Commercial 1 Track Unit 5 Gas Cooling

Transcription

1 2016 Energy Solutions Center Inc. All Rights Reserved Revised September 2016 Presentation Outline Terms & Market Overview Reducing Cooling Costs Natural Gas Cooling Equipment Natural Gas Cooling Economics Natural Gas Cooling Emissions Resources 3 Terms & Market Overview 4 1

2 Cooling System Terminology HVAC Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (System) Ton of Refrigeration Approximately equal to the cooling power of 2000 pounds of ice melting in a 24 hour period The value is defined as 12,000 BTU per hour, or 3,517 watts 5 Cooling System Terminology Coefficient of Performance (COP) is the ratio of the heat removed from the cold reservoir to input work (Output Input) SEER = BTU/hr Watts for Unitary Systems KW/Ton for Electric Chillers 6 Cooling System Terminology COP = Cooling Produced (Btus/Hr or kw) Heat Input (Btus/Hr or kw) 12,000 8,000 = 1.5 COP SEER = (Btus/Hr) Watts 12,000 2,344 = 5.1 SEER Remember 1 kw = 3,412 BTU 7 2

3 Natural Gas Cooling Market Overview 2016 Energy Solutions Center Inc. All Rights Reserved Cooling Technology Introduction Office buildings in the U.S. use an average of 17 kilowatt hours (kwh) of electricity and 32 cubic feet of natural gas per square foot annually In a typical office building, lighting, heating, and cooling represent about 60 percent of total electric use Energy represents about 19 percent of total expenditures for the typical office building Source: E Source Companies LLC 9 Energy Use in U.S. Commercial Buildings Commercial BuildingsTotal Major Fuel Consumption (trillion Btu) Computing 6% Office Equipment 3% Refrigeration 10% Cooking 7% Other 13% Lighting 10% Space Heating 25% Ventilation 10% Cooling 9% Water Heating 7% Cooling accounts for 656 Trillion BTU s of energy per year consumed by commercial buildings. Source: EIA CBECS Table 5, Release date 3/18/

4 Energy Consumption for Comfort Cooling by Business Activity Public assembly Public order and safety Health care Education Office Mercantile Religious worship Warehouse and storage Service Lodging Food service Food sales % Energy Used for Cooling Per Market 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% Source: EIA CBECS Table 5, Release date 3/18/16 11 Energy Used for Comfort Cooling Natural Gas 5% Electricity 95% Most buildings use electric air conditioning today, but electric can be more expensive than the alternative Source: U. S. Department of Energy, 2011 Buildings Energy Data Book 12 Types of Cooling Equipment in Commercial Buildings Equipment Type % of Floor Space Packaged Air Conditioning Units 46 Individual Air Conditioners 19 Central Chillers 18 Residential Central Air Conditioners 17 Heat Pumps 4 District Chilled Water 4 Swamp Coolers 2 Other 2 Source: U. S. Department of Energy, 2011 Buildings Energy Data Book 13 4

5 Useful Life for Cooling Equipment Equipment Type Medial Life Years Air Conditioners Through the Wall 15 Water Cooled Package 15 Rooftop 15 Chillers Reciprocating 20 Centrifugal 23 Absorption 30 Heat Pumps Air to Air 15 Water to Water 19 Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Buildings Energy Data Book & MFG Input 14 Natural Gas Cooling Reducing Cooling Costs Base Load Operation or Summer Peaking 2016 Energy Solutions Center Inc. All Rights Reserved Natural Gas Cooling Annual Base Load Operation 5

6 Energy Demand Profiles Gas Chiller Annual Base Load 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Demand Charge Penalty Initial Electric Demand w/ Electric Chiller Initial Natural Gas Demand Energy Demand Profiles Gas Chiller for Annual Base Load 100% 80% Initial Electric Demand 60% 40% 20% 0% Decreased Electric Demand w/ Gas Chiller Install Natural Gas Cooling Sized for Annual Base Load Energy Demand Profiles Gas Chiller for Annual Base Load 100% 80% Initial Electric Demand Increased Natural Gas Demand 60% 40% 20% 0% Decreased Demand Charge Penalty Initial Natural Gas Demand Decreased Electric Demand w/ Gas Chiller 6

