SFPE EUROPE FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING IN EUROPE 1 ST QUARTER 2015 ISSUE NO. 1. Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering in Europe

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1 SFPE EUROPE 1 ST QUARTER 2015 ISSUE NO. 1 FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING IN EUROPE Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering in Europe The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice SFPE European Chapter News Letter From ECCG President

2 Welcome to the inaugural issue of SFPE Europe Magazine! In this issue: European Chapters Coordination Group (ECCG) President's Viewpoint... 2 SFPE European Chapter News... 3 Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering... 5 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice... 9 About SFPE Europe

3 European Chapters Coordination Group (ECCG) President's Viewpoint Fire safety engineering is becoming a natural part of the European building process, many countries have permitted a performance-based design approach in their specific national building codes, this was a necessary step as it was shown that strict code compliant approach is in many cases was not sufficient. This evolution in the building process requires educated professionals with specific knowledge regarding fire safety. In Europe, SFPE has created a strong network of professionals that works towards a greater recognition of the fire safety engineering profession within the industry and maybe more importantly to introduce a way for the industry to get an understanding and more knowledge about fire engineering; how it is used, by who, when and the benefits it can bring to a project. One of the initiatives to help us to do that is this magazine, it was considered to be of great benefit to create a SFPE Fire safety engineering magazine with a European approach. It will no doubt take us some time to shape it in such a way that we are pleased with it but I must say that with this first issue we have come a long way towards our goal. Our aim is to give the reader a taste or maybe more correctly a view of the many different shades of fire safety engineering, we will have articles with very different themes but all with a strong connection to the profession. I would specifically like to mention two of the articles in this issue; the first one is based on a white paper that the European Chapters Coordination Group (ECCG) has produced during this year, it is a position paper that highlights the need for appropriate qualification of fire safety engineering practitioners in Europe, and recommends action to proceed to achieve this. This is no doubt a very important subject and I believe the article touches the very base of what is needed to progress this further. The second article is of an academic nature but has a very strong link to the industry, it discusses the many different methods for smoke calculations that exists and the effect the choice of method has on the results. The research is based on full scale testing and different methods of validation of the same. This has always been and still is a very hot topic among the fire safety practitioners; I am convinced that the article will make a strong impression and it will hopefully also make a few us out there think twice before we perform smoke control calculations. Many people have been put in a lot of time and effort to make this happen and the result is from my point of view a success. Thank you all who made this possible. I hope you will enjoy this first issue of our European SFPE magazine. Yours sincerely, Jimmy Jönsson, ECCG President 2

4 SFPE European Chapter News Benelux Chapter The SFPE Benelux Chapter completed three successful conferences on tunnel fire safety. As a result of these conferences, a dedicated working group was established on tunnel safety. The working group is focusing on issues such as guidelines for CFD modelling, and underlying (fire) scenarios. In April 2014 the chapter visited the Damage Control Training Centre of the Belgian Navy. Moving forward a busy activity agenda for the remainder of 2014 and for 2015 has been prepared, including additional conferences and factory visits to manufacturers of active and passive fire safety products and systems. More information about the SFPE Benelux Chapter can be found at French Chapter French Chapter is preparing a seminar on waste treatment plants and associated fire risks. The objective is to organize a conference session on risks, loss statistics, protection systems, regulation and also a visit of a plant to illustrate best practices. This event should take place in next fall. More information about the SFPE French Chapter can be obtained by contacting armelle.muller@cnpp.com. Italian Chapter The chapter serves a geographic area that includes the country of Italy. More information about the SFPE Italian Chapter can be found at Polish Chapter The Polish SFPE Chapter has recently organized a seminar on problems and solutions regarding egress design. The seminar attracted approx. 70 professionals from different areas. One of the conclusions of the seminar was that there is a need to develop a guide describing various solutions that could be helpful for all parties participating in design process. The Polish Chapter has taken steps to prepare such guide and presented the idea to the Headquarters of State Fire Brigade. More information about the SFPE Polish Chapter can be found at Spanish Chapter The SFPE Spanish Chapter was officially created a little more than a year ago. The chapter s executive board is convinced that it will be a very good complement to the existing fire safety organizations in Spain. The chapter will organize a few technical seminars throughout this year, something that I know will be appreciated by the Spanish engineers. For more information about the SFPE Spanish Chapter contact jimmy.jonsson@jvvafire.com. Swedish Chapter On November 27, the members of SFPE Sweden (BIV Föreningen för brandteknisk ingenjörsvetenskap) elected a new board of directors. The board comprises a total of nine members, plus an additional two co-opted fire protection engineer student representatives from Lund University and Luleå University of Technology. During 2015, the board is particularly involved in the following activities: Supporting SFPE in the planning, preparation and execution of the first SFPE Europe Conference on Fire Safety Engineering. Representing SFPE Sweden s members in technical committees and reference groups, such as the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning s reference group and the Swedish Fire Protection Association s regulation group on sprinkler. Enabling SFPE Sweden s members to make their voice heard when regulators submit updated proposals on new/edited prescriptions. Supporting local group meetings in Sweden, which is one of the most appreciated activities among our members. The board is helped by four independent local groups in Stockholm, 3

