A Project on Office Security System

Transcription

1 A Project on Office Security System

2 Made by Department of EEE 1. Md. Emdadul Haque Md. Sahed Hasan Md. Samsul Arefin Khokan Das Amit Halder Md. Belayet Hossain

3 Table of content: Title Abstract Different parts of the security system Block Diagram the Control Unit Fire Hazard Protection System: 1. Introduction 2. How to prevent fire in office 3. Basic Functions of the Fire hazard Protection System: 4. Components of the Fire hazard Protection System: 5. Position of Fire protection system: 6. Plane for fire protection 7. Recommendation 8. Detection & Notification system 9. Related issue 10. Emergency issue Detection Device 1. Smoke Detector 2. Heat Detector Auto dialer Sprinkler system in office. Alarming Device 1. Audio Alarm 2. Visual Alarm Protection equipment 1. Gas Masks 2. Fire Blankets

4 Burglar Alarm system 1. Introduction 2. Security System in office 3. Security System in office a. Indoor 1. Passive infrared detectors 2. Ultrasonic detectors 3. Microwave detectors 4. Photo-electric beams 5. Photo-electric beams b. Outdoor 1. Photo-electric beams 2. Passive magnetic field detection 3. E-field 4. Microwave barriers 5. Microphonic systems 6. Taut wire fence systems 7. Wireless Alarm 8. Magnetic Sensor Door 9. Body Scanner Door

5 Power Back up System 1. Introduction 2. Common Power problem 3. Power connection system in office 4. Solution Of this problem 5. Uninterruptible Power supply 6. Technology 7. Operation in building Electrical fault protection System 1. Introduction 2. Components 3. Circuit Breaker 4. Power Control Panel 5. Office security system is the process, which will protect a office from natural and man made threat. This security system can alert residents of a intrusion in any entry point of the Workers. It is also alert the peoples in an emergency. This system consists of several type detection and alarming device which are strategically placed into key areas of the office. This system has detection units, Controlling unit, alarming units.

6 Different parts of the Security system 1. Fire Hazard protection 2. Burglar protection Here all two systems are independent from each other. But Connected to the same control system. So, user can check the total security system at just one interface. Brief description of the Control Unit: The control unit is connected with all the detection devices. When a threat is detected by the detection devices, it sends a signal to the control unit. The control unit is programmed to correctly know which part of the resident the signal is coming from. In this way the control unit can locate the area of the threat. Also from the signal, the 4 control unit can detect the type of threat. So the functions of the control unit are: i. Detecting the location of the threat ii. Detecting the type of threat iii. Following pre-planned tasks based on the information

7 Fig : Control unit

8 Fire Hazard Protection System:

9 Introduction: A fire hazard protection system protects a resident against fire and fire related threats. The system can detect the presence of fire or fire related hazard and activate alarms to make the residents aware of the threat. It also provides the residents with the information of the threat. It automatically takes decision based on the severity of the threat and can activate the sprinkler system, turn on the emergency lights and inform the fire service with the help of auto dialer. The fire hazard protection system spans the entire resident with adequate number of detection devices. The devices are connected to the control unit. The detection devices do not have individual alarms. The central alarm is connected to the control unit and is triggered on the detection of a fire threat. How to Prevent Office Fires Fire hazards are present most average offices, however, there are steps one can take to fire proof an office and prevent fires from happening even if your budget does not allow hiring a professional to do the job. Preparation for danger situations is a key factor in fire safety. All employees should know fire escape routes, how to activate the fire alarm, the locations of stairway exits, and practice fire drills periodically. Combustible materials such as paper should be stored properly, and should not be stacked up. Properly install sprinkler systems and fire detectors in the storage area. It is recommended that storage areas are located away from heat sources. Typical office equipment such as copiers, coffee makers and hot plates, are often overlooked as a potential heat-generating fire hazards. It is important to keep them away from anything flammable. Additionally, be mindful of the condition this equipment is kept in. Poor quality or