7 Natural Gas Cooling Summer Peaking Operation 100% Energy Demand Profiles Gas Chiller for Summer Peak 80% 60% 40% Demand Charge Penalty Initial Natural Gas Demand Electric Demand Lighting & Misc 20% 0% Electric Demand Heating & Cooling Gas Cooling Summer Peaking Operation 100% 80% 60% 40% Initial Natural Gas Demand Additional Gas Load Electric Demand Lighting & Misc 20% 0% Summer Peaking Operation of Gas Chiller Electric Demand Heating & Cooling 7

8 Energy Demand Profiles Gas Chiller Summer Peak 100% Original Electric Demand Curves 80% 60% 40% Initial Natural Gas Demand Additional Gas Load Electric Reduced Demand Lighting Electric Demand & Misc Lighting & Misc Decreased Demand Charge Penalty 20% 0% Summer Peaking Operation of Gas Chiller Electric Reduced Demand Heating Electric & Demand Cooling Heating & Cooling 23 Cooling Basics Cooling System Basics Primary Cooling Technologies Vapor Compression uses a compressor to provide cooling Absorption uses heat to provide cooling Adsorption uses the interaction of gases and solids to provide cooling Heat Pumps uses either a compressor or a heat source to provide heating and cooling 25 8

9 Cooling System Types Vapor Compression Reciprocating compressor Screw compressor Centrifugal compressor Scroll compressor Absorption Single effect Double effect 26 Vapor Compression Components Consists of four major elements Compressor Condenser Expansion Devices Evaporator 27 Cooling Science Chemistry provides us with the Modern Gas Law PV=nRT or re written T= PV/nR. Temperature = (Pressure X Volume) / nr R is a gas constant and n is related to the refrigerant In short, if the pressure and volume rise, the temperature increases and vice versa 28 9

10 Simpler Explanation As the pressure and volume inside the can drops as it is sprayed, the temperature also drops and the can feels cold The can gets hot if we were to pressurize it 29 Vapor Compression Cycle Step 1: Refrigerant enters the compressor in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous form Step 2: The refrigerant is compressed to a high pressure and temperature gaseous state 2 SPRAY PAINT Simplified Fill aerosol Can Can heats up Drive Engine Motor Turbine 1 Hot Refrigerant Vapor Compressor Cooling Tower Cold Refrigerant Vapor 3 Rejected Condenser Warm Refrigerant Liquid Evaporator Load 4 Cold Refrigerant Liquid Heat Heat 30 Step 3: The high pressure and temperature gas enters the condenser where it changes phase from the high pressure and temperature gas to a high temperature liquid by transferring heat to a lower temperature medium, usually ambient air SPRAY PAINT Vapor Compression Cycle Simplified Cool can Gas inside changes phases from vapor to liquid Drive Engine Motor Turbine 2 1 Hot Refrigerant Vapor Compressor Cooling Tower Cold Refrigerant Vapor 3 Rejected Condenser Warm Refrigerant Liquid Evaporator Load 4 Cold Refrigerant Liquid 31 Heat Heat 31 10

11 Step 4: The high temperature liquid then enters the expansion device allowing a portion of the refrigerant to enter the evaporator 2 Spray can for cooling effect Simplified Vapor Compression Cycle SPRAY PAINT Drive Engine Motor Turbine 1 Hot Refrigerant Vapor Compressor Cooling Tower Cold Refrigerant Vapor 3 Rejected Condenser Warm Refrigerant Liquid Evaporator Load 4 Cold Refrigerant Liquid Heat Heat Vapor Compression Cycle & Components Air Cooled Condenser Sensing Bulb Evaporator Coil Compressor O O O O O O Cold Air Air Handler Drive High Pressure Receiver Expansion Valve 33 Vapor Compression Chiller Components Cooling Tower Chiller System Compressor Chilled Water Supply Cold Air Tower Water Condenser Chiller Heat Rejection Evaporator Chiller Heat Exchanger Air Handler Warm Water Return Tower Water Pump Expansion Valve Chilled Water Pump 34 11