5 SFPE European Chapter News Swedish Chapter, con t Gothenburg, Malmö and Linköping (just launched), who approximately twice a year arranges meetings in their region. The meetings aim to spread knowledge and serve as a professional meeting point, and normally they are scheduled for late in the afternoon and last two hours. Supporting members in practical fire safety engineering applications. In 2013, SFPE Sweden managed to release three documents, which all aimed to provide support its members in practical application of fire safety engineering, particularly in fields that gave much room for interpretations (and thus, varying solutions to the same problem) and that would benefit from a common ground. The documents were a product of a great member engagement, and covered areas such as control of fire protection in the building process, CFD calculations with FDS, and fire safety design of complex buildings. In 2015, a fourth document will be released on the topic of measures to support fire rescue operations in high rise buildings. During 2015, SFPE Sweden is also carrying out strategic work to improve the long time planning of the chapter s operations. This will be communicated to the chapter s members during autumn SFPE Sweden also annually awards an individual with an award for his or her outstanding contributions, and will do so in 2015 as well. The prize will be awarded on the annual meet in the end of More information about SFPE Sweden can be found at Also feel free to contact the President of SFPE Sweden, Karl Fridolf, at karl.fridolf@sp.se. UK Chapter SFPE is pleased to announce the formation of the United Kingdom Chapter. The chapter was approved by the SFPE Board of Directors on June 24, 2014 and will be led by Gary Daniels with its principal office in London. The chapter will serve a geographic area including England, Wales and Scotland. The Chapter s Annual General Meeting was held on 8 September 2014 in London. For information, please contact Gary Daniels at GaryDaniels@hoarelea.com or on 4

