Ecological Studies, Vol. 149

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1 Ecological Studies, Vol. 149 Analysis and Synthesis Edited by M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany O.L. Lange, Wiirzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany

2 Ecological Studies Volumes published since 1995 are listed at the end of this book. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

3 David J. Tongway J osiane Seghieri Editors Christian Valentin Banded Vegetation Patterning in Arid and Semiarid Environments Ecological Processes and Consequences for Management Foreword by Jean-Claude Menaut and Brian Walker With 62 Illustrations, Springer

4 David 1. Tongway CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems GPO Box 284 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Christian Valentin Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) 213 rue La Fayette F Paris cedex 10 Josiane Seghieri Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) Laboratoire d'etude du Comportement des Sols Cultives (LCSC) 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045 F Montpellier cedex 1 josiane.seghieri@mpl.ird.fr Cover illustration: Oblique aerial photograph of "typical" tiger bush in Niger, N, 2 40 E. (Photo from Christian Valentin.) Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data Banded vegetation patteming in arid and semiarid environments : Ecological processes and consequences for management I edited by David Tongway, Christian Valentin, Josiane Seghieri. p. cm. - (Ecological studies; v. 149) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Vegetation dynamics. 2. Landscape ecology. 1. Tongway, David. II. Valentin, Christian. III. Seghieri, Josiane. IV. Series. QK910.B '54----{1c2l Printed on acid-free paper. 200l Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2001 AII rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written pennission of the publisher Springer Science+Business Media, LLC except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any fonn of infonnation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the fonner are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production coordinated by Princeton Editorial Associates, Inc., and managed by Francine McNeill; manufacturing supervised by Jerome Basma. Typeset by Princeton Editorial Associates, Inc., Roosevelt, NJ, and Scottsdale, AZ ISBN

5 Foreword Although the pattern of banded landscapes had been recognized in the late 1930s both in East and West Africa, their extent, nature, and ecological importance in arid lands were only realized in the early 1950s. The use of aerial photographs consecrated the names of arcs or stripes in East Africa and of brousse tigrt?e-tiger bush-in West Africa. Curiosity led to attention and study of these most striking and geometric natural landscapes. Most of these studies were isolated, disconnected, and carried out by individuals publishing in different languages. Similar patterns were described in Sahel, East Africa, southern Africa, Australia, and Mexico as formed either of pure grass perennials, of scrubs, or of mixtures of low trees and annual grasses. All possible hypotheses were alleged on the origin and dynamics of such patterns, involving the role of soil heterogeneity (texture or nutrient content), wind erosion, water circulation, and so on. By the mid-1990s, the body of literature merited some organization and synthesis. The two of us discussed this in the context of understanding ecosystem change at a planning meeting of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program in Several participants in the GCTE project had an interest in the topic, and they began the task of assembling the team of editors to prepare this book. We are delighted to see it come to fruition. The content of the book largely relies on a strong body of recent studies conducted in Australia and West Africa, allowing for consistent comparisons and converging conclusions. There was indeed a gratifying degree of convergence of v

6 VI Foreword understanding of ecosystem function, given that diverse specialists carried out the research. The work covered a wide variety of disciplines and encompassed the range from theoretical to applied aspects of landscape function: all are represented in this book. The work has not only advanced the understanding of banded landscapes by drawing on existing study techniques, but it has enabled the development of new paradigms of much broader application in landscape design, rehabilitation, and management. However, by lack of adequate studies, some comparable vegetation forms occurring under different soil and geomorphological conditions in East and West Africa have not been taken into consideration and might bring new insights to the question. This book provides new methodological approaches and tracks for further research in the domain. The book covers the range from methods of study through the science of ecosystem function to the consequences for managing and rehabilitating these widespread semiarid landscapes. It is the first comprehensive account of the subject. We congratulate the editors and chapter authors and are pleased to commend it to students, scientists, and managers interested in the interplay of pattern, process, and function. Jean-Claude Menaut Brian Walker

7 Acknowledgments The contribution of each author in this book is greatly appreciated. Their efforts to collect a wide array of infonnation, explain the necessary concepts and details, and illustrate the methods with appropriate examples have made this book possible. Each chapter in this book was peer reviewed, and we are thankful to the following individuals for their thoughtful comments and helpful suggestions: 1. Aronson, I. Beale, P. Couteron, R. Dirzo, P.c. Fanning, J. Gignoux, M. Godron, P. Greig-Smith, N. Hindley, J. Ive, S. Lavorel, E. Le Floc'h, S. Marsden, J.-C. Menaut, R. Rogers, B. Walker, W. Whitford, and R. Winkworth. David J. Tongway Christian Valentin Josiane Seghieri vii