10 defective appliances have a bigger chance of developing electrical shorts leading to shock hazards and fires. Office fires can start as a result of electricity malfunction or misuse. Properly maintaining the electrical system provides maximum safety and is an important step in fire prevention. Be careful not to overload electrical outlets and minimize the use of extension cords. Avoid running extension cords across walkways as it can pose a potential tripping hazard. If there is no other option tape it to the floor. Smoke detectors are you first line of defense, and should be properly installed and maintained frequently. Be sure to test smoke detectors and replace the batteries as needed. It is also recommended to install an office sprinkler system to fight fire as soon as it ignites. Fire extinguishers are another important to have on hand even if you have a sprinkler system. Acquire and maintain a sufficient number of extinguishers and make sure that everybody who works in your office knows where the extinguishers are installed and how to properly operate them. Basic Functions of the Fire hazard Protection System: The fire hazard protection system has the following function: 1. Detecting Fire 2. Detecting the position of the threat 3. Activating alarms (visual and audible) 4. Providing users with necessary information of the threat 5. Post detection actions (based on the severity of the threat) a. Activating the sprinkler system b. Informing fire service with auto dialer system c. Activating emergency lights for evacuation

11 Components of the Fire hazard Protection System: The fire hazard protection system basically consists of the following parts: i. Detection Devices ii. Control Unit iii. Central Alarm System iv. Fire Extinguishing System v. Auto dialer Some of the components can be subdivided. Detection devices: a. Smoke Detectors b. Thermal/Heat Detectors Central Alarm System: a. Audio Alarm b. Visual Alarm (blinking lights) Fire Extinguishing System: a. Sprinkler System b. Fire Extinguishers

12 Position of Fire protection system:

13 Plan for Fire Protection OVERVIEW The facilities and renovation projects need to be designed to incorporate efficient, cost-effective passive and automatic fire protection systems. These systems are effective in detecting, containing, and controlling and/or and extinguishing a fire event in the early stages. Fire protection engineers must be involved in all aspects of the design in order to ensure a reasonable degree of protection of human life from fire and the products of combustion as well as to reduce the potential loss from fire (i.e., real and personal property, information, organizational operations). Planning for fire protection in/around a building involves an integrated systems approach that enables the designer to analyze all of the building's components as a total building fire safety system package. The analysis requires more than code compliance or meeting the minimum legal responsibilities for protecting a building; that is, building and fire codes are intended to protect against loss of life and limit fire impact on the community and do not necessarily protect the mission or assets, or solve problems brought upon by new projects with unique circumstances. Therefore, it is necessary to creatively and efficiently integrate code requirements with other fire safety measures as well as other design strategies to achieve a balanced design that will provide the desired levels of safety (evacuation, recovery, egress/smoke. Identify critical systems: diesel generators, etc.). PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN (PBD)

14 The success of any complex project hinges on getting all the stakeholders, owners, designers, special consultants, and AHJs working together in a collaborative manner to achieve performance-based design solutions. The Society of Fire Protection Engineers has developed and published (in collaboration with NFPA) the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings and the SFPE Code Official's Guide to Performance-Based Design Review (developed and published in collaboration with ICC). RECOMMENDATIONS Issues to address in developing a successful fire protection design usually include: Design Team It is most important that the project delivery team include a Fire Protection Engineer with adequate experience and knowledge in fire protection and life safety design. The Fire Protection Engineer should be involved in all phases of design, from planning to occupancy. Design Standards and Criteria (i.e., Building Code, etc.) to be utilized by the design team, including statutory requirements, voluntary requirements addressing owner's performance needs, and requirements that are sometimes imposed by insurance carriers on commercial projects. Site Requirements A quality site design will integrate performance requirements associated with fire department access, suppression, and separation distances and site/building security. Fire department access o Design buildings with uncomplicated layouts that enable firefighters to locate an area quickly. o Provide rapid access to various features such as fire department connections (FDCs), hose valves, elevators and stairs, annunciates, key boxes, etc. o Accommodate the access of fire apparatus into and around the building site o Comply with local authorities having jurisdiction to accommodate the access of fire apparatus into and around the building site and to coordinate access control point layout.