6 Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering in Europe By Michael Strömgren and Robert Jönsson, FSFPE This article presents a current snapshot on the state of recognition for fire safety engineering professionals in Europe. It articulates a set of initiatives intended to help gain a common understanding of qualifications, educational requirements and further advance recognition of fire safety engineering within Europe. Moreover, this article is based on the White Paper on the Professional Recognition of Fire Safety Engineering, which was published by the SFPE European Chapters Coordination Group (ECCG) [1]. The ECCG is comprised of the presidents from the European Chapters of SFPE and the elected ECCG president. It was formed to facilitate collaboration on issues that are common to the chapters. It is noted that the situation will change with time, and that this White Paper may not completely address the wide breadth of issues that currently exist. The ECCG would like to thank Woodrow, Bisby and Torero who have made a large contribution to the contents of the White Paper and to this article [2], particularly in the area of educational needs. Introduction The need for fire safety engineers in Europe is obvious. In a small country like Sweden, more than 300 university-educated fire safety engineers work as consultants. As such, similar conditions could exist in every country in Europe. There is a need for European-recognized diplomas and a European approach to accreditation that will establish registration or certification of fire safety engineers in Europe. The approach needs to be based on established levels of competency that is appropriate to their roles. If fire safety engineering design can find ways to synergize with other disciplines, it could experience a rapid and positive evolution. For this to occur, fire safety engineering as a profession must evolve towards true performance-based design. In 2013, a survey was completed concerning the status of fire safety engineering in Europe; the results were published in Fire Protection Engineering magazine [3]. garydaniels@horelea.comsurvey was conducted on behalf of the ECCG. The report highlights areas such as qualification of practitioners, education, and the legal framework for fire safety engineering in building regulations. This survey revealed large differences on several aspects, but at the same time a strong trend: fire safety engineering is growing in Europe. The Fire Safety Engineering Field Background In the 1970s, fire safety engineering began in Europe as a discipline of individuals capable of interpreting and rationally applying mostly prescriptive fire safety codes. The codes presented design solutions that, if applied correctly, offered a solution with an assumed guaranteed acceptable level of safety. In parallel, a second group of professionals, mainly scientists, structured the underpinning science behind fire safety engineering [4-8]. This acquired technical and scientific knowledge enabled a considerable evolution of the codes, the development of engineering tools (i.e., tests, analytical models, empirical {and semi-empirical} correlations, computer-based models, etc.) and the increasing acceptance of performance-based design as a viable methodology. 5

7 Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering in Europe, Con t Immaturity Fire safety engineering is, by definition, immature. Building codes and standards, and buildings designed to those regulatory documents can only achieve a reasonable or adequate level of safety. Fire safety engineers set acceptable distances between buildings and set maximum travel distances to exits. However, in each case, fire spread and smoke filling can occur in a limited number of less likely scenarios. As a result, people s lives may be lost as result, but the risk is acceptably low. The optimization process for fire safety requires decisions and engineering judgment that might be beyond that which is available from some who practice in fire safety engineering. Fire Safety Engineering position in the building design team The fire safety engineering discipline is relatively small, isolated and can sometimes be poorly integrated within the overall building design team. This could result in poor communication between fire safety engineering designers and other stakeholders in the design process. It also can result in poorly conceived fire safety engineering that is merely an add-on or a value engineering measure. Poor integration permeates into the engineering education community in that most engineering (civil, structural, mechanical, electrical) or architecture students are rarely exposed to the goals and practice of fire safety engineering design. Competency Awareness Poor individual awareness of competence is a critical issue in the fire safety engineering community. Dunning et al. [9] provide a discussion of the sociological phenomenon known as competency awareness. Available research in this area clearly shows that people tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in their intellectual domains. As a result, they can reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices. Poor competency awareness within fire safety engineering in Europe is partly a consequence of the small size of the discipline and the lack of support for initial or continuing education; the lack of recognized diplomas and rigorous accreditation procedures for practitioners; the reliance on prescriptive approaches to design. Education System Issues Fire safety design and technology in the construction industry is changing rapidly. Therefore, competent teaching faculty who are at the forefront of research are often featured in the best programs. Additionally, the curriculum needs to have a good foundation of mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering practice. These feed into good skills in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, etc. These skills are the basis for understanding fire dynamics and the understanding of fire and smoke spread, which is fundamental to producing competent fire safety engineers. Moreover, the concepts of risk, human behavior and egress also are among the key subjects that should be taught with some rigor [10]. 6

