Transcription

1 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 1

2 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 2 2 Abstract Fire alarm and detection as passive system is the most commonly prescribed system for fire protection. This paper summarises the prescription on design practice for fire detection and alarm system contain in MS1745 Part 14 An introductory section pertaining to the liability / responsibility of the professional engineer is included. This presentation summarises the prescription on design practice for fire detection and alarm system contained in MS 1745 Part 14. A comparative description of some key prescriptions of BS which mirrors those in MS are also included. The introductory missive on professional liabilities shows that proficiency in technical standards is a statutory requirement for engineers submitting plans under the Street, Drainage and Building Act.

3 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 3 3 CONTENTS Introduction; Submitting Engineer s Responsibilities Overview & Structure of MS1745 Introduction, Scope, General; Design Flow Assessing Needs, Planning Design Circuit Survivability Detection Zones Initiating Devices; Siting & Spacing of Detectors, Manual Break Glass, Alam Detection Zones Power Supplies; Cables & Interconnections, Fire Rated Cables; EMC Installation, Work Acceptance, Maintenance, Operation Applications in Special Risk The content flow mirrors the content of MS

4 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 4 4 INTRODUCTION The Professional Engineer s Responsibilities The responsibilities of a Professional Engineer can be summarised: From the above, we note that Civil Law is the most important legal requirement regulating the conduct and practice of engineering. The Civil Law Act is applicable in all countries (including countries with Socialist Justice System which would have a form of Civil Law). Thus it would be pertinent to note that the professional engineer will be regulated by Civil Law even in countries which do not have any form of registering professional engineers.

5 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 5 5 INTRODUCTION The Professional Engineer s Responsibilities Professional responsibility & Duty of Care 1 Professionalism requires the Engineer to place public interest and his client s interest above his own. 2 Action may be taken by the public suffering damages against any tortfeasor ( wrong-doer ) causing such damage. 3 In negligence tort, the professional engineer owes a duty of care to the public and his client. Highland Tower Ruling, K.L. High Court, Aug 2000: the learned judge ruled that... the unqualified architect who undertook the works would be judged on the standard of a reasonably qualified architect.. Thus even an unregistered engineer who practices engineering will be liable under Civil Law! Under principles of Civil Law, even an unregistered engineer will be held liable for negligence once professional engineering services are offered. Fire fighting contractors who provide services (in the absence of any professional engineer) will therefore be held responsible in the event of negligence and damage caused to the public.

6 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 6 6 INTRODUCTION The Professional Engineer s Responsibilities Where does it requires that a P.Eng MUST be responsible? STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 ACT 133 Preamble An Act to amend and consolidate the laws relating to street, drainage and building in local authority areas in West Malaysia, and for purposes connected therewith. Under the Street, Drainage and Building Act all buildings and structures are regulated by the local authorities. Thus permission must be sought before any building or structure can be erected.

7 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 7 7 INTRODUCTION The Professional Engineer s Responsibilities Street, Drainage And Building ACT 1974 ACT 133 Part I, 3. Interpretation "principal submitting person" means a qualified person who submits building plans to the local authority for approval in accordance with this Act or any by-laws made thereunder and includes any other qualified person who takes over the duties and responsibilities of or acts for the first mentioned qualified person; "qualified person" means a Professional Architect, Professional Engineer or building draughtsman registered under any written law relating to the registration thereof; "submitting person" means a qualified person who submits plans other than building plans to the local authority or relevant statutory authority in accordance with this Act or any by-laws made thereunder and includes any other qualified person who takes over the duties and responsibilities of or acts for the first mentioned qualified person; The Street, Drainage and Building Act very clearly requires that only registered Architect and/or Engineers are allowed to submit plans to local authority.

8 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 8 8 INTRODUCTION The Professional Engineer s Responsibilities How many who claims to be practitioner has a copy of the UBBL? MS 1745 : Part 14 MS 1745 : Part 5 & 6 The above lists typical statutory declarations which the Engineer will have to make in the submission of plans. Two conclusions can be drawn from the above: (1) The submitting engineer must be proficient in the technical standards of which he signs off his design. This includes proficiency in the Uniform Building By Law. A corollary to the aforesaid would be that engineers are also required (under principles of Civil Law or Tort Laws) to maintain his expertise; meaning that he must keep his knowledge abreast of current practice (including updates to technical standards). (2) Listing of technical standards must be updated to take into account latest revision and updates to standards applicable in statutory declarations. The Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549) prescribes that Malaysia Standard has primacy over other international recognised standards.

9 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 9 9 INTRODUCTION The Professional Engineer s Responsibilities Certification of Completion and Compliance Certification of Completion and Compliance (C.C.C.) which came into force on April 2007, places the primary responsibility for issuance of building O.C.F. (Occupation Certificate of Fitness) on the submitting person (the registered architect and/or engineer). It should also be noted (form G8) that the accountability of the contractor responsible will be a growing topic of national discussions.

10 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page Overview of MS 1745 Part 1 Introduction Part 2 Control and Indicating Equipment Part 3 Audible Fire Alarm Devices Part 4 Power Supply Equipment Part 5 Heat Detectors Point detectors Part 7 Smoke detectors point detectors using scattered light, transmitted light or ionisation Part 10 Flame Detectors Point detectors Part 11 Manual Call Points Part 12 Smoke Detectors Line detectors using an optical light beam. Part 13 Compatibility Assessment of Systems Components, Part 14 Guidelines for Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Part 15 Multisensor Fire Detectors The complete series of MS1745 is listed above. It should be noted that this presentation will focus on Part 14 as the rest of the standards are product standards. Understanding technical standards requires a basic idea on types of standards: (1) Basic Standards are general standards dealing with topics used by other standards; e.g. terminology, testing techniques, definition of hazard class etc. (2) Product Standards deals with specifying the product itself and can be sub divided into 3 sub class: (a) Material Standards; quality of PVC, ferrous metal used in pipes etc. (b) Component Standards; valve, proximity switch, hydrants, detectors, meters etc. (c) Assembly Standards; built up unit from components, e.g. alarm panels which is an assembly of components such as fuses, control modules etc. (3) Installation Standards are general standards dealing with integration of various components, assemblies and equipment for a specific application. Part 14 of the MS 1745 series would be an installation standard.