15 Fire hydrants Coordinate with security measures Building Construction Requirements, at a minimum will address the following elements: Construction type, allowable height, and area Exposures/separation requirements Fire ratings, materials, and systems Occupancy types Interior finish Exit stairway enclosure Egress Requirements, at a minimum will address the following elements: Exit stairway remoteness Exit discharge Areas of refuge Accessible exits Door locking arrangements (security interface) Fire Detection and Notification System Requirements, at a minimum will address the following elements :

16 Detection Notification Survivability of systems Fire Suppression Requirements, at a minimum will address the following elements: Water supply Type of automatic fire extinguishing system o Water-based fire extinguishing system o Non-water-based fire extinguishing system Standpipes and fire department hose outlets Emergency Power, Lighting, and Exit Signage, at a minimum will address the following elements: Survivability of systems Electrical Safety Distributed Energy Resources Special Fire Protection Requirements, at a minimum will address the following elements:

17 Engineered smoke control systems Fireproofing and firestopping Atrium spaces Mission critical facility needs RELATED ISSUES Balancing Safe and Secure Design Requirements The concern for terrorist attacks has caused design and engineering professionals to address integrated fire protection and security measures for the building site as well as within the building. For example, perimeter protection measures must be well-designed to ensure that fire departments can still access sites and buildings. Another example is the increased need to coordinate HVAC design and proper automatic emergency operations in the event of a fire or chemical/biological/radiological (CBR) event. Virtually every project that requires fire protection must also meet sustainability goals. Thus, it is important to balance security/safety goals with those for sustainability for example, specify fire resistant materials that are durable and can meet green products standards whenever possible. Further, consider life-cycle cost when making decisions on materials, equipment and systems. Mass Notification Notifying building occupants and visitors both inside and outside facilities of hazardous events has become a critical aspect of personnel safety and health. Whether it is a fire, chemical spill, criminal activity, or act of terrorism, everyone in the vicinity of such events must be warned so they know whether to shelter in place or flee including which direction to go. Mass notification systems can be employed in single buildings or on campuses and military bases. Notices can be sent

18 over loudspeakers, to computer monitors and to cell phones. See UFC Design and O&M: Mass Notification Systems Bollard Spacing Bollard spacing for accessibility related to access for fire vehicles and personnel. The Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Act calls for spacing bollard 36 inches apart to meet clear opening requirements. Site security designers need to balance security with access, considering bollard location and spacing respective to vehicular traffic, bus stops, hardened street furniture, and pedestrian traffic. EMERGING ISSUES Green Roofs With the proliferation of vegetative roofs on buildings to reduce heat island effect and control storm water runoff, consideration must be given to firefighters having to ventilate a structure during a major fire event. Provide adequate roof hatches and other access points for firefighters. Permeable Pavement Permeable pavement is being specified more frequently as a means of controlling stormwater runoff from building sites. Not all types of permeable pavement are designed to hold emergency fire and rescue vehicles. Coordinate with site designer/landscape architect to ensure permeable pavement selected will meet load requirements of emergency vehicles. Another option to consider is to use permeable pavement in

19 parking lots for passenger vehicles and standard pavement for access roads, loading docks and driveways to building entrances. RELEVANT CODES AND STANDARDS Building codes and fire codes vary across the nation. For federal projects, consult with the appropriate federal agency or the Contracting Officer. For non-federal projects consult with the appropriate building code and fire code official, for minimum and recommended fire safety measures. Detection Devices: Smoke detectors: Smoke detectors are devices which can detect the presence of smoke. In a fire hazard, it is certain that smoke will be created. So presence of smoke indicated presence of fire. A smoke detector detects the smoke particles and send appropriate signal to the control unit.

20 figure: An optical smoke detector In the designed fire hazard protection system, optical smoke detectors are used. They are also called scattered light some detectors. The device has one or more openings so that smoke can enter into the device. The device has a light source ( LED or other electrical light source) and a photo-detector. The light source and the photo detector are placed in such a position that, in absence of smoke, the light from the source does not hit the detector. When smoke particles enter the detector, light is scattered from the smoke particles and they hit the photo-detector. The increase in detected light triggers the switching circuit and a alarm signal is generated in the output. The figures in the following page shows the vertical section view and the perspective view of a smoke detector. The body of the smoke detector is specially designed for optimum performance. The deflectors and the shielding of the detector are placed between light source and the photo-detector.

