ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY

Transcription

1 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY Zephyr Estates Development Project, circa 8.6-acres, Suisun City, Solano County, California. Prepared for SCO Planning and Engineering, Inc. 140 Litton Drive, Suite 240 Grass Valley, CA Author Sean Michael Jensen, M. A. Keywords for Information Center Use: Archaeological Inventory Survey, 8.6-acres, Stanislaus County, CEQA, USGS Elmira, Ca. 7.5 Quad., No Significant Historical Resources, No Unique Archaeological Resources. April 7, 2014 GENESIS SOCIETY ARCHAEOLOGICAL - HISTORICAL - CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SERVICES

2 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY Zephyr Estates Development Project, circa 8.6-acres, Suisun City, Solano County, California. ATTACHMENTS Archaeological Survey Area Map Records Search from NWIC Response from the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Information Request Letter submitted to NAHC listed parties Response Letter from Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation GENESIS SOCIETY ARCHAEOLOGICAL - HISTORICAL - CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SERVICES

3 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 1 1. INTRODUCTION Project Background This report details the results of an archaeological inventory survey of approximately 8.6 acres of land located adjacent to the east side of Walters Road, and the south and west sides of East Tabor Avenue, within Suisun City, Solano County, California. The proposed project would involve residential and commercial development, which would ultimately include construction of new residences, access roads, sidewalks, buried utilities, etc. Since the project will involve physical disturbance to ground surface and sub-surface components in conjunction with residential/commercial development, it has the potential to impact cultural resources that may be located within the APE. In this case, the APE would consist of the 8.6-acre land area itself. Evaluation of the project s potential to impact cultural resources must be undertaken in conformity with Suisun City and Solano County rules and regulations, and in compliance with requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act of 1970, Public Resources Code, Section 21000, et seq. (CEQA), and The California CEQA Environmental Quality Act Guidelines, California Administrative Code, Section et seq. (Guidelines as amended). Scope of Work At the most general level, compliance with CEQA requires completion of projects in conformity with standards contained in Section of the CEQA Guidelines. Based on this and other relevant Sections of the Guidelines, the following specific tasks were considered an adequate and appropriate Scope of Work for the present project: Conduct a records search at the Northwest Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information System at CSU-Sonoma and consult with the Native American Heritage Commission. Collectively, the goals of the records search and consultation are to determine (a) the extent and distribution of previous archaeological surveys, (b) the locations of known archaeological sites and any previously recorded archaeological districts, and (c) the relationships among known sites and environmental variables. This step is also designed to ensure that during pedestrian field survey, all cultural resources considered significant or potentially significant per CEQA are discovered, correctly identified, and properly interpreted. Conduct a pedestrian field survey of the project area. Based on generally uniform terrain and archaeological sensitivity within the project area, complete-coverage, intensive-level coverage was considered appropriate. The purpose of the pedestrian survey is to ensure that any previously recorded sites that may have been identified during the records search and consultation are re-located and significance evaluations updated on the basis of existing field conditions vis-à-vis site integrity. For any previously undocumented sites discovered that retain sufficient integrity to be considered significant historical or unique archaeological resources, the field survey Genesis Society 1