12 Direct Expansion Systems In a direct expansion (DX) unitary system, the evaporator is in direct contact with the air stream The cooling coil of the airside loop is also the evaporator of the refrigeration loop The term direct refers to the position of the evaporator with respect to the airside loop 35 System Components Vapor Compression Systems Reciprocating compressor A positive displacement compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure The intake gas enters the suction manifold, then flows into the compression cylinder where it is compressed by a piston driven in a reciprocating motion via a crankshaft, and is then discharged 37 12

13 Reciprocating Compressor The compressor is essentially a pump It pumps heat from the cold side to the hot side of the system The heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator must be removed before the refrigerant can again absorb latent heat 38 Reciprocating Compressor To change phases from vapor to liquid the refrigerant gives up the latent heat of vaporization that it absorbed in the evaporator by cooling and condensing it in the condenser Due to the relatively high temperature of the cooling medium, the only way to make the vapor condense is to compress it 39 Reciprocating Compressor Types Hermetic Compressor motor assembly contained in a welded steel case, typically used in household refrigerators, residential air conditioners, smaller commercial air conditioning and refrigeration units 40 13

14 Reciprocating Compressor Types Semi hermetic Compressor motor assembly contained in a casting with no penetration by a rotating shaft and with gasketed cover plates for access to key parts such as valves and connecting rods 41 Reciprocating Compressor Types Open Drive Compressor only with shaft seal and external shaft for coupling connection to belt or direct drive using as electric motor or natural gas engine 42 Vapor Compression Systems Rotary screw compressor Are also positive displacement compressors Two meshing screw rotors rotate in opposite directions, trapping refrigerant vapor, and reducing the volume of the refrigerant along the rotors to the discharge point 43 14

15 Rotary Screw Compressor Within the compressor body there are two screws with mating profile a female and a male screw; female having concave inlets and the male with convex helical inlets 44 Rotary Screw Compressor Screws rotate in opposite directions with the female screw receiving the driving power and transmitting this power to the male screw through a set of synchronization gears Refrigerant is drawn into the inlet port and fills up the space between the screws and is compressed 45 Vapor Compression Systems Centrifugal compressor Centrifugal compressors are dynamic compressors The compressors raises the pressure of the refrigerant by imparting velocity or dynamic energy, using a rotating impeller, and converting it to pressure energy 46 15

16 Centrifugal Compressor Centrifugal compressors are higher in speed than rotary screw or reciprocating compressors They have fewer rubbing parts Are relatively energy efficient 47 Vapor Compression Systems Scroll compressor Scroll compressors are positive displacement The compressors raises the pressure of the refrigerant by imparting velocity or dynamic energy, using a rotating impeller, and converting it to pressure energy 48 Scroll Compressor A scroll compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to pump, compress or pressurize the refrigerant These devices are known for operating more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than conventional compressors Compressor Housing Inlet Pipe (Suction) Outlet Pipe (Discharge) Impeller 49 16

17 Scroll Compressor The compression process occurs over approximately 2 to 2½ rotations of the crankshaft The efficiency of scroll compressors is slightly higher than that of a typical reciprocating compressor 50 Compressor Size Ranges Scroll <2 RT 10 RT Reciprocating RT Rotary Screw RT Centrifugal 200 RT + 51 Electric motor Drive Options Constant speed Variable Speed Drive (VSD) Natural Gas Engine Steam Turbine 52 17

18 Electric Motor Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy Electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and currentcarrying conductors to generate force 53 Electric Motor Shaft power is used to turn the compressor Constant speed of 1,800 3,600 RPM Direct coupled to compressor or to gear box for higher speed applications 54 Variable Speed Drive Uses an internal or external variable frequency controller to convert input power (AC) to direct current (DC) that can be directly used in a DC motor or inverted back to AC and frequency varied off 60HZ to control speed Allows for soft start capabilities 55 18

19 Variable Speed Drive Can match speed and load capabilities Energy efficient motor External VFDs can be added to most electric motors 56 Expansion Devices (Valves) Controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator a metering device Uses a temperature sensor to regulate a stepper motor or sensing bulb filled with a similar gas as in the system that causes the valve to open against the spring pressure in the valve body as the temperature on the bulb increases 57 Thermal Expansion Valve Key element to the refrigeration cycle During the refrigeration cycle high temperature liquid enters the expansion valve where the TX valve allows a portion of the refrigerant to enter the evaporator The valve limits the flow into the evaporator 58 19