21 Under normal condition, the source light can not reach the detector because of the strategic placement of the deflectors and shielding panels. Even though the detector can sense the presence of slightest amount of smoke, the instrument is not over sensitive. The sensitivity of the device can be adjusted with the help of the electrical circuit. Figure: Perspective view of the Smoke detector 1. Detector Body 10. Intersection Connecting terminal 11. Shading member 3. Outer Cover 12. Shading member 4. Detection Center 13. Wall element 5. Base 1 4. Electrical Casing 6. Light Source holder 15. Printed Circuit Board 7. Light detector holder 16. Electronic Part holder 8. Light emitting element 17. Electronic element 9. Photo-detector 18. Copper foil

22 Heat Detector: In this system we use combined heat detector with Smoke detector. Auto Dialer System: When the detection devices detect a fire threat, they send the information to the control unit. If the threat is severe enough, it becomes necessary to alert the proper authorities, in this case, the fire service. Rather than relying on the residents of the house to this job, the designed security system does this job automatically. The control unit can activate an auto dialer system, which can dial an emergency number to call for help. A simple, inexpensive device for automatically dialing an emergency number in response to a signal generated by the control unit is shown in the next page. The device includes a cam and cam follower, arranged in combination with an electrical switch connected to a telephone line, so that the motion of the cam follower causes the switch to create a dialing function without human intervention, and without electrical power, other than the dialtone voltage from the telephone line. The described auto-dialer system is a very simple system. In practical, more complex auto-dialers are used. They have digital circuits and microcontroller system. They can use telephone or cellular phones to broadcast emergency messages. This messages can go directly to the emergency authorities or a service providing agency. The service providing agency relays the message to the emergency authorities.

23 Figure: Schematic view of a simple Auto-dialer system

24 Total sprinkler system in our office Fig. : Schematic view of a Sprinkler System When the control system activates the sprinkler system, it automatically shuts down the electrical supply of the residence. This is done so that the water sprayed from the sprinkler heads does not cause an electrical short circuit. Emergency lights are activated in this case for the evacuation of the residents.

25 Alarm System In this system we use two type of Alarming system.. 1. Audio Alarm 2. Visual Alarm ( blinking lights ) Audio alarm In this system we use audio alarm. When any type of incident will happen then detector device detect this and will sent to the control unit. Then control unit drive the alarm and take necessary steps.

26 Visual Alarm (blinking lights) In this system a visual alarm system is also used. When any type of incident will happen then detector device detect this and will send to the control unit. Then control unit drive the Visual alarm and take necessary steps. Protection equipment Gas Masks: Commercially available gas masks can give a person 20 minutes of air when escaping a room filled with Fire Blankets: Fire blankets are blankets made of special fire resisting materials. If the escape path of the residence is blocked by fire, it becomes extremely difficult for the residents to escape without sustaining

27 physical injuries. In such a condition, a person may quickly move through a flaming region by wrapping his body with a fire blanket. Fire blankets are present in every bedroom of the house. It is recommended that every room of the house should contain at least one fire blanket.

28 Burglar Alarm System:

29 Introduction Burglar (or intrusion), fire, and safety alarms are electronic alarms designed to alert the user to a specific danger. Sensors are connected to a control unit via low-voltage wiring or a narrowband RF signal which is used to interact with a response device. The most common security sensors are used to indicate the opening of a door or window or detect motion via passive infrared (PIR). New construction systems are predominately hardwired for economy. Retrofit installations often use wireless systems for a faster, more economical installation. Some systems serve a single purpose of burglar or fire protection. Security System in office