8 Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering in Europe, Con t Finally, given that the main academic driver is research, the drastic reduction in support for fire research in most parts of the world has resulted in a decreased number of academics who have a true competency in fire safety engineering research let alone fire safety engineering design practice. Definition of Fire Safety Engineering in Europe In some countries, predominantly where a strong educational base exists, there are clear and definable roles for fire safety engineering. In countries where this does not exist, there is a wide range of opinions of how to define a fire safety engineer. But in general, the fire safety engineering discipline in Europe is segmented. That is, it is not seen as one discipline that would include a holistic view of fire safety; instead, it is viewed as specific areas that are relatively isolated from each other. These views range from pure code consultancy (interpreting building regulations) to fire protection systems design and advanced simulations regarding smoke movement (CFD -modelling). Defining fire safety engineering as a discipline in Europe is necessary; more importantly, a general job description (including competency requirements) for a fire safety engineer is needed. If a parallel is drawn to other professions, there is in most cases a requirement to hold evidence that a practitioner has the required skills and experience (for example, by a university degree or a certification) needed to be permitted to work within that profession. Fire safety engineering today lacks that for most countries in Europe. This initiative of defining the profession and the requirements needed by practitioners would benefit not only the profession but the building industry as a whole. Indirectly, requiring a defined level of knowledge and experience from practitioners would possibly create safer building designs. Conclusions and Further Initiatives Fire safety engineering is a growing profession in Europe. As such, several challenges need to be addressed. The White Paper? will aim to continue the necessary work that would create a common understanding in Europe of what fire safety engineering is and what the necessary competency requirements for its practitioners should be. In this White Paper, the ECCG has developed a series of initiatives to pursue that goal. Some of these initiatives are already underway and some are in the planning stage. These initiatives are in line with the SFPE Board of Directors (BoD) strategic vision. Some of these initiatives refer to actions of the SFPE BoD to expand international recognition and develop certified educational programs to support this initiative [10]. A summary of the initiatives identified in the White Paper follows: SFPE should move forward with helping to define Core Competencies for the professional recognition of a fire safety engineering professional in Europe. Further documents are needed as models for fire safety engineering, for example documents defining fire safety engineering from the European perspective, occupational standards (or job descriptions) for fire safety engineering. Certification for fire safety engineers in the global perspective needs to be considered, both for fire safety engineering on a broader level, and for specialty areas, such as computational modelling. Promotion of good fire safety engineering practice is needed to increase the quality and awareness, both among professionals and for the public. Educational programs need to be further developed, for example by creating short courses connected to core competencies. Connections to universities also need to be explored. Formal liaisons between SFPE and other organizations should be considered, for example with the European standardization group (CEN). 7

9 Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering in Europe, Con t Michael Strömgren is with SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden. Robert Jönsson, FSFPE is with Brandexperten. References 1. Jönsson, R. (editor) and M. Strömgren (editor) SFPE ECCG: White Paper for Professional Recognition for Fire Safety Engineering Woodrow, M., L. Bisby, and J. Torero, A nascent educational framework for fire safety engineering. Fire Safety Journal, 2013(58): p Strömgren, M., The Status of Fire Safety Engineering in Europe, in Fire Protection Engineering. 2014, Penton Media: Overland Park, KS, USA. 4. Emmons, H.W., The further history of fire science. Combustion Science and Technology, (16): p Hottel, H.C., Stimulation of Fire Research in the United States After Combustion Science and Technology, (16): p Law, M., Some Selected Papers by Margaret Law: Engineering Fire Safety. 2002: Arup. 7. Thomas, P.H., Fires and flashover in rooms - A simplified theory. Fire Safety Journal, (1): p Babrauskas, V. and R.B. Williamson, The historical basis of fire resistance testing - Part I. Fire Technology, (3): p Dunning, D., et al., Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, (3): p Johnson, P. Fire Safety Engineering Education - Part of an Acceditation Framework. in Fire Australia Conference

