Quan%fying the Magnitude and Quality of Green Roof Runoff
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1 Quan%fying the Magnitude and Quality of Green Roof Runoff Patricia Culligan Professor of Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics Columbia University, New York
2 Contributors Dr. Wade Mcgillis (LDEO) Dr. Stuart Gaffin (CCSR) Tyler Carson Andrea Conte Robert Elliot Nadine Els Marco Finazzi Rebecca Gibson Raha Hakimdavar Diana Hsueh Daniel Marasco
3
4 Green Roof Site Loca%ons CU 118 Residence Xeroflor 1-2 MaV System 3,200 sf CU 115 Environmental Stewardship Xeroflor 1-2 MaV System 650 sf ConEdison Learning Center Modular 4 Tray System 10,000 sf Bronx Design & Construc%on Academy Modular 4 Tray System 1,200 sf USPS Morgan General Mail Facility Complete 4-6 System 108,900 sf Regis High School Complete 4-6 System 20,000 sf Ethical Cultural Fieldston School Complete 4-6 System 5,100 sf
5
6 Current Inves%ga%ons Basic Atmospheric Parameters Autonomous Monitoring Wind Speed & Direction, Relative Humidity, Temperature, Pressure, Rainfall, Incoming Solar Radiation Rainfall-Runoff Comparisons Quantity - Stormwater Retention & Detention Autonomous Monitoring Tipping Buckets Custom-Built In-Drain Weirs Quality Spot Sampling During Rain Events Developing Autonomous Monitoring ph, Conductivity, True & Apparent Color, Chemical Composition
7 Typical RooOop Setup Rain Gauge Runoff Weir Soil Moisture Gauges Op_onal: Evapotranspira_on Automa_c water sampler (Most data accessible through internet)
8 Roof Runoff Weirs: External Drainage Pipe
9 Roof Runoff Weirs: Internal Drainage Pipe
10 Example Calibra%on Curve
11 Magnitude of Runoff
12 Precipita%on vs Runoff (mm/min): Aug- 09 Rain, mm/min GR,mm/min CR, mm/min /11/13 0:00 8/11/13 1:12 8/11/13 2:24 Flow Rate, mm/min 8/11/13 3:36 8/11/13 4:48 8/11/13 6:00 mm
13 Cumula%ve Runoff (mm): Aug- 09 GR Flowrate, mm /10/13 21:36 8/11/13 0:00 8/11/13 2:24 8/11/13 4:48 8/11/13 7:12 8/11/13 9:36 8/11/13 12:00 8/11/13 14:24 Cumula%ve Runoff, mm Control Roof, mm Rain,mm
14 Example Summary Plot: 118 Total Green Roof Runoff (mm) Total Precipita%on (mm) 2- Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct- 09 Oct Oct Oct- 09 Oct Oct Oct Nov- 09
15 Result Summary: 118 Peak Runoff
16 Ini%al Analysis of Three Roof Systems
17 Runoff vs Precipita%on
18 Es_mated average avenua_on over 25 years
19 Results Summary Empirical model of green roof performance based on observations of runoff retention rates Model indicates 40 70% runoff retention per unit area per annum for different extensive roof systems in New York City, based on 25 years of historic rainfall data Need to refine the analyses based on antecedent moisture conditions Significant reduction in peak runoff needs further study
20 Quality of Runoff
21 ph Green Roof Control Control and Green Roof Runoff higher than Rain ph
22 Conductivity (µs/cm) Green Roof Control Green Roof Runoff Has higher conductivity than Control Roof and rain
23 Turbidity (NTU) Green Roof Control Some indication of higher turbidity in green roof runoff
24 True Color Green Roof Control True color of green roof runoff higher than control roof runoff and rain
25 Nitrate (ppm) Green Roof Control Nitrate lower than control roof runoff and rain for the older systems
26 Ammonium (ppm) Green Roof Control Ammonium in runoff from green roofs lower than control roof runoff and rain
27 Calcium (ppm) Green Roof Control Calcium runoff from green roofs higher than control roof runoff and rain
28 Potassium (ppm) Green Roof Control Potassium in runoff from green roofs higher than control roof runoff and rain
29 Magnesium (ppm) Green Roof Control Magnesium in runoff from green roofs higher than control roof runoff and rain
30 Phosphorus (ppm) Green Roof Control Phosphorous in runoff from green roofs higher than control roof runoff and rain
31 Sodium (ppm) Green Roof Control Sodium in runoff from green roofs higher than in control roof runoff and rain
32 Results Summary Green roofs mitigate acid rain and decrease ammonium, and in some cases, nitrate effluence in comparison to control roofs Green roofs increase calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous and sodium effluence No discernable difference between heavy metal concentrations measured in rain or runoff from green roofs and control roofs Role of growing medium composition, age and runoff quality needs further investigation
33 Small- Scale Test Boxes Role in Measurement and Design?
34
35 Comparison of Small- & Full- Scale System: Cumula_ve
36 Comparison of Small- & Full- Scale System: Peak Flow
37 Comparison of Small- & Full- Scale System: Time of Peak
38 Results Summary Small- scale model under- es_mated cumula_ve volume reduc_on for storms >5mm Small- scale models under- es_mated peak intensity reduc_on Time of Concentra_on similar between small- and full- scale green roof
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