30 ALARM TYPES Indoor These types of sensors are designed for indoor use. Outdoor use would not be advised due to false alarm vulnerability and weather durability. PASSIVE INFRARED DETECTORS The passive infrared detector (PIR) is one of the most common detectors found in household and small business environments because it offers affordable and reliable functionality. The term passive means the detector is able to function without the need to generate and radiate its own energy (unlike ultrasonic and microwave volumetric intrusion detectors that are active in operation). PIRs are able to distinguish if an infrared emitting object is present by first learning the ambient temperature of the monitored space and then detecting a change in the temperature caused by the presence of an object. Using the principle of differentiation, which is a check of presence or nonpresence, PIRs verify if an intruder or object is actually there. Creating individual zones of detection where each zone comprises one or more layers can achieve differentiation. Between the zones there are areas of no sensitivity (dead zones) that are used by the sensor for comparison. ULTRASONIC DETECTORS Using frequencies between 15 khz and 75 khz, these active detectors transmit ultrasonic sound waves that are inaudible to humans. The Doppler shift principle is the underlying method of operation, in which a change in frequency is detected due to object motion. This is caused when a moving object changes the frequency of sound waves around it. Two conditions must occur to successfully detect a Doppler shift event: There must be motion of an object either towards or away from the receiver.

31 The motion of the object must cause a change in the ultrasonic frequency to the receiver relative to the transmitting frequency. Fig. : Ultrasonic Motion detector The ultrasonic detector operates by the transmitter emitting an ultrasonic signal into the area to be protected. The sound waves are reflected by solid objects (such as the surrounding floor, walls and ceiling) and then detected by the receiver. Because ultrasonic waves are transmitted through air, then hard-surfaced objects tend to reflect most of the ultrasonic energy, while soft surfaces tend to absorb most energy.

32 When the surfaces are stationary, the frequency of the waves detected by the receiver will be equal to the transmitted frequency. However, a change in frequency will occur as a result of the Doppler principle, when a person or object is moving towards or away from the detector. Such an event initiates an alarm signal. This technology is considered obsolete by many alarm professionals, and is not actively installed. MICROWAVE DETECTORS This device emits microwaves from a transmitter and detects any reflected microwaves or reduction in beam intensity using a receiver. The transmitter and receiver are usually combined inside a single housing (monostatic) for indoor applications, and separate housings (bistatic) for outdoor applications. To reduce false alarms this type of detector is usually combined with a passive infrared detector or "Dualtec" alarm. By generating energy in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, detector operates as an active volumetric device that responds to: A Doppler shift frequency change. A frequency phase shift. A motion causing reduction in received energy. PHOTO-ELECTRIC BEAMS Photoelectric beam systems detect the presence of an intruder by transmitting visible or infrared light beams across an area, where these beams maybe obstructed. To improve the detection surface area, the beams are often employed in stacks of two or more. However, if an intruder is aware of the technology s presence, it can be avoided. The technology can be an effective long-range detection system, if installed in stacks of three or more where the transmitters and receivers are staggered to create a fence-like barrier. Systems are available for both internal and external applications. To prevent a clandestine attack using

33 a secondary light source being used to hold the detector in a sealed condition whilst an intruder passes through, most systems use and detect a modulated light source. GLASS BREAK DETECTORS The glass break detector may be used for internal perimeter building protection. When glass breaks it generates sound in a wide band of frequencies. These can range from infrasonic, which is below 20 hertz (Hz) and can not be heard by the human ear, through the audio band from 20 Hz to 20 khz which humans can hear, right up to ultrasonic, which is above 20 khz and again cannot be heard. Glass break acoustic detectors are mounted in close proximity to the glass panes and listen for sound frequencies associated with glass breaking. Seismic glass break detectors are different in that they are installed on the glass pane. OUTDOOR These types of sensors would be found most of the time mounted on fences or installed on the perimeter of the protected area. VIBRATION (SHAKER) OR INERTIA SENSORS These devices are mounted on barriers and are used primarily to detect an attack on the structure itself. The technology relies on an unstable mechanical configuration that forms part of the electrical circuit. When movement or vibration occurs, the unstable portion of the circuit moves and breaks the current flow, which produces an alarm. The technology of the devices varies and can be sensitive to different levels of vibration. The medium transmitting the vibration must be correctly selected for the specific sensor as they are best suited to different types of structures and configurations.

