LANDSCAPE HANDBOOK FOR THE TROPICS

Transcription

1 LANDSCAPE HANDBOOK FOR THE TROPICS W.F. HILL Garden Art Press

2 Foreword Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter 1: ELEMENTS OF THE TROPICAL LANDSCAPE The Biosphere Energy Nature Fuel Hydroelectric Power Wind Solar Cells Climate Sunlight, Winds Landform, Vegetation Altitude and Atmosphere Wind Patterns and Seasons Surface Water and Clouds Geomorphology Rock Classification Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Soils Formation Physical Properties Chemical Properties and ph Classification Soil Profile Tropical Soils ' Oxisols Ultisols Vertisols Inceptisols > AlflSOlS Entisols Aridisols Ecosystems Life Cycles Balance and Variety Catenas Change and Adaptation The Evolution of an Ecosystem 49 Ecosystems versus Economics 50 Ecosystems and Landscape Design 54 Chapter 2: LANDSCAPE AND CULTURES Energy and People The Gatherer-Hunters Planting Subsistence Farming The Development of Agriculture Terracing Lake Islands Specialization and Government Religion The Garden Aztec Gardens Islamic Gardens The Generalife and The Alhambra Islam in India Industrialization Urbanization Mankind and Nature Transport Systems Nature's Backlash Reassessments The Future Botanical Gardens Chapter 3: THE PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN The Designer The Client Agencies Legal Experts Surveyors Soil Analyst, Geologist, Hydrologist Civil Engineer Biologists Design Procedure Terms of Engagement Limits of Authority The Brief Survey Proposal Sketch Scheme Final Scheme Details Contract Tenders Implementation Subcontractors, Clerks of Works, Site Agent Records Timing Payments, Variations Practical Completion, Defects, Liability Period Handing Over Fees Percentage Basis Time Basis Lump Sum Chapter 4: COMMUNICATION METHODS Suggestions, Commitments Drawing Types Rough Work Presentation Drawings Working Drawings Style Standard Data Sheet Layout Survey Topography Geology

3 Hydrology Soils Microclimate Ecology Artefacts Neighbourhood and Culture Views 'elooment Controls Regional or Local Authority Development Plans 112 Environmental Factors 112 Legal Constraints 112 Brief 112 Inferences 113 Proposals 113 Conceptual Plans and Sketches 113 Sketch Scheme 114 Models 115 Final Schemel 1 Working Drawings, Planting Plan 117 The Site 1 The Master Plan 1 Details 123 Maintenance 123 Chapter 5: BRIEF, SURVEY, ANALYSIS, INFERENCES 126 Relevance of Data 127 Base Plan 128 Topographical Survey 128 Topographical Analysis 1 Data Collection 140 Geology 140 Geological Analysis 142 Hydrology 142 Hydrological Analysis 143 Soils 143 Soil Analysis 144 Microclimate 147 Microclimate Analysis 147 Ecology 148 Ecology Analysis. 152 Artefacts and Antiquities 152 Artefacts/Antiquities Analysis 153 Neighbourhood and Culture 154 Neighbourhood, Culture Analysis 155 Visual Survey 156 Visual Analysis 0 Survey Analysis Conclusions 0 Development Controls 3 Government Planning, Zoning 3 Legal Constraints 3 The Client's Brief 4 Motive 4 Motive and Site 4 Resources 5 Formulation of the Brief 7 Environmental Impact Assessment 7 Chapter 6: AESTHETICS 170 Nature- Nurture 1 Composition 1 Framing 173 Sequence 174 Focus 176 Form 176 Light 176 Proportion and Viewpoint 178 Character 2 Formality 2 Balance 2 Movement 3 Familiarity 3 Context 3 Order 4 Pattern 1 Complementary Pairing 6 Sensation 7 Colour 7 Texture 192 Aroma 193 Sound 193 Non-visual Composition 195 Surprise 195 Aesthetics and Styles 196 Chapter 7: RELATIONSHIPS: SITES, LANDSCAPE, PEOPLE 198 From Inferences to Concepts 199 Areas, Nodes, Circulation 202 Functions and Nodes 202 Circulation 203 Vehicles 203 Pedestrians 203 Landscape Situations 204 Case Checklists 204 Contents The Outside Room '204 The Small Garden 208 The Large Garden 209 Housing 209 Schools 211 Pedestrian Shopping Areas 212 Offices 212 Sports Grounds 214 Hotels 215 Motels 215 Hospitals 2 Very Large Buildings 2 Nature Reserves, Wildlife Parks, Scenic Areas 2 Chapter 8: LANDFORM, LAND DRAINAGE, EQUIPMENT 220 Decisive Factors 221 Erosion 221 Services 221 Vegetation 222 Geology and Soil 222 Land Drainage 222 Existing and Proposed Structures 222 Neighbouring Landform and Drainage 223 Cost 223 Circulation 223 Microclimate 223 Aspects from Site 223 Aspects of Site 224 Sound Sources 224 Equipment Available 224 Aesthetics 224 Slope Stability 227 Cut and Fill Calculations 231 Landform planning and Procedures 231 Land Drainage 233 Large Landforming Machines 236 Large Equipment for Seeding and Maintenance 239 Chapter 9: HARD LANDSCAPING, SURFACE DRAINAGE, WATER 240 Structures and Services 241 Costs 241 Functions of Hard Surfaces 243