20 Electronic Expansion Valve Key element to the refrigeration cycle During the refrigeration cycle high temperature liquid enters the expansion valve where the EX valve allows a portion of the refrigerant to enter the evaporator The valve limits the flow into the evaporator 59 Condensing Systems Air cooled condenser Vapor compression systems only * Water cooled tower Vapor compression and absorption systems *Small scale (residential and small commercial) available as air cooled units 60 Air Cooled Condenser Heat rejected to the atmosphere via finned tubes and fans Similar to the outside unit on a residential system Best suited for smaller vapor compression systems or where water availability is an issue 61 20

21 Air Cooled Condenser Air Discharge Refrigerant VAPOR IN Refrigerant LIQUID OUT Inlet Air Inlet Air 62 Water Cooled Tower System Heat rejected to the atmosphere via bare tubes, water spray and fan Best suited for larger vapor compression systems and absorption chillers 63 Air/Water Vapor Drift Cooling Tower Drift Eliminators Water Spray & Heads Water Sump Refrigerant VAPOR IN Refrigerant LIQUID OUT Inlet Air Circulating Pump Water Bleed Off 64 21

22 Absorption Cooling Heat drives system Often best choice when: Electric demand charges are high Electricity use rates are high Summertime natural gas prices are favorable Limited electric service available Recoverable heat is available 65 Absorption Cooling The thermodynamic cycle of an absorption chiller is driven by a heat source a chemical process rather than a mechanical process. steam, hot water, or combustion as heat source Compared to electrically powered chillers, an absorption chiller has very low electrical power requirements ~15 kw combined consumption for both the solution and the refrigerant pumps 66 Absorption Cooling How It Works Thermal compressor replaces electric compressor Generator Pump Absorber Heat Exchanger Typically uses water (refrigerant) and non toxic lithium bromide (absorbent) solution eliminates CFCs More efficient and potentially lower operating costs than electric vapor compression chillers particularly when using recovered heat Double effect achieves even greater efficiency Pumps Concentrated Lithium Bromide Solution from Generator to Absorber section Generator / Concentrator Diluted Lithium Bromide Solution pumped back to Generator Section 67 22

23 The Absorption Cycle Overview Heat Step 3 Generator High Pressure Vapor Heat Condenser Step 4 Work Pump Heat Absorber Step 2 Low Pressure Vapor Evaporator Heat Step 1 68 The Absorption Cycle Step 1 Cycle begins when the refrigerant leaves the condenser as a high pressure liquid. On the way to the evaporator, the refrigerant flows through an expansion valve that drastically lowers the operating pressure. Once inside the evaporator (step 1), heat is absorbed and the low pressure liquid "boils" and is vaporized. Heat Condenser Evaporator Heat Step 4 Step 1 69 The Absorption Cycle Step 2 The absorption process uses vaporization to produce a cooling effect, but the work restoring the refrigerant is done differently than the vapor compression cooling cycle. The vapor returning to the absorber, (step 2) is Work Heat Pump Absorber Step 2 absorbed by a liquid (an "absorbent") just as alcohol absorbs water. The resulting solution can then be pressurized by a simple motor driven pump

24 The Absorption Cycle Step 3 Then, by using a gasfueled generator (boiler) (step 3) to heat the solution, the two fluids can be separated. The liquid absorbent is cycled back to pick up more refrigerant. Heat Step 3 Generator High Pressure Vapor 71 The Absorption Cycle Step 4 The high pressure refrigerant vapor is condensed to a liquid releasing its heat to the outdoors (step 4) and sent back to the evaporator to produce more cooling. High Pressure Vapor Heat Condenser Step 4 72 Advantages of Absorption Cooling Heat, domestic hot water, and cool with the same unit Usually lower operating costs Safe, quiet and dependable operation Reliable, low maintenance Direct fired absorber has a smaller footprint than an electric chiller and separate boiler Initial costs offset by energy savings 73 24