4 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 2 would involve formally recording these on State DPR-523 forms. For both previously identified and newly identified sites located within the APE, the level of field work would be sufficient to recommend measures to avoid, minimize or mitigate potential adverse effects of the proposed project to any cultural resources determined significant or potentially significant. Upon completion of the records search and pedestrian survey, prepare an Archaeological Survey Report that identifies project effects and recommends appropriate mitigation measures for sites found significant or potentially significant under CEQA and whose significant qualities would be impacted by the project. The remainder of the present document constitutes the final report for this project, detailing the results of the records search, consultation and pedestrian survey and providing recommendations for treatment of significant or unique resources that could be impacted. All field survey procedures followed guidelines provided by the State Historic Preservation Office (Sacramento) and conform to accepted professional standards. 2. Location, Environmental and Cultural Context Location The project area comprises approximately 8.6-acres of formerly rural pasture lands which have been surrounded by recent, contemporary commercial/residential development. Lands affected are located within the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 21 of Township 5 North, Range 1 West, as shown on the USGS Elmira, California, 7.5 series quadrangle (see attached Project Location Map). Environment Situated within the flat, grassland region of the Sacramento Delta, the local terrain is characterized by nearby wetland regions and Suisun Bay to the southwest, the whole of which has been subjected to agricultural, commercial and residential development throughout the past 150 years. Elevation within the APE is approximately 44 feet above mean sea level, and no natural sources of surface water, or remarkable topography exist within the vicinity. Prehistory The San Joaquin Valley area generally has a long and complex cultural history with distinct regional patterns that extends back more than 11,000 years. The first generally agreed-upon evidence for the presence of prehistoric peoples in the area is represented by the distinctive fluted spear points (e.g. Heizer 1938), some resembling Clovis Points, found on the margins of extinct lakes in the San Joaquin Valley. The Clovis points are found on the same surface with the bones of extinct animals such as mammoths, sloths, and camels. Based on evidence from elsewhere, the ancient hunters who used these spear points existed during a narrow time range between about 10,900 BP and 11,200 BP (Moratto 2004). Genesis Society 2

5 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 3 The next cultural period represented, the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition and thought by most to be subsequent to the Clovis period, is another widespread complex that is characterized by stemmed spear points. This poorly defined early cultural tradition is regionally known from a small number of sites in the Central Coast Range, San Joaquin Valley lake margins, and Sierra Nevada foothills. The cultural tradition is dated to between about 8,000 and 10,000 years ago and its practitioners may be the precursors to the subsequent cultural pattern (Wallace 1978c). About 8,000 years ago, many California cultures shifted the main focus of their subsistence strategies from hunting to seed gathering as evidenced by the increase in food-grinding implements found in archeological sites dating to this period. This cultural pattern is best known for southern California, where it has been termed the Milling Stone Horizon (Wallace, 1954, 1978a). However, subsequent research suggests that the horizon may be more widespread than originally described and likely extended throughout the Valley (Moratto 2004); radiocarbon dates suggest a maximum age range between about 8,000 and 2,000 BP, but with most clustering between about 6,000 to 4,000 BP. Cultural patterns as reflected in the archeological record, particularly specialized subsistence practices, became codified within the last 3,000 years. The archeological record becomes more complex, as specialized adaptations to locally available resources were developed and populations expanded. Many sites dated to this time period contain mortars and pestles and/or are associated with bedrock mortars implying the intense exploitation of the acorn. The range of subsistence resources utilized along with regional exchange systems expanded significantly. Along the coast and in the Central Valley, archeological evidence of social stratification and craft specialization is indicated by well-made artifacts such as charmstones and beads, often found as mortuary items. Ethnographic lifeways serve as good analogs for this period. Ethnography The project area is located within territory which, at the time of Contact with European/American culture (circa AD 1850), was claimed by the Patwin (Johnson 1978). The Patwin occupied the southwest Sacramento Valley from the town of Princeton, north of Colusa, south to San Pablo and Suisun bays, and from the lower hills of the eastern North Coast Ranges to the Sacramento River. The Patwin were Penutian speakers, for whom the basic social unit was the family, although the village may also have functioned as a social, political and economic unit. Villages were usually located near water sources, with major villages inhabited mainly in the winter as it was necessary to go out into the hills and higher elevation zones to establish temporary camps during food gathering seasons (i.e., spring, summer and fall). Villages typically consisted of a scattering of bark houses, numbering from four or five to several dozen in larger villages, each house containing a single family of from three to seven people. As with all northern California Indian groups, economic life for these Penutian speaking groups revolved around hunting, fishing and the collecting of plant foods. Deer were an important meat source and were hunted by individuals by stalking or snaring, or by groups in community drives. Salmon runs, and other food resources available along the Sacramento Genesis Society 3

