Rural Electrification, DC Microgrids and Off-Grid Appliances. Informal Session Aníbal de Almeida, Pedro Moura

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1 Rural Electrification, DC Microgrids and Off-Grid Appliances Informal Session

2 Sustainable Development Sustainable Development and 21 st Century Energy Policy Economical, social and environmental sustainability are core drivers of SD scenarios Increasing uncertainty of current power systems due to growing demand DG technologies are promising solutions for these challenges To support economic growth and afford electricity demand transition to more sustainable mix of power generation technologies is necessary

3 Energy Access Energy access is a goal of sustainable development in developing countries where there are villages and remote areas without access to the power network People living without electricity in percentage

4 Energy Access International Energy Agency (IEA) defines energy access as: a household having reliable and affordable access to clean cooking facilities, a first connection to electricity and then an increasing level of electricity consumption over time to reach the regional average

5 Energy Consumption

6 Traditional Biomass Largest populations relying on the traditional use of solid biomass for cooking insub-saharan Africa

7 Energy Consumption Consumption breakdown of a village with a limited set of appliances, 200 users

8 Photovoltaic Generation Solar PV module cost outlook

9 Energy Storage Cost of Li-ion battery packs

10 DC Microgrids Block diagram of grid connected photovoltaic generator incase of AC or DC Power system block diagram

11 Super Efficient Appliances Highly efficiency DC appliances have the potential to increase dramatically the affordability of DC networks used for rural electrification in developing countries by reducing the size of the required power systems. Considering an equal level of services, the use of highly efficient DC appliances can have, a remarkable impact on system cost reduction Block diagram of efficient loads (e.g. refrigerators, or air conditioners) in case of AC or DC

12 Refrigerators Estimated rural penetration of refrigerators ( ) Energy efficiency improvement options for mainstream refrigerators % relative contribution to total possible improvement

13 Refrigerators Comparison of annual energy consumption of AC vs. DC refrigerator Among all refrigerators, available on market, it is possible to find super-efficient DC solutions. These appliances use variable speed drive (VSD) to drive a high efficiency BLDC motor, leading to an annual consumption less than 100 kwh

14 Televisions Estimated rural penetration of televisions ( ) Energy efficiency improvement options for mainstream televisions % relative contribution to total possible improvement

15 Fans In hot humid climates, the thermal comfort can be improved by the use of ceiling fans. In India, ceiling fans alone accounted for approximately 6% of residential energy use in 2000: this figure is expected to grow to 9% in2020 Brushless DC motors are a cost effective option to improve the efficiency, with a potential power consumption saving of more than 50%. The best ceiling fan available on the market consumes 2 W to achieve 19.3 m 3 /min/w.

16 Fans Estimated rural penetration of electric fans ( ) Energy efficiency improvement options for mainstream fans % relative contribution to total possible improvement

17 Market of Off-grid Appliances Estimated potential value of addressable market for target off-grid appliances in 2015 and 2020

18 Super Efficient Appliances

19 Market of Off-grid Appliances Super-Efficient Appliances Drive Markets for Off-Grid Energy Systems Source: A Home Energy System in just 25 Watts: Super-Efficient Appliances Can Enable Expanded Energy Access Using Off-Grid Solar Power Systems

20 Rural Electrification, DC Microgrids and Off-Grid Appliances Informal Session