25 Absorption Cooling Issues Heat input requirements are large Typical COP is often 0.7 (single effect) to 1.4 (double effect) Requires a slightly larger cooling tower than a vapor compression chiller (about 30% larger, but depends on COP) Absorption units excel where cheap, high grade heat or waste heat is readily available 74 Natural Gas Absorption Cooling Sizing several tons to over 3000 tons Types Heat recovery e.g., CHP system Hybrid systems (½ gas cooling, ½ electric cooling) Chiller (cooling only) Chiller/heater Single or double effect systems, or combination Direct & indirect fired Air Cooled & water cooled Absorption heat pumps 75 Basic Absorption Chiller Cycle Cooling Tower Chiller System Chilled Water Supply Cold Air Tower Water Chiller Heat Rejection Generator Pump Absorber Chiller Heat Exchanger Air Handler Warm Water Return Tower Water Pump Expansion Valve Chilled Water Pump 76 25

26 Adsorption Chillers 77 Adsorption Chillers The adsorption chiller has four chambers an evaporator, a condenser and two adsorption chambers All four chambers are operated at nearly a full vacuum These systems are less common than Absorption 78 Adsorption Chillers Adsorption works with the interaction of gases and solids The molecular interaction between the solid and the gas allow the gas to be adsorbed into the solid The adsorption chamber of the chiller is filled with Silicagel/H20 or Zeolith/H2O (sorbent) The sorbent creates an extremely low humidity condition that causes the water refrigerant to evaporate at a low temperature As the water evaporates in the evaporator, it cools the chilled water 79 26

27 Adsorption Chillers The machines consist of two sorbent compartments one evaporator and one condenser Using hot water from an external heat source the sorbent in the first compartment is regenerated The sorbent in the second compartment adsorbs the water vapor entering from the evaporator Compartment 2 has to be cooled in order to enable a continuous adsorption 80 Adsorption Chillers Due to the low pressure conditions in the evaporator, the refrigerant is transferred into a gas phase by taking up the evaporation heat from the chilled water loop thereby producing the useful "cold If the sorption material in the adsorption compartment is saturated with water vapor, the chambers are switched over in their function 81 Adsorption Chiller Cycle Condenser Chamber Adsorption Chamber 1 Adsorption Chamber 2 Cool Water Evaporator Chamber Hot Water Cold Water 82 27

28 Engine Driven Chillers Engine replaces electric motor in an electric refrigeration compressor Primarily used for reciprocating, and screw compressor systems Offer variable speed capability (just like an electric VFD) Can run at 20% capacity without loosing efficiency 83 Engine Drives Primary types automotive derivative and industrial grade Can be dedicated design for natural gas Produce shaft speed between the ranges of RPM Offer excellent heat recovery options 84 Engine Drives Engine maintenance is critical for reliability and life expectancy Oil/Filter changes Valve adjustments Engine overhaul necessary between 20,000 40,000 fullload hours of operation 85 28

29 Engine Energy Balance ~2 % ~33 % ~31 % ~33 % Shaft HP Exhaust Jacket Water Radiation 86 Engine Driven Chiller with Heat Recovery Options Exhaust Gas / Heat Recovery Evaporator To Load From Load Compressor Expansion Valve Condenser Cooling Tower Cooling 87 Direct Expansion System Exhaust Gas / Heat Recovery Compressor Sensing Bulb O O O O O O Air Handler Evaporator Coil Cold Air Air Cooled Condenser Cooling To Radiator or for Heat Recovery 88 29

30 Engine Fuel Use and Heat Recovery Fuel Input Energy (100%) Radiation (2%) Exhaust Unrecoverable (16%) Exhaust (15%) Recoverable Energy (81%) Jacket Coolant 33% Shaft Power to Drive Chiller Compressor 33% 89 Steam Turbine Driven Chillers Compressor Steam Turbine Wet Steam Tower Water Return Steam Condenser Steam Supply Tower Water Supply Condensate Evaporator Condenser 90 Gas Heat Pumps Engine Driven or Absorption Air, Ground or Water Source High Heating Efficiencies 91 30