6 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 4 River and some of its major tributaries, also contributed significantly to local economies. While much of the fish protein was consumed immediately, a significant percentage, particularly during the fall salmon run, was prepared for storage and consumed during winter months. Acorns represented one of the most important vegetal foods and were particularly abundant within the Oak Park Woodland which flanked both sides of the Sacramento River, as well as the Oak-Savannah biosystem within the foothill-delta interface. Relations between Euro-Americans and Native Americans in the northern Sacramento Valley followed the course of interaction documented in most other parts of North America, but with particularly devastating consequences for the Sacramento Valley Indians. John Work s fur trapping expedition through the region in resulted in the introduction of several communicable diseases, the results of which were devastating to Native culture and society (Work 1945; Cook 1955). Resource Considerations, Native American Sites. The discussion of regional prehistory and ethnography (above) provides insight into the types of Native American sites that have been documented within the region generally. These include: Large village sites located along the margins of streams, particularly at confluences, and at or near other natural surface water sources (springs, marshes and other wetlands) and on naturally elevated ground. Surface scatters of lithic artifacts without buried cultural deposits, resulting from short-term occupation and/or specialized economic activities. Petroglyphs, often in the form of cupped boulders, at or close to village sites or encampments. Bedrock food-processing (milling) stations, including mortar holes and metate slicks, most likely to be present within the western portion of the APE. Trails. Mortuary sites, often but not exclusively associated with large village complexes. Isolated finds of aboriginal artifacts and flakes. Clearly, it is not expected that all of these site types would be documented during the present pedestrian survey, but rather that these would be the most likely types to be encountered based on the results of previous regional research. Historic Context Interior California was initially visited by Anglo-American fur trappers, Russian scientists, and Spanish-Mexican expeditions during the early part of the 19 th Century. These early explorations were followed by a rapid escalation of European-American activities, which culminated in the massive influx fostered by the discovery of gold at Coloma in Early Spanish expeditions arrived from Bay Area missions as early as 1804, penetrating the northwestern San Joaquin Valley (Cook 1976). By the mid-1820s, hundreds of fur trappers were annually traversing the Valley on behalf of the Hudson s Bay Company (Maloney 1945). By the late 1830s and early 1840s, several small permanent European-American settlements had emerged in the Central Valley and adjacent foothill lands, including Ranchos Genesis Society 4

7 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 5 in the interior Coast Range, and of course the settlement at New Helvetia (Sutter s Fort) at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers (Sacramento). With the discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada, large numbers of European-Americans, Hispanics, and Chinese arrived in and traveled through the Valley. The Valley s east-side mining communities demands for hard commodities led quickly to the expansion of ranching and agriculture throughout the Great Central Valley and the interior valleys of the Coast Range. Stable, larger populations arose and permanent communities slowly emerged in the Central Valley, particularly along major transportation corridors. The present APE is located within Solano County, which is one of California s original counties. The County s first seat of government was established in Benicia, but moved to Fairfield in Early settlers into the county cultivated fruits and vegetables for local consumption and grains were grown on a larger scale for exportation. Dry farm crops such as wheat and oats, used for cattle fodder, proved profitable in the area despite limited irrigation. Initially, agricultural products were transported via the waterways but with the completion of California Pacific Railroad, connecting directly with the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, goods were transported by rail (Rawls and Bean 1993). Fruit and nut crops were particularly successful in the project vicinity and by 1910, Solano- Yolo Land and Water Company proposed dam and irrigation systems to support these crops. However, by 1930, government standards resulted in sales and abandonment of orchards with subsequent fruit workers strikes and riots resulting in the closure of the peach and cherry shipping industry (RootsWeb 2006). The fruit and nut industry slowly turned around and was aided by the formation of the Solano Irrigation District in Solano County continued to grow over the years with the addition of Travis Air Force Base, new industrial parks, and a resurgence of fruit processing and packing warehouses. Resource Considerations, Historic Resources. Historic overviews for the region document the presence of a wide range of historic site and feature types and complexes throughout the area generally. These include: Historic railroad alignments. Two-track historic trails/wagon roads, most of which are now paved over and represent fully contemporary features. Water distribution systems, including small and large ditch, canal and channel systems, and levees dating to historic time periods. Occupation sites and homesteads with associated features such as refuse disposal features, privy pits, barns, and sheds. Commercial undertakings and associated buildings and structures. Refuse disposal site(s) associated with historic Hughson. Ranch features, including structures, structural remnants, corrals, other feature types. As with prehistoric sites, it was not expected that all of these would be encountered within the APE. Rather, these sites and features represented the most likely types to be encountered during the pedestrian archaeological survey. Genesis Society 5