11 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page Overview of MS 1745 EN54 part 1 Introduction EN54 part 2 Control and Indication Equipment EN54 part 3 Fire alarm devices, Sounders EN54 part 4 Power supply equipment EN54 part 5 Heat detectors, point detectors EN54 part 6 Heat detectors, rate of rise point detectors without static element {WITHDRAWN} EN54 part 7 - Smoke detectors, point detectors using scattered light, transmitted light or ionisation EN54 part 8 - Components of automatic fire detection systems. Spec. for high temp. heat detectors {WITHDRAWN} EN54 part 9 Components of automatic detection systems. Method of test of sensitivity to fire. EN54 part 10 Flame Detectors Point detectors EN54 part 11 Manual Call Points EN54 part 12 Smoke Detectors Line detectors using an optical light beam. EN 54 part 13 Compatibility Assessment of Systems Components, EN 54 part 14 Cabling and interconnection of a fire detection and alarm system It can be noted that part 6 and 8 have been withdrawn. MS1745 do not include part 6, 8 and 9. Beyond part 13 however, MS1745 diverge from EN 54.

12 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page Overview of MS 1745 EN54 part 15 Point detectors using a combination of detected fire phenonmena EN54 part 16 Components of fire alarm system voice alarm system, voice alarm control and indicating equipment. EN54 part 17 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Short circuit isolators EN 54 part 18 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Input/output devices EN 54 part 19 EN 54 part 20 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Aspirating smoke detector EN 54 part 21 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Alarm transmission and fault warning routing equipment EN 54 part 22 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Line type heat detectors EN 54 part 23 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Fire alarm devices. Visual alarms EN 54 part 24 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Voice alarms - Loudspeakers EN 54 part 25 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Components using radio links and system requirements EN 54 part 26 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Point fire detectors using Carbon Monoxide sensors EN 54 part 27 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Duct smoke detectors The rest of EN 54 series is listed above. Thus practitioners requiring standards on components not listed under MS may refer to the standards listed above.

13 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page Overview of MS 1745 BS 5839 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings Part 1 : Code of practice for system design, installation, commissioning and maintenance Part 2 : Specification for manual call points (withdrawn and since replaced with BS EN 54-11:2002) Part 3 : Specification for automatic release mechanisms for certain fire protection equipment Part 4 : Specification for control and indicating equipment (withdrawn and replaced by BS EN54-2 Control and indicating equipment and BS EN54-4 Power supply equipment ) continue next page BS 5839 is the standard which most practitioners follow in this country. A listing of the BS 5839 series is shown above.

14 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page Overview of MS 1745 BS 5839 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings Part 5 : 1988 Specification for optical beam smoke detectors Part 6 : 1985 Code of practice for the design and installation of fire detection and alarm systems in dwellings Part 8 : 1988 Code of practice for the design, installation and servicing of voice alarm system Part 9 : 2003 Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of emergency voice communication systems Listing of BS 5839 series.

15 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page Structure of MS 1745 Part 14 MS 1745 Part 14 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings, Guidelines for planning, design, installation, commissioning, use and maintenance 0 Introduction 1 Scope Annex A Maintenance Check List 2 Normative References Annex B Dealing with False Alarm 3 Terms and Reference Annex C Model Certificates 4 General 5 Assessment of Needs 6 Planning and Design 7 Installation 8 Commissioning and Verification 9 Third Party Approval 10 Documentations 11 Maintenance 12 Modification or Extension of an Installed System 13 Operation of Other Fire Protection System 14 Application in Special Risk 15 Integrated Systems 16 Hierarchical Systems A summary of the Section headings of MS 1745 part 14 shows the topics which are covered in the standard. Section 5 and 6 constitute a substantive part of the standard.

16 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Introduction and Scope 0 Introduction MS 1745 is meant to be a guide, i.e. it is not mandatory. It will become mandatory if specified in another document authority having power. or by an 2 Scope Covers planning, design, installation, commission, operation and maintenance of system. System covered at least one detector. DO NOT : Do not cover systems combining fire alarm with other non-fire related functions e.g. fire alarm hard-wired as part of a BMS. Do not recommend whether fire alarm (including the type and extent) to be installed in any premises MS is worded as a Guide, i.e. it do not carry mandatory requirement. However where it is cited in specifications, it become (contractually) mandatory. Citation or claims that a system complies to MS also confers mandatory status to the standard. MS DO NOT recommend the type, extent and scope of fire detection and alarm system to be installed in any building. For recommendation on system and extent of coverage, we will have to refer to other legal prescription (notably the UBBL).