31 How Heat Pumps Work How they trick nature Thermodynamic Laws Heat flows naturally from a higher temperature region to a lower temperature region Indoor : 72 o F (22 o C) Outdoor: 8 o F ( 22 o C) Heat Pump They trick nature by using low temperature heat (outdoor) and transferring it to a high temperature region (indoor) 92 Air Source Geothermal Ground Source Water Source Closed loop Open loop Gas fired Absorption Engine Driven Types of Heat Pumps 93 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) VRF is a modular, commercially applied air conditioning and heating system that distributes refrigerant from the outdoor unit to multiple indoor units, providing efficiency, comfortable individual user control and reliability in one flexible package. Gas Heat Pump VRF Systems are built on 4 basic product elements Outdoor Unit Indoor Unit Piping Controls 94 31

32 Engine Driven Heat Pumps Similar to electric heat pumps Electric motor replaced with a natural gas driven engine Excellent part load efficiencies Multiple zone capable Heating efficiency equivalent to 140% 95 Gas Heat Pump Low Temperature Performance 120% 100% % Capacity 80% 60% 40% 20% Sanyo Gas VRF Gas VRF Electric Heat Pump 0% Ambient Temperature F Ambient Temperature C Typical of other Gas Heat Pumps 96 Flexibility Design & Diversity Multiple zones any combination of ducted or ductless air handlers Example: 15 ton design / load or Diversity 19.5 tons Using the same 15 RT Outdoor unit 97 32

33 Indoor Air Handlers Round Flow Ducted Type Wall Mounted Floor Standing T Bar Type 98 What is a Gas Absorption Heat Pump? Small gas fired boiler (traditional combustion) 95,500 BTU/HR input Produces HOT up to 149 F (65 C) or COLD water down to 37 F (2.8 C) Hydronic product Piped into hydronic loop just like a hydronic boiler 99 Achieving >100% Thermal Efficiency 10% Heat flue loss 50% Energy from natural source (ground, water, air) Up to 149% Heat Energy available 100% Inlet primary Energy for the combustion

34 Ground or Water Source 101 Absorption Heat Pump Heating Efficiency Comparison Heating Product Category Maximum Thermal Efficiency Non Condensing Boilers ~83% Condensing Boilers 99% Gas Absorption Heat Pumps 149% 102 Hybrid Chiller Applications Incorporate electric & gas chillers into a combined chiller plant Install both unit types into system Typically 50% electric & 50% gas capacities Base load chiller based on utility costs or time of day Ideal for facilities that have minimal electrical service

35 Hybrid Chiller Applications Incorporate into a CHP application to utilize recoverable heat Utilize excess steam capability or off season boilers Install desiccant systems to utilize waste heat from engine thereby reducing cooling load capacity 104 Life Cycle Cost Analysis A detailed Cost Analysis is essential for evaluating any Cooling project at a facility Using the real energy costs associated with the cooling technology is critical 105 Small Chiller Back of Envelope Analysis

36 Small Tonnage Energy Analysis Annual Total Energy and Maintenance Cost for 20 Ton Heat Pump Gas Engine Driven Heat Pump (Packaged) Gas Engine Driven Heat Pump (Multi Zone & VRF) Gas Absorption Heat Pump (THP) Gas Absorption Heat Pump (AR Series) Electric Heat Pump (Multi Zone and VRF) Standard Electric AC with Gas Furnace Standard Electric Heat Pump $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 Assumptions: Electric $.14/KWH, no demand charge, Gas = $.80/Therm 20 Tons of cooling for 6 months per year 1500 full load hours cooling & 1500 hours heating 107 Large Tonnage Payback Tool resources/tools/ 108 Large Chiller 20 Year Life Cycle Cost $1,000,000 $800,000 $600,000 $400,000 $200,000 $ Electric Centrifugal Gas Cooling Life Cycle Cost Analysis Double Effect Absorption Chiller Engine Driven Chiller Engine Driven with Heat Recovery Energy Cost Maintenance Cost Capital Cost Using ESC Cooling payback tool for 200 Tons running 2000 cooling hours per year with $7/MMBTU natural gas and $.014/KWH electric