10 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice By Gabriele Vigne Smoke management in atria and large spaces Smoke management in atria and large-volume spaces poses separate and distinct challenges from well-compartmented spaces. In particular, smoke control strategies using pressure differences and physical barriers become infeasible [1]. Without physical barriers, smoke propagation is unimpeded, spreading easily throughout the entire space. The tall ceiling heights in many large-volume spaces create additional challenges in terms of substantial quantities of smoke production and delayed detection times. However, on the positive side, the large-volume space and tall ceiling height permit the smoke to become diluted and cooled as it spreads vertically and horizontally. Dilution acts to reduce the level of hazard posed by the smoke. In atriums, hazard development is moderated by the large volume typically associated with the space [1]. However, there is still a need to ensure that dangerous concentrations of smoke are prevented. In addition to atria and covered malls, there are many other examples of large-volume spaces, including convention centers, airport terminals, sports arenas, and warehouses. The engineering principles governing the design of smoke management systems for these various large-volume spaces are the same. However, differences in smoke management system designs for these large-volume spaces may occur as a result of different fire scenarios and design goals reflecting changes in function, shape, and connection to other spaces, among other factors [1]. When a fire takes place in an atrium or a large enclosure, the smoke can travel along vertical distances, affecting multiple floors simultaneously and threatening the life safety of occupants far away from the fire origin. Also, atrium layout intrinsically does not allow for vertical compartmentation and, thus, fire can spread to interconnected floors. Moreover, detection, control, and extinction of fires in atria differ significantly from those in small enclosures. These complex and non-conventional architectonical elements, like many others in modern buildings, can lead to fire environments that diverge significantly from those assumed in current codes and standards and most engineering calculation methods. With such remarkable architectural features, the fire dynamics in one building does not necessarily correspond to the fire dynamics in another building. Thus, a proper understanding of fire dynamics and smoke movement for each particular enclosure is needed to provide the scientific understanding required in the correct design of buildings [4]. 9

11 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t In the last 10 years, smoke modelling assessments have been performed by several researchers, the most noteworthy being the research undertaken by Harrison and Spearpoint [2] Smoke control design The smoke control design process often relies on fire modelling. However, there are gaps in the stateof-art knowledge in fire dynamics and smoke movement in atria and large spaces. One example of this is the differing approaches used to calculate the required extract rate in an atrium. This presents the problem of different answers to the same smoke control problems around the world and consequently different designs for similar buildings. Engineers have a number of options available for evaluating the performance of a smoke management system and, depending on the country where he/she is based, different design guides are used. Often national guides are considered the only one valid in a given country, no matter if the approach used is out-of-date or simply wrong. It may happen that the same designer needs to make similar calculations in different countries encountering a non-homogenous approach to the smoke modelling. Given the fact that every country has its history and traditions and that in some countries fire engineering is a very young discipline while in others it is an established discipline, it is not surprising to see this happening. Large-scale fire tests Researchers from Spain and the United Kingdom have undertaken several full-scale fire tests in the Fire Atrium test facility in Murcia (Spain). Through large-scale fire tests, it was possible to compare and contrast the tools available to the fire engineering community and compare them with real data obtained in the Fire Atrium test facility in Murcia, Spain. 10

12 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t Several fire tests have been performed in the last 10 years; the most recent ones have been done in January 2013, with a more sophisticated instrumentation, by researchers from the University of Jaén (Spain), The University of Comillas (Spain) with the collaboration of the Imperial College of London (UK), MAPFRE (Spain) and the fire engineering consultancy JVVA. This unique test facility is a full-scale facility consisting of a prismatic structure of 19.5 m x 19.5 m x 17.5 m and a pyramidal roof raised 2.5 m at the center. The walls and roof are made of thick steel sheets and the floor is made of concrete. The atrium is provided with four exhaust fans installed on the roof. 11