17 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Normative Reference, Terms & definitions 2 Normative Reference. Makes reference to ALL other parts of MS1745. Parts 1 to 12 can be said to be product standards. Therefore compliance to MS1745 requires that components must be certified to conform to the relevant parts of MS Terms and Definitions some important terms: Competent person Person certified by an accredited body with the necessary knowledge, skills and experience... Competent organisation Organisation which has under its employment competent persons with the necessary knowledge, skills, experience and tools to carry out the work satisfactorily. Designer person or organisation taking responsibility for work in Claus 6 (Planning and Design). By normative reference, the components which will be specified and installed under this standard will have to comply with the relevant product standard in the MS 1745 series. Where product standards are not available in MS, then the EN 54 series will have precedence. The standard also prescribed that competent person and organisation should be retained. Competent person in the Malaysian context and especially under the context of the Street, Drainage and Building Act will be the registered engineer.

18 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 General Initial concept Assessment of needs Planning and design 1. Building risk group, 2. Space to be protected, 3. Type of system to be installed, 4. Interaction with other fire protection measures Installation Commissioning and verification Third party approval (optional) 1. Selecting and locating detectors, 2. Zoning of building/ alarm zones, 3. Provision for control, displays and indications, 4. Provision of power supplies Use / Operation Maintenance 4 General provide general guidance on use of MS1745 Figure 1 in MS 1745 illustrates the process flow for compliance with MS As a substantive portion of the standard deals with Assessment of Needs and Planning and Design, the sub topics relevant to these two topics are listed as decision clouds.

19 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 General 4 General 4.2 Each of the process listed in Fig. 1 are assumed to be carried out by different organisation. 4.3 Electrical safety is NOT covered in MS1745 but relevant legislative requirements should be referred (MS 1979 and MS 1936). 4.4 Design to minimise false alarm (Annex B). 4.5 Warranties to be provided by suppliers and manufacturers. 4.6 Proper documentations at each stage (Annex C format certificates). 4.7 Responsibility of person to be clearly defined. 4.8 Persons or qualifications to be appropriately competent (cross reference to definitions). In Clause 4.3, the following are relevant electrical standards and codes which are mandatory under the Electricity Supply Act : (1) MS 1979:2007 "Electrical Installation of Buildings Code of Practice" (2) MS 1936:2006 Electrical Installation of Building Guide to MS IEC 60364"

20 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Assessment of Needs MS 1745 DO NOT specify when, where and how fire detection and alarm systems are installed. Consult Client / Architect. Understand space planning, usage & operation needs. Consult Life Safety Code legally in force (UBBL). Consult authorities having jurisdiction (Jab. Bomba). System Concept Consult Insurance company. Consider integration with existing / other systems Consult installers. continue next page Assessment of needs is the first step in delving into detail design and specification. Assessing Needs identify the over riding consideration, Protection of Life versus Protection of Property with overriding consideration of cost operation, which will define a design concept and the extent of coverage required within and without a premise. Consultation with insurance company should (in the author s opinion) be an important consideration in assessing needs as insurance premiums are not necessarily confined only to basic standard prescribed under the law (UBBL). System designed and installed are frequently required to be modified or have components changed, or even sub system added after audit by an insurance company.

21 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Assessment of Needs Uniform Building By Law (revised up to 2006) Part VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS 153 Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. 225 Detecting and extinguishing fire Systems to be provided in accordance with 10 th Schedule. 237 Firealarms Premises G.F.A. >9,290M² (exclude car park & storage area) OR >30.5M in height shall be provided with 2 stage alarm with evacuation (continuous signal) 238 Command and control centre; Large premises > 30.5M in height 241 Special requirements for fire alarm systems. Visible alarm indicator signal where there are deaf persons 244 Standards for Fire alarm FOC rules, BS CP 1019, BS 3116 & 5446 continue next page Every practitioner in the building industry should have a copy of the UBBL. The UBBL (not Bomba Officer) will be the first step in assessing the needs, extent and coverage of system to be included. The above listed by laws in the UBBL pertaining to fire alarm and detection system has relevance. By Law 244 however seems to be outdated in its citation of standards: (1) Since 1986 the role of the Fire Officer s Committee (FOC), UK has been taken over by the Loss Prevention Council (LPC, UK). (2) BS CP 1019 is superseded by BS (3) BS 3116 part 1 : 1970 has since been withdrawn and superseded by BS 5839 (relevant part). (4) BS 3116 part 4 was superseded by BS which in turn was withdrawn and superseded by EN (5) The original BS5446 1:1977 was superseded by BS5446 1:2000 (Fire detection and fire alarm devices for dwellings. Specification for smoke alarms) which was withdrawn and replaced with BS EN 14604:2005 (smoke alarm devices)

22 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Assessment of Needs UBBL, 10 th Schedule prescribes Fire alarm system prescribed in conjunction with other active fire systems for the various building occupational hazard class are: 4 types of systems are prescribed: 1. Automatic Electrical Fire Alarm System 2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System 3. Signal Indicator Alarm System 4. Manual Alarm System continue next page The UBBL 10 th Schedule is the most important document prescribing the extent and scope of coverage required for the various building hazard class. Four types of fire alarm and detection systems are listed. Participants are requested to consult 10 th Schedule of the UBBL.

23 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Assessment of Needs MS 1745 Part 14 Section 6 classifies fire alarm systems by extent of coverage. 4 types of Automatic Fire Detection Systems coverage are defined: 1.Total cover covering all spaces in building 2.Compartment cover covering only parts (usually the most vulnerable areas) of the building. 3.Escape route cover. 4.Local cover covering particular functions, special equipment or areas of particularly high risk. continue next page MS defines coverage in four general classes. An assessment on the coverage required will have to be made by a competent person as previously stated and as covered in the previous slide the UBBL (especially the 10 th Schedule) will be the first step in assessing coverage.