8 Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Contributors v vii Xl 1. Banded Vegetation Patterns and Related Structures Jean-Marc d'herbes, Christian Valentin, David J. Tongway, and Jean-Claude Leprun 2. Theories on the Origins, Maintenance, Dynamics, and Functioning of Banded Landscapes 20 David J. Tongway and John A. Ludwig 3. Specific Methods of Study 32 Josiane Seghieri and David L. Dunkerley 4. Runoff and Erosion Processes 52 Richard S.B. Greene, Christian Valentin, and Michel Esteves 5. Soil Water Balance 77 Sylvie Galle, Joost Brouwer, and Jean-Pierre Delhoume IX

9 x Contents 6. Soil Biota in Banded Landscapes 105 David J. Eldridge, Michel Lepage, Maire A. Bryannah, and Paul Ouedraogo 7. Vegetation Dynamics: Recruitment and Regeneration in Two-Phase Mosaics 132 Carlos Montana, Josiane Seghieri, and Antoine Comet 8. Multiscale Modeling of Vegetation Bands 146 Andre Mauchamp, Serge Rambal, John A. Ludwig, and David J. Tongway 9. Landscape Models for Banded Vegetation Genesis 167 Jean M. Thiery, David L. Dunkerley, and B'lair Orr 10. Productivity of Patterned Vegetation 198 David O. Freudenberger and Pierre Hiemaux 11. Toward Improved Management of Arid and Semiarid Banded Landscapes 210 James C. Noble, Regis Peltier, Pierre Montagne, and El H.L. Mahamane 12. Banded Landscapes: Ecological Developments and Management Consequences 228 Christian Valentin, David J. Tongway, and Josiane Seghieri Index 245

10 Contributors Joost Brouwer Maire A. Bryannah (deceased) Antoine Comet Jean-Pierre Delhoume Jean-Marc d'herbes Environmental and Agricultural Consultancy, Wildekamp 32, NL6721 JD Bennekom, The Netherlands Department of Lands, Land Protection Branch, Locked Bag 40, Coorparoo Qld 4151, Australia Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement (IRD), Laboratoire d'etude du Comportement des Sols Cultives (LCSC), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, F Montpellier cedex 1, Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement (IRD), BP 182- Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso Maison de la Teledetection du Languedoc, Roussillon-Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement (IRD), Breton Montpellier cedex 5, Xl

11 xii David L. Dunkerley David J. Eldridge Michel Esteves David O. Freudenberger Sylvie Galle Richard S.B. Greene Pierre Hiernaux Michel Lepage Jean-Claude Leprun Contributors School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Department of Land and Water Conservation, School of Geography, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia UMR Laboratoire d' etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE), BP 53, F Grenoble cedex 9, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia UMR Laboratoire d' etude des Transferts en Hydro1ogie et Environnement (LTHE), BP 53, F Grenoble cedex 9, Department of Geography, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, BP 12404, Niamey, Niger Laboratoire d'ecologie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'ulm, F Paris cedex 05, Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement (IRD), Laboratoire d'etude du Comportement des Sols Cultives (LCSC), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, F Montpellier cedex 1,

12 Contributors xiii John A. Ludwig El H.L. Mahamane Andre Mauchamp Pierre Montagne Carlos Montana James C. Noble Blair Orr Paul Ouedraogo Regis Peltier Serge Rambal Josiane Seghieri Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, PMB 44, Winnellie NT 0821, Australia Energie II Project, Volet "Offre," BP 12860, Niamey, Niger Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, F Arles, Cirad-Foret, BP 10544, Niamey, Niger Instituto de Ecologia AC, Division de Posgrado, Km 2.5 Antigua Carretera a Coatepec, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Forestry Ecology and Management, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI , USA Institut de l'environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Departement Productions Forestieres, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso ENGREF, Departement Foret en Regions Chaudes, BP 5093, F Montpellier cedex 5, Centre d'ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS (UPR 9056), F Montpellier cedex 5, Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement (IRD), Laboratoire d' etude du Comportement des Sols Cultives (LCSC), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, F Montpellier cedex 1,

13 xiv Contributors Jean M. Thiery David J. Tongway Christian Valentin CEAlDSV IDEVMlModelisation, CEA-Cadarache,13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement (IRD), 213 rue La Fayette, F Paris cedex 10,

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