37 Tons CO2 per Year Chiller Annual CO2 Emissions Do Nothing Base Line Electric Centrifugal Chiller Absorption Single Effect Chiller Double Effect Absorber Gas Engine Chiller Gas Engine Chiller w Heat Recovery Using ESC Cooling payback tool for 200 Tons running 2000 cooling hours per year. 110 Economic Analysis Use available economic evaluation tools ( ) check with manufacturers or others Understand the concepts and principles of the economic analysis Know the projects real costs Do your economics make financial sense? 111 Numerous Associations Trade and Associations Resources and web resources are available to assist and provide you additional market information and resources

38 Associations & Resources ESC Cooling Consortium Located in Washington, DC Consortium of utility companies interested in the promotion of gas cooling products & technologies Associations & Resources ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Atlanta, GA Advances heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration through research, standards writing, publishing and continuing education Membership 51, Gas Cooling Products Engine Driven Chillers Absorption / Adsorption Steam Turbine Chiller Heat Pumps Electric Chillers 38

39 Engine Driven Chillers RT Series Air Cooled Water Chiller or Condensing Unit 25 & 50 RT Units CH Series Water Cooled Chiller 150, 200 & 400 RT Units Jacket water heat recovery up to 230 F (110 C) COP 1.9 engine only 2.4 with heat recovery 116 Tecochill Packages TECOCHILL Air Cooled Chillers Ton packaged units Environmentally friendly HFC 404a refrigerant Up to 175, o F (71.1 C) hot water available TECOCHILL Water Cooled Chillers Ton packaged units R 134a refrigerant 800, o F (110 C) hot water is available per engine Absorption Chillers Manufacturer Size/Tons Special Features Broad USA Multi Fuel Capable Carrier Corporation Produced by Sanyo Cention Corporation Can be waste heat fired from exhaust Energy Concepts Available as a heat pump Robur Corporation 5 25 Link into 25 ton units. Heat pump Thermax (Trane) Steam, Hot Water, Thermal Fluid, or gas fired Yazaki Direct fired and Indirect fired units York Steam, Hot Water or Direct Fired

40 Broad U.S.A. BROAD USA Direct / Indirect Fired Chiller/Heater 40 3,300 Tons NO CFC s High Efficiency Models Broad U.S.A. BZ Model, Direct Gas Fired Capacity: ton Gas Pressure: Psi (Standard) Dual Fuel Burner (Gas and Oil, Low NOx, <10ppm) Cooling / Heating / Domestic Hot Water BS Model, Steam Driven Capacity: ton Steam Pressure: Psi Chiller Come With Steam Valve Cooling Only 120 Broad U.S.A. BE Model, Exhaust Driven Capacity: ton Exhaust Pressure Drop: 3 8 Inch W.C. Exhaust Temperature: F Cooling / Heating Only BH Model, Hot Water Driven Capacity: ton Hot Water Temperature: F Provides Hot Water Valve Cooling Only

41 Carrier Carrier Chiller/Heater Hot Water & Steam Fired 75 1,323 Tons Models include: 16LJ: Single Effect, Hot Water, Tons 16NK: Double Effect, Steam, Tons 16TJ: Single Effect Steam, Tons 122 Energy Concepts Absorption tons Heat Pumps (absorption based) Custom systems to 15,000 tons Simultaneous heat and cooling, or refrigeration Co produce hot water Air or water cooled (ammonia water) 123 Robur Direct Fired Chillers & Heat Pumps 4 to 5 ton units packaged to 25 tons Ammonia water system Low temp units available Air cooled systems Single phase power

42 Thermax Thermax Chillers Direct, Hot Water & Steam Fired Products Steam Tons Hot Water Tons Exhaust fired Tons Direct fired Tons International Sales & Service Programs usa.com/ 125 Yazaki Yazaki Absorption Chillers Direct Fired Gas (Chiller Heater) CH K: Double effect, Tons CH MG: Double effect, 150 & 200 Tonss Water Fired: WFC S, Single effect, 5, 10, 20, 30 & 50 Tons York YIA: Single Effect, Tons YPC: Double Effect, Tons Natural Gas or HP Steam fired your workplace/chilled water systems/water cooled chillers

43 Steam Turbine Chiller 1.2 Coefficient of Performance (COP) using excess steam Provides opportunity to Integrate waste steam into a mechanical cogeneration system Can provide cooling, heating, dehumidification 128 York Turbine Driven Chiller Utilizes steam to drive refrigeration compressor Excellent use for heating boilers in the summer months Sizes Tons Variable speed capability Uses traditional vapor compression refrigeration cycle 129 Heat Pumps Engine Driven Absorption Heat Pumps