24 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Assessment of Needs BS ; coverage is defined based on clear needs: Type P Protection of Properties P1 All areas covered with detectors except voids less than 800mm in height P2 Defined areas in a building having a high fire risk Type L Protection of Life L1 Same as P1 (all areas covered with detectors except voids) L2 Same as P2 but for areas of high fire risk to life L3 Protection of escape route L4 Protection of circulation area (2002 edition) L5 Fire engineered solution (2002 edition) Type M Manualtype continue next page As a comparison, BS5839 (of which most Malaysian practitioners would claim to be proficient at least going by the mandatory statutory declaration commonly made), assessing needs is more nuance and clear. This clarity is especially important where insurer s needs have to be clearly declared. Practitioners should therefore, also consult BS in assessing the type of coverage required. Appendix A appended with this presentation has some recommendations on coverage based on BS5839 classification. Participants (as an exercise) should compare the recommendations in Appendix A with UBBL, 10 th Schedule.

25 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS 1745 Part 14 Assessment of Needs MS 1745 Areas not needing cover: 1. Bathrooms, shower rooms, washrooms etc. 2. Vertical shafts/ cable ducts < 2M² (proper fire stopped provided) 3. Unroofed loading bays 4. Unventilated frozen food stores gross volume < 20M³. MS 1745 Voids (under floor and above ceiling) need independent cover by detectors: 1. Likely to be extensive spread of fire or smoke outside room of origin through void before fire is detected by detectors outside void. 2. Need to protect cables of emergency system MS 1745 Voids not requiring coverage: 1. Less than 1m in height. 2. Less than 10M in length 3. Less than 10M in width 4. Totally separated from other areas by incombustible material 5. Do not contain fire load densities in excess of 25MJ combustible material in 1M² 6. Do not contain cables of emergency systems (unless cable are fire resist for 30min.) Areas which do not required coverage are listed above.

26 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Planning and Design Devices & Sub Systems Compatibility Fault Limitation (circuit survivability) Design to Minimise False Alarm (Annex B) Compliance to MS 1745 Detectors Selection Zoning Detectors Siting After defining the concept and extent of coverage of the design, the practitioner is now ready to develop a detail design. The chart above illustrates the sub topics which must be considered in designing and specifying systems in compliance with MS 1745.

27 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability Where devices integrate more than 1 function use isolating devices within housing to limit single cable fault. In event of single short or open circuit: 1. Not more than 32 devices inoperable. 2. All inoperative devices in same zone. 3. All inoperative devices fulfill same function. Single cable fault in any circuit cannot prevent correct operation of: 1.Auto detection of fire 2.Operation of manual call points 3.Sounder 4.Tx/Rx of signals to i/o devices 5.Initiate operation of ancillary equip. Single cable fault in any circuit cannot prevent 1.Initiation of a fire signal in an area greater than allowed for a single detection zone; 2.Sounding of a fire signal in an area greater than allowed for a single detection zone; 3.Operation of all alarm devices within a building (i.e. at least 1 sounder must operate). A major topic, after having decided on a system concept and extent of coverage, would be designing circuit for fault limitation. In NFPA 72 (the other major fire standard in the world), fault limitation is caption as circuit survivability which (in my opinion) is a better concept to capture in designing a fail safe system. MS ; prescribes circuit survivability in the terms listed above. Thus an audit to check compliance with MS 1745 would require some test to prove circuit survivability as listed above.

28 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability Two faults in any circuit do not prevent the operation of either detectors, manual call points or alarm devices over floor area exceeding 10,000M² OR from more than 5 fire compartment whichever is the smaller. Use max. 2 physical circuit per 10,000M². Use max. of 2 physical circuit per 10,000m² Physically segregate zones by circuit. Physically segregate sounder circuits. Circuit Survivability for Dummies! Use ring/loop circuit if circuited across zone Short circuit isolator recommended for ring circuits to isolate segment of the ring in case of fault without affecting the whole ring. Start and return leg of loop/ring circuit to be physically laid via separate route. A hard wired implementation of the performance prescription for circuit survivability is listed in this slide. The recommendations are just some steps which can be implemented and do not preclude other steps which are particular to addressable systems. In addressable systems, devices are typically connected in a daisy chain in a loop, star or radial configuration. Thus circuit survivability (depending on the addressable hardware) will have to be taken into account in such data loops. It would therefore be pertinent for practitioners to check with vendors of addressable system on whether and how compliance to MS 1745 can be effected.

29 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability Faults should be indicated in panels X Incorrect Wiring Method Tee tapping any disconnection beyond the tap will make inoperable devices beyond tap. No trouble signal will be indicated. Correct Wiring Method Supervisory monitoring of open and short circuit possible. MS 1745 (similar to BS ) requires that circuit faults should be indicated on monitoring panels. In such case, the designer and installer will have to pay attention to the type of looping circuit in connecting up devices as illustrated above and following slide.

30 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability NFPA 72 : 2002 NFPA72 classifies circuits into CLASS and STYLE (1) Class A circuits are capable of transmitting an alarm signal during a single open or a non-simultaneous single ground fault. (2) Class B circuits are incapable of transmitting an alarm beyond the location of the fault conditions specified for class A. Types of circuits are further designated Style depending on its ability to meet alarm and trouble performance during single-open, single-ground, wire-to-wire short, loss of carrier etc. Initiating Device Circuit (IDC) Styles A, B, C, D & E Notification Appliances Circuit (NAC) Styles W, A, Y & Z Signalling Line Circuit (SLC) Styles 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7 Whilst MS 1745 and BS 5839 defined circuit survivability in general performance based terms, NFPA 72 (North American) has detailed prescription on defining the class and style of circuit in terms of meeting alarm and trouble performance based on single open, single ground and wire towire short. Initiating Devices refer to devices which initiate signals such as detectors, flow switch etc. Notification Appliances refer devices which receives signal and act on the signal; e.g. alarm sounders, visual indicators etc. Signalling Line Circuit refers to circuit which transmit signal received from some IDC to another monitoring or supervisory panel, e.g. would be a circuit to a repeater panel.