8 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 6 3. RECORDS SEARCH and SOURCES CONSULTED Several types of information were considered relevant to evaluating the types of archaeological sites and site distribution that might be encountered within the project area. The information evaluated prior to conducting the pedestrian survey includes data maintained by the Northwest Information Center (CSU-Sonoma), and available published and unpublished documents relevant to regional prehistory, ethnography, and early historic developments. Northwest Information Center Records The official Solano County archaeological records were examined on January 24, 2014 (NWIC File No.: ). This search documented the following existing conditions for the 8.6-acre APE: According to the information center, approximately 80% of the present Area of Potential Effects (APE) has been subjected to archaeological survey as a result of two previous investigations. Greenway (1975) conducted an archaeological survey for a roadwidening project which included the western margin of the present APE (S-12743). Bowen and Siskin (2005) prepared an Historical Resources Evaluation Report and an Archaeological Survey Report for the Jepson Parkway project, which included the western 80% of the present APE (S-32047). Two archaeological investigations have been conducted on lands adjacent to, or outside of, the present APE: S immediately to the north and S to the northeast. However, there appears to be no overlap of these previous investigations with the present APE configuration. No prehistoric or historic-era resources (sites) have been documented within the APE. Likewise, no cultural resources have been formally recorded within 1/8-mile radius of the present APE. Other Sources Consulted In addition to examining the archaeological site and survey records of Solano County maintained at the Northwest Information Center, the following sources were also included in the search conducted at the Information Center, or were evaluated separately: The National Register of Historic Places (1986, Supplements to 2012). The California Register of Historical Resources (2013). The California Inventory of Historic Resources (1976). California State Historical Landmarks (1996). California Points of Historical Interest (1992). OHP Historic Property Data File (2012). OHP Archaeological Determination of Eligibility (2012). Caltrans Structure Maintenance and Investigations (2013). Elmira 7.5 Quadrangle (1917). Genesis Society 6

9 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 7 GLO Plats, Vacaville 15 Quadrangle (1908 and 1953). Thomas Bros Map. Records of sites and previous archaeological surveys maintained by and available at the Information Center. Existing published and unpublished documents relevant to prehistory, ethnography, and early historic developments in the vicinity. These sources, reviewed below, provided a general environmental and cultural context by means of which to assess likely site types and distribution patterns for the project area. 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY and CULTURAL INVENTORY Survey Strategy and Field Work All of the circa 8.6-acre APE was subjected to intensive pedestrian survey by means of walking systematic transects, spaced at 5 meter intervals, across the entire APE. In searching for cultural resources, the surveyor took into account the results of background research and was alert for any unusual contours, soil changes, distinctive vegetation patterns, exotic materials, artifacts, feature or feature remnants and other possible markers of cultural sites. Fieldwork was undertaken on April 3, 2014 by Sean Michael Jensen. Mr. Jensen is a professional archaeologist and professional historian, with 27 years experience in archaeology and history, who meets the Secretary of Interior s Standards for Professional Qualification, as demonstrated in his listing on the California Historical Resources Information System list of qualified archaeologists and historians. No special problems were encountered and all survey objectives were satisfactorily achieved. General Field Observations Fieldwork identified the following general conditions within the project area. Intensive disturbance was observed immediately adjacent to the APE in the form of contemporary residential development, road and sidewalk construction and placement of buried utilities. As well, evidence of past grading was observed on the surface of the present APE lands. Prehistoric Resources No evidence of prehistoric use or presence was noted during the pedestrian survey. The absence of these resources may best be explained by the presence of more suitable habitation settings located a short distance east of the APE. Genesis Society 7