13 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t Instrumentation The atrium was equipped with temperature, pressure, and velocity sensors in order to study the thermal and flow fields induced by the fire. Up to 61 sensors have been installed. Measurements of walls and roof metal temperature, and air temperature at several locations (next to the walls, at a central section, through the exhaust fans and through the inlet vents) have been recorded. Differential and absolute pressure sensors at the exhaust fans also were installed to check fan performance curves, mass and volume flow rate evacuated. The smoke layer interface was measured by an aspiration detection system installed at different heights in the atrium. In order to estimate the smoke layer interface for previous tests, the N-percent method [5] was used. The smoke layer interface was then identified as the position where the temperature rise dropped to N% of the maximum temperature rise. In large spaces with a relatively small fire, temperature rise of smoke is relatively low. Therefore, the smoke layer interface was determined at the position where the temperature rise started to be larger than 10%, 20%, and 30% of the highest temperature rise along the vertical direction. Numerical analysis Algebraic models The buoyant axi-symmetric plume caused by a diffusion flame formed above the burning fuel is commonly used in fire safety engineering. An axis of symmetry is assumed to exist along the vertical centerline of the plume and air is entrained horizontally from all directions [6]. The most diffused and used plume correlations that were developed more than two decades ago and then slightly optimized by another developer are shown below. Zukoski et al. [6] in measured entrainment rates for diffusion flame methane fires stabilized on porous-bed burners of 0.10 to 0.50 m diameter with fire magnitudes ranging from 10 to 200 kw. Heskestad [6] in 1984 developed a correlation for entrainment in fire plumes splitting the flow into two regions: a non-reacting plume and a flaming region. McCaffrey [6] in 1983 developed a correlation based on relatively small fires, 12

14 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t splitting the flow field into three regimes (a continuous flame region, an intermittent flame region, and a plume region). A most recent work was undertaken by Thomas in 1987 [6]. Zukoski This equation is also commonly shown in the form below where the ambient air properties are assumed to be T = 293 K, ρ = 1.1 kg/m 3, cp = 1.0 kj/kg K and g = 9.81 m/s 2. Heskestad The plume mass flow rate above the flame height (z > L fl,) is given by: where Thomas The Thomas plume model is intended for entrainment in the near field or flame region, when the mean flame height is considerably smaller than the fire diameter. In this region, the entrained air is less influenced by the heat release rate than by the fire perimeter, and therefore the fire diameter, and can be expressed as: 13

15 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t McCaffrey Zone modelling Three different zone models also have been used in the benchmark, and are described in this section. In these models, it is possible to choose different plume entrainment correlations (Table 2) (Heskestad and McCaffrey in CFAST, Heskestad, McCaffrey, Thomas and Zukoski in OZone and MacCaffrey and Delichatsios in BRANZFIRE) resulting in a great variety of results that not always help to find the right answer for a given scenario. Results The analysis through comparison between real data and models has shown a significant variability in the smoke layer height using different approaches. The average range of uncertainty is about ± 35% 14

16 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t with a peak of almost 100% (Thomas, MFA1). Most of the results are not conservative, i.e. the predicted smoke layer is higher than the measure one. 15

17 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t 16

18 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t Conclusions Nowadays the international trend in fire safety is towards the use of fire models. These models are commonly used both in fire protection system design and in fire research. There are three main approaches to study fire-induced conditions -- analytical algebraic models, zone models, and field models. In addition, these models implement different plume entrainment correlations and make different assumptions to simplify the phenomena that appear in the case of fire. Therefore, different predictions can be obtained for the same problem, depending on the model used. Furthermore, these approaches have been widely tested within small enclosures but their use and accuracy in large enclosures such as tunnels or atria is not clear; there is a real need to perform fire tests and fire models validations to set bounds to their use, accuracy, and limitations within these structures. The present work studies the suitability and applicability of these approaches to properly predict the fire-induced conditions within an atrium fire. The results obtained from the models have been compared with full-scale experimental data. Although the general trend of the best formulae is in line with results proving that those formulae can be used for a first approximation of the phenomena, the average range of uncertainty is about ±35% with a peak of almost 100% (Thomas, MFA1). Gabriele Vigne is with JVVA Fire & Risk. References 1. Gutiérrez-Montes, C.; Sanmiguel-Rojas, E.; S. Kaiser, A.; Viedma, A. Numerical model and validation experiments of atrium enclosure fire in a new fire test facility. Building and Environment, 2008, vol. 43 (11), Harrison, R.; Spearpoint, M. Smoke management issues in building with large enclosed spaces - Fire Australia 2006, Melbourne, 1 3 November