31 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability NFPA 72 : 2002 (1) Class A circuits are capable of Supervision is accomplished by monitoring the level of current passing through the circuit and endof-line resistor. (2) The 4-wire loop nature of this circuitry enables the control panel to condition the looped circuit to single open and single ground fault. This conditioning ensures that all devices are capable of responding and reporting an alarm despite a single-open or single ground fault. The above explained the concept of a Class A circuit.

32 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability NFPA 72 : 2002 (1) Class B circuits. A single open disables all devices electrically beyond the open. (2) Increases or decreases in the low level supervisory current through the circuit and end-of-line, provide monitoring signal to the control panel indicating alarm or fault conditions. The above explains the concept behind a Class B circuit.

33 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability CORRECT METHOD Corrrect wiring method 2 wire detectors Incorrect Method Incorrrect wiring method 2 wire detectors The above illustrates common mistakes in wiring up circuit for Class A need.

34 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS1745 Circuit Survivability 4-wire smoke detector employing a 3-wire connecting arrangement. One side of power supply is connected to one side of initiating device circuit. Wire run broken at each connection to smoke detector to provide supervision

35 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Fire Detection Zones Fire Compartment (1) A single zone cannot exceed 1,600m² (2) If a zone extends beyond a single fire compartment, the zone boundaries should be boundaries of fire compartments and the floor area of the zone should not exceed 400m². (3) Each zone should be restricted to a single storey of the building unless (a) The zone consists of a stairwell, light well etc. extending beyond one storey but within one compartment. (b) the total floor area of building < 300m², the whole building can be one zone. Basic prescription on zoning.

36 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Fire Detection Zone (1) Firecompartments1&2canbe designed as 1 detection zone provided total area of compartments 1 & 2 < 400m² (2) Total floor area of any one zone cannot exceed 1,600m².

37 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Fire Detection Zone Zone with more than 5 rooms: (1)Indication of rooms should be included in control/indicating panel, OR (2)Remote indicator lamps installed outside each door to indicate room in which detector has operated. H Heat Detector Alarm indicator lamp

38 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Initiating Devices Heat Detectors Flame Detectors Smoke Detectors 1 Fixed temp Fusible element Continuous Bimetal 2 Rate of Rise line spot 3 Rate Compensation line spot 4 Combination 5 Electronic Spot Thermal 1 UV 2 IR 3 UV/IR Manual Switch 1 ionisation 2 Optical 3 Beam The types of detectors are classified into the types above. In terms of sensitivity smoke detectors are more sensitive than heat detectors. Spot type heat detectors are the most common, whilst line heatdetectors are used in special application. Smoke detectors comprise of 2 main types (ionisation and optical). Optical smoke detectors comprise of 2 types: the photoelectric detector and the beam detectors. The following slide illustrates the applications of line (or linear detectors and beam detectors).

39 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Initiating Devices Cable racks in service tunnels Conveyors carrying coal dust. Linear Heat Detectors The above illustrates deployment of linear heat detectors in special risk applications (cable rack, conveyors carrying hazardous material etc.).

40 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Initiating Devices Beam Smoke Detectors Pre-stratified (variable based on outside temperature) Variable stratification due to the fire BEAM Beam smoke detector should be at height of plume s max. diameter. optical line of sight Beam detectors detect smoke by measuring the obscuring of a light beam due to smoke. The above illustrates application of beam smoke detectors in a high ceiling application. Other specialised detectors are flame detectors which has two primary technology of infra red (IR) or UV light detection. Flame detectors are useful in specialised application and the nature of the flame will have to be confirmed depending on the type of flammable material.

41 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Siting and Spacing of Detectors Limit of ceiling height for heat detectors Limit of ceiling height for smoke detectors CEILING HEIGHT (M) Detector Types < 4.5 > 4.5 < 6 > 6 < 8 > 8 < 11 > 8 < 25 > 25 Heat, Part 5 Grade NN NS NS Smoke, point, Part NN NS Beam Part (a) NN NS NS = Not suitable for use in range of heights NN = Not normally used in the range, but may be used in special applications. (a) A second layer of detectors will usually be necessary at about ½ ceiling height. Prescription on ceiling height and radius of coverage given is ONLY a guide. In actual practice the practitioner will have to consult manufacturer s guide on radius of coverage (after confirming with suitable conformance certification on validity of manufacturer s claims.

42 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Siting and Spacing of Detectors A Pitch / Sloping Roof (1) A/H < 5% ; Standard Spacing H (2) Pitch > 1 ; Detector spacing to be increased by 1% for each 1 ofpitchuptoamax. increase of 25%. In case of pitch roof, any pitch roof with depth to room height ratio of less than 5% can be considered a smooth ceiling in which case the standard spacing table applies. However if the aforesaid A/H ratio exceeds 5% then the recommended detector spacing is increased by 1% for every 1 increase in pitch up to a maximum of 25%.

43 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Siting and Spacing of Detectors Ceiling irregularities (1) h/h < 5% ; Standard Spacing (2) D > 0.25 x (H-h) detector in every cell (3) D < 0.25 x (H-h) detector in every second cell (4) D < 0.13 x (H-h) detector in every third cell Ceiling beams in cell-like arrangement, the internal volume of the cells covered by a single detector should not exceed: (1)Heat: V = 6m² x ( H h ) (2)Smoke: V = 12m² x ( H h ) Where beam depth is an issue, guidelines for moderating detector spacing are listed above.