34 A rather new and unproven type of sensors use piezo-electric components rather than mechanical circuits, which can be tuned to be extremely sensitive to vibration. pros: Very reliable sensors, low false alarm rate and middle place in the price range. cons: Must be fence mounted. The rather high price deters many customers, but its effectiveness offsets its high price. Piezo-electric sensors are a new technology with an unproven record as opposed to the mechanical sensor which in some cases has a field record in excess of 20 years. PASSIVE MAGNETIC FIELD DETECTION This buried security system is based on the Magnetic Anomaly Detection principle of operation. The system uses an electromagnetic field generator powered by two wires running in parallel. Both wires run along the perimeter and are usually installed about 5 inches apart on top of a wall or about 12"/30 cm below ground. The wires are connected to a signal processor which analyzes any change in the magnetic field. This kind of buried security system sensor cable could be buried on the top of almost any kind of wall to provide a regular wall detection ability or be buried in the ground. Pros: Very low false alarm rate, can be put on top of any wall, very high chance of detecting real burglars. Cons: Cannot be installed near high voltage lines, radars. E-FIELD This proximity system can be installed on building perimeters, fences, and walls. It also has the ability to be installed free standing on dedicated poles. The system uses an electromagnetic field generator powering one wire, with another sensing wire running parallel to it. Both wires run along the perimeter and are usually installed about 800

35 millimeters apart. The sensing wire is connected to a signal processor that analyses: amplitude change (mass of intruder), rate change (movement of intruder), preset disturbance time (time the intruder is in the pattern). These items define the characteristics of an intruder and when all three are detected simultaneously, an alarm signal is generated. The barrier can provide protection from the ground to about 4 meters of altitude. It is usually configured in zones of about 200 meter lengths depending on the number of sensor wires installed. pros: concealed as a buried form. cons: expensive, short zones which mean more electronics (more money), high rate of false alarms as it cannot distinguish a cat from a human. In reality it doesn't work that well, as extreme weather causes false alarms. MICROWAVE BARRIERS The operation of a microwave barrier is very simple. This type of device produces an electromagnetic beam using high frequency waves that pass from the transmitter to the receiver, creating an invisible but sensitive wall of protection. When the receiver detects a difference of condition within the beam (and hence a possible intrusion), the system begins a detailed analysis of the situation. If the system considers the signal a real intrusion, it provides an alarm signal that can be treated in analog or digital form. Pros: low cost, easy to install, invisible perimeter barrier, unknown perimeter limits to the intruder. Cons: extremely sensitive to weather as rain, snow and fog for example would cause the sensors to stop working, need sterile perimeter line because trees, bushes or anything that blocks the beam would cause false alarm or lack of detection.

36 MICROPHONIC SYSTEMS Micro phonic based systems vary in design but each is generally based on the detection of an intruder attempting to cut or climb over a chain wire fence. Usually the micro phonic detection systems are installed as sensor cables attached to rigid chain wire fences, however some specialized versions of these systems can also be installed as buried systems underground. Depending on the version selected, it can be sensitive to different levels of noise or vibration. The system is based on coaxial or electro-magnetic sensor cable with the controller having the ability to differentiate between signals from the cable or chain wire being cut, an intruder climbing the fence, or bad weather conditions. The systems are designed to detect and analyze incoming electronic signals received from the sensor cable, and then to generate alarms from signals which exceed preset conditions. The systems have adjustable electronics to permit installers to change the sensitivity of the alarm detectors to the suit specific environmental conditions. The tuning of the system is usually accomplished during commissioning of the detection devices. pros: very cheap, very simple configuration, easy to install. cons: some systems has a high rate of false alarms because some of these sensors might be too sensitive. Although systems using DSP (Digital Signal Processing) will largely eliminated false alarms on some cases. TAUT WIRE FENCE SYSTEMS A taut wire perimeter security system is basically an independent screen of tensioned tripwires usually mounted on a fence or wall. Alternatively, the screen can be made so thick that there is no need for a supporting chain wire fence. These systems are designed to detect any physical attempt to penetrate the barrier. Taut wire systems can operate with a variety of switches or detectors that sense movement at each end