10 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 8 Historic Resources No evidence of historic-era resources was observed within the APE during the present pedestrian survey. The absence of such resources may possibly be explained by the region s historic agricultural use. 5. PROJECT EFFECTS A project may have a significant impact or adverse effect on significant historical resources/unique archaeological resources if the project will or could result in the physical demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate surroundings such that the significance or values of the historic resource would be materially impaired. Actions that would materially impair a cultural resource are actions that would alter or diminish those attributes of a site that qualify the site for inclusion in State site registers. Based on the specific findings detailed above under Pedestrian Survey and Inventory, no significant historical resources/unique archaeological resources are present within the project area and no significant historical resources/unique archaeological resources will be affected by the undertaking, as presently proposed. 6. Native American Consultation In conjunction with the records search for the present project, the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) was contacted and asked to supply information concerning sacred lands and to provide a list of interested Native American individuals/groups/tribes that could be contacted for information concerning traditional use areas and/or known archaeological sites. A letter was sent to the NAHC on December 10, The NAHC responded on December 31, 2013, indicating that their search had failed to indicate the presence of Native American cultural resources in the immediate project area. The NAHC also provided a list of Native American individuals/groups/tribes knowledgeable about cultural resources in the project area. The contact list from the Native American Heritage Commission included the following individuals and groups, all of whom were contacted and requested to supply any information they might have concerning prehistoric sites or traditional use areas within the project area: Kesner Flores, Wheatland, California. Charlie Wright of the Cortina Band of Indians. Marshall McKay, Leland Kinter and Cynthia Clarke of the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation. Written correspondences were mailed to these individuals/tribes on January 3, To date, only one response has been received from the contacted parties. On February 4, 2014, Marshall McKay, Tribal Chairman of the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation responded via letter, Genesis Society 8

11 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 9 and indicated that the tribe was not aware of any known cultural resources near this project site As no prehistoric cultural resources were identified within the APE, no additional consultation was conducted. 7. PROJECT SUMMARY This report details the results of an archaeological inventory survey of approximately 8.6 acres of land located adjacent to the east side of Walters Road, and the south and west sides of East Tabor Avenue, within Suisun City, Solano County, California. The proposed project would involve residential and commercial development, which would ultimately include construction of new residences, access roads, sidewalks, buried utilities, etc. Existing records at the NWIC document that approximately 80% of the APE has been subjected to previous archaeological survey, and that no prehistoric, or historic-era sites have been documented within, or immediately adjacent to the APE. The Native American Heritage Commission indicated that no sacred lands or cultural resources were identified during their file search, and consultation with NAHC listed parties garnered only one response. The Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation indicated that their records document no cultural resources within the present APE. The negative results achieved during both the records search and the subsequent pedestrian survey indicate that no cultural resources will be affected by the present project. Based on the absence of significant historical resources/unique archaeological resources within the APE, archaeological clearance is recommended for the project/undertaking as presently proposed, although the following general provisions are considered appropriate: 1. Consultation in the event of inadvertent discovery of human remains: In the event that human remains are inadvertently encountered during trenching or other grounddisturbing activity or at any time subsequently, State law shall be followed, which includes but is not limited to immediately contacting the County Coroner's office upon any discovery of human remains. 2. Consultation in the event of inadvertent discovery of cultural material: The present evaluation and recommendations are based on the findings of an inventory-level surface survey only. There is always the possibility that important unidentified cultural materials could be encountered on or below the surface during the course of future gravel extraction or other activities. This possibility is particularly relevant considering the constraints generally to archaeological field survey, and particularly where past ground disturbance activities (e.g., agricultural/residential/commercial development) have partially obscured historic ground surface visibility. In the event of an inadvertent discovery of previously unidentified cultural material, archaeological consultation should be sought immediately. Genesis Society 9