44 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Siting and Spacing of Detectors False Ceiling and Floors Detectors sited above ceiling if risk of fire starting above ceiling and all conditions : 1.Ceiling perforation > 40% of any 1m x 1m section of ceiling; 2.Each individual perforation >10mm x 10mm 3.Thickness of ceiling > 3 X min. dimensions of perforation. Detectors NOT required: 1.False floor is perforated; OR 2.False floor is fire rated class A11, A21 or 81 AND no fire load beneath (e.g. cables). In case of false floors and ceiling recommendations on coverage are included.

45 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Siting and Spacing of Detectors Atria (high level without ceiling) Rising Plume Detectors installed in absence of ceiling: 1.Place detectors in path of rising plume. Floors Section Hf 2.Use beam detectors. 3.Effective operating radius = 12.5% Hf In case were detectors are installed where ceiling are not present, the effective operating radius of detectors are reduced.

46 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Siting and Spacing of Detectors Detectors installed more than 500mm from any walls or obstruction. Top of partition less than 300mm is considered to be a full height wall. Detectors should not be sited 500mm from walls or obstruction. Obstruction include beams and partitions which are not more than 300 from ceiling.

47 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Siting and Spacing of Detectors > 1M Supply Air Inlet > 1m/s Aspirated detectors where air speed may be high or varying widely. Detectors should not be sited in front of fresh air inlet or exhaust and where (air conditioning) supply air inlet has air velocity more than 1 m/s, it should be at least 1m away. In cases where high air velocity is a concern, aspirated type smoke detection system may be proposed.

48 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Manual Break Glass Manual break glass should generally be sited along escape route. The standard recommends that a person escaping from a fire should not travel more than 30m to access a manual pull switch. Manual pull switch should be located as far as possible near exit stair case. Common mistakes are siting manual pull switch at dead ends and away from escape route. In such a case, a person will have to deviate from the escape route to access the switch which presents a danger to the escapee.

49 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Alarm Fire Door 30dBA Normal Door 20dBA > 65dBA OR 5dBA above ambient <120dBA > 75dBA; <120dBA Recommendations on sound level is listed as 65 db(a) OR 5dB(A) above general ambient sound level (whichever is the higher). In case where occupant is asleep (hotel rooms), sound levels should be 75 db(a). Generally a fire door will contribute to about 30dB(A) reduction whilst a normal door will contribute to about 30dB(A) reduction in sound level. The maximum sound level must however NOT exceed 120dB(A). Thus the designer will have to place a number of lower dba sounders rather than one high dba sounder to comply with this requirement.

50 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Alarm 65dBA OR 5dBA above ambient Sounders 1.At least 2 sounders in a building. 2.At least 1 sounder in each fire compartment. 3.Max level < 120dBA 4.Freq. 500Hz 2kHz 5.Sound should be distinct (not to be confused with other alarm e.g. lunch) 6.Sound to be continuous. A guide on sound attenuation with distance is shown in the graph above. Other prescription on sounders are also listed above.

51 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page Power Supplies Primary supply Isolator/ switch fuse to be dedicated RCD as far as possible not to be used. Switching of system due to maintenance, energy savings etc should not affect supply. Types Normal supply & Standby Supply Batteries capacity 72 hours normal quiescent condition & 30min. alarm. Battery capacity with guaranteed downtime less than 24 hours. If system is locally or remotely supervised and/or a maintenance contract is in force guaranteeing max. downtime of less than 24 hrs, then battery capacity can be reduced to 30 hours operating and 30 min. alarm. Prescription on the standby capacities of batteries are listed above. Note the reduction in capacity allowed where supervised maintenance contract or local maintenance (competent) is available, the key term is a guaranteed down time of less than 24 hours in case of supply failure.

52 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; System control Fire extinguishing system Smoke or fire doors Smoke venting equipment Smoke or fire dampers Ventilation shut down Lift control Security doors A typical alarm system, in most case will also be used to actuate other emergency or essential services (list above).

53 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Cables and interconnection Cables run in areas which are NOT fire protected should be fire resistant OR protected against fire. 3 Class of Circuits. ID = Initiating Devices ND = Notification Devices Signal Circuits MS contains clear prescription on the use of fire rated cables for automated fire detection and alarm system. The next few slides will show the context and prescription on cables and inter connections.

54 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Cables and interconnection Fault in Zone 2 may affect alarm signal in Zone 3 (cables fire rated or protected for at least 30 min.) Fault in F.C 1 may affect alarm signal in FC2 (cables fire rated or protected for at least 30 min.) In the two cases presented above, fault limitations require the use of fire resistant cables. In these case, fire resistant is only limited to 30 minutes.

55 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Cables and interconnection BS Fire Tests Common misconception in the market is the specification of fire rated cables. Fire rated cables under IEC requires that the cable should be able to operate for a certain period (say about 30 minutes) after exposure to fire. Many cables marketed as fire rated are merely fire retardant, i.e. it will not contribute to the spread or addition to the fire (or it will significantly present itself as a low fire load). Such cables are cables under IEC However fire rating under the context of MS 1745 requires that cables must be able to operate for at least 30 minutes on being exposed to fire fighting conditions. The above and following slides explain the concept and specifications behind specifying fire rating of cables.

56 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Fire Rated Cables BS IEC test a cable for its fire resistant properties (i.e. ability to continue operation during fire condition) as oppose to IEC which examines flame propagation property of cables.

57 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Fire Rated Cables BS editionmajor change to requirement for fire rated cables. All cables to be fire rated. The category of fire rating depends on the application. BS 5839 categorise fire rating of cables in terms of its application. The left most two standards specify cables for fire detection and alarm applications.