19 The Complexity of Smoke Control Design, Theory and Practice, Con t 3. Gutiérrez-Montes, C.; Sanmiguel-Rojas, E.; Viedma, A.; Rein, G. Experimental Data and Numerical Modelling of 1.3 and 2.3 MW Fires in a 20 m Cubic Atrium. Building and Environment. 4. Rein G., Zhang X., Williams P., Hume B., Heise A., Jowsey A., Lane B., Torero J.L. Multi-story fire analysis for high-rise buildings, in: Proceedings of the 11th International interflam conference. London; Available from: 5. Determination of the Smoke Layer Interface Height for Hot Smoke Tests in Big Halls K. Chow - Research Centre for Fire Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. 6. Enclosure Fire Dynamics, Björn Karlsson y James G. Quintiere, Zukoski, E.; Kubota, T.; Cetegen, B. Entrainment in Fire Plumes. Fire Safety Journal, 1981, vol. 3, Heskestad, Gunnar (1986) "Fire Plume Air Entrainment According to Two Competing Assumptions," Twenty-first Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pp Thomas P.H., Baldwin R., and Heselden A. J.M., Tenth Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1984, pp CFAST 6 Technical Reference Guide Walter W. Jones, Richard D. Peacock, Glenn P. Forney, Paul A. Reneke - NIST Special Publication OZone - The One Zone Model OZone, description and validation. Based on 54 Experimental Fire Tests - Profil ARBED. J.F. Cadorin, J.M. Franssen, March EUROCODE 3 Design of steel structures. 13. A User s Guide to BRANZFIRE 2004 C.A. Wade BRANZ. 14. Comparison of calculation methods for smoke and heat evacuation for enclosure fires in large compartments Thermal Science Vol. 11 (2007), No. 2, pp Bart Merci, Paul Vandevelde. 15. Society of Fire Protection Engineers. Guidelines for Substantiating a Fire Model for a Given Application. s.l.: SFPE, Determination of the Smoke Layer Interface Height for Hot Smoke Tests in Big Halls. K. Chow - Research Centre for Fire Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. 18

20 About SFPE Europe SFPE Europe is a digital magazine produced by SFPE. The mission of SFPE Europe is to highlight the practice of fire protection engineering and fire safety engineering in Europe and to showcase current research being done in the field. The opinions and positions stated are the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of SFPE. SFPE Europe is published digitally biannually. Subscribe to receive new issues via here. EUROPEAN CHAPTERS COORDINATION GROUP (ECCG) Members Benelux Chapter President: Gordon Biezeveld French Chapter President: Armelle Muller Italian Chapter President: Simone Sacco Polish Chapter President: Piotr Tofilo Spanish Chapter President: Jimmy Jönsson Swedish Chapter President: Karl Fridolf U.K. Chapter President: Gary Daniels SFPE Europe Editorial Advisory Board Jimmy Jönsson, JVVA Fire & Risk Kees Both, Promat Research and Technology Centre NV Michael Strömgren, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden SFPE Editorial Staff Technical Editor: Chris Jelenewicz, P.E. Production Manager: Maggie McGary Interested in Contributing? To be considered for publication, articles submitted should be free of commercial bias and should provide fresh insights that are sound and relevant to practicing fire protection engineers. Articles should describe problems and solutions from which readers can learn. Descriptions of solutions should clearly communicate lessons learned-how-to insights deduced from experience and explained through examples. Authors are asked to comply with the Style Sheet for Fire Protection Engineering. Articles submitted should cite authoritative references whenever applicable. All articles accepted will be reviewed by the magazine's editorial board. Authors will be asked to respond to any comments that are provided by members of the editorial board. All articles accepted will be published with the understanding that publication has been approved by the necessary authority. Please submit articles to: Chris Jelenewicz, Technical Editor SFPE 9711 Washingtonian Blvd Suite 380 Gaithersburg, MD USA cjelenewicz@sfpe.org Advertising in SFPE Europe SFPE Europe is distributed via to fire protection engineers, fire safety engineers and allied professionals in Europe and globally, and is available to the public via the SFPE website. If you re interested in exploring advertising opportunities with SFPE Europe, please contact Maggie McGary at mmcgary@sfpe.org or