12 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page REFERENCES CITED and/or UTILIZED Barbour, M. G. and J. Major (eds.) 1977 Terrestrial Vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Baumhoff, Martin A Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49(2): Berkeley and Los Angeles. Burcham, L.T California Range Land: An Historico-Ecological Study of the Range Resources of California. California Division of Forestry, Department of Natural Resources. Sacramento. California, Department of Transportation (Caltrans) 1987 Caltrans State and Local Bridge Survey. Sacramento, California Caltrans State and Local Bridge Survey. Sacramento, California. California, State of 1970 Public Resources Code, Section 21000, et seq. (CEQA), and The California Environmental Quality Act Guidelines, California Administrative Code, Section et seq. (Guidelines, as amended October 1998). State of California, Sacramento The California Inventory of Historic Resources. State of California, Sacramento The California Historical Landmarks. State of California, Sacramento (Updates through 1996) Directory of Properties in the Historic Property Data File. Listing of the Office of Historic Preservation. Clark, William B Gold Districts of California. California Division of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 193. San Francisco. Cook, S. F The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press. Gudde, Erwin G California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. Berkeley California Gold Camps. University of California Press. Berkeley. Genesis Society 10

13 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 11 Heizer, Robert F A Folsom-Type Point from the Sacramento Valley. The Masterkey 12(5): Los Angeles. Johnson, Patti J Patwin, In, Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, Robert F. Heizer, Editor, pp Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Kroeber, Alfred L Handbook of the Indians of California. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Washington, D.C. Kuchler, A. W Map titled Natural Vegetation of California, In, M. G. Barbour and J. Major, Editors, Terrestrial Vegetation of California. Wiley: New York. Maloney, Alice Bay 1945 Fur Brigade to the Bonaventura. California Historical Society. San Francisco. McGowan, J History of the Sacramento Valley. New York: Lewis Historical Publication Company. Moratto, Michael 2004 California Archaeology, 2 nd Edition. Academic Press, New York. Ragir, Sonia 1972 The Early Horizon in Central California Prehistory. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility. Berkeley. Rawls, J.J. and W. Bean 1993 California: An Interpretive History. McGraw Hill, San Francisco. RootsWeb.com 2006 Website: True, Delbert L., Paul Bouey, Mark Basgall 1981 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed San Luis Drain Project: Kesterson Reservoir to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California. Report on File, Central California Information Center, CSU-Stanislaus, File # United States Department of the Interior 1986 National Register of Historic Places. Federal Register 1986, Supplements through December Washington, D.C. Genesis Society 11

14 Zephyr Estates Project, Suisun City, Solano County, Archaeological Inventory Survey Page 12 Wallace, William J The Little Sycamore Site and Early Milling Stone Cultures in Southern California. American Antiquity 20(2): a Southern Valley Yokuts, IN, Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, Robert F. Heizer, Editor, pp Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1978b Northern Valley Yokuts, IN, Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, Robert F. Heizer, Editor, pp Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1978c Post-Pleistocene Archaeology, IN, Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, Robert F. Heizer, Editor, pp Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. West, James 1983 Pollen Analysis Results, In, Archaeological Investigations on Pilot Ridge, Six Rivers National Forest, by William Hildebrandt and J. Hayes, pp Report on File, Six Rivers National Forest, Eureka, California. Work, John 1945 Fur Brigade to the Bonaventura: John Work s California Expedition, , for the Hudson s Bay Company, In, The Journal of John Work, Alice B. Maloney, Editor. California Historical Society, San Francisco. Genesis Society 12

15

16

17

18

19