58 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Fire Rated Cables BS The minimum standard of fire rating permitted under MS1745 would be Category W cables (fire fighting condition).

59 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Fire Rated Cables BS A more correct specification of cables under BS (and by extension the MS ) would be cables rated as PH30 standard grade cables at 830 C instead of 650 C under BS6387 Cat W cables.

60 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Cables Protection Fire rated cables with mica sheath as fire barrier. Normal PVC cables (300V) Protection against mechanical damage Metal Trunking Conduit Wiring G.I. Class B certified to IEC & 2 upvc be high impact class B, certified to IEC60614 If upvc embedded in concrete they should be class C Fire rated cables should be laid on trays and in case where they are exposed (at low level) shall be mechanically protected (conduit or trunking). Cables are required to be protected against mechanical damage. This normally means the use of metal trunking or conduit. The use of conduit however is the most contentious as many installation consider the use of PVC conduit without a proper check on its specification and certification.

61 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Cables Protection Some Common Defects 1. PVC conduit system are substandard and are NOT certified to electrical grade. 2. PVC conduit and/or cables laid in condition where continuous sunlight occurs (PVC will deteriorate in the presence of UV light). 3. Conduit embedded in concrete are of the wrong grade (conduit not properly graded will crack when laid in concrete). 4. No proper junction boxes and/or terminal boxes. 5. Trunking and/or conduit overloaded. 6. Splicing/jointing of cables without proper terminal box. No proper evaluation on firerating of cables in complying with circuit-survivability! PVC products should NOT be installed exposed to sunlight. Some common mistakes in cable laying are listed above. The most serious is the used of sub standard conduit (including GI conduit which are not properly certified). A proper check of SIRIM certification reveals that many G.I. conduit system may not even be of the correct gauge (class B, medium grade and in case of embedding in concrete should be at least class C, heavy grade). It is even more pertinent to note that many fire alarm cabling systems may NOT be properly specified for fire rating where the standards require such rating.

62 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Protection against EM disturbance Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) EMC DEFINITION THE ABILITY OF A DEVICE, EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEM TO FUNCTION SATISFACTORILY IN ITS ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT INTRODUCING INTOLERABLE DISTURBANCES TO THAT ENVIRONMENT OR TO OTHER EQUIPMENT With the proliferation of addressable type fire alarm, the impact of electromagnetic (EM) disturbances on sensitive electronic equipment which comprise part of the (supposedly) fail safe nature of automatic detection and alarm system pose a serious threat to its integrity. Though MS 1745 is sparse on prescriptive measure on protection against EM disturbances, it should be emphasised that failure due to EM disturbances is a major consideration which installers of addressable system CANNOT ignore. A starting point for planning for EM protection is to gauge the immunity level or susceptibilitylevel of sensitive equipment, and the source and level of EM emission at the vicinity or connectivity (in EMC terminology it would be termed EM coupling ) to sensitive equipment.

63 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Protection against EM disturbance Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Protect sensitive equipment against EM disturbances 1 Other power cables too near (especially motor and capacitor switching) 2 Other hi-freq, control cables too near. 3 Signal cables laid near roof eaves (or at high level in building) susceptible to atmospheric EM disturbance. 4 Cables laid externally (overhead or u/ground) susceptible to atmospheric EM disturbances. The above attempts to summarise briefly the steps which can be taken to protect equipment against EM disturbances. Common remedy is the installation of (power grade and/or data grade) surge protection devices (SPD). Depending on the nature of the ground, underground cables (especially hilly rocky ground) is as susceptible to atmospheric EM disturbances as overhead cables. A common over looked source of EM disturbance would be sensing cables laid at high level along timber roof eaves or roof eaves which are not suitably shielded against atmospheric EM radiation. Other EM treatments include proper shielding and ground for sensitive equipment. An expert on EMC should be consulted for proper recommendations on EMC.

64 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Installation & Work Acceptance The above is a template for approval and work acceptance procedure. A most basic check will start with material and components acceptance. This entails an examination of SIRIM certification to check that the right grade and type of components, materials and product are used. In third party certification (such as Factory Mutual) this step would be a pre requisite, as a compilation of conformance certification for products, materials and components used in the installation will need to be filed as record. The request for Method Statements is also, currently, a common project management tool. However a proper understanding of the design intent, specification and installation procedure IS NECESSARY before method statement should be requested. Method statement should be specific and NOT general in nature, i.e. the project manager must state specifically the type and procedure requested for Method Statement. Current practice of requesting for Method Statement in very general terms usually result in Contractors generating Method Statement which are just copies of the specifications.

65 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Installation & Work Acceptance Check that ALL penetration through fire stop/walls are fire-sealed. Finally the responsible engineer (whether consultant or contractor) must check that proper fire seals are installed in ALL penetration of cables, conduit and pipes through fire partitions and floor slabs.

66 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Commissioning & Verification Check Conformance Certification Understanding specifications Understanding certifications Check List During Construction Method Statement if required must be specific in nature Can be 1 st party, 2 nd party or 3 rd party inspection. Pre-Delivery Inspection Tests During Installation Tests for buried/ covered works. Acceptance Tests 1. Performance 2. Functional The above is a template for ensuring final work acceptance. It should be noted that work acceptance do not only entails accepting final commissioning reports on completion. It should include compilation of material acceptance, record of installation checks from project inception, through to QC/QA checks during installation and final commissioning on completion.