4 Hard Surface Construction Drainage to Hard Surfaces Edges Circulation Routes Barriers Water Swimming Pools Fish Farms Urban Water Bodies, Garden Ponds Fountains, Waterfalls Edging Coastal Works Footpath and Amenity Lighting Areas of interest Decorative Lighting Illuminated Signs Signs Planters Bollards Play Structures Shelters and Other Structures Art in the Landscape Viewing positions Lighting Background The Green Space Plan Plants for Produce 322 The Cultural Aesthetic Landscape 323 Plant Needs in Urban areas 323 Plants and Hard surfaces 327 Plant Barriers 328 Plant Choice and. arrangement 330 Site Preparation 331 Soil Nutrition 332 Plant Sources 333 Installation 324 Roof Gardens 335 Water Plants 336 Chapter 10: LANDSCAPE FURNITURE, STRUCTURES, ART WORK Furniture Seating and Tables Litter Bins Lighting Highway lighting Chapter 11: SOFT LANDSCAPING Hard or Soft? Climate and Plants Plant Origins Planting Concepts Cultural aesthetic Ecological The 'Informal Landscape' Approach 338 Conservation 339 The Reclamation of Wastes 341 Waste Sources 341 Waste Characteristics and Sampling 342 Advance Planning for Wastes 343 Treatment of Wastes 343 Planting on Wastes 345

5 Chapter 12: PLANTS Plant Physiology Plant Reproduction The Life Cycle Plant Classification Plant Selection Ground Cover Grass Species Selection Ground Preparation Seeding Turfing Tufting Non-Wearing Ground Cover Herbaceous Plants Bulbs and Tubers Ferns Shrubs and Bushes Climbing Plants, Creepers Trees Seedlings and Saplings Semi-mature The Palms Cycads Banana/Plantain Bamboo Succulents Orchids and Bromeliads Soil and Plant Treatments Mulch Manure and Compost Commercial Fertilizers Rooting Compounds Top Dressings Base Dressings Disease and Pest Control Plant Choice Healthy Plants Parasites The Use of Chemicals Identification of Problem Isolation Indirect Biological Control Direct Biological Control Natural Pesticides Commercial Pesticides Postscript The Ecology Debate Glossary of terms Measures and formulae Useful data for surveying Appendix 1 Journals on landscape, gardening, ecology and wildlife Appendix 2 Foundations, trusts and institutions concerned with the environment Appendix 3 Associations for landscape architecture Lists of tables, figures and plates Index and Plant List