit. Medieval and later garderobe, 3 phases of foundations, cellars, all part of Winchester Palace. Saxon or Medieval pits. cess pit, well. Listed warehouse demolished Watching brief at Clink Street. Nothing of archaeological interest. Clink Street. Sequence of dumps (land reclamation), gravel surface; unclear where this record came from. Two watching briefs revealed nothing earlier than 19th century rubbish. Cast iron bollard, 1827 Clink Street. Coin of Tetricus I (AD 271 3) found in 1860; clay lamp and pottery also found, no details. Excavation of medieval dump deposits, post-medieval wall footings. Record of walls and floors, large quantities of material, from excavation? Site of Winchester Palace (or House), SAM GL028. Early 12th century onwards. Medieval hall house. Building survey showed 4-phase construction in the two surviving walls. Remains are listed Grade II*. Used as prison in the Civil War. Wooden platform (wharf/jetty) supposedly, found in Site of The Clink prison. Saxon Bronze finger ring, unspecified jug ; location approximate. Pottery (ie workshop) shown on Rocque s map of Kiln wasters found 1947, no details. Clink Street. 13th-century stone drain. 11th/12th century stone and timber wall. 12th century chalk foundation. 13th century foundations. Modern mooring chain observed in foreshore survey. pottery and tile, all residual. 15th-16th century river wall. 19th century iron and brass foundry Findspots for ceramic lamp, no details. Prehistoric flint core, Mesolithic Thames pick, intaglio (and other unspecified finds?) from foreshore. Brick riverfront defence, blocked off London Bridge stair. Tree trunks and roots in foreshore survey (?prehistoric forest). Undated deposit of peat/organic clay (?prehistoric). Scatter of uncut green stones. Nothing of archaeological interest in watching brief. Winchester Wharf warehouses, probably around 1827.

17 No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO70348 MLO70393 MLO ELO4932 MLO44698 MLO56771 MLO56775 MLO56744 MLO16793 MLO7827 MLO MLO16792 MLO7826 MLO70397 MLO70313 MLO70389 MLO70390 MLO70343 MLO70374 MLO ELO4115 MLO10431 MLO10432 MLO10459 MLO60118 MLO Excavation Medieval Clink Street. Stone wall and stakeholes. Large stone drain; east end of Great Hall of palace. Flood defence wall, timber revetments, further foundations Excavation Watching brief Medieval Medieval 15 Clink Street. Two medieval timber waterfronts replaced by stone river wall. timber structure, perhaps mooring posts, recorded in foreshore survey. Pottery from foreshore. Deposit of organic clay, possibly a reedbed (?prehistoric), deposit of peat. Unspecified artefacts from foreshore survey. Brick riverfront structure. Medieval coin possibly Scottish penny. Medieval land reclamation, timber revetments. dumping and river wall. 18th and 19th century dumping and buildings. 21 MLO Findspot Pewter dagger chape. 22 MLO14412 MLO4240 MLO7689 MLO Findspot Cartographic Excavation flue tiles found in 1806, location approximate. Pottery found in 1912 in a peat layer. Borehole survey claims to have located peat and silt layers; unclear what dating evidence. Cemetery, disused before 1843 and earlier plague pit. Later covered by Courage s Brewery 23 MLO17565 MLO Findspot Structure Saxon Saxon knife found in Thames, 1930; location uncertain. Stone bargebed noted in foreshore survey 24 MLO Findspot Saxon Bead found in 1910, pottery find, no information. MLO MLO Findspot Skeleton with pottery and coins found in 1825 (or earlier). 26 MLO8744 MLO11462 MLO30509 MLO30510 MLO30512 MLO4296 MLO55438 MLO MLO11556 MLO Findspot Excavation Undated iron dagger found in Flood deposit with pottery. 16th-17th century buildings, and road, undated watercourse Findspot Structure Mesolithic Medieval Tranchet axe. Timbers possibly forming fish trap, from foreshore survey. 28 MLO Cartographic Victorian Lead works on map of MLO Observation Pavement, presumably a mosaic floor, found in MLO70317 MLO70318 MLO Findspot mosaic fragments. Unspecified timber structure from foreshore survey. 31 MLO70320 MLO70331 MLO70326 MLO MLO70322 MLO71094 MLO71095 MLO71096 MLO71097 MLO71098 MLO71099 MLO71107 MLO71112 MLO71122 MLO MLO70356 MLO70358 MLO70360 MLO70363 MLO Findspot Structure Findspot Structure Undated Modern Undated Scatter of post-medieval pins, coin. Uncut garnets in layer of grey clay from foreshore. Timber riverfront structure from foreshore survey. leather patch from foreshore. Stone stair with cast iron gate and railings, recorded in foreshore survey, timber structure that may be its predecessor, stone and timber causeway. Build up of gravel against the stair, includes pottery scatter of mixed dates from onwards. 19th century river wall, with corbel and capping (the latter perhaps later). Modern consolidation deposit. Timber post. Timber/rubble bargebed. Several timber structures from foreshore survey. Drain made from hollowed log. Scatter of kiln waste. Undated deposit of peat/organic clay (?prehistoric). Brick riverfront structure from foreshore survey. Stone bargebed noted in foreshore survey

18 No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO MLO70382 MLO70388 MLO70391 MLO70371 MLO ELO761 ELO2346 MLO76228 MLO77731 MLO77554 MLO77695 MLO Watching brief Documentary Medieval 2nd century pottery,?garden soil. 17th-18th century brick-lined cess pit. Site of house of Prior of St Swithun, later Rochester House, residence of Bishops of Winchester 35 ELO4905 MLO66900 MLO66901 MLO ELO2339 ELO972 MLO77335 MLO77336 MLO77337 MLO77340 MLO MLO92209 MLO92210 MLO Watching brief Medieval Watching brief Medieval Undated Medieval demolition rubble, garden soils. garden soils, demolition rubble Stoney Street. 1st-century timber building, with brickearth makeup or floor. Timber revetment, or medieval? Early flood deposit. Medieval stone foundation. 17th century alluvium, channel revetment this date or later. Listed Building (even) Park Street, brick terraced houses, c and 23 Park Street, and railings. Brick houses, 18th/19th century; posts in front listed separately, more of the Clink canon posts, MLO Listed Building Cast iron canon bollard, Clink MLO Listed Building Southwark Bridge, by Basil Mott. All Listed Buildings Grade II unless otherwise noted. 16

19 APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted 1576 Saxton, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and London (Fig. 2) 1593 Norden 1611 Speed, Map of Surrey (Fig. 3) 1658 Plan of the all churches within the walles of London (Fig. 4) c. 1660? Stilliard, London 1672 Ogilby, Middlesex 1675 Ogilby, The road from London to Portsmouth 1690 de la Fouille, London (Fig. 5) 1693 Seller, Surrey 1728 Hawksmoor, Survey 1729 Senex, London and Middlesex 1749 Warburton, London 1762 Rocque, London 1768 Rocque London and five miles round (Fig. 6) 1793 Lindley and Crossley, Surrey 1823 C and J Greenwood, Surrey 1873 First Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch series (Fig. 7) 1893 Second Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch series (Fig. 8) 1916 Third Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch series 1933/9 Ordnance Survey revision 1946 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 9) 1951 Ordnance Survey 1960 Ordnance Survey (Fig 10) 1969 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 11) 1995 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 12) 2004 Ordnance Survey 17

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