67 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Installation & Work Acceptance Technical Standards SPECIFYING ENGINEERS Fire Services Act UBBL Fire Services Regulations PRODUCT CERTIFICATION INSPECTION & ENFORCEMENT CERTIFIED SA FE INSTALLATION Fig ure 1 A M odel for System Certification A model for system certification originally drafted in 2001 (for the electrical safety industry) and currently adopted in MS 1979 can be paraphrased for the fire fighting industry.

68 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Installation & Work Acceptance Verification by Independent Party 1st PARTY Self Test (e.g. routine factory QC tests). First-party testing is a large sector. It is for example used as an internal quality control measure that the products, materials, items and services are up the requirements expressed in legislation, standards, technical specifications and contracts with the clients. The manufacturers declaration of conformity expressed by different ways of marking the product is often based also on the outcome of these tests. 2 nd PARTY Test by buyers or consumers (e.g. factory test or witness test by buyers). Second-party testing is performed by the receiver of the products, materials, items and services mainly in order to ensure that agreed requirements and specifications are fulfilled. For ordinary consumers, testing can be performed by consumer interest organisations or buyer organisations of products. An explanation on the type of inspection testing is described above (first party and 2 nd party tests). Understanding the framework on which acceptance tests are conducted is essential for the approving engineer. First party tests (self test by vendor/manufacturer) would be the first line of defence of the approving engineer. Demanding 1 st party certificate is akin to requesting for a product birth certificate. This ensures that a product is from where it claims to be (i.e. genuine product). 2 nd party witness tests are usually only requested for large assembled equipment. In some case, where witness test is in a foreign country, the client can engage a third party inspector (who is expected to be independent ) to witness test on his behalf.

69 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Installation & Work Acceptance Verification by Independent Party 3 rd PARTY Test by independent inspectors (e.g. certification by SIRIM, Factory Mutual). Third-party testing is especially required, preferred or used if the results have a considerable influence or effect on public or societal issues, in particular related to health, environment, safety and large economic values. It is also applied when taking measures to eliminate the possibility of cheating and misconduct or when crucial risks and consequences of wrong or manipulated results exist. Third-party testing is expected to provide a nonbiased view and thus a better confidence in the test results. Third party certification (such as Factory Mutual) is an important certification body for multinational corporation.

70 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Installation & Work Acceptance Model Certificates Annex C Certificate of Design Certificate of Installation Certificate of Commission & Verification Certificate of Acceptance Annex C in the Standard includes model certificates which can be used by practitioners to design a documented procedure for works acceptance.

71 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Maintenance / Operation. Alarm / Emergency Response Plan Preventive Maintenance Check List Routine & Semi-Routine Check List Annex A Persons / Organisations Responsible Fire Drill Maintenance Manual & Record of As-Built Extension/ Modifications/ Repair In the compilation of completion documentations for handing over to the operator or client, the above template lists the important parts of the documents which should be included. Current handing over documentations merely compiles a catalogue of equipment and components without any operating procedure or maintenance check list procedure for each components and system. Annex A has an excellent model form for check list for maintenance use. Other work procedure by the operator would be the conduct of occupants training (usually fire drill) and a documented procedure to ensure that extension and modification works do not compromise the integrity of existing fire systems.

72 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Applications in Special Risk Electronic data processing areas / electrical risks Effects of high ventilation rate and air speed Fire detection in concealed space, u/floor etc. Local cover of cabinets required. Closing of fire dampers in response to alarm signals Consider aspirating systems Confirm content of storage Consult with insurers Detection linked wit auto extinguishing systems. Detection layer at rack to prevent spread of fire. High Rack warehouse A final section of MS include a discussions on special risk which is listed above. Insurers are especially concerned with warehouses and data processing centres. Thus consultation with insurers are essential for ascertaining the acceptability of systems and grade of components used.

73 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Applications in Special Risk High Atrium Building Smoke Control Fire detection at atrium Fire compartmentation Smoke Control with detection and auto fire suppression Confirm nature and type of storage Consult Hazmat legislation ER Plan for hazmat Detection and fire suppression systems Linked to ER plan for hazmat. High Hazard Area In ascertaining the fire protection needs of high hazard areas, other legislation may be consulted such as the Petroleum Safety Measures Act (for oil depots), The Gas Supply Act (Gas storage at retail end). Environmental Quality Act (schedule waste, hazmat handling).

74 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page MS ; Applications in Special Risk Confirm nature of fire hazard, Check environmental conditions Choice and siting of detectors Outdoor Areas E.g. tank farm, conveyors Detection and fire suppression systems suited for environment and hazard class (e.g. mist suppression system, foam system etc.) linked to detection system. Oil tank, coal conveyors, recycled tyre depot/storage yard are just some of the outdoor risk areas which demands special consideration for automatic fire detection and alarm. In most case, an understanding of the risk, type of fire which will be generated and the fire hazard involve will be necessary before any solution can be proposed. For example: (1) Tank farm fire is usually fought from a policy of containment, i.e. prevent the fire from spreading. Once a fire starts it will be difficult to extinguish the fire. A response plan will require sufficient amount of water just to contain the fire (containment dikes are usually included in tank farm design) and prevent temperatures from reaching excessively high levels. (2) Waste tyre storage yard (typically outdoor) requires attention to fire containment. Once a fire starts, it would be difficult to extinguish fires from mounds of tyre waste. A more serious implication would be smouldering fire from tyre waste which would pose air quality hazard to the surrounding area. Again containment is an essential first step in design Fire suppression agent include special chemical agent for the suppression of fires from rubber waste.

75 Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance Page 75 6 th October 2009 Eastin Hotel. Petaling Jaya MS 1745 FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM hplooi@streamyx.com Ir. H.P. Looi, (6 TH October 2009)