37 of the tensioned wires. These switches or detectors can be a simple mechanical contact, static force transducer or Wireless Alarm This unit is suitable for supported accommodation where up to four different rooms and/or doors can be monitored. It can receive signals from multiple Door or PIR sensors and indication is given as to which sensor has triggered the alert by the four indicator lights (for zones one to four). Magnetic Sensor Door

38 This type of Door is used for safety. In this system a magnetic sensor is used to the door. So, if any one opens this then sensor sense this case and inform the user. Body Scanner Door As the privacy controversy around full-body security scans begins to simmer, it s worth noting that courthouses and airport security checkpoints aren t the only places where backscatter x-ray vision is being deployed. The same technology, capable of seeing through clothes and walls, has also been rolling out on U.S. streets. American Science & Engineering, a company based in Billerica, Massachusetts, has sold U.S. and foreign government agencies more than 500 backscatter x-ray

39 scanners mounted in vans that can be driven past neighboring vehicles to see their contents, Joe Reiss, a vice president of marketing at the company told me in an interview Power Back up System

40 Introduction Emergency power systems are a type of system, which may include lighting, generators, fuel cells and other apparatus, to provide backup power resources in a crisis or when regular systems fail. They find uses in a wide variety of settings from residential homes to hospitals, scientific laboratories, data centers, telecommunication equipment and modern naval ships. Emergency power systems can rely on generators, deep cycle batteries, flywheel energy storage or hydrogen fuel cells Finally, some homebrew emergency power systems use regular lead-acid car batteries. COMMON POWER PROBLEMS The primary role of any UPS is to provide short-term power when the input power source fails. However, most UPS units are also capable in varying degrees of correcting common utility power problems: 1. Power failure: defined as a total loss of input voltage. 2. Surge: defined as a momentary or sustained increase in the mains voltage. 3. Sag: defined as a momentary or sustained reduction in input voltage. 4. Spikes, defined as a brief high voltage excursion. 5. Noise, defined as a high frequency transient or oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby equipment. 6. Frequency instability: defined as temporary changes in the mains frequency

41 Power connection in our office Here, C1= 2*1.5 mm 2 C3= 6*1.5 mm 2 C5= 10*1.5 mm 2 C9= 18*1.5 mm 2 C15= 30*1.5 mm 2 A1= 2*9 mm 2

42 Solution Of this problem 1. Instant Power supply a. Run it for short time b. Run it for long time UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime

43 of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short 5 15 minutes being typical for smaller units but sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment. TECHNOLOGIES The general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line, lineinteractive or standby. An on-line UPS uses a "double conversion" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC for passing through the rechargeable battery (or battery strings), then inverting back to 120V/240V AC for powering the protected equipment. A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in line and redirects the battery's DC current path from the normal charging mode to

44 supplying current when power is lost. In a standby ("off-line") system the load is powered directly by the input power and the backup power circuitry is only invoked when the utility power fails. Most UPS below 1 kva are of the line-interactive or standby variety which is usually less expensive. OPERATION IN BUILDINGS Emergency power generator in a drinking water pumping station. Brons engine with Heemaf generator. Another generator, powered by fossil fuels and used at a construction site Mains power can be lost due to downed lines, malfunctions at a sub-station, inclement weather, planned blackouts or in extreme cases a grid-wide failure. In modern buildings, most emergency power systems have been and are still based on generators. Usually, these generators are diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gasoline engine driven generator and larger ones a gas turbine.

45 However, lately, more use is being made of deep cycle batteries and other technologies such as flywheel energy storage or fuel cells. These latter systems do not produce polluting gases, thereby allowing the placement to be done within the building. Also, as a second advantage, they do not require a separate shed to be built for fuel storage. [6]

46 Electrical fault protection System

47 Introduction Power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. For this reason, the technology and philosophies utilized in protection schemes can often be old and well-established because they must be very reliable. COMPONENTS Protection systems usually comprise five components: Current and voltage transformers Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order; Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay and autorecloser commands; Batteries Circuit breaker A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.

48 Fig: Circuit Breaker Fig.: Fuse

49 Power Control panel In this system all power equipments are places in panel. It is designed such that, any kind of problem of power is solved by itself.

50 Reference: Contact: Web.: Mobile: or