44 IntelliChoice Energy 8, 11 & 15 Ton units available Ducted or Ductless Options Ductless Units ideal for Zoning Air cooled condensing in packaged unit Cooling COP of 1.23 Heating COP of IntelliChoice Energy 8 and 15 Ton Outdoor Units Added Diversity w/ Extra Air Handlers Variety of Air Handlers available to suit needs of each zone. Up to 17 zones with 8 Ton Unit Up to 33 zones with 15 Ton Unit 11 Ton Rooftop Unit 132 Yanmar 2 Pipe Systems Capacity Manufacturer / Model Cooling Capacity Heating Capacity Low Temp / Cold Temp Heating YANMAR YANMAR YANMAR YANMAR NNCP096J NNCP120J NNCP144JN NNCP168JN RT kw BTU 108, , , ,000 kw BTU 114, , , ,000 kw Pipe System Manufacturer / Model YANMAR NFCP168JN Cooling Capacity RT kw Capacity Heating Capacity BTU kw 198, Low Temp / Cold Temp Heating BTU kw 162,

45 M Trigen (PowerAire) MCCHP for 3, Sq foot home or commercial businesses 6 to 8 kw of electric power (120/240V) 3 8 Tons of cooling 51,000 to 72,000 BTU s of heating Domestic Hot Water Micro-Grid configurable Solar/Wind Compatible 134 M Trigen MCHP Air Conditioning GHP Back Up UPS or Generator All in One 135 Illios HEWH-500-WS Water-Source MBH Heat Output Efficiencies ( %) 3 X 5 X 6 Box Typically Installed Indoors HEWH-500-WS Water-Source 4 Pipe COP =

46 Illios Product Specifications 300, ,000 Btu/hr Heat Output Engine (<50 HP) 2.5 L 4-Cylinder Ultra Low Emissions Small 5 kw generator for electrical parasitic load Next-generation control system Efficient, low-pressure, HFC-134a refrigerant 137 HEWH 500 WS Product Concept Example of Ilios HEWH-500-WS producing hot and chilled water simultaneously. Fuel In (Natural Gas) 252,527 Btu/hr Conditions: Hot Water Out =120 F Source Water = 47/54 F Chilled Water 24 Tons (287,638 Btu/hr) Hot Water 476,289 Btu/hr* Coefficient of Performance (COP) = Total Energy Out = Fuel In 287, ,289 Btu/hr = ,527 Btu/hr 138 GAHP Systems Robur Corporation Air source water ammonia absorption heat pumps Up to 149 F (65 C) hot water available Single phase power requirements Can be linked using single or multiple controllers

47 Energy Concepts Tons, custom built absorption heat pumps Cooling or refrigeration 160 F (71.1 C) hot water at 1.5 COP Major Electric Chiller Manufactures Carrier Corporation Daikin Goodman Lennox Trane York Numerous private and specialty packagers 141 Case Studies 47

48 Office Building New Jersey Natural Gas Hybrid Plant 300 ton Direct Fired Absorption 300 ton electric Centrifugal Base loaded with Gas Cooling absorption Chiller Heater 143 Boarding School EF Academy, Thornwood, NY 2 Absorption units at 500 tons each 1.36 Cooling COP /.93 Heating COP 1000 tons total, 9600 MBH Simultaneous Chilled, Heating & Domestic Hot water production 144 Ice Rink Great Neck NY Ice Rink 95 Ton Engine Driven Chiller Maintains a glycol water mixture at 15 o F that is circulated below the ice surface 75 KW CHP systems

49 YMCA Hartford, CT YMCA features a pool, a fitness facility, a licensed preschool, a child care center, a 128 room residence facility 2OO Ton Engine Driven Chiller Estimate annual savings of $14K 3 year payback projected 146 Office Building One Parkway, Philadelphia, PA Two 400 Ton Engine Driven Chillers Saving ~$158K/Yr Additional $10K $15K/Yr savings from recovered heat off the engine 147 Thank you 49